DS8100A 04

RT8100A
Synchronous Buck PWM DC/DC with Dual Voltage Control Mode
General Description
Features
The RT8100A is an advanced DC/DC synchronous buck
PWM controller with several innovative functions for specific
customer’ s ASIC only. The part features RichTek’ s
innovative design and topology say “analogous current
mode” for current sensing and full functions for various
applications including adjustable soft start, free-run and
adjustable operation frequency and enable; the part is with
design of 12V+12V boot strapped driver which is capable
to drive up to 20Amp output current; moreover the part is
with implementation of accuracy DCR current sensing
topology. There are several specific features implemented
and reserved for the specific customer’ s special
applications including dual VCORE control mode including
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Analogous Current Mode Design
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tracking and stand-alone mode, and output current
indication. The part is proposed with a small footprint of
VQFN-16L 3x3 package.
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2.5V to 12V Switching Source Power
0.8V to 3.3V Output Voltage Regulation
Adjustable VIN Feed-Forward Ramp Slope
Adjustable Operation Frequency
Precise Core Voltage Regulation
Precise DCR Current Sensing with High Quality
Capacitor, X7R
±1.5% System Accuracy
Input Voltage : 12V and 5V Bias
Enable Function
RoHS Compliant and 100% Lead (Pb)-Free
Over Current Protection
External Soft Start Setting
Operation Frequency up to 1.0MHz
Dual Mode Voltage Control
` Tracking Mode
` Stand-Alone Mode
Output Current Indication
16-Lead VQFN Package
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Ordering Information
RT8100A
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Package Type
QV : VQFN-16L 3x3 (V-Type)
Lead Plating System
P : Pb Free
G : Green (Halogen Free and Pb Free)
Note :
Richtek products are :
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MB memory and chipset core power
Middle-high graphic card GPU and memory core power
General-purpose fields including server, NB, bare-bone
and mini-system
RoHS compliant and compatible with the current require-
Pin Configurations
Suitable for use in SnPb or Pb-free soldering processes.
PHASE
16 15 14 13
12 LGATE
5VSB 1
RT 2
10 SS
17
4
9
5
6
7
8
FB
RR
11 PVCC
GND
I_IND 3
COMP
For marking information, contact our sales representative
directly or through a Richtek distributor located in your
area.
UGATE
Marking Information
BOOT
12VCC
(TOP VIEW)
CSP
ments of IPC/JEDEC J-STD-020.
`
Applications
CSN
`
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PI
VQFN-16L 3X3
DS8100A-04 April 2011
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1
RT8100A
Typical Application Circuit
VIN
4
12VCC
5VSB
PI
15
BOOT
RR
16 12VCC
1
5VSB
9
PI
UGATE 14
PHASE 13
VOUT
RT8100A
11 PVCC
10 SS
2 RT
3 I_IND
LGATE 12
CSP 6
CSN 5
0
FB 8
COMP 7
NC
Figure 1. 12V-5V PI Application Circuit
VIN
4
12VCC
5VSB
PI
RR
16 12VCC
1
5VSB
9
PI
15
BOOT
UGATE 14
PHASE 13
VOUT
RT8100A
11 PVCC
LGATE 12
10 SS
2 RT
3 I_IND
CSP 6
CSN 5
opt.
FB 8
COMP 7
Figure 2. 12V-5V Internal VREF Application Circuit
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DS8100A-04 April 2011
RT8100A
VIN
4
5VSB
5VSB
PI
15
BOOT
RR
16 12VCC
1
5VSB
9
PI
UGATE 14
PHASE 13
VOUT
RT8100A
11 PVCC
PHASE
10 SS
2 RT
3 I_IND
LGATE 12
CSP 6
CSN 5
0
FB 8
COMP 7
NC
Figure 3. Single 5V PI Application Circuit
VIN
4
5VSB
5VSB
PI
PHASE
RR
16 12VCC
1
5VSB
9
PI
15
BOOT
UGATE 14
PHASE 13
VOUT
RT8100A
11 PVCC
LGATE 12
10 SS
2 RT
3 I_IND
CSP 6
CSN 5
opt.
FB 8
COMP 7
Figure 4. Single 5V Internal VREF Application Circuit
DS8100A-04 April 2011
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3
RT8100A
Functional Pin Description
5VSB(Pin 1), 12VCC (Pin 16)
FB (Pin 8)
The 5VSB pin is the external standby 5V power. The 12VCC
pin is the external 12V power.
Feedback Pin. This pin is negative input pin of the error
amplifier.
RT (Pin 2)
PI (Pin 9)
Timing Resistor. Connect a resistor from RT to GND to set
the clock frequency. The free running frequency is 200kHz.
External reference voltage pin. This pin sets the voltage of
FB pin when close loop.
I_IND (Pin 3)
Stand_Alone : Pull high to 5VSB
Current indicating pin. This pin uses voltage level to indicate
the current of inductor. Connect this pin with a resistor to
ground to set the voltage.
I_IND = 4 x IX
Tracking : Connect to external reference voltage. The PI
pin will sink 4mA for 15μs when the OCP function acts.
SS (Pin 10)
IX : Internal GM sensed current, please refer to the
Application Information.
Soft-start Pin. This pin provides soft-start function for its
controller. The COMP voltage of the converter follows the
ramping voltage on the SS pin.
RR (Pin 4)
PVCC (Pin 11)
Ramp resistor. This pin is used to set the ramp voltage.
Connecting a resistor from this pin to the converter input
power sets the ramping slope of the control loop of the
converter. Since it is connected to the converter input
power, the ramp slope is input-feed-forwarded. As VIN >
1.8V, RR pin is enabled for ramp setting.
Driver Power.
LGATE (Pin 12)
Lower Gate Drive. This pin drives the gate of the lowside
MOSFET.
PHASE (Pin 13)
CSN (Pin 5)
Current Sense Negative Input. This pin is negative input
node of the current sense amplifier used for DCR current
sensing. Connect this pin with a resistor to the output
node.
CSP (Pin 6)
Current Sense Positive Input. This pin is positive input
nodes of the current sense amplifier used for DCR current
sensing. Connect this pin to the junction of the filter resistor
and capacitor.
This pin is return node of the high-side driver. Connect this
pin to high-side MOSFET source together with the lowside MOSFET drain and the inductor.
UGATE (Pin 14)
Upper Gate Drive. This pin drives the gate of the highside
MOSFET.
BOOT (Pin 15)
Bootstrap Power Pin. This pin powers the high-side
MOSFET driver. Connect this pin to the junction of the
bootstrap capacitor.
COMP (Pin 7)
Compensation Pin. This pin is the output node of the error
amplifier.
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GND [Exposed Pad (17)]
The exposed pad must be soldered to a large PCB and
connected to GND for maximum power dissipation.
DS8100A-04 April 2011
RT8100A
Function Block Diagram
12VCC
RT
CLK
Oscillator free Running 200kHz
POR
Soft Stsrt
SS
5VSB
Power_sel
EN & VIN Detection
PVCC
To RR Pin
VREF
VREF_sel
PI
+
-
CSN
CSP
+
GM
-
SN
SN
I_IND
CLK
RR
Ramp
Current
Generator
FB
COMP
BOOT
UGATE
OCP
Current to
Voltage
Converter
+
PWMCP
PWM
Logic
Dead
Time
Control
PHASE
PVCC
LGATE
GND
Operation
RT8100A is a highly flexible, high performance and high
precision synchronous buck controller specifically
designed for high-end graphic core power supply as well
as DDR applications, with highly reduced external
components and costs.
RT8100A uses RichTek proprietary Analogous Current
The wide input voltage range of the converter ranges from
3.3V to 12V. The output voltage can be set from 0.8V to
3.3V with external resistor divider.
The power sequence of RT8100A includes :
1 : POR function
ModeTM topology which mimics the traditional peak current
2 : VIN power supply detection
mode by sensing the valley current of the inductor via DCR
sensing techniques and simulating the current ramp with
an artificial ramp set externally. The Analogous Current
Mode topology benefits all the advantages of peak current
mode converter with much higher noise immunity than
conventional one. Since the compensation is easier and
with less constraint than that in voltage mode, using low
ESR output capacitor as MLCC is possible, which therefore
dramatically reduce the board size as well as the cost and
has better transient response due to higher control
bandwidth. RT8100A also adopts VIN feedfoward for ramp
setting, which decreases the complexity for compensation
by keeping the modulator gain constant along line
variations.
3 : PI pin setting to enable the whole chip.
DS8100A-04 April 2011
The external elements selection of RT8100A includes :
1 : RT pin resister to GND to set the operation frequency
of the chip.
2 : CSN pin resister to set the current gain(ratio of
inductance current IL and sensed current Ix).
3 : RR pin resister to VIN to set the slope of the VIN feed
forward ramp and the effective slope compensation of
current mode.
4 : Use RCSN resister to set the over current level.
5 : Capacitor at SS pin to set the soft-start time.
6 : Type two compensation at COMP pin.
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RT8100A
Power on reset
The POR circuitry monitors the supply voltage of the chip.
When the chip power supply exceeds 4.2V, the chip
releases the reset state and works according to the
settings. Once the supply voltage is lower than 4.0V, POR
circuitry resets the chip.
VIN detection
The VIN detection circuitry monitors the switching power
source when power up. As VIN > 1.8V, RR pin is enabled
for ramp setting and the chip is in ramp setting mode. The
voltage at RR pin will be about 0.5V. Otherwise, the chip
will be in VIN detection mode and RR pin is disabled for
ramp setting until VIN > 1.8V. In VIN detection mode, the
UGATE and LGATE will be off and SS will be pulled low by
a constant current of 10uA. The chip will enter the ramp
setting mode and SS will re-softstart when VIN > 1.8V.
provides the reference voltage of 0.8V at the non-inverting
input of both error amplifiers. The output voltage is
programmed by using a voltage divider at output and feeding
the voltage division back to corresponding error amplifiers.
As conventional current mode PWM controller, the output
voltage is locked at the VREF of error amplifier and the error
signal is used as the control signal of pulse width
modulator. The PWM signals are generated by comparison
of EA output and current ramp waves. Power stage
transforms VIN to output by PWM signal on-time ratio.
Enable
After POR reset, the chip monitors the voltage of PI pin.
When PI is higher than 0.3V, the chip is enabled. The chip
is disabled when VPI is lower than 0.3V. With a precise
threshold voltage, the PI pin can be used for power
sequence.
Soft-start
A constant current of 10uA starts to charge the capacitor
connected to SS pin right after the chip has been powered
up and enabled. The ramp voltage on SS pin is also used
to clamp the comp voltage during soft-start, which
automatically constraints the output current due to the
nature of current mode topology. This brings up smaller
inrush current and smooth output voltage ramp. The SS
pins are also used as the timer during OCP hiccup.
Frequency setting
The converter switching frequency is programmed by
connecting a resistor from the RT pin to GND. The
frequency vs. RRT plot is shown in “Typical Operating
Characteristics”.
Output voltage setting and control
Control loops consist of an error amplifier, a pulse width
modulator, current feed back components, a gate driver
and power components. The internal high accuracy bias
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DS8100A-04 April 2011
RT8100A
Absolute Maximum Ratings
(Note 1)
Supply Voltage, VCC -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16V
BOOT, VBOOT - VPHASE ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 16V
z PHASE to GND
DC ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- −5V to 15V
< 200ns ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ −10V to 30V
z BOOT to PHASE ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 15V
z BOOT to GND
DC ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- −0.3V to VCC+15V
< 200ns ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ −0.3V to 42V
z UGATE ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- VPHASE - 0.3V to VBOOT + 0.3V
z LGATE ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GND - 0.3V to VCC + 0.3V
z Input, Output or I/O Voltage ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- GND-0.3V to 7V
z Power Dissipation, PD @ TA = 25°C
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VQFN-16L 3x3 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1.47W
Package Thermal Resistance (Note 2)
VQFN-16L 3x3, θJA ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 68°C/W
Junction Temperature ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 150°C
Lead Temperature (Soldering, 10 sec.) --------------------------------------------------------------- 260°C
Storage Temperature Range ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- −65°C to 150°C
ESD Susceptibility (Note 3)
HBM (Human Body Mode) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1.5kV
MM (Machine Mode) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 150V
Recommended Operating Conditions
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(Note 4)
Supply Voltage, VCC -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12V ± 10%
Ambient Temperature Range ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 0°C to 70°C
Junction Temperature Range ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 0°C to 125°C
Electrical Characteristics
(VIN = 12V, TA = 25°C unless otherwise specified)
Parameter
Symbol
Test Conditions
Min
Typ
Max
Unit
Supply Input
Power Supply Voltage
12VCC
5VSB
4.5
--
12
5
15
--
V
Power On Reset
V5VSBRTH
3.8
4.2
4.4
V
Power On Reset Hysteresis
V5VSBHYS
--
0.3
--
V
ON
VEN
--
0.3
--
V
Hysteresis
VEN
--
50
--
mV
--
10
--
mA
8
10
15
μA
PI Threshold
Power Supply Current
IVCC
5VSB = 5V, 12VCC = 12V, VIN = 0V
Soft Start
Soft Start Current
ISS
To be continued
DS8100A-04 April 2011
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RT8100A
Parameter
Symbol
Test Conditions
Min
Typ
Max
Unit
170
200
230
kHz
−15
--
15
%
Frequency Range
50
200
1000
kHz
Maximum Duty Cycle
70
75
80
%
0.3
0.5
0.7
V
--
1.5
--
%
60
70
--
dB
6
10
--
MHz
Oscillator
Free Running Frequency
f OSC
Frequency Variation
Up-Ramp Setting Pin
VRR
RRR = 120kΩ
VFB
VFB = 0.8V
Reference Voltage
Feedback Voltage
Error Amplifier
DC Gain
Gain-Bandwidth Product
GBW
CLOAD = 5pF
Trans-conductance
GM
RLOAD = 20kΩ
600
660
--
μA/V
MAX Current (Source & Sink)
IOUT
VOUT = 0.5 x V5VSB
300
360
--
μA
Input Offset Voltage
VVOSGM
RSENSE = 2kΩ
−5
--
5
mV
I OMAX
IIOMAXGM RSENSE = 2kΩ
90
--
--
μA
0.15
0.35
--
A
--
3.5
7
Ω
0.5
0.35
--
A
--
2
4
Ω
--
80
--
μA
Current Sense GM Amplifier
Gate Driver
Upper Drive Source
IUGATE
BOOT − PHASE = 12V,
BOOT − VUGATE = 1V
Upper Drive Sink
RUGATE
VUGATE = 1V
Lower Drive Source
ILGATE
PVCC = 12V, PVCC – VLGATE = 1V
Lower Drive Sink
RLGATE
VLGATE = 1V
Protection
Over Current
IOC
Note 1. Stresses listed as the above "Absolute Maximum Ratings" may cause permanent damage to the device. These are for
stress ratings. Functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated in the
operational sections of the specifications is not implied. Exposure to absolute maximum rating conditions for extended
periods may remain possibility to affect device reliability.
Note 2. θJA is measured in the natural convection at T A = 25°C on a low effective thermal conductivity test board of
JEDEC 51-3 thermal measurement standard.
Note 3. Devices are ESD sensitive. Handling precaution is recommended.
Note 4. The device is not guaranteed to function outside its operating conditions.
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DS8100A-04 April 2011
RT8100A
Typical Operating Characteristics
Efficiency vs. Output Current
95
VIN = 5V
90.5
900
VIN = 12V
800
Frequency (kHz) 1
86
Efficiency (%)
Frequency vs. RRT
1000
81.5
77
72.5
68
63.5
700
500
400
RRT connected to 5VSB
300
59
200
54.5
100
50
RRT connected to GND
600
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
1
10
100
1000
Output Current (A)
RRT (kπ
(kΩ))
Dead Time (Rising)
Dead Time (Falling)
UGATE
UGATE
PHASE
PHASE
UGATE − PHASE
(5V/Div)
LGATE
10000
UGATE − PHASE
(5V/Div)
LGATE
Time (25ns/Div)
Time (25ns/Div)
Load Transient Regulation (Rising)
Load Transient Regulation (Falling)
UGATE
(10V/Div)
UGATE
(10V/Div)
LGATE
(10V/Div)
LGATE
(10V/Div)
VOUT
(200mV/Div)
ILoad
(10A/Div)
VOUT
(200mV/Div)
ILoad
(10A/Div)
Time (10μs/Div)
DS8100A-04 April 2011
Time (50μs/Div)
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RT8100A
PI Power On
PI Power Off
UGATE
(10V/Div)
UGATE
(10V/Div)
SS
(5V/Div)
SS
(5V/Div)
PI
(500mV/Div)
PI
(500mV/Div)
VOUT
(500mV/Div)
VOUT
(500mV/Div)
Time (5ms/Div)
Time (1ms/Div)
Power Off
UGATE
(10V/Div)
Power On
UGATE
(20V/Div)
ILoad
(1A/Div)
5VSB
(2V/Div)
VOUT
(500mV/Div)
SS
(2V/Div)
VOUT
(500mV/Div)
SS
(2V/Div)
Time (50ms/Div)
Time (10ms/Div)
Standalone OCP
Tracking OCP
SS
(2V/Div)
SS
(2V/Div)
VOUT
(500mV/Div)
PI
(1V/Div)
UGATE
(10V/Div)
PI
(1V/Div)
UGATE
(10V/Div)
Time (50ms/Div)
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Time (5μs/Div)
DS8100A-04 April 2011
RT8100A
GM
350
300
I I_IND (uA)
250
200
150
100
50
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Output Current (A)
DS8100A-04 April 2011
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11
RT8100A
Application Information
Current Sense, Ramp Setting
RT8100A senses the inductor current through inductor DCR
and feeds the current signal back to the control loop. The
current sensing circuitry, as in Figure 5 consists of an RC
filter, a current sensing GM together with two external
resistors. The current flowing the inductor as well as the
DCR causes a ripple voltage proportional to inductor ripple
current across the equivalent inductor DCR as in Figure 5,
The ripple voltage can be obtained using an RC filter in
parallel with the inductor, if the component values satisfy
the following relationships.
L
DCR
R
C
The external resistor RR is used to sets the internal ramp
voltage proportional to current. The simulated ramp voltage
is also used to implement the slope compensation set
together using a single resistor RR. The relationships
between RR and the internal voltage ramp is :
(
V
VIN − VOUT
+ k OUT ) DCR 15k
L
R CSN
L
=
VIN − VRR
÷ 64p
RR
RR = (VIN − VRR ) x
÷(
R CSN
64p
V
VIN − VOUT
+ k OUT ) ÷ DCR
L
15k
L
Where
+
GM
-
CSP(Pin)
CSN(Pin)
IX
RCSN
RDC
Figure 5
L =RxC
DCR
The current sense GM converts the voltage drop on the
capacitor in the DCR sensing network together with the
resistor RCSN connected from the VOUT to the CSN pin.
RCSN defines the trans-conductance of the GM stage. An
extra external resistor connected from RCSN to GND is
recommended to offer the capability of sensing negative
inductor current in applications where negative currents
are possible at light load conditions. The sensed current
Ix is :
I × DCR VOUT , at steady state.
IX = L
+
R CSN
RDC
IX =
IL × DCR
R CSN , provided RDC is left opened.
The valley of the sensed current Ix is sampled and held
and converted to a DC voltage as a baseline of the current
feedback ramp.
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VRR: the voltage at RR pin to 0.5V
RR : the resistance at RR pin
k : the slope compensation coefficient, which is the ratio
of the desired compensation slope to the down ramp slope.
The ramp voltage is summed up with the sensed baseline
voltage to form a complete current feedback signal. The
simulated ramp signal is fed to the comparator of the PWM
modulator, comparing with error amplifier output to generate
PWM pulses.
Gate Control
a. Before SS signal reach the bottom of the ramp voltage,
UGATE and LGATE will be off.
b. If PI pin is pulled low UGATE and LGATE will be off.
c. When OC function occurs a constant current of 10μA
starts to discharge the capacitor connected to SS pin
right away. When OC occurs, UGATE and LGATE will
be off. When the voltage at the capacitor connected to
SS pin pass about 0.4V, a constant current of 10μA
starts to charge the capacitor. The PWM signal is enable
to pass to UGATE and LGATE.
d. When fault conditions occur or SS < 0.4V, the current
sense function will be disable.
DS8100A-04 April 2011
RT8100A
Feedback Loop Compensation
First, the ramp signal applied to the PWM comparator is
proportional to the input voltage provided via the RR pin.
This keeps the modulator gain constant when the input
voltage varies. Second, the inductance valley current
proportional signal is derived from the voltage drop across
the ESR of the inductance is added to the ramp signal.
This effectively creates an internal current control loop.
The resistor connected to the CSN pin sets the gain in the
current feedback loop. The following expression estimates
the required value of the current sense resistor depending
on the maximum load current and the value of the
inductance DCR.
R CSN = IMAX x DCR
80 μA
1) Modulator Frequency Equations
The first step is to calculate the complex conjugate poles
contributed by the LC output filter.
The output LC filter introduces a double pole, 40dB/decade
gain slope above its corner resonant frequency, and a total
phase lag of 180 degrees. The resonant frequency of the
LC filter expressed as follows :
FP(LC) =
1
2π × L OUT × COUT
The next step of compensation design is to calculate the
ESR zero. The ESR zero is contributed by the ESR
associated with the output capacitance. Note that this
requires that the output capacitor should have enough ESR
to satisfy stability requirements. The ESR zero of the
output capacitor expressed as follows :
1
FZ(ESR) =
2π × COUT × ESR
2) Compensation Frequency Equations
RT8100A is a analogous current mode buck converter
using the high gain error amplifier with transconductance
(OTA, Operational Transconductance Amplifier), as Figure
6 shown.
The compensation network consists of the error amplifier
and the impedance networks ZC and ZF as Figure 7 shown.
VOUT
The Transconductance :
GM = ΔIOUT
ΔVM
R1
VREF
+
GM
-
VCOMP
C2
FB
RF
C1
R2
Δ VM = (EA+) - (EA-) ; Δ IOUT = E/A output current.
Figure 7. Compensation Loop
VOUT
EA+
EA-
+
-
GM
ROUT
Figure 6. OTA Topology
This transfer function of OTA is dominated by a higher DC
gain and the output filter (LOUT and COUT) with a double
pole frequency at FLC and a zero at FESR. The DC gain of
the modulator is the input voltage (VIN) divided by the peak
to peak oscillator voltage VRAMP.
DS8100A-04 April 2011
FZ1 =
1
2π × R2 × C2
FP1 =
1
2π × R1× C1
FP2 =
1
2π × R2 × ⎜⎛ C1× C2 ⎞⎟
⎝ C1+ C2 ⎠
Figure 8 shows the DC-DC converter's gain vs. frequency.
The compensation gain uses external impedance networks
ZC and ZF to provide a stable, high bandwidth loop. High
crossover frequency is desirable for fast transient response,
but often jeopardize the system stability. In order to cancel
one of the LC filter poles, place FZ1 before the LC filter
resonant frequency. In the experience, place FZ1 at 10%
LC filter resonant frequency. Crossover frequency should
be higher than the ESR zero but less than 1/5 of the
switching frequency. The FP2 should be place at half the
switching frequency.
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RT8100A
80 80
Type 3 will induce three poles and two zeros.
Loop Gain
60
Zeros :
40 40
Compensation
Gain
Gain (dB)
20
0
0
Modulator
Gain
-20
1
2π × R2 × C2
FZ2 =
1
2π × (R1+ R3) × C3
Poles :
-40-40
-60-60
10Hz
10vdb(vo)
FZ1 =
100Hz
vdb(comp2)100
vdb(lo)
1.0KHz
10KHz
100KHz
1k
10k
Frequency (Hz)
Frequency
FP1 =
1
2π × R2 × ⎛⎜ C1× C2 ⎞⎟
⎝ C1+ C2 ⎠
FP2 =
1
2π × R3 × C3
FP3 =
1
;
×
R1
R3 × C1 ⎞⎟
⎛
2π × ⎜
⎝ R1+ R3 ⎠
1.0MHz
100k
1M
Figure 8. Type 2 Bode Plot
There is another type of compensation called Type 3
compensation that adds a pole-zero pair to the Type 2
network. It's used to compensate output capacitor whose
ESR value is much lower (pure MLCC or OSCON
Capacitors).
which is in the origin.
We recommend FZ1 placed in 0.5 x FP(LC); FZ2 placed in
FP(LC); FP1 placed in FESR and FP2 placed in 0.5 x FSW.
Figure 11 shows Type 3 Bode Plot.
As shown in Figure 9, to insert a network between VOUT
C3
Loop Gain
60
40
Compensation Gain
20
0
dB
and FB in the original Type 2 compensation network can
result in Type 3 compensation. Figure 10 shows the
difference of their AC response. Type 3 compensation has
an additional pole-zero pair that causes a gain boost at
the flat gain region. But the gain boosted is limited by the
ratio (R1+R4)/R4; if R3 << R4.
Gain
-20
R3
-40
R1
VOUT
FB
+
GM
-
R4
VCOMP
C2
R2
C1
Modulator Gain
-60
-80
2
3
4
5
6
7
Log Frequency
Figure 9. Additional Network of Type 3 Compensation
(Add between VOUT and FB)
Figure 11. Type 3 Bode Plot
Protection
OCP
FP3
Add Type 3 compensation
FP1
FZ1
Pole
FP2
FZ2
Original Type 3 compensation
Figure 10. AC Response Curves of Type 2 and 3
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14
The RT8100A use cycle by cycle current comparison. The
over current level is set by RCSN resistor. When OC function
occurs and SS > (5VSB −1.3), a constant current of 10μA
starts to discharge the capacitor connected to SS pin right
away. When OC occurs UGATE and LGATE will be off.
When the voltage at the capacitor connected to SS pin
pass about 0.4V, a constant current of 10μA starts to charge
the capacitor.
DS8100A-04 April 2011
RT8100A
The PWM signal is enable to pass to the UGATE and
LGATE. If the OC protection occurs three times, OCSD
will be activated and shut down the chip and pull low PI
about 15μs in tracking mode.
RT8100A uses an external resistor RCSN to set a programmable over current trip point. OCP comparator compares
inductor current with this reference current. RT8100A uses
hiccup mode to eliminate fault detection of OCP or reduce
output current when output is shorted to ground.
IX =
DCR × IL
R CSN
OCP comparator
IX
80μA
+
-
Figure 12
OTP
Monitor the temperature near the driver part within the chip.
Shutdown the chip when OTP.
Component Selection
Components should be appropriately selected to ensure
stable operation, fast transient response, high efficiency,
minimum BOM cost and maximum reliability.
Output Inductor Selection
The selection of output inductor is based on the
considerations of efficiency, output power and operating
frequency. For a synchronous buck converter, the ripple
current of inductor (ΔIL) can be calculated as follows :
ΔIL = (VIN − VOUT) x
VOUT
VIN x fOSC x L
Generally, an inductor that limits the ripple current between
20% and 50% of output current is appropriate. Make sure
that the output inductor could handle the maximum output
current and would not saturate over the operation
temperature range.
Output Capacitor Selection
The output capacitors determine the output ripple voltage
(ΔVOUT) and the initial voltage drop after a high slew-rate
load transient. The selection of output capacitor depends
on the output ripple requirement. The output ripple voltage
is described as follows :
DS8100A-04 April 2011
ΔVOUT = ΔIL x ESR +
VOUT
1
x 2
(1 − D)
8 fOSC x L x C OUT
For electrolytic capacitor application, typically 90~95% of
the output voltage ripple is contributed by the ESR of output
capacitors. Paralleling lower ESR ceramic capacitor with
the bulk capacitors could dramatically reduce the equivalent
ESR and consequently the ripple voltage.
Input Capacitor Selection
Use mixed types of input bypass capacitors to control the
input voltage ripple and switching voltage spike across the
MOSFETs. The buck converter draws pulsewise current
from the input capacitor during the on time of upper
MOSFET. The RMS value of ripple current flowing through
the input capacitor is described as :
IIN(RMS) = IOUT x D x (1 − D)
The input bulk capacitor must be cable of handling this
ripple current. Sometime, for higher efficiency the low ESR
capacitor is necessarily. Appropriate high frequency
ceramic capacitors physically near the MOSFETs effectively
reduce the switching voltage spikes.
MOSFET Selection
The selection of MOSFETs is based upon the
considerations of RDS(ON), gate driving requirements, and
thermal management requirements. The power loss of
upper MOSFET consists of conduction loss and switching
loss and is expressed as :
PUPPER = PCOND _UPPER + PSW_UPPER
= IOUT x RDS(ON) x D + 1 IOUT x VIN
2
x (TRISE + TFALL ) x fOSC
where TRISE and TFALL are rising and falling time of VDS of
upper MOSFET respectively. RDS(ON) and QG should be
simultaneously considered to minimize power loss of upper
MOSFET.
The power loss of lower MOSFET consists of conduction
loss, reverse recovery loss of body diode, and conduction
loss of body diode and is express as :
PLOWER = PCOND _LOWER + PRR + PDIODE
= IOUT x RDS(ON) x (1 − D) + QRR x VIN x fOSC
+
1
x IOUT x VF x TDIODE x fOSC
2
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15
RT8100A
where TDIODE is the conducting time of lower body diode.
Special control scheme is adopted to minimize body diode
conducting time. As a result, the RDS(ON) loss dominates
the power loss of lower MOSFET. Use MOSFET with
adequate RDS(ON) to minimize power loss and satisfy
thermal requirements.
Bypass Capacitor Notes
Input capacitor CIN is typically chosen based on the ripple
current requirements. COUT is typically selected based on
both current ripple rating and ESR requirement.
PWM Layout Considerations
Layout is very important in high frequency switching
converter design. If designed improperly, the PCB could
radiate excessive noise and contribute to the converter
instability.
First, place the PWM power stage components. Mount all
the power components and connections in the top layer
with wide copper areas. The MOSFETs of Buck, inductor,
and output capacitor should be as close to each other as
possible. This can reduce the radiation of EMI due to the
high frequency current loop. If the output capacitors are
placed in parallel to reduce the ESR of capacitor, equal
sharing ripple current should be considered. Place the input
capacitor directly to the drain of high-side MOSFET. In
multi-layer PCB, use one layer as power ground and have
a separate control signal ground as the reference of the all
signal. To avoid the signal ground is effect by noise and
have best load regulation, it should be connected to the
ground terminal of output. Furthermore, follows below
guidelines can get better performance of IC :
1. A multi-layer printed circuit board is recommended.
2. Use a middle layer of the PC board as a ground plane
and making all critical component ground connections
through vias to this layer.
6. The small signal wiring traces from the LGATE and
UGATE pins to the MOSFET gates should be kept short
and wide enough to easily handle the several Amperes
of drive current.
7. The critical small signal components include any bypass
capacitors, feedback components, and compensation
components. Position those components close to their
pins with a local GND connection, or via directly to the
ground plane.
8. RT resistors should be near the RT pin respectively, and
GND return should be short, and kept away from the
noisy MOSFET GND.
9. Place the compensation components close to the FB
and COMP pins.
10. The feedback resistors should also be located as close
as possible to the relevant FB pin with vias tied straight
to the ground plane as required.
11. Minimize the length of the connections between the
input capacitors, CIN and the power switches by placing
them nearby.
12. Position both the ceramic and bulk input capacitors as
close to the upper MOSFET drain as possible, and make
the GND returns (From the source of lower MOSFET to
VIN, CVIN, GND) short.
13. Position the output inductor and output capacitors
between the upper MOSFET and lower MOSFET and
the load.
14. Because RT8100A use DCR sense topology, DCR
sense point is output inductor from end to end.
15. CSN and FB must be independent path.
Below PCB gerber files are our test board for your
reference :
3. Use another solid layer as a power plane and break this
plane into smaller islands of common voltage levels.
4. Keep the metal running from the PHASE terminal to
the output inductor short.
5. Use copper filled polygons on the top and bottom circuit
layers for the phase node.
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16
DS8100A-04 April 2011
RT8100A
Figure 13. Component Side
Figure 14. Bottom
DS8100A-04 April 2011
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17
RT8100A
Outline Dimension
D
SEE DETAIL A
D2
L
1
E
E2
e
b
A
A1
1
1
2
2
DETAIL A
Pin #1 ID and Tie Bar Mark Options
A3
Note : The configuration of the Pin #1 identifier is optional,
but must be located within the zone indicated.
Symbol
Dimensions In Millimeters
Dimensions In Inches
Min
Max
Min
Max
A
0.800
1.000
0.031
0.039
A1
0.000
0.050
0.000
0.002
A3
0.175
0.250
0.007
0.010
b
0.180
0.300
0.007
0.012
D
2.950
3.050
0.116
0.120
D2
1.300
1.750
0.051
0.069
E
2.950
3.050
0.116
0.120
E2
1.300
1.750
0.051
0.069
e
L
0.500
0.350
0.020
0.450
0.014
0.018
V-Type 16L QFN 3x3 Package
Richtek Technology Corporation
Richtek Technology Corporation
Headquarter
Taipei Office (Marketing)
5F, No. 20, Taiyuen Street, Chupei City
5F, No. 95, Minchiuan Road, Hsintien City
Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C.
Taipei County, Taiwan, R.O.C.
Tel: (8863)5526789 Fax: (8863)5526611
Tel: (8862)86672399 Fax: (8862)86672377
Email: [email protected]
Information that is provided by Richtek Technology Corporation is believed to be accurate and reliable. Richtek reserves the right to make any change in circuit design,
specification or other related things if necessary without notice at any time. No third party intellectual property infringement of the applications should be guaranteed
by users when integrating Richtek products into any application. No legal responsibility for any said applications is assumed by Richtek.
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18
DS8100A-04 April 2011