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User manual
Spice model tutorial for Power MOSFETs
Introduction
This document describes ST’s Spice model versions available for Power MOSFETs. This is
a guide designed to support user choosing the best model for his goals. In fact, it explains
the features of different model versions both in terms of static and dynamic characteristics
and simulation performance, in order to find the right compromise between the computation
time and accuracy. For example, the self-heating model (V3 version), which accurately
reproduces the thermal response of all electrical parameters, requires a considerable
simulation effort.
Finally, an example shows how the self-heating model works.
Spice models describe the characteristics of typical devices and don't guarantee the
absolute representation of product specifications and operating characteristics; the
datasheet is the only document providing product specifications.
Although simulation is a very important tool to evaluate the device’s performance, the exact
device’s behavior in all situations is not predictable, therefore the final laboratory test is
necessary.
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Spice model versions
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Spice model versions
ST provides 6 model versions on each part number:
•
partnumber_V1C
•
partnumber_V1T
•
partnumber_V2
•
partnumber_V3
•
partnumber_V4
•
partnumber_TN
V1C version
It is the basic model (LEVEL =3) enclosing Coss and Crss modeling through capacitance
profile tables. It is an empirical model, and it assumes a 27 °C constant temperature.
V1T version
It comes directly from V1C version and it also includes the package thermal modeling
through a thermal equivalent network and presents two additional external thermal nodes Tj
and Tcase. This version hasn't the dynamic link between Power MOSFET temperature and
internal parameters.
V2 version
It is more advanced than V1C, in fact it takes into account the temperature dependence and
capacitance profiles too. It allows the static and dynamic behavior to be reproduced by user
at fixed temperatures. By using this version, the simulation of self-heating effects isn't
possible.
V3 version
It comes directly from V2 version and includes the package thermal model through a
thermal equivalent network and presents two additional external thermal nodes: Tj and
Tcase. In this version, during each transient, the current power dissipation is calculated and a
current proportional to this power is fed into the thermal network. In this way, the voltage at
Tj node contains all the information about the junction temperature, which changes internal
device’s parameters. Since it is a monitoring node, usually Tj pin is not connected (however,
to avoid warning messages on this node, the user has to add a floating wire - see Figure 1).
On contrary, Tcase node has to be connected, either to a constant voltage source Vdc
representing the ambient temperature or to a heat sink modeled by its own thermal network
(Figure 1).
V4 version
It comes directly from V3 version considering the device sited in free air. It includes the
package thermal modeling through a thermal equivalent network and presents three
additional external thermal nodes: Tj, Tcase and Tamb. The voltage at Tj node and Tcase node
contains all the information about the junction temperature and case temperature which
change internal device’s parameters. Since they are monitoring nodes, usually Tj and Tcase
pins are not connected (however, to avoid warning messages on this node, the user has to
add a floating wire - see Figure 1). Conversely, Tamb node has to be connected: to a
constant voltage source Vdc, representing the ambient temperature.
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Spice model versions
TN version
It includes the RC thermal network only, which represents the thermal model of the package.
Its symbol has two pins: Tj and Tcase.
Figure 1. Self-heating model (V3 version)
D
D
R1
TJ
Zth
G
Tcase
S
R2
TJ
Zth
G
Tamb
25
Tcase
S
0
C1
C2
Tamb
25
0
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Note:
Tj is a monitoring node and it is not connected; Tcase is connected either by using a Vdc,
representing the ambient temperature (on the left-side), or by heat-sink thermal network (on
the right-side).
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Spice model symbol
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Spice model symbol
For each model version, ST provides the appropriate symbol as shown below:
Figure 2. Model symbols
V1C version
V2 version
V4 version
D
TJ
Zth
G
Tcase
Tamb
S
V1T version
V3 version
D
TJ
TJ
Tcase
TN version
Zth
G
1
TJ
TCASE
2
Tcase
S
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Spice models - instructions to simulate
Spice models - instructions to simulate
In Spice simulator, user has to upload the device symbol (.OLB file) and the Spice model
(.LIB file) to simulate transistors in the schematic.
3.1
Installation
In the package model, there are the following files:
•
name.lib text file representing the model library written as a Spice code;
•
name.olb symbol file to use the model into Orcad capture user interface.
In Capture open the menu dialog window "Pspice" "Edit Simulation Profile". Go to
"Configuration Files" tab and "Library" category. Select the library (*.lib) path by "Browse…"
button and click to "Add to Design" (see Figure 3)
Figure 3. Capture dialog window to select the library (*.lib)
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To include the symbol *.olb in the schematic view, open the menu dialog window "Place"
"Part" (or simply pressing "P" key in keyboard) and click the "Add Library…" button (or
pressing Alt+"A") to select the file (see figure below).
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Spice models - instructions to simulate
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Figure 4. Capture dialog window to include the symbol (*.olb)
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Finally, you can simulate your circuit choosing the simulation type and parameters.
3.2
Typical simulation parameters / options
As our models contain many non-linear elements, the standard simulation parameters are
often not suitable.
The following values can facilitate convergence (set them in dialog window "Pspice" "Edit
Simulation Profile" "Options" tab):
Note:
ABSTOL= 1nA
(best accuracy of currents)
CHGTOL= 1 pC..10 pC
(best accuracy of charges)
ITL1= 150
(DC and bias 'blind' iteration limit)
ITL2= 20...150
(DC and bias 'best guess' iteration limit)
ITL4= 20...150
(transient time point iteration limit)
RELTOL= 0.001...0.01
(relative accuracy of voltages and currents)
If the following error message appears during the simulation of one of device models:
==> INTERNAL ERROR -- Overflow in device..... <==
you have to edit the 'PSPICE.INI' file by inserting the following line behind the headline
[PSPICE] as follows:
[PSPICE]
MathExceptions = off
......
DO NOT CHANGE ANY OTHER LINES ALREADY PRESENT
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A brief description of self-heating model (V3 version)
A brief description of self-heating model (V3 version)
Power MOSFET’s Spice models are behavioral and achieved by fitting simulated data with
static and dynamic characterization results.
The behavioral model is the best approach because it reproduces the electrical and thermal
behavior of the power device through a simplified physical description of the device
consisting in a set of equations ruling its behavior at terminal level.
The self-heating model (V3 version) includes different analog behavioral models (ABM) to
describe resistors, voltage and current generator, which are temperature-dependent.
A curve fit optimization algorithm extracts the mathematical expression for ABM, which
yields a good representation of Power MOSFET’s static and dynamic characteristics.
In Figure 5, the self-heating spice model (V3 version) schematic is shown.
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Gate
2
1
IN+
IN-
IN+
IN-
Lg
E2
V2
g2
2
0
50
Cref
0
R_cgs
OUT+
OUT-
40
OUT+
OUT-
Ecap (table)
alfa
Crss modeling
Rg6
Rcap
g
CGS
DC modelling
0
Rdd11
Rdd10
Rdd9
R_g3
OUT-
INGcdg
OUT+
IN+
Crss modeling
1
Ls
2
3
OUT-
ING_Rs
1
OUT+
IN+
s
OUT-
IN-
G_Rmos
OUT+
IN+
0Vdc
d
OUT+
d1
d1x
d1y
d1k
INOUTG_Rmos
dd
IN+
G63
0Vdc
RLd
1
ss
IN-
OUT-
OUT-
IN-
G_power
OUT+
IN+
Gcdg2
IN+
OUT+
Source
RLs
R_ds
d1z
0
IN+
IN+
R_Gpower
Tj
OUTING_R_did
OUT+
G59
OUTING_R_did
OUT+
G60
Cj1
IN-
IN+
IN+
IN-
IN+
IN-
402
0
R_GBDSS
RTj14
Cj3
T2
RTj15
IN+
IN-
0
C
Tcase
Cj6
R_R003
RTj6
Cj5
0
T4
E_E001
RTj16
Cj4
T3
edep
OUT+
OUT-
R_edep
aa
0
IN+
IN-
E_E001
OUT+
OUT-
ba
R_R001
Recovery diode modelling
Thermal impedance modeling
Cj2
T1
C_Cds
d
Rcap2
d_dedep
0
V22
502
Cref2
BVdss modelling
E22
OUT+
OUT-
0
OUT+
OUT-
alfa2
Coss modeling
Ecap2 (table)
G_BVdss
OUT-
RTj13
sx
OUT+
d1bvdss1
DC diode modeling
Coss modelling
R_Rmos
R_Gdiode
V_sense3
Rx1
Rd
Vread2
1
Ld
2
Drain
2
1
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A brief description of self-heating model (V3 version)
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Figure 5. Power MOSFET self-heating model schematic
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4.1
A brief description of self-heating model (V3 version)
Thermal network
Thermal impedance network represents the basic element, which is featured inside the
macro-model. It is used to transform the power dissipated inside the junction into a voltage
representing the temperature (Tj).
Figure 6. Physical structure
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The voltage drop across the network is detected and used as emitter value inside behavioral
equations used to model other parameters.
Thermal impedance is the experimental data required to obtain the Cauer model (see
Figure 6).
Figure 7. Thermal impedance profile and Cauer model
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A brief description of self-heating model (V3 version)
4.2
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Experimental data used to fit the model
The model implementation requires the following experimental data:
•
Typ. output characteristics at different temperatures
•
Typ. transfer characteristics at different temperatures
•
Typ. drain source breakdown voltage at different temperatures
•
Typ. drain source on state resistance vs temperature
•
Typ. gate threshold voltage vs temperature
•
Typ. forward diode characteristics
•
Typ. capacitances profile vs VDS
•
Typ. gate charge
•
Typ. switching on resistive load
•
Typ. switching on inductive load
•
Typ. free-wheeling diode characteristics
•
Unclamped inductive switching
•
Switching losses vs gate resistance
•
Equivalent capacitance time related (Co(tr))
•
Equivalent capacitance energy related (Co(er))
•
Max. transient thermal impedance
Figure 8. Simulated and measured output
characteristics
Figure 9. Simulated curves at VGS = 10 V
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A brief description of self-heating model (V3 version)
Figure 10. Normalized RDS(on) vs temperature Figure 11. Normalized gate threshold voltage vs
temperature
AM06484v1
RDS(on)
AM06483v1
VGS(th)
(norm)
(norm)
ID=2.5A
2.1
1.10
ID=250µA
1.9
1.00
1.7
1.5
1.3
0.90
1.1
0.80
0.9
0.7
0.5
-50 -25
4.3
0
25
50
75 100
0.70
-50
TJ(°C)
-25
25
0
50
75
100
TJ(°C)
COSS and CRSS model
Charge and current formulas for a linear capacitor are:
Q = C•V
dV
i ( t ) = C • ------dt
For a non linear (voltage-dependent) time-independent capacitor these formulas become:
Q =
 C ( V ) dV
dV
i ( t ) = C ( V ) • ------dt
The C(V) function is obtained by lookup table.
Figure 12. Capacitance profiles
AM06481v1
C
(pF)
1000
Ciss
100
Coss
10
1
0.1
Crss
1
10
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VDS(V)
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A brief description of self-heating model (V3 version)
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4.4
Example of dynamic characteristics
4.4.1
Gate charge
Figure 13. Gate charge - schematic
Rload1
Vdd1
Ipulse1
R127
0
0
0
0
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Figure 14. Gate charge - simulated waveforms
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A brief description of self-heating model (V3 version)
Figure 15. Gate charge - experimental waveforms
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4.4.2
Switching on inductive load
Figure 16. Switching on inductive load - schematic
Iload1
Lpar1
R127
Vdd1
Rgate1
Vpulse1
L33
0
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Figure 17. Switching on inductive load - simulated waveforms
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Figure 18. Switching on inductive load - experimental waveforms
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4.4.3
A brief description of self-heating model (V3 version)
Eoff vs Rgate
Figure 19. Eoff vs Rgate - schematic
Iload1
Lpar1
R127
Vdd1
Rgate1
Vpulse1
L33
0
GIPD251020131432FSR
Figure 20. Eoff vs Rgate - experimental waveforms
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Table 1. Eoff (comparison simulated/measured)
4.4.4
RG (Ω)
Measured Eoff (µJ)
Simulated Eoff (µJ)
4.7
4.1
3.9
10
4.31
4.4
47
6.8
7.1
200
27
29
Recovery diode
Figure 21. Recovery diode - schematic
Iload1
Lpar1
R127
Vdd1
Rgate1
Vpulse1
L33
0
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A brief description of self-heating model (V3 version)
Figure 22. Recovery diode - simulated waveforms
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A brief description of self-heating model (V3 version)
4.4.5
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Unclamped inductive switching
Table 2. Simulated test conditions
Test
TC
Energy
Idrain
ΔTj
1
110 °C
0.3 J
83 A
83 °C
2
110 °C
0.3 J
203 A
133 °C
Figure 23. Unclamped inductive switching - schematic
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Figure 24. Unclamped inductive switching - simulated waveforms (test 1)
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A brief description of self-heating model (V3 version)
Figure 25. Unclamped inductive switching - simulated waveforms (test 2)
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Figure 26. Unclamped inductive switching - experimental waveforms
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4.4.6
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Short-circuit test
Figure 27. Short-circuit test - schematic
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Figure 28. Short-circuit test - waveforms
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4.4.7
A brief description of self-heating model (V3 version)
Flyback simulated by self-heating model
Figure 29. Flyback simulated by self-heating model - schematic
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Figure 30. Flyback simulated by self-heating model - simulated waveforms
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A brief description of self-heating model (V3 version)
where:
•
Blue line = (Tx current sec)/10
•
Black line = (Tx current Pri)
•
Red line = MOSFET drain current
If you have further questions, feel free to contact us via our local sale offices.
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Revision history
Revision history
Table 3. Document revision history
Date
Revision
25-Nov-2013
1
Changes
Initial release.
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