KS7314 DIGITAL ZOOM GENERAL DESCRIPTION 80-QFP-1212 The KS7314 offers enlarged image through the zoom effect attained by horizontal and vertical interpolation of luminance and chrominance signal input supplied from CCD digital signal processor (KS7306) implemented by employing a 2nd generation electronic zoom IC which electronically enlarges the image picked up by the CCD of a camcorder. Besides, it provides a function of correcting wobble of camera holding hands, being coupled with the worked of a gyro-sensor, and a special effect function namely the mosaic mirror in addition. ORERING INFORMATION FEATURES Device KS7314 Package 80-QFP-1212 Operating Temperature 0 ~ +70°C - 256 discrete zoom steps. - Field memoriless zoom operation. - Vertical image expansion and vertical interpolation by the control of a built-in 2H delay line. - Zoom operation dependent upon Y, R-Y, B-Y signal input (Source Format → 4:1:1). - Variable zoom ratio technology applicable to horizontal and vertical directions (Styling Effect): - Correction of wobbling hand by the sub-pixels in vertical direction. - Correction of wobbling hand in horizontal direction. - Provision of special effects available: . Horizontal mirror technology. . Variable 16 mode mosaic block size technology. (Mosaic function available in EIS mode) - Linear interpolation algorithm applied to both luminance and chroma signals in horizontal and vertical directions. - Applicable to wide TV screen with 630,000 pixels. - Applicable to world-wide models, of different systems like NTSC/PAL, HI8/NORMAL, and DVC. - Electronic zoom ratio: Expansion available upto four times (4×) maximum, and the more in horizontal zooming. - Operable normally at 3.3 / 5.0 voltages. VID-97-D003 February 1997 1 KS7314 DIGITAL ZOOM TEST3 44 43 TEST2 46 45 TEST0 47 TEST1 49 48 GND 50 DONE 51 ERROR 53 52 VDD1 VDD1 54 BISTON PCK 55 GND VBLK VD 56 LHLD 57 HD 58 FLD RST 60 59 VDD2 PBLK PIN CONFIGULATION 42 41 40 GND PAL 61 39 NAND-OUT FWEN 62 38 VDD1 GND 63 37 MULTO GSCK 64 GSI 65 36 DZSCSN GSCSN 66 35 DZSI KS7314 VDD1 67 34 DZSCK GND 68 33 GND UVCK 69 32 GND 31 DZCBLKO GND 70 CI0 71 30 DZBFO CI1 72 29 DZCSYNCO CI2 73 28 VDD1 CI3 74 27 GND VDD1 75 26 DZCBLKI YI6 14 VID-97-D003 February 1997 15 16 17 18 19 20 YO7 VDD1 11 12 13 YO5 YI5 10 YO6 9 VDD2 8 YO3 7 YO4 6 YO2 5 GND 4 YO1 3 YI7 2 YO0 1 YI4 21 GND YI3 22 GND VDD2 80 GND 23 GND CO3 79 YI1 24 DZCSYNCI CO2 78 YI2 25 DZBFI CO1 77 YI0 CO0 76 2 CI [ 3:0 ] GYRO MICOM VID-97-D003 February 1997 8 8 Chroma signal horizontal expansion 1H DLine 1H DLine Luminance signal vertical expansion Xα Xβ VERTICAL α, β GENERATION Xα Xβ Chroma signal vertical interpolation block 1H DLine MEMORY Controller 1H DLine Luminance signal vertical interpolation block Control signal (PCK,UVCK,HD,VD,VBLK,LHLD,FWEN,PBLK,RST) TIMING GENERATOR Preprocessor MICOM INTERFACE Preprocessor YI [ 7:0 ] SYST. MICOM TEST BLOCK TEST ENABLE Xα Xβ HORIZONTAL α, β GENERATION Xα Xβ Chroma signal horizontal interpolation block S/H S/H Luminance signal horizontal interpolation block Postprocessor SYSTEM DELAY ADJUST Postprocessor CO [3:0 ] BFO CBLKO CSYNCO BFI CBLKI CSYNCI YI [ 7:0 ] KS7314 DIGITAL ZOOM BLOCK DIAGRAM 3 KS7314 DIGITAL ZOOM PIN DESCRIPTIONS No Symbol I/O From / To Description 1 YI0 I DCP / Luminance signal input 2 YI1 I DCP / Luminance signal input 3 YI2 I DCP / Luminance signal input 4 GND G - 5 YI3 I DCP/ Luminance signal input 6 YI4 I DCP / Luminance signal input 7 YI5 I DCP / Luminance signal input 8 VDD1 P - 9 YI6 I DCP/ Luminance signal input 10 YI7 I DCP / Luminance signal input 11 YO0 O DCP / Luminance signal output 12 YO1 O DCP / Luminance signal output 13 GND G - 14 YO2 O DCP/ Luminance signal output 15 YO3 O DCP / Luminance signal output 16 YO4 O DCP / Luminance signal output 17 VDD2 P - 18 YO5 O DCP/ Luminance signal output 19 YO6 O DCP / Luminance signal output 20 YO7 O DCP / Luminance signal output 21 GND G - Ground 22 GND G - Ground 23 GND G - Ground 24 DZCSYNC1 I DCP/ CSYNC input for delay adjust 25 DZBFI I DCP / Burst Flag input for delay adjust 26 DZCBLKI I DCP / CBLK input for delay adjust 27 GND G - Ground 28 VDD1 P - Power(3.3 V) 29 DZCSYNCO O / DCP Delayed CSYNC output 30 DZBFO O / DCP Delayed BURST FLAG output 31 DZCBLKO O / DCP Delayed CBLK output Ground Power(3.3 V) Ground Power(5.0 V) VID-97-D003 February 1997 4 KS7314 DIGITAL ZOOM (Continued) No Symbol I/O FROM / TO Description 32 GND G - Ground 33 GND G - Ground 34 DZSCK I S.MICOM / System micom data sampling clock 35 DZSI I S.MICOM / System micom data serial input 36 DZSCSN I S.MICOM / System micom data enable Signal input 37 MUL-TO O - Multiplier test output 38 VDD1 P - Power(3.3 V) 39 NAND-OUT O - NAND TREE TEST output 40 GND G - Ground 41 TEST3 I - Test signal input 42 TEST2 I - Test signal input 43 TEST1 I - Test signal input 44 TEST0 I - Test signal input 45 GND G - Ground 46 DONE O - Memory bist end signal output 47 ERROR O - Memory bist error signal input 48 BISTON I - Memory bist enable signal input 49 VDD1 P - Power(3.3 V) 50 VDD1 P - Power(3.3 V) 51 PCK I TGM / System clock 52 GND G - Ground 53 LHLD I L linememory hold signal input 54 HD I TEM / Horizontal drive pulse input 55 VBLK I TGM / Vertical blank signal input 56 VD I TGM / Vertical drive pulse input 57 FLD I TGM / Field selection signal input 58 VDD2 P - 59 RST I SYSTEM / 60 PBLK I TEM / 61 PAL I - 62 FWEN I TGM / Power(5.0 V) System reset signal input Pre-blank Signal input for Linememory Reset NTSC/PAL Signal input (PAL : High) Linememory hold signal VID-97-D003 February 1997 5 KS7314 DIGITAL ZOOM (Continued) No Symbol I/O FROM / TO Description 63 GND G - 64 GSCK I G.MICOM / Gyro micom data sampling clock 65 GSI I G.MICOM / Gyro micom data serial input 66 GSCSN I G.MICOM / Gyro micom data enable signal input 67 VDD1 P - Power(3.3 V) 68 GND G - Ground 69 UVCK I DCP / 70 GND G - 71 CI0 I DCP / Chroma signal input 72 CI1 I DCP / Chroma signal input 73 CI2 I DCP / Chroma signal input 74 CI3 I DCP / Chroma signal input 75 VDD1 P - 76 CO0 O DCP / Chroma signal output 77 CO1 O DCP / Chroma signal output 78 CO2 O DCP / Chroma signal output 79 CO3 O DCP / Chroma signal output 80 VDD2 P - Ground Clock input for (R.Y)/(B-Y) judgement Ground Power(3.3 V) Power(5.0 V) VID-97-D003 February 1997 6 KS7314 DIGITAL ZOOM FUNCTIONS OF BLOCKS Function Block LUMINANCE HORIZONTAL INTERPOLATION LUMINANCE VERTICAL INTERPOLATION CHROMA HORIZONTAL INTERPOLATION CHROMA VERTICAL INTERPOLATION Function Performed Interpolates linearly of luminance signal in horizontal direction. Interpolates linearly of luminance signal in vertical direction. Interpolates linearly of chroma signal in horizontal direction. Interpolates linearly of chroma signal in vertical direction. HORIZONTAL COEFFICIENT Generates horizontal interpolation coefficient GENERATION for luminance and chroma signals. VERTICAL COEFFICIENT Generates EVEN/ODD field vertical interpolation GENERATION coefficient for luminance and chroma signals. Generates READ/WRITE ADDRESS for 1H LINE MEMORY CONTROLLER DELAY LINE for horizontal image expansion and 1H delay line for vertical interpolation. TIMING GENERATION Generates time signals for controls. MICOM INTERFACE Decodes zoom/DVC/Special Effect mode. GYRO MICOM INTERFACE Decodes wobbling hand correction level signal. VID-97-D003 February 1997 7 KS7314 DIGITAL ZOOM ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATIGS Characteristics Symbol Value Unit Supply voltage VDD -0.3 ~ +7.0 V Input voltage VI -0.3 ~ VDD+0.3 V Output voltage VO -0.3 ~ VDD+0.3 V Storage temperature TSTG -40 ~ +125 °C Operating temperature TOPR 0 ~ +70 °C Latch-up currant ILU 100 mA ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS - DC (TOPR = 0 ~ +70°C) Characteristics Symbol Min Typ Max Unit Operating voltage for Internal VDD1 3.1 3.3 3.5 V Operating voltage for I/O cell VDD2 4.75 5.0 5.25 V ground VSS 0 0 0 V Input high voltage VIH 0.7VDD2 - - V Input low voltage VIL - 0.3VDD2 V Operating current IDD - - 100 mA Standby current IDS - - 1 mA VOH 2.4 - - V VOL - - 0.4 V IIH -10 - +10 µA IIL -10 - +10 µA Output high voltage (IOH = -1mA) Output low voltage (IOL = 1mA) Input high leakage current(VI = 0 ~ VDD) Input low leakage Current(VI = 0 ~ VDD) * VDD1 : Pin No 8, 28, 38, 49, 50, 67, 75 VDD2 : Pin No 17, 58, 80 VID-97-D003 February 1997 8 KS7314 DIGITAL ZOOM - AC (TOPR = 0 ~ +70°C, ts = 100ns) Symbol Min Typ Max YI Data setup time tYST 25 - - YI Data hold time tYHT 3 - - CI Data setup time tCST 25 - - CI Data hold time tCHT 3 - - tD 3 - 35 UVCK clock delay time Unit ns tS PCK UVCK tD tYST tYHT YI<7:0> tCST CI<3:0> R-Y (M) R-Y (L) VID-97-D003 February 1997 1CHT B-Y (M) B-Y (L) 9 KS7314 DIGITAL ZOOM MICOM INTERFACE 1. NEC SYSTEM MICOM INTERFACEµPD78014) ( Serial Port Timing Characteristics ( f CLK = 12MHZ) Characteristics Symbol Min Typ Max tSCK 1300 - - 556 - - Serial port clock cycle time tWH , Serial port clock high, low width tWL Input data setup to clock rising edge tS 30 - - Input data hold after clock rising edge tH 30 - - SCSN setup time tSCN 30 SCSN hold time tSHD 30 Unit ns tSHD SCSN tSCN tWH tWL tSCK SCK tH tS SI D7 D6 <Serial I/O Timing Diagram> VID-97-D003 February 1997 10 KS7314 DIGITAL ZOOM 2.GYRO MICOM INTERFACE(CXD81120) Characteristics Symbol Min Typ Max tSCK 2000 - - Input data setup to clock rising edge tS 30 - - Input data hold after clock rising edge t 30 - - 700 - - Serial port clock cycle time tWH , Serial port clock high, low width tWL Unit ns SCSN Setup Time tSCN 30 - - SCSN Hold Time tSHD 30 - - tSHD SCSN tSCN tWH tWL SCK tSCK tS tH SI <Serial I/O Timing Diagram> VID-97-D003 February 1997 11 KS7314 DIGITAL ZOOM SYSTEM CONFIGURATION AND OPERATION (Implementation of 2nd generation electronic zoom) 1. System block configeration I (EIS+D.Zoom + Spec. Effect ) HiDensity CCD CDS /AGC 2 A/D 3 DCP (KS7306) 4 Y/C 5 V.DRIVE 1 TGM/SSG (KS7213) D. ZOOM (KS7314) GYRO SYSTEM MICOM MICOM Fig.1 I/Electronic zoom 2nd generation applied camcorder camera system The electronic zoom 2nd generation which enlarges images without using field memory performs electronic zooming process by means of image extention first and then the signal interpolation. In the 1st process of image zooming, the vertical zooming is accomplished by the control of image data read-out pulse from CCD, and the generation of CCD read-out pulse is accomplished at TGM(KS7213) with the input of electronic zooming ratio data supplied from the System Micom. The image being vertically extended for the electronic zooming is fed to DCP(KS7306) in its form of image as is extended only in vertical. At the DCP(KS7306), image interpolation for the vertically zoomed image by NNI is first performed according to the line hold signal. This is the process of removing blank data existing in between lines of a vertically zoomed image. The image data first interpolated at the fed to the electronic zoom (KS7314). The image input seperated in luminance and chroma signals snaped in 4:1:1 from fed to the DCP is then processed for horizontal extention within the electronic zoom for the horizontal zooming. Horizontal extention is accomplished through the address control of line memory self-containted in the electronic zoom processor. Then the image data first extended as such is interpolated in vertical and horizontal directions by the innerinterpolation function of electronic zoom processor. The discussion so far relates the functional process of the electronic zoom, and now the hand wobble correction is accomplished in the following manner. The hand wobble data of camcorder detected by the gyro-sensor and gyro-micom is fed to TGM for vertical compensation by lines and the vertical compensation is performed by the control of CCD read out pulse supplied by TGM. The image data readily compensated of vertical agitation by lines is then fed to the electronic zoom througn DCP to perform horizontal correction of hand wobble through the use of the line memories for horizontal extention within electronic zoom. In other words, the correction of horizontal hand wobble is implemanted by pixels with the use of read address of the line memories. The correction of hand wobble in vertical and horizontal detailed to sub-pixels is reflected in the creation of interpolation coefficient with which the interpolation is implemented. VID-97-D003 February 1997 12 KS7314 DIGITAL ZOOM For the horizontal wobble correction, a fixed ratio of electronic zooming needs to be maintainted in the electronic zoom, and for the vertical wobble correction, employment of a high density CCD is required. The threshold for the correction of hand wobble is dependent upon the number of effective lines of the high density CCD and the horizontal zoom ratio of the electronic zoom. 2. System block configuration II (electronic zoom and special effect blocks) CDS /AGC 2 A/D 3 CCD DCP (KS7306) 4 V.DRIVE 1 TGM/SSG (KS7213) Y/C 5 D. ZOOM (KS7314) SYSTEM MICOM Fig. 2 Camcorder camera system of electronic zoom 2nd generation application Fig. 2 above illustrates camcorder camera system with an electronic zoom function. The difference between the above system to the camcorder camera system with electronic zoom and hand wobble correction function is that, the former dose not, for the attainment of image stability, employ high density CCD purposed for the vertical correction of hand wobble. The signal process system explained below and electronic zoom signal process system are identical to the one illustrated in Fig.1. As for this camcorder camera system, it is important that all aspect of signal procesing needs to go through the electronic zoom process (KS7314) in reason that repetition of KS7314 chip enable/disable occuring at every time the electronic zoom turns to on/off would entail screen shift of the image. So to speak the screen shift occurs just so much as the electronic zoom processing delay develops. In order to compensate the electronic zoom system, the video data are delayed so much as the processing delay of electronic zoom using the synchronizing signal(burst flag, CBLK or CSYNC), and then passed to the signal processor(KS7306). The special effect is implemented in the following manner. The special effect data in serial format supplied from the system micom are first converted to parallel format and then the mirror effect in horizontal direction and the mosaic effect in vertical direction are implemented being controlled by the read address of line memories for horizontal expansion and the read/write enable signal while the mosaic effect in horizontal direction of achieved by the conversion of sampling frequency against the fully interpolated image data. In particular, the mosaic effect can also be achived in EIS mode. VID-97-D003 February 1997 13 KS7314 DIGITAL ZOOM 3. EIS / Systemmicom interface EIS MICOM INTERFACE TO Remarks Level of horizontal INTEGER Digital Zoom (KS7314) 2′s Complement hand whole SUB-PIXEL OFFSET Digital Zoom (KS7314) 2′s Complement Level of vertical INTEGER TGM (KS7213) 2′s Complement hand whole SUB-PIXEL TGM (KS7213) 2′s Complement SUB-PIXEL OFSET Digital Zoom (KS7314) Positive only Table 1. EIS micom interface SYSTEM MICOM Horizontal zoom INTERFACE TO INTEGER Digital Zoom (KS7314) SUB-PIXEL OFFSET Digital Zoom (KS7314) zoom Digital Zoom (KS7314) INTEGER TGM (KS7213) CCD LINE SKIP to decide TGM (KS7213) Entered into vertical Digital ZOOM(ks7314) interpolation coefficient part TGM (KS7213) Generate line hold signal Digital Zoom(KS7314) Vertical coefficient part Start Point Remarks LINEMEMORY READ ADDRESS to decide Entered into horizontal interpolation coefficient part Entered into horizontal Horizontal electronic Vertical zoom Start Point Vertical electronic SUB-PIXEL OFFSET zoom RATIO INVERSE interpolation coefficient part Table 2. SYSTEM MICOM INTERFACE Tables 1 and 2 summarise the interfacing data formats of EIS micom(Gyro micom) and system micom respectively. In EIS micom interfacing of Table 1, the data for horizontal hand tremble is supplied to KS7314. The default line skip level and vertical hand tremble level art not computed by EIS micom, but the line skip is determined finally by KS7213 after the operation of vertical hand tremble level data entries , taken in the form of 2 s complement. The vertical sub-pixel hand tremble level data are, however, converted to positive value before they are entered. In system micom interfacing of Table 2, the start point data of horizontal/vertical electronic zooming are computed by the following formulae and then transmitted to KS7314 and KS7213. Electronic zoom start point = Width(or Height) * (1-(1/Zoom Ratio))/2 = Width(or Height) * (Elec. Zoom Step)/(2*256) where width or height represent the value of effective pixels of CCD and in case the high density CCD and FCM of EIS application are used, they then represent effective line output of high density CCD and effective pixel number respectively. The figure 256 standing in above formulae explains that each of pixel is devided in 256 parts for the electronic zooming. The electronic zoom ratio data are generated in the form of electronic zoom step for the horizontal element and electronic zoom ratio inverse for the vertical element. VID-97-D003 February 1997 14 KS7314 DIGITAL ZOOM 4. KS7314 input video data format PCK UVCK YI<7:0> x CI<3:0> x Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 Y8 Y9 Rm1 Rl1 Bm1 BI1 Rm2 RI2 Bm2 BI2 Rm3 Fig. 3 Electronic zoom input video data format(4:1:1) F Fig. 3 illustrates video data format input to KS7314 fed from KS7306. The Luminance and chroma D Data are in 4:1:1 format and the chroma data are entered in sequence of (R-Y)LSB, (B-Y)MSB, and (B-Y) LSB. The UVCH signal distinguish R-Y to B-Y. The LBLKO is the signal used to reset the counter during the process of generating READ/WRITE address of the line memory. And the F duration in which LBKO is at high level is the effective pixel section. KS7314 generates LBLK signal that is used as the counter reset signal of line memory address self-contained in the line memory address of KS7314. Considering that 28CK is developed during the process of effective data of KS7306, LBLK is delayed to create LBLKD for use as reset signal of line memory counter. F The chroma input of 4 formation is restructered to 8 bit signal before the application to the interpolation. 5. Line memory reset signal (LBLK) generation PBLK HD LBLK 36CK LBLKD VID-97-D003 February 1997 15 KS7314 DIGITAL ZOOM 6. Vertical interpolation ADDR LHLD BETA 9 1H DELAY LINE x to Horizontal Interpolator Horizontally extended video data x 8 ALPHA Fig. 4-1 Vertical interpolation circuit 1.1ns 1.22ns ADDRESS CK WEN 0.1ns 0.1ns OEN 0.1ns 0.1ns DATA_IN 0.1ns 5.69ns Fig. 4-2 H delay line timing specification for vertical interpolation application Fig. 4-1 is the vertical interpolating circuit applicable to luminance and chroma signals both. The vertical video input data for the vertical interpolator is readily processed for horizontal video extension using the linememory at the former stage of luminance and chroma signal horizontal extender. In the vertical interpolation block, the interpolation coefficients Alpha and Beta generated by the vertical interpolating coefficient generator are applied in the interpolation operation. Fig. 4-2 dipicts 1H delay line timing specification applied to vertical interpolation. The function of read and write is performed in the method of read first and write second in 2 cycles of linememory clock. The AC timing above should be regarded as the minimum. VID-97-D003 February 1997 16 KS7314 DIGITAL ZOOM 7. Horizontal interpolation procedure BETA 8 CK x S/H to Post Processor Vertically interpolated video data x 9 ALPHA Fig. 5 Luminance signal horizontal interpolation circuit Prior to the horizontal interpolation process, the video data are extended at the horizontal extension part and passed to the vertical interpolation part for vertical process and then entered into the horizontal interpolation part. The horizontal interpolation part is configured of luminance data horizontal interpolation part and chroma data horizontal interpolation part. The chroma data and are entered R-Y and B-Y components alternatively that the data are interpolated separately by the components before they are put to liner interpolation process. VID-97-D003 February 1997 17 KS7314 DIGITAL ZOOM 8. Generation of interpolating coefficient 1) Generation of horizontal interpolating coefficient Data (zrd) Interpol. Interpol. Zooming supplied by micom Coeff.(α) Coeff.(β) ratio(256/(256-ZRD)) 00000000 1 0 x1 0 00000001 255/256 1/256 256/255 1 : : : : : 10000000 128/256 128/256 x2 128 : : : : : 11000000 64/256 192/256 x4 192 Zoom Step. Table 3. Zoom ratio data(horizontal) supplied by the system micom Motion vector decimal Interpolation coeff. (α) Interpolation coeff. (β) 0.75 (11000000) 192/256 64/256 0.5 (10000000) 128/256 128/256 0.25 (01000000) 64/256 192/256 0 (00000000) 1 0 Table 4. Relation of EIS micom output decimals of horizontal hand tremble level to interpolation coefficient Table 3 Illustrates the system micom transmission data(ZRD) for generation of horizontal interpolating coefficient for electronic zooming. Table 4 Illustrates EIS micom transmission data for generation of interpolating coefficient for decimal level correction of hand trembles. VID-97-D003 February 1997 18 KS7314 DIGITAL ZOOM 2) Generation of vertical interpolation coefficient Micom supplied data(ZMIV) Interpolating coefficient(α) Interpolating coefficient(β) Zoom ratio (256/ZMIV) ZOOM STEP 00000000 0 1 X1 0 11111111 255/256 1/256 256/255 1 : : : : : 10000000 128/256 128/256 X2 128 : : : : : 01000000 64/256 192/256 X4 192 Table 5. Zoom ratio inverse data(vertical) transmitted by system micom Zoom ratio Interpolating Interpolating data(ZMIV) coefficient(α) coefficient(β) 0 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, . . . 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, . . . 255 0, 255/256, 254/256, 253/256, 252/256, . . 1, 1/256, 2/256, 3/256, 4/256, . . 254 0, 254/256, 252/256, 250/256, 248/256,. . 1, 2/256, 4/256, 6/256, 8/256, . . : : : 128 0, 128/256, 0, 128/256, 0, . . . 1, 128/256, 1, 128/256, 1, . . : : : 64 0, 64/256, 128/256, 192/256, 0, . . 1, 192/256, 128/256, 64/256, 1, . . Table 6. An example of generating vertical interpolating coefficient based on zoom ratio data The data entered to vertical interpolating coefficient generation part consist of zoom ratio inverse data, and vertical sub-pixel hand tremble data supplied from EIS micom. The vertical interpolating coefficient is generated based on the above data. The vertical sub-pixel hand tremble data supplied by EIS micom would look identical to what shown by Table 4 above. The vertical interpolating coefficient applies equally to luminance and chroma. The vertical interpolating coefficient α and β responding to specific zoom ratio are tabulated in Table 6 above. Upon the entry of zoom ratio data, interpolation coefficient α, interpolation coefficient β is generated. The interpoltion coefficients showing on Table 3 are generated continuously and then zooming process is implemented after separate operation of the coefficient and the pixel data entered to the zoom processor. VID-97-D003 February 1997 19 KS7314 DIGITAL ZOOM 9. Special effect I (Horizontal mirror effect) Horizontal mirror effect is termed after the fact that the function offers symmetrical images siding by he upright axis in the center of screen just like a mirror reflection. The effect is achieved by the control of Read Address of 1H delay line used in the horizontal expansion of luminance and hue signals inside the zoom processor. Practically the function is implemented by means of counting the number of effective pixels in the image input to KS7314 and assign half the count as the horizontal mirror point and then perform control up/down of read address counter when read address is generated. PCK UVCK Luminance Chrominance Y1 Y2 R1 Y3 B1 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 R2 Y8 Y8 B2 Y7 R2 Y6 Y5 B2 Y4 R1 Mirror point Fig. 6 Mirror read address timing diagram 10. Special effect II (Style) The function allows image expansion in horizontal or vertical direction independently from each other. The supply of zoom ratio data from the micom separated in horizontal and vertical directions enables to stage such effect of an image. In case the zoom ratio data from the micom specify 2 power in horizontal and single power in vertical direction, the zoom processor needs to perform interpolation only in horizontal direction. In this way an image of different magnification either in the horizontal or the vertical independently from each other is obtainable. The application of zoom ratio data separated in directions supplied by the micom to the circuit of the zoom processor where the horizontal and vertical interpolating coefficients are gernerated can implement the special effect function easily. VID-97-D003 February 1997 20 KS7314 DIGITAL ZOOM 11. Special effect III (Mosaic) The mosaic function offers the user an ability to form a set size of blocked area on screen to display the image with obscure outline. The room processor supports mosic effect implemented in block sizes of 4×4, 8×8, 12×12, 16×16, . . . 60×60, 64×64 making 16 sizes altogeter. To obtain mosaic effect, first decide on mosaic size and then fill out the block with uniform pixel value for every pixel in the block. The process should performed according to luminance and chroma signals separately. As for the process of luminance signal, in order to maintain uniform brightness of pixels, take the first pixel value of most upper-left of the block as the representative value, and then replace all the rest of pixel values in the block. For the process of replacing all the pixel values with the representative value, first adapt the system clock to conform selected mosaic mode by means of demultiplying the clock by 4, 8, . . . 64 and use this demultiplied clock as the mosaic clock. The case of chroma signal is fairly complicated. Since the chroma signal alternates R-Y to B-Y by the clock, the luminance method can not be directly applied and that the adjustment of mosaic clock is necessary to maintain R-Y and B-Y chroma components. The replacement of vertical pixel value with the representative value can be achieved by read/write enable control of 1H delay line applied in horizontal expansion. In the vertical signal process for a mosaic, attention is invited to the fact that the standard TV screen comes separated in even and odd fields by interlaced scanning, signal process only in a half of that required in the horizontal process would be sufficient. For example of a 8×8 mosaic mode, only 4 lines of mosaic video process vertical will display square mosaic block on screen. And in the same manner, the mosaic process of luminance and chroma signals in vertical direction can be performed. In case of a vertical mosaic, the system delay in vertical direction may vary depending on the type of camcorder usage. That user may, in case of vertical mosaic operation, take the dummy data of black level appearing on the top side of the screen for the initial mosaic start line, and a symptom in which the black level on the top side would grow as the mosaic block size grows may develop. The system micom is, therefore, designed to be capable of controlling vertical mosaic start line in order to avoid such symptom. The mosaic function is enabled in EIS electronic image stabilizer mode of operation. PCK UVCK Luminance Chrominance Y1 R1 B1 Y9 R1 B1 R2 B2 R2 Fig. 7 Horizontal mosaic timing diagram (8 ×8 mosaic) VID-97-D003 February 1997 21 KS7314 DIGITAL ZOOM VBLK HD 1 CCD OUTPUT KS7314 INPUT MOSAIC OUTPUT 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 1 1 1 5 5 5 5 9 9 Vertical mosaic initial line of execution Fig. 8 Vertical mosaic timing diagram (8 ×8 mosaic) 12. Digital video interface KS7314 has a built-in DVC interface for application to digital video camcorders. In other words, the luminance and chroma signal output of KS7314 can be used as an input to DVC encorder, without the need of transmitting the output to KS7306 which is the signal processor. For this purpose, it is capable to adjust chroma signal timing in DVC mode against luminance signal and synchronization signal ± 8CK by the system clock unit. KS7314 takes input of DVC mode recognition signal and the delay adjustment value for the chroma signal, form the micom. 13. Delay adjust The processing delay developed in the process of electronic zooming should be compensated and the compensation can be achieved by delaying the signals related to active display of image as much time as the elcetronic zoom processing delay. Namely, the input of signals of CBLK, CSYNC, and CBF from the digital camera processor(DCP) is taken to process and then it is entered back to DCP. The vertical delay is not adjusted particulary in electronic zoom process now that PBLK is used in DCP as the line memory reset, the signal gets readily processed before the image effective pixel process and thus vertical delay is not considered. The elcetronic zoom processing delay ranges 20 system clock in total and it develops to 28 system clock for KS7314 in DVC mode. VID-97-D003 February 1997 22 KS7314 DIGITAL ZOOM REGISTER TABLE 1. Micom command register REG. Name REGISTER DESCRIPTION COMMAND REGISTER (HEADER) 0 7 DZ EIS EFCT VADJ HADJ DVC MODE) DZ MODE EIS MODE EFCT MODE 0 DZ OFF 0 EIS OFF 0 EFFECT OFF 1 D.ZOOM 1 EIS ON 1 EFFECET ON COMMAND (HEADER) VADJ MODE HADJ MODE 00 2 H DELAY 00 32 CK DELAY 01 3 H DELAY 01 36 CK DELAY 10 4 H DELAY 10 40 CK DELAY 11 5 H DELAY 11 44 CK DELAY DVC MODE 0 NORMAL ZOOM 1 ZOOM for DVC notes) VADJ : VBLK DELAY ADJUST HADJ : LBLK DEALY ADJUST Possible synchronous realization of Mosaic and EIS Impossible synchronous realization of Mirror and D.Zoom Note ) System micom interface timing SCSN SCLK SI 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 word 8(1 Byte) control data(9 Byte) command(1 Byte) VID-97-D003 February 1997 23 KS7314 DIGITAL ZOOM 2. System Micom Register Table 1) Zoom register table REG. Name REGISTER DESCRIPTION WORD 0 HZOOM (ZRD) HORIZONTAL ZOOM STEP. ( 0 ~ 192 : X 1 ~ X 4 ) WORD 1 VZOOM (ZMIV) VERTICAL ZOOM STEP. (256 ~ 64 : X 1 ~ X 4 ) HORIZONTAL START READ ADDRESS.(16 BIT) WORD 2 15 HSP 9 WORD 3 8 0 0 0 ~ 511 WORD 4 HSUB HORIZONTAL ZOOM START SUB PIXEL. ( 0 ~ 255 ) WORD 5 VOFFO VERTICAL ZOOM START SUB PIXEL ODD FIELD (0~255) WORD 6 VOFFE VERTICAL ZOOM START SUB PIXEL EVEN FIELD (0~255) DELAY ADJUST(2′s COMPLEMENT) for DVC 7 0 SIGN WORD 7 DVC_DLY X X X DL3 DL2 DL1 DL0 SIGN DL3 DL2 DL1 DL0 MODE 0 0000 0 PCK DELAY 0 0001 +1 PCK DELAY 0 0010 +2 PCK DELAY 0 0011 +3 PCK DELAY 0 0100 +4 PCK DELAY 0 0101 +5 PCK DELAY 0 0110 +6 PCK DELAY 0 0111 +7 PCK DELAY 0 1000 +8 PCK DELAY 1 1000 -8 PCK DELAY 1 1001 -7 PCK DELAY 1 1010 -6 PCK DELAY 1 1011 -5 PCK DELAY 1 1100 -4 PCK DELAY 1 1101 -3 PCK DELAY 1 1110 -2 PCK DELAY 1 1111 -1 PCK DELAY VID-97-D003 February 1997 24 KS7314 DIGITAL ZOOM 2) Effect register table REG. Name REGISTER DESCRIPTION 7 6 0 MIRROR MOSAIC MODE) WORD 8 EFFECT COMMAND REGISTER VALUE MODE 0 MOSAIC OFF 4 4 X 4 MOSAIC 8 8 X 8 MOSAIC 12 12 X 12 MOSAIC 16 16 X 16 MOSAIC ... ... 60 60 X 60 MOSAIC 64 64 X 64 MOSAIC 128 Horizontal MIRROR CONTROL DATA REGISTER 111XXXX0 D.ZOOM / EIS / MOSAIC ON (Non-DVC Mode) 001XXXX0 EFFECT ON (MIRROR /MOSAIC) (Non-DVC Mode) 010XXXX0 EIS ON (Non-DVC Mode) 100XXXX0 D.ZOOM ON (Non-DVC Mode) 110XXXX0 D.ZOOM / EIS ON (Non-DVC Mode) 111XXXX1 D.ZOOM / EIS / MOSAIC ON (DVC Mode) 001XXXX1 EFFECT ON (MIRROR / MOSAIC) (DVC Mode) 010XXXX1 EIS ON (DVC Mode) 100XXXX1 D.ZOOM ON (DVC Mode) 110XXXX1 D.ZOOM / EIS ON (DVC Mode) VID-97-D003 February 1997 25 KS7314 DIGITAL ZOOM 3. Gyro micom register table (2′s complement) REG. Name REGISTER DESCRIPTION HINT(9BIT) : HORIZONTAL MOTION VECTOR(2′s COMPLEMENT INTEGER) WORD1 WORD2 HMV(8BIT) : HORIZONTAL MOTION VECTOR(2′s COMPLEMENT SUB-PIXEL) HINT 23 SIGN WORD3 HMV 22 17 16 X 8 7 0 -511 ~ +511 -255 ~ +255 HINT HMV SIGN BIT MSB 1 bit is the sign bit and relates to the integrals and the decimals both. WORD 4 VMV VERTICAL MOTION VECTIO SUB-PIXEL. ( 0 ~ 255 ) Note) Gyro micom interface timing SCSN SCLK SI 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 7 0 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 word 8(1 Byte) control data(9 Byte) command(1 Byte) VID-97-D003 February 1997 26 KS7314 DIGITAL ZOOM APPLICATION CIRCUIT KS7213 TIMING GEN. GND 3V 5V 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 5V 80 1 2 3 4 TEST3 TEST1 TEST2 ERROR DONE GND TEST0 KS7314 40 GND 21 5 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 6 7 8 39 38 37 36 35 34 SYSTEM MICOM 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 VDD2 YO5 YO6 YO7 GYRO MICOM 64 GND NAND-OUT VDD1 MUL-TO DZSCSN DZSI DZSCK GND GND DZCBLKO DZBFO DZCSYNCO VDD1 GND DZCBLKI DZBFI DZCSYNCI GND GND VI6 YI7 YO0 YO1 GND YO2 YO3 YO4 63 PAL FWEN GND GSCK GSI GSCSN VDD1 GND UVCK GND CI0 CI1 CI2 CI3 VDD1 CO0 CO1 CO2 CO3 VDD2 YI3 YI4 YI5 VDD1 62 YI0 YI1 YI2 GND 61 VD VBLK HD LHLD GND PCK VDD1 VDD1 BISTON PBLK RST VDD2 FLD 60 59 58 57 56 55 54 53 52 51 50 49 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 5V KS7306 (DCP2) VID-97-D003 February 1997 27 KS7314 DIGITAL ZOOM PACKAGE DIMENSION 80 - QFP - 1212 unit: mm VID-97-D003 February 1997 28