LT1766/LT1766-5 5.5V to 60V 1.5A, 200kHz Step-Down Switching Regulator FEATURES DESCRIPTION n The LT®1766/LT1766-5 are 200kHz monolithic buck switching regulators that accept input voltages up to 60V. A high efficiency 1.5A, 0.2Ω switch is included on the die along with all the necessary oscillator, control and logic circuitry. A current mode control architecture delivers fast transient response and excellent loop stability. n n n n n n n n n n n Wide Input Range: 5.5V to 60V 1.5A Peak Switch Current Constant 200kHz Switching Frequency Saturating Switch Design: 0.2Ω Peak Switch Current Rating Maintained Over Full Duty Cycle Range Low Effective Supply Current: 2.5mA Low Shutdown Current: 25μA 1.2V Feedback Reference Voltage (LT1766) 5V Fixed Output (LT1766-5) Easily Synchronizable Cycle-by-Cycle Current Limiting Small 16-Pin SSOP and Thermally Enhanced TSSOP Packages Special design techniques and a new high voltage process achieve high efficiency over a wide input range. Efficiency is maintained over a wide output current range by using the output to bias the circuitry and by utilizing a supply boost capacitor to saturate the power switch. Patented circuitry maintains peak switch current over the full duty cycle range. A shutdown pin reduces supply current to 25μA and the device can be externally synchronized from 228kHz to 700kHz with logic-level inputs. APPLICATIONS n n n n n The LT1766/LT1766-5 are available in a 16-pin fused-lead SSOP package or a TSSOP package with exposed backside for improved thermal performance. High Voltage, Industrial and Automotive Portable Computers Battery-Powered Systems Battery Chargers Distributed Power Systems L, LT, LTC, LTM, Linear Technology and the Linear logo are registered trademarks and ThinSOT is a trademark of Linear Technology Corporation. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Protected by U.S. Patents, including 6498466, 6531909. TYPICAL APPLICATION 5V Buck Converter 1N4148W Efficiency vs Load Current 6 4 † 2.2μF 100V CERAMIC OFF ON BOOST VIN SW 2 15 14 SHDN BIAS SYNC FB GND 47μH 10MQ060N LT1766 100 VOUT 5V 1A + 10 12 15.4k 4.99k VC 1, 8, 9, 16 11 2.2k 100μF 10V SOLID TANTALUM VOUT = 5V L = 47μH VIN = 12V 90 EFFICIENCY (%) VIN* 5.5V TO 60V 0.33μF VIN = 42V 80 70 60 220pF 50 0.022μF 0 0.25 0.75 1.00 0.50 LOAD CURRENT (A) 1.25 1766 TA01 *FOR INPUT VOLTAGES BELOW 7.5V, SOME RESTRICTIONS MAY APPLY † TDK C4532X7R2A225K 1766 TA02 1766fc 1 LT1766/LT1766-5 ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS (Note 1) Input Voltage (VIN) .................................................. 60V BOOST Pin Above SW .............................................. 35V BOOST Pin Voltage ................................................. 68V SYNC, SENSE Voltage (LT1766-5) ............................. 7V SHDN Voltage ............................................................ 6V BIAS Pin Voltage ..................................................... 30V FB Pin Voltage/Current (LT1766) ................... 3.5V/2mA Operating Junction Temperature Range LT1766EFE/LT1766EFE-5/LT1766EGN/ LT1766EGN-5 (Note 8,10) ....................–40°C to 125°C LT1766IFE/LT1766IFE-5/ LT1766IGN/LT1766IGN-5 (Note 8,10) ..–40°C to 125°C LT1766HFE ..........................................–40°C to 140°C Storage Temperature Range .................. –65°C to 150°C Lead Temperature (Soldering, 10 sec) .................. 300°C PIN CONFIGURATION TOP VIEW TOP VIEW GND 1 16 GND GND 1 16 GND SW 2 15 SHDN SW 2 15 SHDN 14 SYNC NC 3 14 SYNC 13 NC VIN 4 13 NC 12 FB/SENSE NC 5 12 FB/SENSE BOOST 6 11 VC NC 3 VIN 4 NC 5 BOOST 6 11 VC NC 7 10 BIAS NC 7 10 BIAS GND 8 9 GND GND 8 9 17 GND GND FE PACKAGE 16-LEAD PLASTIC TSSOP GN PACKAGE 16-LEAD PLASTIC SSOP θJA = 45°C, θJC (PIN 17) = 10°C/W EXPOSED PAD (PIN 17) IS GND, MUST BE SOLDERED TO PCB θJA = 85°C, θJC (PIN 8) = 25°C/W FOUR CORNER PINS SOLDERED TO GROUND PIN 1766fc 2 LT1766/LT1766-5 ORDER INFORMATION LEAD FREE FINISH TAPE AND REEL PART MARKING PACKAGE DESCRIPTION TEMPERATURE RANGE LT1766EFE#PBF LT1766EFE#TRPBF 1766EFE 16-Lead Plastic TSSOP 0°C to 125°C LT1766IFE#PBF LT1766IFE#TRPBF 1766IFE 16-Lead Plastic TSSOP –40°C to 125°C LT1766HFE#PBF LT1766HFE#TRPBF 1766HFE 16-Lead Plastic TSSOP –40°C to 140°C LT1766EFE-5#PBF LT1766EFE-5#TRPBF 1766EFE-5 16-Lead Plastic TSSOP 0°C to 125°C LT1766IFE-5#PBF LT1766IFE-5#TRPBF 1766IFE-5 16-Lead Plastic TSSOP –40°C to 125°C LT1766EGN#PBF LT1766EGN#TRPBF 1766 16-Lead Plastic SSOP 0°C to 125°C LT1766IGN#PBF LT1766IGN#TRPBF 1766I 16-Lead Plastic SSOP –40°C to 125°C LT1766EGN-5#PBF LT1766EGN-5#TRPBF 17665 16-Lead Plastic SSOP 0°C to 125°C LT1766IGN-5#PBF LT1766IGN-5#TRPBF 1766I5 16-Lead Plastic SSOP –40°C to 125°C LEAD BASED FINISH TAPE AND REEL PART MARKING PACKAGE DESCRIPTION TEMPERATURE RANGE LT1766EFE LT1766EFE#TR 1766EFE 16-Lead Plastic TSSOP 0°C to 125°C LT1766IFE LT1766IFE#TR 1766IFE 16-Lead Plastic TSSOP –40°C to 85°C LT1766HFE LT1766HFE#TR 1766HFE 16-Lead Plastic TSSOP –40°C to 140°C LT1766EFE-5 LT1766EFE-5#TR 1766EFE-5 16-Lead Plastic TSSOP 0°C to 125°C LT1766IFE-5 LT1766IFE-5#TR 1766IFE-5 16-Lead Plastic TSSOP –40°C to 125°C LT1766EGN LT1766EGN#TR 1766 16-Lead Plastic SSOP 0°C to 125°C LT1766IGN LT1766IGN#TR 1766I 16-Lead Plastic SSOP –40°C to 125°C LT1766EGN-5 LT1766EGN-5#TR 17665 16-Lead Plastic SSOP 0°C to 125°C LT1766IGN-5 LT1766IGN-5#TR 1766I5 16-Lead Plastic SSOP –40°C to 125°C Consult LTC Marketing for parts specified with wider operating temperature ranges. For more information on lead free part marking, go to: http://www.linear.com/leadfree/ For more information on tape and reel specifications, go to: http://www.linear.com/tapeandreel/ ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (LT1766E/LT1766I Grade) The l denotes specifications which apply over the full operating temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TJ = 25°C. VIN = 15V, VC = 1.5V, SHDN = 1V, BOOST open circuit, SW open circuit, unless otherwise noted. PARAMETER CONDITIONS Reference Voltage (VREF) (LT1766) 5.5V ≤ VIN ≤ 60V VOL + 0.2 ≤ VC ≤ VOH – 0.2 SENSE Voltage (LT1766-5) 5.5V ≤ VIN ≤ 60V VOL + 0.2V ≤ VC ≤ VOH – 0.2V MIN TYP MAX UNITS l 1.204 1.195 1.219 1.234 1.243 V V l 4.94 4.90 5 5.06 5.10 V V 9.5 13.8 19 kΩ –0.5 –1.5 μA 3000 4200 μMho μMho SENSE Pin Resistance (LT1766-5) l FB Input Bias Current (LT1766) Error Amp Voltage Gain (Notes 2, 9) 200 400 Error Amp gm dl (VC) = ±10μA (Note 9) 1500 1000 2000 l VC to Switch gm V/V 1.7 A/V EA Source Current FB = 1V or VSENSE = 4.1V l 125 225 400 μA EA Sink Current FB = 1.4V or VSENSE = 5.7V l 100 225 450 μA VC Switching Threshold Duty Cycle = 0 VC High Clamp SHDN = 1V Switch Current Limit VC Open, Boost = VIN + 5V, FB = 1V or VSENSE = 4.1V 0.9 V 2.1 l 1.5 2 V 3 A 1766fc 3 LT1766/LT1766-5 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (LT1766E/LT1766I Grade) The l denotes specifications which apply over the full operating temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TJ = 25°C. VIN = 15V, VC = 1.5V, SHDN = 1V, BOOST open circuit, SW open circuit, unless otherwise noted. PARAMETER CONDITIONS Switch On-Resistance ISW = 1.5A, Boost = VIN + 5V (Note 7) Maximum Switch Duty Cycle FB = 1V or VSENSE = 4.1V Switch Frequency VC Set to Give DC = 50% fSW Line Regulation 5.5V ≤ VIN ≤ 60V MIN l TYP MAX 0.2 0.3 0.4 UNITS Ω Ω l 93 90 96 % % l 184 172 200 200 216 228 kHz kHz l 0.05 0.15 %/V 5.5 V fSW Frequency Shifting Threshold Df = 10kHz Minimum Input Voltage (Note 3) l 4.6 0.8 Minimum Boost Voltage (Note 4) ISW ≤ 1.5A l 1.8 3 V Boost Current (Note 5) Boost = VIN + 5V, ISW = 0.5A Boost = VIN + 5V, ISW = 1.5A l l 12 45 25 70 mA mA Input Supply Current (IVIN) (Note 6) VBIAS = 5V 1.4 2.2 mA Bias Supply Current (IBIAS) (Note 6) VBIAS = 5V 2.9 4.2 mA Shutdown Supply Current SHDN = 0V, VIN ≤ 60V, SW = 0V, VC Open 25 75 200 μA μA Lockout Threshold VC Open l 2.3 2.42 2.53 V Shutdown Thresholds VC Open, Shutting Down VC Open, Starting Up l l 0.15 0.25 0.37 0.45 0.6 0.6 V V 1.5 2.2 V 700 kHz l l Minimum SYNC Amplitude SYNC Frequency Range 228 SYNC Input Resistance V 20 kΩ (LT1766H Grade) The l denotes specifications which apply over the full operating temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TJ = 25°C. VIN = 15V, VC = 1.5V, SHDN = 1V, BOOST open circuit, SW open circuit, unless otherwise noted. PARAMETER CONDITIONS Reference Voltage (VREF) 5.5V ≤ VIN ≤ 60V VOL + 0.2 ≤ VC ≤ VOH – 0.2 l MIN TYP MAX UNITS 1.204 1.175 1.219 1.234 1.265 V V –0.5 –1.5 μA 3000 4200 μMho μMho l FB Input Bias Current Error Amp Voltage Gain (Notes 2, 9) 200 400 Error Amp gm dl (VC) = ±10μA (Note 9) 1500 900 2000 l VC to Switch gm V/V 1.7 A/V FB = 1V or VSENSE = 4.1V l 125 225 400 μA EA Sink Current FB = 1.4V or VSENSE = 5.7V l 100 225 450 μA VC Switching Threshold Duty Cycle = 0 EA Source Current VC High Clamp SHDN = 1V Switch Current Limit VC Open, Boost = VIN + 5V, FB = 1V or VSENSE = 4.1V Switch On Resistance ISW = 0.75A, Boost = VIN + 5V (Note 7) Maximum Switch Duty Cycle FB = 1V or VSENSE = 4.1V Switch Frequency VC Set to Give DC = 50% 0.9 V 2.1 l 0.75 l V 2 3 A 0.2 0.3 0.8 Ω Ω l 93 90 96 l 184 135 200 200 % % 216 228 kHz kHz 1766fc 4 LT1766/LT1766-5 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (LT1766H Grade) The l denotes specifications which apply over the full operating temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TJ = 25°C. VIN = 15V, VC = 1.5V, SHDN = 1V, BOOST open circuit, SW open circuit, unless otherwise noted. PARAMETER CONDITIONS fSW Line Regulation 5.5V ≤ VIN ≤ 60V MIN TYP MAX UNITS l 0.05 0.15 %/V fSW Frequency Shifting Threshold Df = 10kHz Minimum Input Voltage (Note 3) l 4.6 5.5 V Minimum Boost Voltage (Note 4) ISW ≤ 0.75A l 1.8 3 V Boost = VIN + 5V, ISW = 0.5A Boost = VIN + 5V, ISW = 0.75A l l 12 45 40 100 mA mA Boost Current (Note 5) 0.8 V Input Supply Current (IVIN) (Note 6) VBIAS = 5V 1.4 2.2 mA Bias Supply Current (IBIAS) (Note 6) VBIAS = 5V 2.9 4.2 mA Shutdown Supply Current SHDN = 0V, VIN ≤ 60V, SW = 0V, VC Open 25 120 500 μA μA Lockout Threshold VC Open l 2.3 2.42 2.68 V VC Open, Shutting Down VC Open, Starting Up l l 0.15 0.25 0.37 0.45 0.9 0.9 V V Shutdown Thresholds Minimum SYNC Amplitude SYNC Frequency Range SYNC Input Resistance Note 1: Stresses beyond those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings may cause permanent damage to the device. Exposure to any Absolute Maximum Rating condition for extended periods may affect device reliability and lifetime. Note 2: Gain is measured with a VC swing equal to 200mV above the low clamp level to 200mV below the upper clamp level. Note 3: Minimum input voltage is not measured directly, but is guaranteed by other tests. It is defined as the voltage where internal bias lines are still regulated so that the reference voltage and oscillator remain constant. Actual minimum input voltage to maintain a regulated output will depend upon output voltage and load current. See Applications Information. Note 4: This is the minimum voltage across the boost capacitor needed to guarantee full saturation of the internal power switch. Note 5: Boost current is the current flowing into the BOOST pin with the pin held 5V above input voltage. It flows only during switch on time. Note 6: Input supply current is the quiescent current drawn by the input pin when the BIAS pin is held at 5V with switching disabled. Bias supply current is the current drawn by the BIAS pin when the BIAS pin is held at 5V. Total input referred supply current is calculated by summing input supply current (IVIN) with a fraction of bias supply current (IBIAS): ITOTAL = IVIN + (IBIAS)(VOUT/VIN) with VIN = 15V, VOUT = 5V, IVIN = 1.4mA, IBIAS = 2.9mA, ITOTAL = 2.4mA. l l 1.5 228 20 2.2 V 700 kHz kΩ Note 7: Switch on-resistance is calculated by dividing VIN to SW voltage by the forced current. See Typical Performance Characteristics for the graph of switch voltage at other currents. Note 8: The LT1766EGN, LT1766EGN-5, LT1766EFE and LT1766EFE-5 are guaranteed to meet performance specifications from 0°C to 125°C junction temperature. Specifications over the –40°C to 125°C operating junction temperature range are assured by design, characterization and correlation with statistical process controls. The LT1766IGN, LT1766IGN-5, LT1766IFE and LT1766IFE-5 are guaranteed over the full –40°C to 125°C operating junction temperature range. The LT1766HGN and LT1766HFE are guaranteed over the full –40°C to 140°C operating junction temperature range. Note 9: Transconductance and voltage gain refer to the internal amplifier exclusive of the voltage divider. To calculate gain and transconductance, refer to the SENSE pin on fixed voltage parts. Divide the values shown by the ratio VOUT/1.219. Note 10: This IC includes overtemperature protection that is intended to protect the device during momentary overload conditions. Junction temperature will exceed 140°C when overtemperature protection is active. Continuous operation above the specified maximum operating junction temperature may impair device reliability. Note 11: High junction temperatures degrade operating lifetimes. Operating lifetime at junction temperatures between 125°C and 140°C is derated to 1000 hours. 1766fc 5 LT1766/LT1766-5 TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS SHDN Pin Bias Current FB Pin Voltage and Current Switch Peak Current Limit 2.5 1.234 TA = 25°C 2.0 250 VOLTAGE 1.219 1.0 CURRENT 1.214 CURRENT (μA) FEEDBACK VOLTAGE (V) GUARANTEED MINIMUM 1.5 1.5 1.224 CURRENT (μA) SWITCH PEAK CURRENT (A) TYPICAL 2.0 150 100 0 20 40 60 DUTY CYCLE (%) 80 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 0 JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) 1766 G01 Shutdown Supply Current 1.6 1.2 0.8 START-UP 0.4 INPUT SUPPLY CURRENT (μA) INPUT SUPPLY CURRENT (μA) 30 25 20 15 10 5 SHUTDOWN 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 –50 –25 0 JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) 0 20 30 40 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) 50 1766 G04 Error Amplifier Transconductance VIN = 60V 200 VIN = 15V 150 100 50 0 60 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 SHUTDOWN VOLTAGE (V) Frequency Foldback 200 TA = 25°C 600 PHASE 2500 150 GAIN 2000 100 ( 1500 1000 –3 VFB 2 • 10 ROUT 200k ) VC COUT 12pF 50 ERROR AMPLIFIER EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT 0 PHASE (DEG) GAIN (μMho) 2000 TA = 25°C 500 400 300 SWITCHING FREQUENCY 200 100 FB PIN CURRENT RLOAD = 50Ω 0 –50 –25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) 1766 G07 500 100 1k 10k 100k FREQUENCY (Hz) 1M 0.5 1766 G06 Error Amplifier Transconductance 3000 500 250 1766 G05 2500 1000 TA = 25°C 0 10 0 SWITICHING FREQUENCY (kHz) OR FB CURRENT (μA) SHDN PIN VOLTAGE (V) Shutdown Supply Current 300 VSHDN = 0V 35 TA = 25°C LOCKOUT 1500 25 50 75 100 125 150 0 JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) 1766 G03 40 2.4 TRANSCONDUCTANCE (μmho) 0 –50 –25 1766 G02 Lockout and Shutdown Thresholds 2.0 AT 2.38V STANDBY THRESHOLD (CURRENT FLOWS OUT OF PIN) 6 1.204 –50 –25 100 12 0.5 1.209 1.0 CURRENT REQUIRED TO FORCE SHUTDOWN (FLOWS OUT OF PIN). AFTER SHUTDOWN, CURRENT DROPS TO A FEW μA 200 1.229 –50 10M 0 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 VFB (V) 1766 G08 1766 G09 1766fc 6 LT1766/LT1766-5 TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS Minimum Input Voltage with 5V Output Switching Frequency 7.5 230 BOOST Pin Current 45 TA = 25°C TA = 25°C 40 210 200 190 6.5 MINIMUM INPUT VOLTAGE TO START 6.0 MINIMUM INPUT VOLTAGE TO RUN 5.5 180 0 25 50 75 100 125 5.0 150 0 JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 LOAD CURRENT (A) 1766 G10 25 20 15 10 0 1 2.1 450 1.9 400 1.7 1.5 1.3 1.1 0.5 1 SWITCH CURRENT (A) 1.5 Switch Minimum On-Time vs Temperature 600 TJ = 150°C 350 TJ = 125°C 300 250 TJ = 25°C 200 150 TJ = –40°C 100 0.9 0 1766 G12 Switch Voltage Drop SWITCH VOLTAGE (mV) THRESHOLD VOLTAGE (V) 30 1766 G11 VC Pin Shutdown Threshold 0.7 –50 –25 35 5 SWITCH MINIMUM ON TIME (ns) 170 –50 –25 BOOST PIN CURRENT (mA) 7.0 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) FREQUENCY (kHz) 220 500 400 300 200 100 50 25 50 75 100 125 150 0 JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) 0 0 0.5 1 SWITCH CURRENT (A) 1766 G13 1.5 0 –50 –25 25 50 75 100 125 150 0 JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C) 1766 G14 1766 G15 PIN FUNCTIONS GND (Pins 1, 8, 9, 16, 17): The GND pin connections act as the reference for the regulated output, so load regulation will suffer if the ground end of the load is not at the same voltage as the GND pins of the IC. This condition will occur when load current or other currents flow through metal paths between the GND pins and the load ground. Keep the paths between the GND pins and the load ground short and use a ground plane when possible. The GND pin also acts as a heat sink and should be soldered to a large copper plane to reduce thermal resistance. For the FE package, the exposed pad should be soldered to the copper ground plane underneath the device. (See Applications Information—Layout Considerations.) SW (Pin 2): The switch pin is the emitter of the on-chip power NPN switch. This pin is driven up to the input pin voltage during switch on-time. Inductor current drives the switch pin negative during switch off-time. Negative voltage is clamped with the external catch diode. Maximum negative switch voltage allowed is – 0.8V. NC (Pins 3, 5, 7, 13): No Connection. 1766fc 7 LT1766/LT1766-5 PIN FUNCTIONS VIN (Pin 4): This is the collector of the on-chip power NPN switch. VIN powers the internal control circuitry when a voltage on the BIAS pin is not present. High dI/dt edges occur on this pin during switch turn on and off. Keep the path short from the VIN pin through the input bypass capacitor, through the catch diode back to SW. All trace inductance on this path will create a voltage spike at switch off, adding to the VCE voltage across the internal NPN. BOOST (Pin 6): The BOOST pin is used to provide a drive voltage, higher than the input voltage, to the internal bipolar NPN power switch. Without this added voltage, the typical switch voltage loss would be about 1.5V. The additional BOOST voltage allows the switch to saturate and voltage loss approximates that of a 0.2Ω FET structure, but with much smaller die area. BIAS (Pin 10): The BIAS pin is used to improve efficiency when operating at higher input voltages and light load current. Connecting this pin to the regulated output voltage forces most of the internal circuitry to draw its operating current from the output voltage rather than the input supply. This architecture increases efficiency especially when the input voltage is much higher than the output. Minimum output voltage setting for this mode of operation is 3V. VC (Pin 11) The VC pin is the output of the error amplifier and the input of the peak switch current comparator. It is normally used for frequency compensation, but can also serve as a current clamp or control loop override. VC sits at about 0.9V for light loads and 2.1V at maximum load. It can be driven to ground to shut off the regulator, but if driven high, current must be limited to 4mA. FB/SENSE (Pin 12): The feedback pin is used to set the output voltage using an external voltage divider that generates 1.22V at the pin for the desired output voltage. The 5V fixed output voltage parts have the divider included on the chip and the FB pin is used as a SENSE pin, connected directly to the 5V output. Three additional functions are performed by the FB pin. When the pin voltage drops below 0.6V, switch current limit is reduced and the external SYNC function is disabled. Below 0.8V, switching frequency is also reduced. See Feedback Pin Functions in Applications Information for details. SYNC (Pin 14): The SYNC pin is used to synchronize the internal oscillator to an external signal. It is directly logic compatible and can be driven with any signal between 10% and 90% duty cycle. The synchronizing range is equal to initial operating frequency up to 700kHz. See Synchronizing in Applications Information for details. SHDN (Pin 15): The SHDN pin is used to turn off the regulator and to reduce input drain current to a few microamperes. This pin has two thresholds: one at 2.38V to disable switching and a second at 0.4V to force complete micropower shutdown. The 2.38V threshold functions as an accurate undervoltage lockout (UVLO); sometimes used to prevent the regulator from delivering power until the input voltage has reached a predetermined level. If the SHDN pin functions are not required, the pin can either be left open (to allow an internal bias current to lift the pin to a default high state) or be forced high to a level not to exceed 6V. BLOCK DIAGRAM The LT1766 is a constant frequency, current mode buck converter. This means that there is an internal clock and two feedback loops that control the duty cycle of the power switch. In addition to the normal error amplifier, there is a current sense amplifier that monitors switch current on a cycle-by-cycle basis. A switch cycle starts with an oscillator pulse which sets the RS flip-flop to turn the switch on. When switch current reaches a level set by the inverting input of the comparator, the flip-flop is reset and the switch turns off. Output voltage control is obtained by using the output of the error amplifier to set the switch current trip point. This technique means that the error amplifier commands current to be delivered to the output rather than voltage. A voltage fed system will have low phase shift up to the resonant frequency of the inductor and output capacitor, then an abrupt 180° shift will occur. The current fed system 1766fc 8 LT1766/LT1766-5 BLOCK DIAGRAM will have 90° phase shift at a much lower frequency, but will not have the additional 90° shift until well beyond the LC resonant frequency. This makes it much easier to frequency compensate the feedback loop and also gives much quicker transient response. output voltage). This will improve efficiency if the BIAS pin voltage is lower than regulator input voltage. High switch efficiency is attained by using the BOOST pin to provide a voltage to the switch driver which is higher than the input voltage, allowing switch to be saturated. This boosted voltage is generated with an external capacitor and diode. Two comparators are connected to the shutdown pin. One has a 2.38V threshold for undervoltage lockout and the second has a 0.4V threshold for complete shutdown. Most of the circuitry of the LT1766 operates from an internal 2.9V bias line. The bias regulator normally draws power from the regulator input pin, but if the BIAS pin is connected to an external voltage higher than 3V, bias power will be drawn from the external source (typically the regulated VIN 4 RSENSE RLIMIT BIAS 10 2.9V BIAS REGULATOR – + INTERNAL VCC CURRENT COMPARATOR ∑ SLOPE COMP SYNC 14 BOOST ANTISLOPE COMP 6 SHUTDOWN COMPARATOR 200kHz OSCILLATOR S RS FLIP-FLOP Q1 POWER SWITCH DRIVER CIRCUITRY – R + 0.4V 5.5μA 2 SW + FREQUENCY FOLDBACK – LOCKOUT COMPARATOR ×1 2.38V Q2 FOLDBACK CURRENT LIMIT CLAMP Q3 11 VC ERROR AMPLIFIER gm = 2000μMho 12 FB + VC(MAX) CLAMP – SHDN 15 1.22V GND 1, 8, 9, 16, 17 1766 F01 Figure 1. LT1766 Block Diagram 1766fc 9 LT1766/LT1766-5 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION FEEDBACK PIN FUNCTIONS The feedback (FB) pin on the LT1766 is used to set output voltage and provide several overload protection features. The first part of this section deals with selecting resistors to set output voltage and the remaining part talks about foldback frequency and current limiting created by the FB pin. Please read both parts before committing to a final design. The 5V fixed output voltage part (LT1766-5) has internal divider resistors and the FB pin is renamed SENSE, connected directly to the output. The suggested value for the output divider resistor (see Figure 2) from FB to ground (R2) is 5k or less, and a formula for R1 is shown below. The output voltage error caused by ignoring the input bias current on the FB pin is less than 0.25% with R2 = 5k. A table of standard 1% values is shown in Table 1 for common output voltages. Please read the following if divider resistors are increased above the suggested values. R1 = R2( VOUT − 1.22) 1.22 Table 1 OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) R2 (kΩ) R1 (NEAREST 1%) (kΩ) % ERROR AT OUTPUT DUE TO DISCREET 1% RESISTOR STEPS 3 4.99 7.32 +0.32 3.3 4.99 8.45 –0.43 5 4.99 15.4 –0.30 6 4.75 18.7 +0.38 8 4.47 24.9 +0.20 10 4.32 30.9 –0.54 12 4.12 36.5 +0.24 15 4.12 46.4 –0.27 More Than Just Voltage Feedback The feedback pin is used for more than just output voltage sensing. It also reduces switching frequency and current limit when output voltage is very low (see the Frequency Foldback graph in Typical Performance Characteristics). This is done to control power dissipation in both the IC and in the external diode and inductor during short-circuit conditions. A shorted output requires the switching regulator to operate at very low duty cycles, and the average current through the diode and inductor is equal to the short-circuit current limit of the switch (typically 2A for the LT1766, folding back to less than 1A). Minimum switch on-time limitations would prevent the switcher from attaining a sufficiently low duty cycle if switching frequency were maintained at 200kHz, so frequency is reduced by about 5:1 when the feedback pin voltage drops below 0.8V (see Frequency Foldback graph). This does not affect operation with normal load conditions; one simply sees a gear shift in switching frequency during start-up as the output voltage rises. In addition to lower switching frequency, the LT1766 also operates at lower switch current limit when the feedback pin voltage drops below 0.6V. Q2 in Figure 2 performs this function by clamping the VC pin to a voltage less than its normal 2.1V upper clamp level. This foldback current limit greatly reduces power dissipation in the IC, diode and inductor during short-circuit conditions. External synchronization is also disabled to prevent interference with foldback operation. Again, it is nearly transparent to the user under normal load conditions. The only loads that may be affected are current source loads which maintain full load current with output voltage less than 50% of final value. In these rare situations the feedback pin can be clamped above 0.6V with an external diode to defeat foldback current limit. Caution: clamping the feedback pin means that frequency shifting will also be defeated, so a combination of high input voltage and dead shorted output may cause the LT1766 to lose control of current limit. The internal circuitry which forces reduced switching frequency also causes current to flow out of the feedback pin when output voltage is low. The equivalent circuitry is shown in Figure 2. Q1 is completely off during normal operation. If the FB pin falls below 0.8V, Q1 begins to conduct current and reduces frequency at the rate of approximately 1.4kHz/μA. To ensure adequate frequency foldback (under worst-case short-circuit conditions), the external divider Thevinin resistance must be low enough to pull 115μA out of the FB pin with 0.44V on the pin (RDIV ≤ 3.8k). The net result is that reductions in frequency and current limit are affected by output voltage divider impedance. Although 1766fc 10 LT1766/LT1766-5 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION LT1766 VSW TO FREQUENCY SHIFTING 1.4V – OUTPUT 5V Q1 ERROR AMPLIFIER + L1 R1 1.2V R4 2k R3 1k FB + C1 BUFFER Q2 R2 5k TO SYNC CIRCUIT VC GND 1766 F02 Figure 2. Frequency and Current Limit Foldback divider impedance is not critical, caution should be used if resistors are increased beyond the suggested values and short-circuit conditions occur with high input voltage. High frequency pickup will increase and the protection accorded by frequency and current foldback will decrease. VOUT AT IOUT = 1A 40mV/DIV VOUT AT IOUT = 0.1A CHOOSING THE INDUCTOR For most applications, the output inductor will fall into the range of 15μH to 100μH. Lower values are chosen to reduce physical size of the inductor. Higher values allow more output current because they reduce peak current seen by the LT1766 switch, which has a 1.5A limit. Higher values also reduce output ripple voltage. When choosing an inductor you will need to consider output ripple voltage, maximum load current, peak inductor current and fault current in the inductor. In addition, other factors such as core and copper losses, allowable component height, EMI, saturation and cost should also be considered. The following procedure is suggested as a way of handling these somewhat complicated and conflicting requirements. Output Ripple Voltage Figure 3 shows a typical output ripple voltage waveform for the LT1766. Ripple voltage is determined by ripple current (ILP-P) through the inductor and the high frequency impedance of the output capacitor. The following equations will help in choosing the required INDUCTOR CURRENT AT IOUT = 1A 0.5A/DIV INDUCTOR CURRENT AT IOUT = 0.1A 2.5μs/DIV VIN = 40V VOUT = 5V L = 47μH C = 100μF, 10V, 0.1Ω 1766 F03 Figure 3. LT1766 Ripple Voltage Waveform inductor value to achieve a desirable output ripple voltage level. If output ripple voltage is of less importance, the subsequent suggestions in Peak Inductor and Fault Current and EMI will additionally help in the selection of the inductor value. Peak-to-peak output ripple voltage is the sum of a triwave (created by peak-to-peak ripple current (ILP-P) times ESR) and a square wave (created by parasitic inductance (ESL) and ripple current slew rate). Capacitive reactance is assumed to be small compared to ESR or ESL. VRIPPLE = (ILP-P )(ESR) + (ESL) dI dt 1766fc 11 LT1766/LT1766-5 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION where: ESR = equivalent series resistance of the output capacitor ESL = equivalent series inductance of the output capacitor dI/dt = slew rate of inductor ripple current = VIN/L Peak-to-peak ripple current (ILP-P) through the inductor and into the output capacitor is typically chosen to be between 20% and 40% of the maximum load current. It is approximated by: ILP-P = ( VOUT )( VIN – VOUT ) ( VIN )( f)(L) )( VENDOR/ PART NO. ) 40 dI = = 10 6 • 0.85 dt 47 • 10 − 6 VRIPPLE = (0.465A )(0.1) + 10 • 10 − 9 10 6 (0.85 ) ( Peak switch and inductor current can be significantly higher than output current, especially with smaller inductors and lighter loads, so don’t omit this step. Powdered iron cores are forgiving because they saturate softly, whereas ferrite cores saturate abruptly. Other core materials fall somewhere in between. The following formula assumes continuous mode of operation, but errs only slightly on Table 2 Example: with VIN = 40V, VOUT = 5V, L = 47μH, ESR = 0.1Ω and ESL = 10nH, output ripple voltage can be approximated as follows: (5)(40 − 5) IP-P = = 0.465A (40) 47 • 10−6 200 • 103 ( If maximum load current is 0.5A, for instance, a 0.5A inductor may not survive a continuous 2A overload condition. Dead shorts will actually be more gentle on the inductor because the LT1766 has frequency and current limit foldback. )( ) IDC (AMPS) DCR (OHMS) HEIGHT (mm) 15 1.4 0.087 4.2 Coiltronics CTX15-1P CTX15-1 15 1.1 0.08 4.2 CTX33-2P 33 1.3 0.126 6 CTX33-2 33 1.4 0.106 6 UP2-330 33 2.4 0.099 5.9 UP2-470 47 1.9 0.146 5.9 UP2-680 68 1.7 0.19 5.9 UP2-101 100 1.4 0.277 5.9 = 0.0465 + 0.0085 = 55mVP-P To reduce output ripple voltage further requires an increase in the inductor value or a reduction in the capacitor ESR. The latter can effect loop stability since the ESR forms a useful zero in the overall loop response. Typically the inductor value is adjusted with the trade-off being a physically larger inductor with the possibility of increased component height and cost. Choosing a smaller inductor with lighter loads may result in discontinuous operation but the LT1766 is designed to work well in both continuous or discontinuous mode. Sumida Peak Inductor Current and Fault Current To ensure that the inductor will not saturate, the peak inductor current should be calculated knowing the maximum load current. An appropriate inductor should then be chosen. In addition, a decision should be made whether or not the inductor must withstand continuous fault conditions. VALUE (μH) CDRH6D28-150M 15 1.4 0.076 3 CDRH6D38-150M 15 1.6 0.062 4 CDRH6D28-330M 33 0.97 0.122 3 CDRH104R-330M 33 2.1 0.069 3.8 CDRH125-330M 33 2.1 0.044 6 CDRH104R-470M 47 2.1 0.095 3.8 CDRH125-470M 47 1.8 0.058 6 CDRH6D38-680M 68 0.75 0.173 4 CDRH104R-680M 68 1.5 0.158 3.8 CDRH125-680M 68 1.5 0.093 6 CDRH104R-101M 100 1.35 0.225 3.8 CDRH125-101M 100 1.3 0.120 6 Coilcraft DT3316P-153 15 1.8 0.06 5 DT3316P-333 33 1.3 0.09 5 DT3316P-473 47 1 0.11 5 1766fc 12 LT1766/LT1766-5 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION the high side for discontinuous mode, so it can be used for all conditions. IPEAK = IOUT + ( )( ) ( )( )( )( ) VOUT VIN – VOUT (ILP-P ) = IOUT + 2 2 VIN f L EMI Decide if the design can tolerate an open core geometry like a rod or barrel, which have high magnetic field radiation, or whether it needs a closed core like a toroid to prevent EMI problems. This is a tough decision because the rods or barrels are temptingly cheap and small and there are no helpful guidelines to calculate when the magnetic field radiation will be a problem. Additional Considerations After making an initial choice, consider additional factors such as core losses and second sourcing, etc. Use the experts in Linear Technology’s Applications department if you feel uncertain about the final choice. They have experience with a wide range of inductor types and can tell you about the latest developments in low profile, surface mounting, etc. Maximum Output Load Current Maximum load current for a buck converter is limited by the maximum switch current rating (IP). The current rating for the LT1766 is 1.5A. Unlike most current mode converters, the LT1766 maximum switch current limit does not fall off at high duty cycles. Most current mode converters suffer a drop off of peak switch current for duty cycles above 50%. This is due to the effects of slope compensation required to prevent subharmonic oscillations in current mode converters. (For detailed analysis, see Application Note 19.) The LT1766 is able to maintain peak switch current limit over the full duty cycle range by using patented circuitry* to cancel the effects of slope compensation on peak switch current without affecting the frequency compensation it provides. Maximum load current would be equal to maximum switch current for an infinitely large inductor, but with finite inductor size, maximum load current is reduced by onehalf peak-to-peak inductor current (ILP-P). The following formula assumes continuous mode operation, implying that the term on the right is less than one-half of IP . IOUT(MAX) = Continuous Mode ( VOUT + VF )( VIN − VOUT – VF ) I IP – LP-P = IP − 2 2(L)( f)( VIN ) For VOUT = 5V, VIN = 8V, VF(D1) = 0.63V, f = 200kHz and L = 20μH: (5 + 0.63)(8 − 5 – 0.63) IOUT(MAX ) = 1.5 − 2 20 • 10 − 6 200 • 10 3 (8) ( )( = 1.5 − 0.21 = 1.29 A ) Note that there is less load current available at the higher input voltage because inductor ripple current increases. At VIN = 15V, duty cycle is 33% and for the same set of conditions: IOUT(MAX) = 1.5 − (5 + 0.63)(15 − 5 – 0.63) 2(20 • 10 − 6)(200 • 10 3 )(15) = 1.5 − 0.44 = 1.06 A To calculate actual peak switch current with a given set of conditions, use: ILP-P 2 (VOUT + VF )(VIN − VOUT – VF ) = IOUT + 2(L)( f)(VIN ) ISW(PEAK) = IOUT + Reduced Inductor Value and Discontinuous Mode If the smallest inductor value is of most importance to a converter design, in order to reduce inductor size/cost, discontinuous mode may yield the smallest inductor solution. The maximum output load current in discontinuous mode, however, must be calculated and is defined later in this section. *Patent # 6, 498, 466 1766fc 13 LT1766/LT1766-5 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION Discontinuous mode is entered when the output load current is less than one-half of the inductor ripple current (ILP-P). In this mode, inductor current falls to zero before the next switch turn on (see Figure 8). Buck converters will be in discontinuous mode for output load current given by: (V + V )( V – V –V ) IOUT < OUT F IN OUT F (2)( VIN )( f)(L) Discontinuous Mode The inductor value in a buck converter is usually chosen large enough to keep inductor ripple current (ILP-P) low; this is done to minimize output ripple voltage and maximize output load current. In the case of large inductor values, as seen in the equation above, discontinuous mode will be associated with light loads. When choosing small inductor values, however, discontinuous mode will occur at much higher output load currents. The limit to the smallest inductor value that can be chosen is set by the LT1766 peak switch current (IP) and the maximum output load current required, given by: IOUT(MAX) IP2 = Discontinuous Mode (2)(ILP-P ) = (IP )2 ((f)(L)(VIN )) 2( VOUT + VF )( VIN – VOUT – VF ) Example: For VIN = 15V, VOUT = 5V, VF = 0.63V, f = 200kHz and L = 10μH. IOUT(MAX) Discontinuous Mode = (1.5)2 • (200 • 103 )(10–5 )(15) 2(5 + 0.63)(15 – 5 – 0.63) = 0.639A IOUT(MAX) Discontinuous Mode What has been shown here is that if high inductor ripple current and discontinuous mode operation can be tolerated, small inductor values can be used. If a higher output load current is required, the inductor value must be increased. If IOUT(MAX) no longer meets the discontinuous mode criteria, use the IOUT(MAX) equation for continuous mode; the LT1766 is designed to operate well in both modes of operation, allowing a large range of inductor values to be used. 14 Short-Circuit Considerations The LT1766 is a current mode controller. It uses the VC node voltage as an input to a current comparator which turns off the output switch on a cycle-by-cycle basis as this peak current is reached. The internal clamp on the VC node, nominally 2V, then acts as an output switch peak current limit. This action becomes the switch current limit specification. The maximum available output power is then determined by the switch current limit. A potential controllability problem could occur under short-circuit conditions. If the power supply output is short circuited, the feedback amplifier responds to the low output voltage by raising the control voltage, VC, to its peak current limit value. Ideally, the output switch would be turned on, and then turned off as its current exceeded the value indicated by VC. However, there is finite response time involved in both the current comparator and turn-off of the output switch. These result in a minimum on-time, tON(MIN). When combined with the large ratio of VIN to (VF + I • R), the diode forward voltage plus inductor I • R voltage drop, the potential exists for a loss of control. Expressed mathematically the requirement to maintain control is: V +I•R f • tON ≤ F VIN where: f = Switching frequency tON = Switch minimum on-time VF = Diode forward voltage VIN = Input voltage I • R = Inductor I • R voltage drop If this condition is not observed, the current will not be limited at IPK, but will cycle-by-cycle ratchet up to some higher value. Using the nominal LT1766 clock frequency of 200KHz, a VIN of 40V and a (VF + I • R) of say 0.7V, the maximum tON to maintain control would be approximately 90ns, an unacceptably short time. The solution to this dilemma is to slow down the oscillator when the FB pin voltage is abnormally low thereby indicating some sort of short-circuit condition. Oscillator frequency is unaffected until FB voltage drops to about 2/3 of its normal value. Below this point the oscillator 1766fc LT1766/LT1766-5 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION frequency decreases roughly linearly down to a limit of about 40kHz. This lower oscillator frequency during short-circuit conditions can then maintain control with the effective minimum on time. capacitors fail during very high turn-on surges, which do not occur at the output of regulators. High discharge surges, such as when the regulator output is dead shorted, do not harm the capacitors. It is recommended that for [VIN/(VOUT + VF)] ratios > 10, a soft-start circuit should be used to control the output capacitor charge rate during start-up or during recovery from an output short circuit, thereby adding additional control over peak inductor current. See Buck Converter with Adjustable Soft-Start later in this data sheet. Unlike the input capacitor, RMS ripple current in the output capacitor is normally low enough that ripple current rating is not an issue. The current waveform is triangular with a typical value of 125mARMS. The formula to calculate this is: OUTPUT CAPACITOR The output capacitor is normally chosen by its effective series resistance (ESR), because this is what determines output ripple voltage. To get low ESR takes volume, so physically smaller capacitors have high ESR. The ESR range for typical LT1766 applications is 0.05Ω to 0.2Ω. A typical output capacitor is an AVX type TPS, 100μF at 10V, with a guaranteed ESR less than 0.1Ω. This is a “D” size surface mount solid tantalum capacitor. TPS capacitors are specially constructed and tested for low ESR, so they give the lowest ESR for a given volume. The value in microfarads is not particularly critical, and values from 22μF to greater than 500μF work well, but you cannot cheat mother nature on ESR. If you find a tiny 22μF solid tantalum capacitor, it will have high ESR, and output ripple voltage will be terrible. Table 2 shows some typical solid tantalum surface mount capacitors. Table 3. Surface Mount Solid Tantalum Capacitor ESR and Ripple Current E Case Size AVX TPS, Sprague 593D ESR (MAX, Ω ) RIPPLE CURRENT (A) 0.1 to 0.3 0.7 to 1.1 0.1 to 0.3 0.7 to 1.1 D Case Size AVX TPS, Sprague 593D C Case Size AVX TPS 0.2 (typ) 0.5 (typ) Many engineers have heard that solid tantalum capacitors are prone to failure if they undergo high surge currents. This is historically true, and type TPS capacitors are specially tested for surge capability, but surge ruggedness is not a critical issue with the output capacitor. Solid tantalum Output capacitor ripple current (RMS): IRIPPLE(RMS) = 0.29(VOUT )( VIN − VOUT ) (L)( f)(VIN) Ceramic Capacitors Higher value, lower cost ceramic capacitors are now becoming available. They are generally chosen for their good high frequency operation, small size and very low ESR (effective series resistance). Their low ESR reduces output ripple voltage but also removes a useful zero in the loop frequency response, common to tantalum capacitors. To compensate for this, a resistor RC can be placed in series with the VC compensation capacitor, CC. Care must be taken however, since this resistor sets the high frequency gain of the error amplifier, including the gain at the switching frequency. If the gain of the error amplifier is high enough at the switching frequency, output ripple voltage (although smaller for a ceramic output capacitor) may still affect the proper operation of the regulator. A filter capacitor, CF , in parallel with the RC/CC network is suggested to control possible ripple at the VC pin. An All Ceramic solution is possible for the LT1766 by choosing the correct compensation components for the given application. Example: For VIN = 8V to 40V, VOUT = 3.3V at 1A, the LT1766 can be stabilized, provide good transient response and maintain very low output ripple voltage using the following component values: (refer to the first page of this data sheet for component references) C3 = 2.2μF, RC = 4.7k, CC = 15nF, CF = 220pF and C1 = 47μF. See Application Note 19 for further detail on techniques for proper loop compensation. 1766fc 15 LT1766/LT1766-5 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION INPUT CAPACITOR Step-down regulators draw current from the input supply in pulses. The rise and fall times of these pulses are very fast. The input capacitor is required to reduce the voltage ripple this causes at the input of LT1766 and force the switching current into a tight local loop, thereby minimizing EMI. The RMS ripple current can be calculated from: IRIPPLE(RMS) = IOUT VOUT ( VIN – VOUT ) / VIN2 Ceramic capacitors are ideal for input bypassing. At 200kHz switching frequency, the energy storage requirement of the input capacitor suggests that values in the range of 2.2μF to 20μF are suitable for most applications. If operation is required close to the minimum input required by the output of the LT1766, a larger value may be required. This is to prevent excessive ripple causing dips below the minimum operating voltage resulting in erratic operation. Depending on how the LT1766 circuit is powered up you may need to check for input voltage transients. The input voltage transients may be caused by input voltage steps or by connecting the LT1766 converter to an already powered up source such as a wall adapter. The sudden application of input voltage will cause a large surge of current in the input leads that will store energy in the parasitic inductance of the leads. This energy will cause the input voltage to swing above the DC level of input power source and it may exceed the maximum voltage rating of input capacitor and LT1766. The easiest way to suppress input voltage transients is to add a small aluminum electrolytic capacitor in parallel with the low ESR input capacitor. The selected capacitor needs to have the right amount of ESR in order to critically dampen the resonant circuit formed by the input lead inductance and the input capacitor. The typical values of ESR will fall in the range of 0.5Ω to 2Ω and capacitance will fall in the range of 5μF to 50μF. If tantalum capacitors are used, values in the 22μF to 470μF range are generally needed to minimize ESR and meet ripple current and surge ratings. Care should be taken to ensure the ripple and surge ratings are not exceeded. The AVX TPS and Kemet T495 series are surge rated. AVX recommends derating capacitor operating voltage by 2:1 for high surge applications. CATCH DIODE Highest efficiency operation requires the use of a Schottky type diode. DC switching losses are minimized due to its low forward voltage drop, and AC behavior is benign due to its lack of a significant reverse-recovery time. Schottky diodes are generally available with reverse-voltage ratings of up to 60V and even 100V, and are price competitive with other types. The use of so-called ultrafast recovery diodes is generally not recommended. When operating in continuous mode, the reverse-recovery time exhibited by ultrafast diodes will result in a slingshot type effect. The power internal switch will ramp up VIN current into the diode in an attempt to get it to recover. Then, when the diode has finally turned off, some tens of nanoseconds later, the VSW node voltage ramps up at an extremely high dV/dt, perhaps 5 to even 10V/ns ! With real world lead inductances, the VSW node can easily overshoot the VIN rail. This can result in poor RFI behavior and if the overshoot is severe enough, damage the IC itself. The suggested catch diode (D1) is an International Rectifier 10MQ060N Schottky. It is rated at 1.5A average forward current and 60V reverse voltage. Typical forward voltage is 0.63V at 1A. The diode conducts current only during switch off time. Peak reverse voltage is equal to regulator input voltage. Average forward current in normal operation can be calculated from: ID(AVG) = IOUT ( VIN – VOUT ) VIN This formula will not yield values higher than 1.5A with maximum load current of 1.5A. The only reason to consider a larger diode is the worst-case condition of a high input voltage and shorted output. With a shorted condition, diode current will increase to a typical value of 2A, determined by peak switch current limit. This is safe for short periods of time, but it would be prudent to check with the diode manufacturer if continuous operation under these conditions must be tolerated. 1766fc 16 LT1766/LT1766-5 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION BOOST PIN For most applications, the boost components are a 0.33μF capacitor and a 1N4148W diode. The anode is typically connected to the regulated output voltage to generate a voltage approximately VOUT above VIN to drive the output stage. However, the output stage discharges the boost capacitor during the on time of the switch. The output driver requires at least 3V of headroom throughout this period to keep the switch fully saturated. If the output voltage is less than 3.3V, it is recommended that an alternate boost supply is used. The boost diode can be connected to the input, although, care must be taken to prevent the 2× VIN boost voltage from exceeding the BOOST pin absolute maximum rating. The additional voltage across the switch driver also increases power loss, reducing efficiency. If available, and independent supply can be used with a local bypass capacitor. A 0.33μF boost capacitor is recommended for most applications. Almost any type of film or ceramic capacitor is suitable, but the ESR should be <1Ω to ensure it can be fully recharged during the off time of the switch. The capacitor value is derived from worst-case conditions of 4700ns on time, 42mA boost current and 0.7V discharge ripple. The boost capacitor value could be reduced under less demanding conditions, but this will not improve circuit operation or efficiency. Under low input voltage and low load conditions, a higher value capacitor will reduce discharge ripple and improve start-up operation. SHUTDOWN FUNCTION AND UNDERVOLTAGE LOCKOUT Figure 4 shows how to add undervoltage lockout (UVLO) to the LT1766. Typically, UVLO is used in situations where the input supply is current limited, or has a relatively high source resistance. A switching regulator draws constant power from the source, so source current increases as source voltage drops. This looks like a negative resistance load to the source and can cause the source to current limit or latch low under low source voltage conditions. UVLO prevents the regulator from operating at source voltages where these problems might occur. Threshold voltage for lockout is about 2.38V. A 5.5μA bias current flows out of the pin at this threshold. The internally generated current is used to force a default high state on the shutdown pin if the pin is left open. When low shutdown current is not an issue, the error due to this current can be minimized by making RLO 10k or less. If shutdown current is an issue, RLO can be raised to 100k, but the error due to initial bias current and changes with temperature should be considered. R LO = 10k to 100k (25k suggested) R HI = RLO ( VIN − 2.38 V ) 2.38 V − R LO(5.5 μA) VIN = Minimum input voltage RFB L1 LT1766 2.38V IN INPUT OUTPUT VSW + STANDBY RHI – 5.5μA + SHDN C1 + TOTAL SHUTDOWN C2 RLO 0.4V – GND 1766 F04 Figure 4. Undervoltage Lockout 1766fc 17 LT1766/LT1766-5 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION Keep the connections from the resistors to the shutdown pin short and make sure that interplane or surface capacitance to the switching nodes are minimized. If high resistor values are used, the shutdown pin should be bypassed with a 1000pF capacitor to prevent coupling problems from the switch node. If hysteresis is desired in the undervoltage lockout point, a resistor, RFB, can be added to the output node. Resistor values can be calculated from: R HI = [ RLO VIN − 2.38 ( ΔV/ VOUT + 1) + ΔV ( 2.38 − RLO (5 .5μA ) R FB = (RHI ) VOUT /ΔV ] ) 25k suggested for RLO VIN = Input voltage at which switching stops as input voltage descends to trip level ΔV = Hysteresis in input voltage level Example: output voltage is 5V, switching is to stop if input voltage drops below 12V and should not restart unless input rises back to 13.5V. ΔV is therefore 1.5V and VIN = 12V. Let RLO = 25k. [ ) 2.38 – 25k(5.5μA ) 25k (10.41) = = 116k R HI = ( ] 25k 12 − 2.38 1.5 / 5 + 1 + 1.5 2.24 R FB = 116k 5 / 1.5 = 387k ( ) SYNCHRONIZING The SYNC input must pass from a logic level low, through the maximum synchronization threshold with a duty cycle between 10% and 90%. The input can be driven directly from a logic level output. The synchronizing range is equal to initial operating frequency up to 700kHz. This means that minimum practical sync frequency is equal to the worst-case high self-oscillating frequency (228kHz), not the typical operating frequency of 200kHz. Caution should be used when synchronizing above 265kHz because at higher sync frequencies the amplitude of the internal slope compensation used to prevent subharmonic switching is reduced. This type of subharmonic switching only occurs at input voltages less than twice output voltage. Higher inductor values will tend to eliminate this problem. See Frequency Compensation section for a discussion of an entirely different cause of subharmonic switching before assuming that the cause is insufficient slope compensation. Application Note 19 has more details on the theory of slope compensation. At power-up, when VC is being clamped by the FB pin (see Figure 2, Q2), the sync function is disabled. This allows the frequency foldback to operate in the shorted output condition. During normal operation, switching frequency is controlled by the internal oscillator until the FB pin reaches 0.6V, after which the SYNC pin becomes operational. If no synchronization is required, this pin should be connected to ground. LAYOUT CONSIDERATIONS As with all high frequency switchers, when considering layout, care must be taken in order to achieve optimal electrical, thermal and noise performance. For maximum efficiency, switch rise and fall times are typically in the nanosecond range. To prevent noise both radiated and conducted, the high speed switching current path, shown in Figure 5, must be kept as short as possible. This is implemented in the suggested layout of Figure 6. Shortening this path will also reduce the parasitic trace inductance of approximately 25nH/inch. At switch off, this parasitic inductance produces a flyback spike across the LT1766 switch. When operating at higher currents and input voltages, with poor layout, this spike can generate voltages across the LT1766 that may exceed its absolute LT1766 L1 5V VIN C3 HIGH FREQUENCY CIRCULATING PATH D1 C1 LOAD 1766 F05 Figure 5. High Speed Switching Path 1766fc 18 LT1766/LT1766-5 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION CONNECT TO GROUND PLANE GND L1 C1 MINIMIZE LT1766 C3-D1 LOOP GND D2 D1 VOUT C2 1 GND 15 3 14 4 VIN C3 5 LT1766 6 BOOST VIN GND 16 2 SW 13 SHDN FOR THE FE PACKAGE, THE EXPOSED PAD (PIN 17) SHOULD BE PROPERLY SOLDERED TO THE GROUND PLANE. NOTE: BOOST AND BIAS COPPER TRACES ARE ON A SEPARATE LAYER FROM THE GROUND PLANE KELVIN SENSE VOUT SYNC FB 12 VC 11 7 BIAS 10 8 GND GND 9 PLACE FEEDTHROUGH AROUND GROUND PINS (4 CORNERS) FOR GOOD THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY R2 R1 CFB CF RC CC KEEP FB AND VC COMPONENTS AWAY FROM HIGH FREQUENCY, HIGH CURRENT COMPONENTS 1766 F06 Figure 6. Suggested Layout maximum rating. A ground plane should always be used under the switcher circuitry to prevent interplane coupling and overall noise. The VC and FB components should be kept as far away as possible from the switch and boost nodes. The LT1766 pinout has been designed to aid in this. The ground for these components should be separated from the switch current path. Failure to do so will result in poor stability or subharmonic like oscillation. Board layout also has a significant effect on thermal resistance. Pins 1, 8, 9 and 16, GND, are a continuous copper plate that runs under the LT1766 die. This is the best thermal path for heat out of the package. Reducing the thermal resistance from Pins 1, 8, 9 and 16 onto the board will reduce die temperature and increase the power capability of the LT1766. This is achieved by providing as much copper area as possible around these pins. Adding multiple solder filled feedthroughs under and around these four corner pins to the ground plane will also help. Similar treatment to the catch diode and coil terminations will reduce any additional heating effects. For the FE package, the exposed pad (Pin 17) should be soldered to the copper ground plane underneath the device. PARASITIC RESONANCE Resonance or ringing may sometimes be seen on the switch node (see Figure 7). Very high frequency ringing following switch rise time is caused by switch/diode/input capacitor lead inductance and diode capacitance. Schottky diodes have very high “Q” junction capacitance that can ring for many cycles when excited at high frequency. If total lead length for the input capacitor, diode and switch path is 1 inch, the inductance will be approximately 25nH. At switch off, this will produce a spike across the NPN output device in addition to the input voltage. At higher currents this spike can be in the order of 10V to 20V or higher with a poor layout, potentially exceeding the absolute max switch voltage. The path around switch, catch diode and input capacitor must be kept as short as possible to ensure reliable operation. When looking at this, 1766fc 19 LT1766/LT1766-5 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION SW RISE SW FALL 10V/DIV SWITCH NODE VOLTAGE 0.2A/DIV INDUCTOR CURRENT AT IOUT = 0.1A 2V/DIV 50ns/DIV VIN = 40V VOUT = 5V L = 47μH 1766 F07 Figure 7. Switch Node Resonance a >100MHz oscilloscope must be used, and waveforms should be observed on the leads of the package. This switch off spike will also cause the SW node to go below ground. The LT1766 has special circuitry inside which mitigates this problem, but negative voltages over 0.8V lasting longer than 10ns should be avoided. Note that 100MHz oscilloscopes are barely fast enough to see the details of the falling edge overshoot in Figure 7. A second, much lower frequency ringing is seen during switch off-time if load current is low enough to allow the inductor current to fall to zero during part of the switch off-time (see Figure 8). Switch and diode capacitance resonate with the inductor to form damped ringing at 1MHz to 10 MHz. This ringing is not harmful to the regulator and it has not been shown to contribute significantly to EMI. Any attempt to damp it with a resistive snubber will degrade efficiency. Power dissipation in the LT1766 chip comes from four sources: switch DC loss, switch AC loss, boost circuit current, and input quiescent current. The following formulas show how to calculate each of these losses. These formulas assume continuous mode operation, so they should not be used for calculating efficiency at light load currents. Switch loss: PSW = 1766 F08 Figure 8. Discontinuous Mode Ringing Boost current loss: VOUT2 (IOUT / 36) PBOOST = VIN Quiescent current loss: PQ = VIN (0.0015) + VOUT (0.003) RSW = Switch resistance (≈ 0.3) hot tEFF = Effective switch current/voltage overlap time = (tr + tf + tIr + tIf) tr = (VIN/1.2)ns tf = (VIN/1.7)ns tIr = tIf = (IOUT/0.05)ns f = Switch frequency Example: with VIN = 40V, VOUT = 5V and IOUT = 1A: PSW THERMAL CALCULATIONS 1μs/DIV 2 0.3)(1) (5) ( = + (97•10−9 )(1/2)(1)(40)(200 •10 3 ) 40 = 0.04 + 0.388 = 0.43W PBOOST 2 5) (1 / 36) ( = = 0.02W 40 PQ = 40(0.0015) + 5(0.003) = 0.08W Total power dissipation in the IC is given by: PTOT = PSW + PBOOST + PQ ( ) (VOUT) + tEFF(1/2)(IOUT)(VIN)(f) RSW IOUT 2 = 0.43W + 0.02W + 0.08W = 0.53W VIN 1766fc 20 LT1766/LT1766-5 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION Thermal resistance for the LT1766 packages is influenced by the presence of internal or backside planes. SSOP (GN16) package: With a full plane under the GN16 package, thermal resistance will be about 85°C/W. TSSOP (exposed pad) package: With a full plane under the TSSOP package, thermal resistance will be about 45°C/W. To calculate die temperature, use the proper thermal resistance number for the desired package and add in worst-case ambient temperature: TJ = TA + (θJA • PTOT) When estimating ambient, remember the nearby catch diode and inductor will also be dissipating power: PDIODE = ( VF )( VIN – VOUT )(ILOAD ) VIN VF = Forward voltage of diode (assume 0.63V at 1A) PDIODE = (0.63)(40 – 5)(1) = 0.55W 40 PINDUCTOR = (ILOAD)2 (RL) RL = Inductor DC resistance (assume 0.1Ω) PINDUCTOR (1)2 (0.1) = 0.1W Only a portion of the temperature rise in the external inductor and diode is coupled to the junction of the LT1766. Based on empirical measurements the thermal effect on LT1766 junction temperature due to power dissipation in the external inductor and catch diode can be calculated as: ΔTJ(LT1766) ≈ (PDIODE + PINDUCTOR)(10°C/W) Using the example calculations for LT1766 dissipation, the LT1766 die temperature will be estimated as: TJ = TA + (θJA • PTOT) + [10 • (PDIODE + PINDUCTOR)] With the GN16 package (θJA = 85°C/W), at an ambient temperature of 60°C: TJ = 60 + (85 • 0.53) + (10 • 0.65) = 112°C With the TSSOP package (θJA = 45°C/W), at an ambient temperature of 60°C: TJ = 60 + (45 • 0.53) + (10 • 0.65) = 90°C Die temperature can peak for certain combinations of VIN, VOUT and load current. While higher VIN gives greater switch AC losses, quiescent and catch diode losses, a lower VIN may generate greater losses due to switch DC losses. In general, the maximum and minimum VIN levels should be checked with maximum typical load current for calculation of the LT1766 die temperature. If a more accurate die temperature is required, a measurement of the SYNC pin resistance (to GND) can be used. The SYNC pin resistance can be measured by forcing a voltage no greater than 0.5V at the pin and monitoring the pin current over temperature in an oven. This should be done with minimal device power (low VIN and no switching (VC = 0V)) in order to calibrate SYNC pin resistance with ambient (oven) temperature. Note: Some of the internal power dissipation in the IC, due to BOOST pin voltage, can be transferred outside of the IC to reduce junction temperature, by increasing the voltage drop in the path of the boost diode D2 (see Figure 9). This reduction of junction temperature inside the IC will allow higher ambient temperature operation for a given set of conditions. BOOST pin circuitry dissipates power given by: PDISS(BOOST) = VOUT • (ISW / 36) • VC 2 VIN Typically VC2 (the boost voltage across the capacitor C2) equals Vout. This is because diodes D1 and D2 can be considered almost equal, where: VC2 = VOUT – VFD2 – (–VFD1) = VOUT Hence the equation used for boost circuitry power dissipation given in the previous Thermal Calculations section is stated as: PDISS(BOOST) = VOUT • (ISW / 36)• VOUT VIN Here it can be seen that boost power dissipation increases as the square of VOUT. It is possible, however, to reduce VC2 below VOUT to save power dissipation by increasing the voltage drop in the path of D2. Care should be taken that VC2 does not fall below the minimum 3.3V boost voltage required for full saturation of the internal power switch. 1766fc 21 LT1766/LT1766-5 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION For output voltages of 5V, VC2 is approximately 5V. During switch turn on, VC2 will fall as the boost capacitor C2 is dicharged by the BOOST pin. In the previous BOOST Pin section, the value of C2 was designed for a 0.7V droop in VC2 = VDROOP . Hence, an output voltage as low as 4V would still allow the minimum 3.3V for the boost function using the C2 capacitor calculated. If a target output voltage of 12V is required, however, an excess of 8V is placed across the boost capacitor which is not required for the boost function but still dissipates additional power. For an FE package with thermal resistance of 45°C/W, ambient temperature savings would be, T(ambient) savings = 0.116W • 45°C/W = 5c. For a GN Package with thermal resistance of 85°C/W, ambient temperature savings would be T/(ambient) savings = 0.116 • 85°C/W = 10c. The 7V zener should be sized for excess of 0.116W operation. The tolerances of the zener should be considered to ensure minimum VC2 exceeds 3.3V + VDROOP. What is required is a voltage drop in the path of D2 to achieve minimal power dissipation while still maintaining minimum boost voltage across C2. A zener, D4, placed in series with D2 (see Figure 9), drops voltage to C2. The absolute maximum input supply voltage for the LT1766 is specified at 60V. This is based solely on internal semiconductor junction breakdown effects. Due to internal power dissipation, the actual maximum VIN achievable in a particular application may be less than this. Example : the BOOST pin power dissipation for a 20V input to 12V output conversion at 1A is given by: PBOOST = 12 • (1 / 36)• 12 = 0.2W 20 If a 7V zener D4 is placed in series with D2, then power dissipation becomes : PBOOST = 12 • (1 / 36)• 5 = 0.084 W 20 D2 D4 D2 C2 BOOST VIN L1 VOUT SW VIN C3 D1 LT1766 SHDN R1 FB GND A second consideration is controllability. A potential limitation occurs with a high step-down ratio of VIN to VOUT, as this requires a correspondingly narrow minimum switch on time. An approximate expression for this (assuming continuous mode operation) is given as follows: CF CC 1766 F09 Figure 9. Boost Pin, Diode Selection VOUT + VF VIN ( fOSC ) + C1 R2 VC RC A detailed theoretical basis for estimating internal power loss is given in the section, Thermal Considerations. Note that AC switching loss is proportional to both operating frequency and output current. The majority of AC switching loss is also proportional to the square of input voltage. For example, while the combination of VIN = 40V, VOUT = 5V at 1A and fOSC = 200kHz may be easily achievable, simultaneously raising VIN to 60V and fOSC to 700kHz is not possible. Nevertheless, input voltage transients up to 60V can usually be accommodated, assuming the resulting increase in internal dissipation is of insufficient time duration to raise die temperature significantly. Min tON = BIAS SYNC Input Voltage vs Operating Frequency Considerations where: VIN = Input voltage VOUT = Output voltage VF = Schottky diode forward drop fOSC = Switching frequency A potential controllability problem arises if the LT1766 is called upon to produce an on time shorter than it is able to produce. Feedback loop action will lower then reduce 1766fc 22 LT1766/LT1766-5 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION 1. Be aware that the simultaneous requirements of high VIN, high IOUT and high fOSC may not be achievable in practice due to internal dissipation. The Thermal Considerations section offers a basis to estimate internal power. In questionable cases a prototype supply should be built and exercised to verify acceptable operation. CURRENT MODE POWER STAGE gm = 2mho VSW ERROR AMPLIFIER OUTPUT CFB FB + In summary: LT1766 – the VC control voltage to the point where some sort of cycle-skipping or odd/even cycle behavior is exhibited. 1.22V R1 TANTALUM CERAMIC gm = 2000μmho RO 200k GND ESR ESL C1 C1 + RLOAD VC R2 RC CF CC 2. The simultaneous requirements of high VIN, low VOUT and high fOSC can result in an unacceptably short minimum switch on-time. Cycle skipping and/or odd/even cycle behavior will result although correct output voltage is usually maintained. 1766 F10 Figure 10. Model for Loop Response 80 180 60 150 GAIN The LT1766 uses current mode control. This alleviates many of the phase shift problems associated with the inductor. The basic regulator loop is shown in Figure 10. The LT1766 can be considered as two gm blocks, the error amplifier and the power stage. Figure 11 shows the overall loop response. At the VC pin, the frequency compensation components used are: RC = 2.2k, CC = 0.022μF and CF = 220pF. The output capacitor used is a 100μF, 10V tantalum capacitor with typical ESR of 100mΩ. The ESR of the tantalum output capacitor provides a useful zero in the loop frequency response for maintaining GAIN (dB) Before starting on the theoretical analysis of frequency response, the following should be remembered—the worse the board layout, the more difficult the circuit will be to stabilize. This is true of almost all high frequency analog circuits, read the Layout Considerations section first. Common layout errors that appear as stability problems are distant placement of input decoupling capacitor and/or catch diode, and connecting the VC compensation to a ground track carrying significant switch current. In addition, the theoretical analysis considers only first order non-ideal component behavior. For these reasons, it is important that a final stability check is made with production layout and components. 40 120 20 90 PHASE 0 60 –20 30 –40 10 100 1k 10k 100k FREQUENCY (Hz) VIN = 42V RC = 2.2k VOUT = 5V CC = 22nF ILOAD = 500mA CF = 220pF COUT = 100μF, 10V, 0.1Ω PHASE (DEG) FREQUENCY COMPENSATION 0 1M 1766 F11 Figure 11. Overall Loop Response stability. This ESR, however, contributes significantly to the ripple voltage at the output (see Output Ripple Voltage in the Applications Section). It is possible to reduce capacitor size and output ripple voltage by replacing the tantalum output capacitor with a ceramic output capacitor because of its very low ESR. The zero provided by the tantalum output capacitor must now be reinserted back into the loop. Alternatively there may be cases where, even with the tantalum output capacitor, an additional zero is required in the loop to increase phase margin for improved transient response. A zero can be added into the loop by placing a resistor, RC, at the VC pin in series with the compensation capacitor, CC or by placing a capacitor, CFB, between the output and the FB pin. 1766fc 23 LT1766/LT1766-5 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION When using RC, the maximum value has two limitations. First, the combination of output capacitor ESR and RC may stop the loop rolling off altogether. Second, if the loop gain is not rolled off sufficiently at the switching frequency, output ripple will peturb the VC pin enough to cause unstable duty cycle switching similar to subharmonic oscillations. If needed, an additional capacitor, CF , can be added across the RC/CC network from the VC pin to ground to further suppress VC ripple voltage. CONVERTER WITH BACKUP OUTPUT REGULATOR In systems with a primary and backup supply, for example, a battery-powered device with a wall adapter input, the output of the LT1766 can be held up by the backup supply with the LT1766 input disconnected. In this condition, the SW pin will source current into the VIN pin. If the SHDN pin is held at ground, only the shut down current of 25μA will be pulled via the SW pin from the second supply. With the SHDN pin floating, the LT1766 will consume its quiescent operating current of 1.5mA. The VIN pin will also source current to any other components connected to the input line. If this load is greater than 10mA or the input could be shorted to ground, a series Schottky diode must be added, as shown in Figure 12. With these safeguards, the output can be held at voltages up to the VIN absolute maximum rating. With a tantalum output capacitor, the LT1766 already includes a resistor, RC and filter capacitor, CF , at the VC pin (see Figures 10 and 11) to compensate the loop over the entire VIN range (to allow for stable pulse skipping for high VIN-to-VOUT ratios ≥10). A ceramic output capacitor can still be used with a simple adjustment to the resistor RC for stable operation. (See Ceramic Capacitors section for stabilizing LT1766). If additional phase margin is required, a capacitor, CFB, can be inserted between the output and FB pin but care must be taken for high output voltage applications. Sudden shorts to the output can create unacceptably large negative transients on the FB pin. BUCK CONVERTER WITH ADJUSTABLE SOFT-START Large capacitive loads or high input voltages can cause high input currents at start-up. Figure 13 shows a circuit that limits the dv/dt of the output at start-up, controlling the capacitor charge rate. The buck converter is a typical configuration with the addition of R3, R4, CSS and Q1. As the output starts to rise, Q1 turns on, regulating switch current via the VC pin to maintain a constant dv/dt at the output. Output rise time is controlled by the current through CSS defined by R4 and Q1’s VBE. Once the output is in regulation, Q1 turns off and the circuit operates normally. R3 is transient protection for the base of Q1. For VIN-to-VOUT ratios <10, higher loop bandwidths are possible by readjusting the frequency compensation components at the VC pin. When checking loop stability, the circuit should be operated over the applications’s full voltage, current and temperature range. Proper loop compensation may be obtained by emperical methods as described in detail in Application Notes 19 and 76. D2 1N4148W D3 10MQ060N REMOVABLE INPUT C2 0.33μF BOOST VIN LT1766 R3 54k L1 47μH SW 5V, 1A BIAS R1 15.4k SHDN SYNC GND R4 25k C3 2.2μF RC 2.2k CC 0.022μF FB VC D1 10MQ060N R2 4.99k + ALTERNATE SUPPLY C1 100μF 10V CF 220pF 1766 F12 Figure 12. Dual Source Supply with 25μA Reverse Leakage 1766fc 24 LT1766/LT1766-5 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION (R4)(CSS )(VOUT ) RiseTime = VBE Using the values shown in Figure 10, 47 • 103 )(15 • 10–9 )(5) ( Rise Time = = 5ms 0.7 The ramp is linear and rise times in the order of 100ms are possible. Since the circuit is voltage controlled, the ramp rate is unaffected by load characteristics and maximum output current is unchanged. Variants of this circuit can be used for sequencing multiple regulator outputs. D2 1N4148W INPUT 40V BOOST C3 2.2μF 50V CER C2 0.33μF BIAS L1 47μH SW VIN D1 LT1766 SHDN SYNC GND RC 2.2k CC 0.022μF OUTPUT 5V 1A is transferred by magnetic coupling into L1B, powering the –5V rail. C4 pulls L1B positive during switch on-time, causing current to flow, and energy to build in L1B and C4. At switch off, the energy stored in both L1B and C4 supply the –5V rail. This reduces the current in L1A and changes L1B current waveform from square to triangular. For details on this circuit, including maximum output currents, see Design Note 100. D2 1N4148W C2 0.33μF VIN 7.5V TO 60V C3 2.2μF 100V CER R1 15.4k 100μF R3 2k CSS 15nF 1766 F13 R4 47k R1 15.4k SYNC GND FB + R2 4.99k VC CF 220pF C4 100μF 10V TANT R2 4.99k CF 220pF Q1 LT1766 SHDN C1 100μF 10V TANT D1 GND FB VC VOUT1 5V (SEE DN100 FOR MAX IOUT) SW VIN RC 2.2k CC 0.022μF + C1 L1A* 50μH BOOST * L1 IS A SINGLE CORE WITH TWO WINDINGS COILTRONICS #CTX50-3A † IF LOAD CAN GO TO ZERO, AN OPTIONAL PRELOAD OF 1k TO 5k MAY BE USED TO IMPROVE LOAD REGULATION D1, D3: 10MQ060N + C5 L1B* 100μF 10V TANT + 1766 F14 VOUT2 –5V† D3 Figure 14. Dual Output SEPIC Converter Figure 13. Buck Converter with Adjustable Soft-Start DUAL OUTPUT SEPIC CONVERTER POSITIVE-TO-NEGATIVE CONVERTER The circuit in Figure 14 generates both positive and negative 5V outputs with a single piece of magnetics. The two inductors shown are actually just two windings on a standard Coiltronics inductor. The topology for the 5V output is a standard buck converter. The – 5V topology would be a simple flyback winding coupled to the buck converter if C4 were not present. C4 creates a SEPIC (single-ended primary inductance converter) topology which improves regulation and reduces ripple current in L1. Without C4, the voltage swing on L1B compared to L1A would vary due to relative loading and coupling losses. C4 provides a low impedance path to maintain an equal voltage swing in L1B, improving regulation. In a flyback converter, during switch on-time, all the converter’s energy is stored in L1A only, since no current flows in L1B. At switch off, energy The circuit in Figure 15 is a positive-to-negative topology using a grounded inductor. It differs from the standard approach in the way the IC chip derives its feedback signal because the LT1766 accepts only positive feedback signals. The ground pin must be tied to the regulated negative output. A resistor divider to the FB pin then provides the proper feedback voltage for the chip. The following equation can be used to calculate maximum load current for the positive-to-negative converter: IMAX ⎡ ( VIN )( VOUT ) ⎤ ⎢IP – 2( V ⎥( VOUT )( VIN – 0.3) OUT + VIN )( f)(L) ⎦ ⎣ = ( VOUT + VIN – 0.3)( VOUT + VF ) 1766fc 25 LT1766/LT1766-5 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION IP = Maximum rated switch current VIN = Minimum input voltage VOUT = Output voltage VF = Catch diode forward voltage 0.3 = Switch voltage drop at 1.5A mode formula to calculate minimum inductor needed. If load current is higher, use the continuous mode formula. Output current where continuous mode is needed: Example: with VIN(MIN) = 5.5V, VOUT = 12V, L = 18μH, VF = 0.63V, IP = 1.5A: IMAX = 0.280A. OUTPUT DIVIDER C2 0.33μF BOOST L1* 18μH VSW VIN GND C3 2.2μF 100V CER VC FB CC CF RC D1 10MQO60N + R2 4.99k ( VIN )( VOUT ) ⎡ ⎛ (V + V )⎞ ⎤ 2( f)( VIN + VOUT )⎢IP – IOUT ⎜ 1 + OUT F ⎟ ⎥ ⎝ ⎠⎦ VIN ⎣ For a 40V to –12V converter using the LT1766 with peak switch current of 1.5A and a catch diode of 0.63V: R1 44.2k LT1766 2( VOUT )(IOUT ) ( f)(IP )2 Minimum inductor continuous mode: LMIN = D2† 1N4148W ( VIN )2 (IP )2 4( VIN + VOUT )( VIN + VOUT + VF ) Minimum inductor discontinuous mode: LMIN = Refer to Applications Information Feedback Pin Functions to calculate R1 and R2 for the (negative) output voltage (from Table 1). INPUT† 5.5V TO 48V ICONT > C1 100μF 25V TANT ICONT > OUTPUT** –12V, 0.25A * INCREASE L1 TO 30μH OR 60μH FOR HIGHER CURRENT APPLICATIONS. SEE APPLICATIONS INFORMATION ** MAXIMUM LOAD CURRENT DEPENDS ON MINIMUM INPUT VOLTAGE AND INDUCTOR SIZE. SEE APPLICATIONS INFORMATION † FOR V > 44V AND V IN OUT = –12V, ADDITIONAL VOLTAGE DROP IN THE PATH OF D2 IS REQUIRED TO ENSURE BOOST PIN MAXIMUM RATING IS NOT EXCEEDED. SEE APPLICATIONS INFORMATION (BOOST PIN VOLTAGE) 1766 F15 Figure 15. Positive-to-Negative Converter Inductor Value The criteria for choosing the inductor is typically based on ensuring that peak switch current rating is not exceeded. This gives the lowest value of inductance that can be used, but in some cases (lower output load currents) it may give a value that creates unnecessarily high output ripple voltage. The difficulty in calculating the minimum inductor size needed is that you must first decide whether the switcher will be in continuous or discontinuous mode at the critical point where switch current reaches 1.5A. The first step is to use the following formula to calculate the load current above which the switcher must use continuous mode. If your load current is less than this, use the discontinuous (40)2 (1.5)2 = 0.573A 4(40 + 12)(40 + 12 + 0.63) For a load current of 0.25A, this says that discontinuous mode can be used and the minimum inductor needed is found from: 2(12)(0.25) LMIN = = 13.3μH (200 • 103 )(1.5)2 In practice, the inductor should be increased by about 30% over the calculated minimum to handle losses and variations in value. This suggests a minimum inductor of 18μH for this application. Ripple Current in the Input and Output Capacitors Positive-to-negative converters have high ripple current in the input capacitor. For long capacitor lifetime, the RMS value of this current must be less than the high frequency ripple current rating of the capacitor. The following formula will give an approximate value for RMS ripple current. This formula assumes continuous mode and large inductor value. Small inductors will give somewhat higher ripple current, especially in discontinuous mode. The exact formulas are very complex and appear in Application 1766fc 26 LT1766/LT1766-5 APPLICATIONS INFORMATION Note 44, pages 29 and 30. For our purposes here a fudge factor (ff) is used. The value for ff is about 1.2 for higher load currents and L ≥15μH. It increases to about 2.0 for smaller inductors at lower load currents. Input Capacitor IRMS = ( ff)(IOUT ) VOUT VIN ff = 1.2 to 2.0 The output capacitor ripple current for the positive-tonegative converter is similar to that for a typical buck regulator—it is a triangular waveform with peak-to-peak value equal to the peak-to-peak triangular waveform of the inductor. The low output ripple design in Figure 15 places the input capacitor between VIN and the regulated negative output. This placement of the input capacitor significantly reduces the size required for the output capacitor (versus placing the input capacitor between VIN and ground). The peak-to-peak ripple current in both the inductor and output capacitor (assuming continuous mode) is: IP-P = DC • VIN f •L DC = Duty Cycle = ICOUT (RMS) = VOUT + VF VOUT + VIN + VF IP-P 12 BOOST Pin Voltage To ensure that the BOOST pin voltage does not exceed its absolute maximum rating of 68V with respect to device GND pin voltage, care should be taken in the generation of boost voltage. For the conventional method of generating boost voltage, shown in Figure 1, the voltage at the BOOST pin during switch on time is approximately given by: VBOOST (GND pin) = (VIN – VGNDPIN) + VC2 where: VC2 = (D2+) – VD2 – (D1+) + VD1 = voltage across the boost capacitor For the positive-to-negative converter shown in Figure 15, the conventional Buck output node is grounded (D2+) = 0V and the catch diode (D1+) is connected to the negative output = VOUT = –12V. Absolute maximum ratings should also be observed with the GND pin now at –12V. It can be seen that for VD1 = VD2: VC2 = (D2+) – (D1+) = |VOUT| = 12V The output ripple voltage for this configuration is as low as the typical buck regulator based predominantly on the inductor’s triangular peak-to-peak ripple current and the ESR of the chosen capacitor (see Output Ripple Voltage in Applications Information). The maximum VIN voltage allowed for the device (GND pin at –12V) is 48V. The maximum VIN voltage allowed without exceeding the BOOST pin voltage absolute maximum rating is given by: VIN(MAX) = Boost (Max) + (VGNDPIN) – VC2 VIN(MAX) = 68 + (–12) – 12 = 44V Diode Current Average diode current is equal to load current. Peak diode current will be considerably higher. Peak diode current: Continuous Mode = (V + V ) ( VIN )( VOUT ) IOUT IN OUT + VIN 2(L)( f)( VIN + VOUT ) Discontinuous Mode = Keep in mind that during start-up and output overloads, average diode current may be much higher than with normal loads. Care should be used if diodes rated less than 1A are used, especially if continuous overload conditions must be tolerated. To increase usable VIN voltage, VC2 must be reduced. This can be achieved by placing a zener diode VZ1 (anode at C2+) in series with D2. Note: A maximum limit on VZ1 must be observed to ensure a minimum VC2 is maintained on the boost capacitor; referred to as VBOOST(MIN) in the Electrical Characteristics. 2(IOUT )( VOUT ) (L)( f) 1766fc 27 LT1766/LT1766-5 PACKAGE DESCRIPTION FE Package 16-Lead Plastic TSSOP (4.4mm) (Reference LTC DWG # 05-08-1663) Exposed Pad Variation BB 4.90 – 5.10* (.193 – .201) 3.58 (.141) 4.30 – 4.50* (.169 – .177) 6.60 p0.10 0.25 REF 2.94 (.116) 4.50 p0.10 1.10 (.0433) MAX 0.09 – 0.20 (.0035 – .0079) 0.65 (.0256) BSC 0.50 – 0.75 (.020 – .030) 1.05 p0.10 0.65 BSC RECOMMENDED SOLDER PAD LAYOUT NOTE: 1. CONTROLLING DIMENSION: MILLIMETERS MILLIMETERS 2. DIMENSIONS ARE IN (INCHES) 3. DRAWING NOT TO SCALE 16 1514 13 12 1110 9 0o – 8o SEE NOTE 4 0.45 p0.05 3.58 (.141) 2.94 6.40 (.116) (.252) BSC 0.05 – 0.15 (.002 – .006) 0.195 – 0.30 (.0077 – .0118) TYP 4. RECOMMENDED MINIMUM PCB METAL SIZE FOR EXPOSED PAD ATTACHMENT *DIMENSIONS DO NOT INCLUDE MOLD FLASH. MOLD FLASH SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.150mm (.006") PER SIDE FE16 (BB) TSSOP 0204 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 GN Package 16-Lead Plastic SSOP (Narrow .150 Inch) (Reference LTC DWG # 05-08-1641) .189 – .196* (4.801 – 4.978) .045 p.005 .015 p .004 s 45o (0.38 p 0.10) .254 MIN .007 – .0098 .150 – .165 (0.178 – 0.249) .0532 – .0688 (1.35 – 1.75) .0250 BSC RECOMMENDED SOLDER PAD LAYOUT 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 .009 (0.229) REF 0o – 8o TYP .016 – .050 (0.406 – 1.270) .0165 p.0015 .004 – .0098 (0.102 – 0.249) NOTE: 1. CONTROLLING DIMENSION: INCHES INCHES 2. DIMENSIONS ARE IN (MILLIMETERS) 3. DRAWING NOT TO SCALE .008 – .012 (0.203 – 0.305) TYP .0250 (0.635) BSC .229 – .244 (5.817 – 6.198) *DIMENSION DOES NOT INCLUDE MOLD FLASH. MOLD FLASH SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.006" (0.152mm) PER SIDE **DIMENSION DOES NOT INCLUDE INTERLEAD FLASH. INTERLEAD FLASH SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.010" (0.254mm) PER SIDE .150 – .157** (3.810 – 3.988) GN16 (SSOP) 0204 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1766fc 28 LT1766/LT1766-5 REVISION HISTORY (Revision history begins at Rev C) REV DATE DESCRIPTION C 03/10 Removed LT1766HGN from Order Information PAGE NUMBER 2 1766fc Information furnished by Linear Technology Corporation is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed for its use. Linear Technology Corporation makes no representation that the interconnection of its circuits as described herein will not infringe on existing patent rights. 29 LT1766/LT1766-5 RELATED PARTS PART NUMBER DESCRIPTION COMMENTS LT1074/LT1074HV 4.4A (IOUT), 100kHz, High Efficiency Step-Down DC/DC Converters VIN: 7.3V to 45V/64V, VOUT(MIN): 2.21V, IQ: 8.5mA, ISD: 10μA, DD-5/7, TO220-5/7 LT1076/LT1076HV 1.6A (IOUT), 100kHz, High Efficiency Step-Down DC/DC Converters VIN: 7.3V to 45V/64V, VOUT(MIN): 2.21V, IQ: 8.5mA, ISD: 10μA, DD-5/7, TO220-5/7 LT1616 500mA (IOUT), 1.4MHz, High Efficiency Step-Down DC/DC Converter VIN: 3.6V to 25V, VOUT(MIN): 1.25V, IQ: 1.9mA, ISD: <1μA, ThinSOT™ LT1676 60V, 440mA (IOUT), 100kHz, High Efficiency Step-Down DC/DC Converter VIN: 7.4V to 60V, VOUT(MIN): 1.24V, IQ: 3.2mA, ISD: 2.5μA, S8 LT1765 25V, 2.75A (IOUT), 1.25MHz, High Efficiency Step-Down DC/DC Converter VIN: 3V to 25V, VOUT(MIN): 1.20V, IQ: 1mA, ISD: 15μA, S8, TSSOP16E LT1766 60V, 1.2A (IOUT), 200kHz, High Efficiency Step-Down DC/DC Converter VIN: 5.5V to 60V, VOUT(MIN): 1.20V, IQ: 2.5mA, ISD: 25μA, TSSOP16/E LT1767 25V, 1.2A (IOUT), 1.25MHz, High Efficiency Step-Down DC/DC Converter VIN: 3V to 25V, VOUT(MIN): 1.20V, IQ: 1mA, ISD: 6μA, MS8/E LT1776 40V, 550mA (IOUT), 200kHz, High Efficiency Step-Down DC/DC Converter VIN: 7.4V to 40V, VOUT(MIN): 1.24V, IQ: 3.2mA, ISD: 30μA, N8,S8 LT1940 Dual Output 1.4A (IOUT), Constant 1.1MHz, High Efficiency Step-Down DC/DC Converter VIN: 3V to 25V, VOUT(MIN): 1.20V, IQ: 2.5mA, ISD: <1μA, TSSOP-16E LT1956 60V, 1.2A (IOUT), 500kHz, High Efficiency Step-Down DC/DC Converter VIN: 5.5V to 60V, VOUT(MIN): 1.20V, IQ: 2.5mA, ISD: 25μA, TSSOP16/E LT1976 60V, 1.2A (IOUT), 200kHz, Micropower (IQ = 100μA), High Efficiency Step-Down DC/DC Converter VIN: 3.3V to 60V, VOUT(MIN): 1.20V, IQ: 100μA, ISD: <1μA, TSSOP16/E LT3010 80V, 50mA, Low Noise Linear Regulator VIN: 1.5V to 80V, VOUT(MIN): 1.28V, IQ: 30μA, ISD: <1μA, MS8E LTC3412 2.5A (IOUT), 4MHz, Synchronous Step-Down DC/DC Converter VIN: 2.5V to 5.5V, VOUT(MIN): 0.8V, IQ: 60μA, ISD: <1μA, TSSOP16E LTC3414 4A (IOUT), 4MHz, Synchronous Step-Down DC/DC Converter VIN: 2.3V to 5.5V, VOUT(MIN): 0.8V, IQ: 64μA, ISD: <1μA, TSSOP20E LT3430/LT3431 60V, 2.75A (IOUT), 200kHz/500kHz, High Efficiency Step-Down DC/DC Converters VIN: 5.5V to 60V, VOUT(MIN): 1.20V, IQ: 2.5mA, ISD: 30μA, TSSOP16E LT3433 High Voltage, Micropower (IQ = 100μA), Buck-Boost DC/DC Converter VIN: 4V to 60V, IQ: 100μA, 500mA Switch Current, TSSOP16E LTC3727/LTC3727-1 36V, 500kHz, High Efficiency Step-Down DC/DC Controllers VIN: 4V to 36V, VOUT(MIN): 0.8V, IQ: 670μA, ISD: 20μA, QFN-32, SSOP-28 1766fc 30 Linear Technology Corporation LT/TP 0310 REV C • PRINTED IN USA 1630 McCarthy Blvd., Milpitas, CA 95035-7417 (408) 432-1900 ● FAX: (408) 434-0507 ● www.linear.com © LINEAR TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION 2001