LTC1289 3 Volt Single Chip 12-Bit Data Acquisition System U FEATURES ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ DESCRIPTIO Single Supply 3.3V or ±3.3V Operation Software Programmable Features Unipolar/Bipolar Conversions 4 Differential/8 Single-Ended Inputs Variable Data Word Length Power Shutdown Built-In Sample-and-Hold Direct 4-Wire Interface to Most MPU Serial Ports and All MPU Parallel Ports 25kHz Maximum Throughput Rate Available in 20-Lead PDIP and 20-Lead SW Packages The LTC®1289 is a 3V data acquisition component which contains a serial I/O successive approximation A/D converter. The device specifications are guaranteed at a supply voltage of 2.7V. It uses LTCMOSTM switched capacitor technology to perform a 12-bit unipolar, or 11-bit plus sign bipolar A/D conversion. The 8 channel input multiplexer can be configured for either single-ended or differential inputs (or combinations thereof). An on-chip sample and hold is included for all single-ended input channels. When the LTC1289 is idle it can be powered down in applications where low power consumption is desired. U APPLICATIO S ■ ■ ■ ■ The serial I/O is designed to be compatible with industry standard full duplex serial interfaces. It allows either MSBor LSB- first data and automatically provides 2’s complement output coding in the bipolar mode. The output data word can be programmed for a length of 8, 12 or 16 bits. This allows easy interface to shift registers and a variety of processors. Minimum Guaranteed Supply Voltage: 2.7V Resolution: 12 Bits Fast Conversion Time: 26µs Max Over Temp Low Supply Currents: 1.0mA , LT, LTC and LTM are registered trademarks of Linear Technology Corporation. LTCMOS is a trademark of Linear Technology Corporation. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. U TYPICAL APPLICATIO Single Cell 3V 12-Bit Data Acquisition System +3V VCC CH1 ACLK CH2 SCLK 1/4 LTC1079 CH3 DIN + CH4 LTC1289 DOUT CH5 CS – 10Ω 10µF –3V FOR OVERVOLTAGE PROTECTION ON ONLY ONE CHANNEL LIMIT THE INPUT CURRENT TO 15mA. FOR MORE THAN ONE CHANNEL LIMIT THE INPUT CURRENT TO 7mA PER CHANNEL AND 28mA FOR ALL CHANNELS. CONVERSION RESULTS ARE NOT VALID WHEN THE SELECTED OR ANY OTHER CHANNEL IS OVERVOLTAGED (VIN < V – or VIN > VCC). CH6 REF+ CH7 REF – COM V– DGND AGND + 22µF TANTALUM 3V LITHIUM 10k V+ BOOST TO AND FROM MPU 1N4148 CAP+ + 10µF GND CAP – + OSC LTC1044 LV VOUT –3V LT1004-1.2 22µF + CH0 1N4148 0.1µF 22µF 1N5817 LTC1289 TA01 1289fb 1 LTC1289 W W W AXI U U ABSOLUTE RATI GS (Notes 1 and 2) – Supply Voltage VCC to GND or V ........................... 12V Power Dissipation ............................................. – Negative Supply Voltage (V ) .................... – 6V to GND Operating Temperature Range Voltage Analog and Reference Inputs... (V –) – 0.3V to VCC + 0.3V Digital Inputs ........................................ – 0.3V to 12V Digital Outputs ........................... – 0.3V to VCC + 0.3V 500mW LTC1289BC, LTC1289CC ......................... 0°C to 70°C Storage Temperature Range ................ – 65°C to 150°C Lead Temperature (Soldering, 10 sec.)................ 300°C W U U PACKAGE/ORDER I FOR ATIO TOP VIEW CH0 1 20 VCC CH1 2 19 ACLK CH2 3 18 SCLK CH3 4 17 DIN CH4 5 16 DOUT CH5 6 15 CS CH6 7 14 REF+ CH7 8 13 REF – COM 9 12 V – DGND 10 TOP VIEW 11 AGND N PACKAGE, 20-LEAD PLASTIC DIP TJMAX = 110°C, θJA = 100°C/W (N) CH0 1 20 VCC CH1 2 19 ACLK CH2 3 18 SCLK CH3 4 17 DIN CH4 5 16 DOUT CH5 6 15 CS CH6 7 14 REF+ CH7 8 13 REF – COM 9 12 V – DGND 10 11 AGND SW PACKAGE 20-LEAD PLASTIC SO WIDE TJMAX = 110°C, θJA = 150°C/W (SW) J PACKAGE, 20-LEAD CERAMIC DIP TJMAX = 150°C, θJA = 80°C/W (J) OBSOLETE PACKAGE Consider the N Package for Alternate Source ORDER PART NUMBER LTC1289BCN LTC1289BIJ LTC1289CCN LTC1289CIJ LTC1289BCJ LTC1289CCJ ORDER PART NUMBER LTC1289BCSW LTC1289CCSW Order Options Tape and Reel: Add #TR Lead Free: Add #PBF Lead Free Tape and Reel: Add #TRPBF Lead Free Part Marking: http://www.linear.com/leadfree/ Consult LTC Marketing for parts specified with wider operating temperature ranges. U U W CO VERTER A D ULTIPLEXER CHARACTERISTICS The ● denotes the specifications which apply over the full operating temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25°C. (Note 3) PARAMETER CONDITIONS Offset Error VCC = 2.7V (Note 4) VCC = 2.7V (Notes 4 and 5) VCC = 2.7V (Note 4) Linearity Error (INL) Gain Error MIN LTC1289B TYP MAX MIN LTC1289C TYP MAX UNITS ● ±1.5 ±1.5 LSB ● ±0.5 ±0.5 LSB ● ±0.5 ±1.0 LSB 1289fb 2 LTC1289 U U W CO VERTER A D ULTIPLEXER CHARACTERISTICS The ● denotes the specifications which apply over the full operating temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25°C. (Note 3) PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN LTC1289B TYP ● Minimum Resolution for Which No Missing Codes are Guaranteed MAX LTC1289C TYP MIN 12 MAX 12 (V –) – 0.05V to VCC + 0.05V (V –) – 0.05V to VCC + 0.05V UNITS BITS Analog and REF Input Range (Note 7) On Channel Leakage Current (Note 8) On Channel = 3V Off Channel = 0V On Channel = 0V Off Channel = 3V ● ±1 ±1 µA ● ±1 ±1 µA On Channel = 3V Off Channel = 0V On Channel = 0V Off Channel = 3V ● ±1 ±1 µA ● ±1 ±1 µA Off Channel Leakage Current (Note 8) V AC CHARACTERISTICS The ● denotes the specifications which apply over the full operating temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25°C. (Note 3) LTC1289B LTC1289C MIN TYP MAX SYMBOL PARAMETER CONDITIONS fSCLK Shift Clock Frequency (Note 6) 0 1.0 MHz fACLK A/D Clock Frequency (Note 6) (Note 10) 2.0 MHz tACC Delay time from CS↓ to DOUT Data Valid (Note 9) 2 ACLK Cycles tSMPL Analog Input Sample Time See Operating Sequence 7 SCLK Cycles tCONV Conversion Time See Operating Sequence 52 ACLK Cycles tCYC Total Cycle Time See Operating Sequence (Note 6) tdDO Delay Time, SCLK↓ to DOUT Data Valid See Test Circuits ● 200 350 ns tdis Delay Time, CS↑ to DOUT Hi-Z See Test Circuits ● 70 150 ns ten Delay Time, 2nd ACLK↓ to DOUT Enabled See Test Circuits ● 130 250 ns thCS Hold Time, CS After Last SCLK↓ (Note 6) 0 ns thDI Hold Time, DIN After SCLK↑ (Note 6) 50 ns thDO Time Output Data Remains Valid After SCLK↓ tf DOUT Fall Time See Test Circuits ● 40 100 ns tr DOUT Rise Time See Test Circuits ● 40 100 ns tsuDI Setup Time, DIN Stable Before SCLK↑ (Note 6 and 9) tsuCS Setup Time, CS↓ Before Clocking in First Address Bit (Note 6 and 9) tWHCS CS High Time During Conversion (Note 6) CIN Input Capacitance Analog Inputs On Channel Analog Inputs Off Channel Digital Inputs 12 SCLK + 56 ACLK UNITS Cycles 50 50 ns ns 2 ACLK Cycles + 180ns 52 ACLK Cycles 100 5 5 pF pF pF 1289fb 3 LTC1289 U DIGITAL A D DC ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS The ● denotes the specifications which apply over the full operating temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25°C. (Note 3) LTC1289B LTC1289C MIN TYP MAX SYMBOL PARAMETER CONDITIONS VIH High Level Input Voltage VCC = 3.6V ● VIL Low Level Input Voltage VCC = 3.0V ● IIH High Level Input Current VIN = VCC IIL Low Level Input Current VIN = 0V VOH High Level Output Voltage VCC = 3.0V IO = 20µA IO = 400µA ● VCC = 3.0V IO = 20µA IO = 400µA ● VOUT = VCC, CS High VOUT = 0V, CS High ● ● VOL Low Level Output Voltage 2.1 UNITS V 0.45 V ● 2.5 µA ● – 2.5 µA V 2.7 2.90 2.85 V 0.05 0.10 0.3 High Z Output Leakage ISOURCE Output Source Current VOUT = 0V –10 mA ISINK Output Sink Current VOUT = VCC 9 mA ICC Positive Supply Current CS High CS High, Power Shutdown, ACLK Off ● ● 1.5 1.0 5 10 mA µA IREF Reference Current VREF = 2.5V ● 10 50 µA I– Negative Supply Current CS High ● 1 50 µA Note 1: Stresses beyond those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings may cause permanent damage to the device. Exposure to any Absolute Maximum Rating condition for extended periods may affect device reliability and lifetime. Note 2: All voltage values are with respect to ground with DGND, AGND and REF –wired together (unless otherwise noted). Note 3: VCC = 3V, VREF+ = 2.5V, VREF– = 0V, V – = 0V for unipolar mode and – 3V for bipolar mode, ACLK = 2.0MHz unless otherwise specified. Note 4: These specs apply for both unipolar and bipolar modes. In bipolar mode, one LSB is equal to the bipolar input span (2VREF) divided by 4096. For example, when VREF = 2.5V, 1LSB(bipolar) = 2(2.5)/4096 = 1.22mV. V – = – 2.7V for bipolar mode. Note 5: Integral nonlinearity is defined as the deviation of a code from a straight line passing through the actual endpoints of the transfer curve. The deviation is measured from the center of the quantization band. Note 6: Recommended operating conditions. 3 –3 µA µA IOZ Note 7: Two on-chip diodes are tied to each analog input which will conduct for analog voltages one diode drop below GND or one diode drop above VCC. Be careful during testing at low VCC levels, as high level analog inputs can cause this input diode to conduct, especially at elevated temperature, and cause errors for inputs near full scale. This spec allows 50mV forward bias of either diode. This means that as long as the analog input does not exceed the supply voltage by more than 50mV, the output code will be correct. Note 8: Channel leakage current is measured after the channel selection. Note 9: To minimize errors caused by noise at the chip select input, the internal circuitry waits for two ACLK falling edges after a chip select falling edge is detected before responding to control input signals. Therefore, no attempt should be made to clock an address in or data out until the minimum chip select set-up time has elasped. See Typical Peformance Characteristics curves for additional information (tsuCS vs VCC). Note 10: Increased leakage currents at elevated temperatures cause the S/H to droop, therefore it's recommended that fACLK ≥ 125kHz at 85°C and fACLK ≥ 15kHz at 25°C. 1289fb 4 LTC1289 U W TYPICAL PERFOR A CE CHARACTERISTICS Supply Current vs Supply Voltage 2.8 0.9 1.9 ACLK = 2MHz TA = 25°C ACLK = 2MHz VCC = 3V 1.8 SUPPLY CURRENT (mA) 2.4 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 –40 –25 –10 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 SUPPLY VOLTAGE (V) 5 20 35 50 65 TEMPERATURE (°C) VOS = 0.250mV 0.5 0.4 VOS = 0.125mV 0.3 0.2 80 Change in Linearity vs Reference Voltage 0.3 0.2 Change in Offset vs Temperature VCC = 3V 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0 –0.05 –0.10 –0.15 0.1 –0.20 0.5 2.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 REFERENCE VOLTAGE (V) 3.0 –0.25 0 0.5 1.5 2.0 2.5 1.0 REFERENCE VOLTAGE (V) LTC1289 TPC04 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 LTC1289 TPC05 Change in Linearity vs Temperature LTC1289 TPC06 Maximum ACLK Frequency vs Source Resistance Change in Gain vs Temperature 0.5 0.5 MAGNITUDE OF GAIN CHANGE (LSB) VCC = 3V VREF = 2.5V ACLK = 2MHz 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 20 –60 –40 –20 0 40 60 80 100 AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (°C) LTC1289 TPC07 VCC = 3V VREF = 2.5V ACLK = 2MHz 0 20 –60 –40 –20 0 40 60 80 100 AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (°C) 3.0 0.4 3 VCC = 3V VREF = 2.5V ACLK = 2MHz MAXIMUM ACLK FREQUENCY* (MHz) 0 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 REFERENCE VOLTAGE (V) 0.5 MAGNITUDE OF OFFSET CHANGE (LSB) CHANGE IN GAIN (LSB = 1/4096 × VREF) 0.4 0.5 LTC1289 TPC03 0.25 VCC = 3V 0.4 0 Change in Gain vs Reference Voltage 0.5 0 0 95 LTC 1289 TPC02 LTC1289 TPC01 CHANGE IN LINEARITY (LSB = 1/4096 × VREF) 0.7 0.6 0.1 1.0 0.8 MAGNITUDE OF LINEARITY CHANGE (LSB) VCC = 3V 0.8 OFFSET (LSB = 1/4096 × VREF) 2.6 SUPPLY CURRENT (mA) Unadjusted Offset Voltage vs Reference Voltage Supply Current vs Temperature 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 20 –60 –40 –20 0 40 60 80 100 AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (°C) LTC1289 TPC08 VCC = 3V VREF = 2.5V TA = 25°C 2 VIN RSOURCE – + INPUT – INPUT 1 0 100 1k 10 k 100k RSOURCE (Ω) LTC1289 TPC09 * MAXIMUM ACLK FREQUENCY REPRESENTS THE ACLK FREQUENCY AT WHICH A 0.1LSB SHIFT IN THE ERROR AT ANY CODE TRANSITION FROM ITS 2MHZ VALUE IS FIRST DETECTED. 1289fb 5 LTC1289 U W TYPICAL PERFOR A CE CHARACTERISTICS Maximum Filter Resistor vs Cycle Time 100 100 RFILTER VIN CFILTER ≥ 1µF 10 + – 1000 100 1.6 + – 1k Supply Current (Power Shutdown) vs ACLK Input Channel Leakage Current vs Temperature 8 6 4 200 400 600 800 ACLK FREQUENCY (kHZ) 900 LTC1289 NOISE = 200µVp-p GUARANTEED 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 ON CHANNEL OFF CHANNEL 100 0 –50 –30 –10 10 30 50 70 90 110 130 AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (°C) 1000 LTC1298 TPC13 LTC1289 TPC14 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 0.5 1.5 2.0 2.5 1.0 REFERENCE VOLTAGE (V) 3.0 LTC1289 TPC15 Power Consumption with Power Shutdown vs fSAMPLE tsuCS vs Supply Voltage 10000 300 VCC = 3V VREF = 2.5V ACLK = 2MHz CMOS LOGIC SWINGS THREE CONVERSIONS/CYCLE TA = 25°C 250 1000 ICC (µA) 200 2ACLK + ns Noise Error vs Reference Voltage 1.0 PEAK-TO-PEAK NOISE ERROR (LSB) INPUT CHANNEL LEAKAGE CURRENT (nA) SUPPLY CURRENT (µA) 10 100 LTC1289 TPC12 1000 12 0.6 LTC1289 TPC11 LTC1289 TPC10 14 0.8 0 –60 –40 –20 0 20 40 60 80 AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (°C) 10k RSOURCE+ (Ω) CYCLE TIME (µs) VCC = 3V CMOS LOGIC SWINGS 1.0 0.2 1 100 10000 18 1.4 1.2 0.4 1 10 VIN 10 RSOURCE+ ACLK OFF DURING POWER SHUTDOWN 1.8 SUPPLY CURRENT (µA) 1k 2.0 VREF = 2.5V VCC = 3V TA = 25°C 0V TO 2.5V INPUT STEP S & H AQUISITION TIME TO 0.02% (µs) MAXIMUM RFILTER** (Ω) 10k 16 Supply Current (Power Shutdown) vs Temperature Sample and Hold Acquisition Time vs Source Resistance 150 100 100 10 50 0 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 SUPPLY VOLTAGE (V) LTC1289 TPC16 1 1 10 100 1000 10000 fSAMPLE (Hz) LTC1289 TPC17 ** MAXIMUM RFILTER REPRESENTS THE FILTER RESISTOR VALUE AT WHICH A 0.1LSB CHANGE IN FULL SCALE ERROR FROM ITS VALUE AT RFILTER = 0 IS FIRST DETECTED. 1289fb 6 LTC1289 U U U PI FU CTIO S CH0 – CH7 (Pins 1 – 8): Analog Inputs. The analog inputs must be free of noise with respect to AGND. CS (Pin 15): Chip Select Input. A logic low on this input enables data transfer. COM (Pin 9): Common. The common pin defines the zero reference point for all single-ended inputs. It must be free of noise and is usually tied to the analog ground plane. DOUT (Pin 16): Digital Data Output. The A/D conversion result is shifted out of this output. DGND (Pin 10):Digital Ground. This is the ground for the internal logic. Tie to the ground plane. AGND (Pin 11): Analog Ground. AGND should be tied directly to the analog ground plane. V– (Pin 12): Negative Supply. Tie V– to the most negative potential in the circuit. (Ground in single supply applications.) REF–, REF+ (Pins 13,14) Reference Inputs. The reference inputs must be kept free of noise with respect to AGND. DIN (Pin 17): Digital Input. The A/D configuration word is shifted into this input. SCLK (Pin 18): Shift Clock. This clock synchronizes the serial data transfer. ACLK (Pin 19): A/D Conversion Clock. This clock controls the A/D conversion process. VCC (Pin 20): Positive Supply. This supply must be kept free of noise and ripple by bypassing directly to the analog ground plane. BLOCK DIAGRAM VCC DIN 18 20 INPUT SHIFT REGISTER 17 CH0 CH1 CH2 CH3 CH4 CH5 CH6 CH7 COM OUTPUT SHIFT REGISTER 16 SCLK DOUT 1 SAMPLE AND HOLD 2 3 COMP 4 5 ANALOG INPUT MUX 12-BIT SAR 6 12-BIT CAPACITIVE DAC 7 8 9 19 10 DGND 11 AGND 12 V– 13 REF – 14 REF+ CONTROL AND TIMING 15 ACLK CS LTC1289 BD 1289fb 7 LTC1289 TEST CIRCUITS On and Off Channel Leakage Current Voltage Waveforms for DOUT Delay Time, tdDO 3V ION SCLK A 0.45V ON CHANNEL tdDO IOFF 2.1V A DOUT 0.6V OFF CHANNELS LTC1289 TC03 POLARITY LTC1283 TC01 Load Circuit for tdDO, tr and tf Voltage Waveforms for DOUT Rise and Fall Times, tr,tf 2.1V DOUT 1.5V 0.6V 3k DOUT tr TEST POINT tf LTC1289 TC04 100pF LTC1289 TC02 Load Circuit for tdis and ten TEST POINT 3V tdis WAVEFORM 2, ten 3k DOUT tdis WAVEFORM 1 100pF LTC1289 TC05 Voltage Waveforms for ten and tdis 1 2 ACLK 2.1V CS DOUT WAVEFORM 1 (SEE NOTE 1) 2.1V ten DOUT WAVEFORM 2 (SEE NOTE 2) 90% tdis 0.6V 10% NOTE 1: WAVEFORM 1 IS FOR AN OUTPUT WITH CONDITIONS SUCH THAT THE OUTPUT IS HIGH UNLESS DISABLED BY THE OUTPUT CONTROL. NOTE 2: WAVEFORM 2 IS FOR AN OUTPUT WITH INTERNAL CONDITIONS SUCH THAT THE OUTPUT IS LOW UNLESS DISABLED BY THE OUTPUT CONTROL. LTC1289 TC06 1289fb 8 LTC1289 W U U UO APPLICATI S I FOR ATIO The LTC1289 is a data acquisition component which contains the following functional blocks: previous conversion is output on the DOUT line. At the end of the data exchange the requested conversion begins and CS should be brought high. After tCONV, the conversion is complete and the results will be available on the next data transfer cycle. As shown below, the result of a conversion is delayed by one CS cycle from the input word requesting it. 1. 12-bit successive approximation capacitive A/D converter 2. Analog multiplexer (MUX) 3. Sample-and-hold (S/H) 4. Synchronous, full duplex serial interface 5. Control and timing logic DIN DIN WORD 1 DOUT DOUT WORD 0 DIGITAL CONSIDERATIONS DATA TRANSFER DIN WORD 2 DIN WORD 3 DOUT WORD 1 tCONV A/D CONVERSION DOUT WORD 2 tCONV A/D CONVERSION DATA TRANSFER Serial Interface LTC1289 AI01 The LTC1289 communicates with microprocessors and other external circuitry via a synchronous, full duplex, four wire serial interface (see Operating Sequence). The shift clock (SCLK) synchronizes the data transfer with each bit being transmitted on the falling SCLK edge and captured on the rising SCLK edge in both transmitting and receiving systems. The data is transmitted and received simultaneously (full duplex). Input Data Word The LTC1289 8-bit data word is clocked into the DIN input on the first eight rising SCLK edges after chip select is recognized. Further inputs on the DIN pin are then ignored until the next CS cycle. The eight bits of the input word are defined as follows: UNIPOLAR/ BIPOLAR Data transfer is initiated by a falling chip select (CS) signal. After the falling CS is recognized, an 8-bit input word is shifted into the DIN input which configures the LTC1289 for the next conversion. Simultaneously, the result of the SGL/ DIFF ODD/ SIGN SELECT 1 SELECT 0 UNI WORD LENGTH MSBF WL1 MSB-FIRST/ LSB-FIRST MUX ADDRESS WL0 LTC1289 AI02 Operating Sequence (Example: Differential Inputs (CH3-CH2), Bipolar, MSB-First and 12-Bit Word Length) tCYC 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 SCLK 10 11 12 DON'T CARE tSMPL tCONV CS DIN DON'T CARE B11 B10 B9 DOUT SHIFT CONFIGURATION WORD IN (SB) B8 B7 B6 B5 B4 B3 B2 B1 B0 SHIFT A/D RESULT OUT AND NEW CONFIGURATION WORD IN LTC1289 AI03 1289fb 9 LTC1289 W U U UO APPLICATI S I FOR ATIO MUX Address The first four bits of the input word assign the MUX configuration for the requested conversion. For a given channel selection, the converter will measure the voltage between the two channels indicated by the + and – signs in the selected row of Table 1. Note that in differential mode (SGL/DIFF = 0) measurements are limited to four adjacent input pairs with either polarity. In single-ended mode, all input channels are measured with respect to COM. Table 1. Multiplexer Channel Selection MUX ADDRESS SGL/ ODD SELECT DIFF SIGN 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 DIFFERENTIAL CHANNEL SELECTION 0 1 + – 2 3 + – 4 + 5 + – 0,1 { 2,3 { 4,5 { 6,7 { 7 – – + – + – + – 4 Differential CHANNEL 6 + 8 Single-Ended CHANNEL 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 + ( –) – ( +) + ( –) – ( +) + ( –) – ( +) + ( –) – ( +) SINGLE-ENDED CHANNEL SELECTION MUX ADDRESS SGL/ ODD SELECT DIFF SIGN 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 + + + + + + + + COM – – – – – – – – Combinations of Differential and Single-Ended CHANNEL + + + + + + + + 0,1 { + – 2,3 { – + + + + + 4 5 6 7 COM (–) COM (–) Changing the MUX Assignment “On the Fly” 4,5 { 6,7 { + – + – COM (UNUSED) 1ST CONVERSION 5,4 { – + 6 7 { + + COM (–) 2ND CONVERSION LTC1289 AIF01 Figure 1. Examples of Multiplexer Options on the LTC1289 1289fb 10 LTC1289 W U U UO APPLICATI S I FOR ATIO Unipolar/Bipolar (UNI) The fifth input bit (UNI) determines whether the conversion will be unipolar or bipolar. When UNI is a logical one, a unipolar conversion will be performed on the selected input voltage. When UNI is a logical zero, a bipolar conversion will result. The input span and code assignment for each conversion type are shown in the figures below. Unipolar Transfer Curve (UNI = 1) Unipolar Output Code (UNI = 1) OUTPUT CODE INPUT VOLTAGE INPUT VOLTAGE (VREF = 2.5V) 111111111111 111111111110 • • • 000000000001 000000000000 VREF – 1LSB VREF – 2LSB • • • 1LSB 0V 2.4994V 2.4988V • • • 0.0006V 0V 111111111111 111111111110 • • • 000000000001 000000000000 LTC1289 AI04a VIN VREF VREF – 1LSB VREF – 2LSB 1LSB 0V LTC1289 AI04b Bipolar Output Code (UNI = 0) OUTPUT CODE INPUT VOLTAGE INPUT VOLTAGE (VREF = 2.5V) OUTPUT CODE INPUT VOLTAGE INPUT VOLTAGE (VREF = 2.5V) 011111111111 011111111110 • • • 000000000001 000000000000 VREF – 1LSB VREF – 2LSB • • • 1LSB 0V 2.4988V 2.4976V • • • 0.0012V 0V 111111111111 111111111110 • • • 100000000001 100000000000 –1LSB –2LSB • • • –(VREF) + 1LSB – (VREF) –0.0012V –0.0024V • • • –2.4988V –2.5000V LTC1289 AI05a Bipolar Transfer Curve (UNI = 0) 011111111111 011111111110 1LSB –VREF + 1LSB –VREF • • • 000000000001 000000000000 VIN 100000000001 VREF –1LSB –2LSB • • • VREF – 1LSB 111111111110 VREF – 2LSB 111111111111 LTC1289 AI05b 100000000000 1289fb 11 LTC1289 W U U UO APPLICATI S I FOR ATIO The following discussion will demonstrate how the two reference pins are to be used in conjunction with the analog input multiplexer. In unipolar mode the input span of the A/D is set by the difference in voltage on the REF+ pin and the REF – pin. In the bipolar mode the input span is twice the difference in voltage on the REF+ pin and the REF– pin. In the unipolar mode the lower value of the input span is set by the voltage on the COM pin for single-ended inputs and by the voltage on the minus input pin for differential inputs. For the bipolar mode of operation the voltage on the COM pin or the minus input pin sets the center of the input span. The upper and lower value of the input span can now be summarized in the following table: INPUT CONFIGURATION Single-Ended Differential UNIPOLAR MODE Example 2 (Diff.): IN– ≤ IN+ ≤ IN – + 2V Example 3 (Diff.): IN– – 2V ≤ IN+ ≤ IN– + 2V. MSB-First/LSB-First Format (MSBF) The output data of the LTC1289 is programmed for MSBfirst or LSB-first sequence using the MSBF bit. For MSBfirst output data, the input word clocked to the LTC1289 should always contain a logical one in the sixth bit location (MSBF bit). Likewise for LSB-first output data the input word clocked to the LTC1289 should always contain a zero in the MSBF bit location. The MSBF bit affects only the order of the output data word. The order of the input word is unaffected by this bit. BIPOLAR MODE Lower Value COM –(REF + – REF – ) + COM Upper Value (REF + – REF – ) + COM (REF+ – REF – ) + COM – Lower Value IN Upper Value (REF + – REF – ) + IN – + – –(REF – REF ) + IN (REF + – REF – ) + IN – – The reference voltages REF + and REF – can fall between VCC and V –, but the difference (REF +– REF –) must be less than or equal to VCC. The input voltages must be less than or equal to VCC and greater than or equal to V –. The following examples are for a single-ended input configuration. Example 1: Let VCC = 3.3V, V – = 0V, REF + = 3V, REF – = 1V and COM = 0V. Unipolar mode of operation. The resulting input span is 0V ≤ IN + ≤ 2V. Example 2: The same conditions as Example 1 except COM = 1V. The resulting input span is 1V ≤ IN+ ≤ 3V. Note if IN+ ≥ 3V the resulting DOUT word is all 1’s. If IN+ ≤ 1V then the resulting DOUT word is all 0’s. Example 3: Let VCC = 3.3V, V – = –3.3V, REF+ = 3V, REF – = 1V and COM = 1V. Bipolar mode of operation. The resulting input span is –1V ≤ IN+ ≤ 3V. For differential input configurations with the same conditions as in the above three examples the resulting input spans are as follows: Example 1 (Diff.): IN – ≤ IN + ≤ IN – + 2V OUTPUT FORMAT LSB-First MSB-First MSBF 0 1 LTC1289 AI06 Word Length (WL1, WL0) and Power Shutdown The last two bits of the input word (WL1 and WL0) program the output data word length and the power shutdown feature of the LTC1289. Word lengths of 8, 12 or 16 bits can be selected according to the following table. WL1 0 0 1 1 WL0 0 1 0 1 OUTPUT WORD LENGTH 8 Bits Power Shutdown 12 Bits 16 Bits LTC1289 AI07 The WL1 and WL0 bits in a given DIN word control the length of the present, not the next, DOUT word. WL1 and WL0 are never “don’t cares” and must be set for the correct DOUT word length even when a “dummy” DIN word is sent. On any transfer cycle, the word length should be made equal to the number of SCLK cycles sent by the MPU. Power down will occur when WL1 = 0 and WL0 = 1 is selected. The previous result will be clocked out as a 10 bit word so a “dummy”conversion is required before powering down the LTC1289. Conversions are resumed once CS goes low or an SCLK is applied, if CS is already low. 1289fb 12 LTC1289 W U U UO APPLICATI S I FOR ATIO 8-Bit Word Length tSMPL tCONV CS SCLK 1 DOUT MSB-FIRST B11 B10 B9 B8 B7 B6 B5 B4 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 THE LAST FOUR BITS ARE TRUNCATED (SB) DOUT LSB-FIRST B0 12-Bit Word Length tSMPL tCONV CS 10 1 SCLK 12 (SB) DOUT MSB-FIRST B11 B10 B9 B8 B7 B6 B5 B4 B3 B2 B1 DOUT LSB-FIRST B0 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9 B10 B0 (SB) B11 16-Bit Word Length tSMPL tCONV CS SCLK 1 12 16 (SB) DOUT MSB-FIRST B11 B10 B9 B8 B7 B6 B5 B4 B3 B2 B1 DOUT LSB-FIRST B0 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9 B10 B0 FILL ZEROS (SB) B11 * * IN UNIPOLAR MODE, THESE BITS ARE FILLED WITH ZEROS. IN BIPOLAR MODE, THE SIGN BIT IS EXTENDED INTO THESE LOCATIONS. * * LTC1289 AIF02 Figure 2. Data Output (DOUT) Timing with Different Word Lengths 1289fb 13 LTC1289 W U U UO APPLICATI S I FOR ATIO Deglitcher CS Low During Conversion A deglitching circuit has been added to the Chip Select input of the LTC1289 to minimize the effects of errors caused by noise on that input. This circuit ignores changes in state on the CS input that are shorter in duration than one ACLK cycle. After a change of state on the CS input, the LTC1289 waits for two falling edge of the ACLK before recognizing a valid chip select. One indication of CS recognition is the DOUT line becoming active (leaving the Hi-Z state). Note that the deglitching applies to both the rising and falling CS edges. In the normal mode of operation, CS is brought high during the conversion time. The serial port ignores any SCLK activity while CS is high. The LTC1289 will also operate with CS low during the conversion. In this mode, SCLK must remain low during the conversion as shown in the following figure. After the conversion is complete, the DOUT line will become active with the first output bit. Then the data transfer can begin as normal. Low CS Recognized Internally High CS Recognized Internally ACLK ACLK CS CS Hi-Z DOUT DOUT VALID OUTPUT Hi-Z VALID OUTPUT LTC1289 AI08 SHIFT MUX ADDRESS IN tSMPL SAMPLE ANALOG INPUT LTC1289 AI08a 48 TO 52 ACLK CYC SHIFT RESULT OUT AND NEW ADDRESS IN CS SCLK DIN DOUT DON'T CARE B11 B10 B9 B8 B7 B6 B5 B4 B3 B2 B1 B0 B11 B10 B9 B8 B7 B6 B5 B4 B3 B2 B1 B0 LTC1289 AIF03 Figure 3. CS High During Conversion SHIFT MUX ADDRESS IN tSMPL SAMPLE ANALOG INPUT 48 TO 52 ACLK CYC SHIFT RESULT OUT AND NEW ADDRESS IN CS SCLK MUST REMAIN LOW SCLK DIN DOUT DON'T CARE B11 B10 B9 B8 B7 B6 B5 B4 B3 B2 B1 B0 B11 B10 B9 B8 B7 B6 B5 B4 B3 B2 B1 B0 LTC1289 AIF04 Figure 4. CS Low During Conversion 1289fb 14 LTC1289 W U U UO APPLICATI S I FOR ATIO Logic Levels The logic level standards for this supply range have not been well defined. What standards that do exist are not universally accepted. The trip point on the logic inputs of the LTC1289 is 0.28 × VCC. This makes the logic inputs compatible with HC type logic levels and processors that are specified at 3.3V. The output DOUT is also compatible with the above standards. The following summarizes such levels. VOH (no load) VOL (no load) VOH VOL VIH VIL VCC - 0.1V 0.1V 0.9 × VCC 0.1 × VCC 0.7 × VCC 0.2 × VCC The LTC1289 can share 3-wire serial interface with other peripheral components or other LTC1289s (See Figure 5). In this case, the CS signals decide which LTC1289 is being addressed by the MPU. 1. Grounding The LTC1289 should be used with an analog ground plane and single point grounding techniques. Microprocessor Interfaces The LTC1289 can interface directly (without external hardware) to most popular microprocessor (MPU) synchronous serial formats. If an MPU without a serial interface is used, then four of the MPU’s parallel port lines can be programmed to form the serial link to the LTC1289. Many of the popular MPU's can operate with 3V supplies. For example the MC68HC11 is an MPU with a serial format (SPI). Likewise parallel MPU’s that have the 8051 type architecture are also capable of operating at this voltage 1 Sharing the Serial Interface ANALOG CONSIDERATIONS The LTC1289 can be driven with 5V logic even when VCC is at 3.3V. This is due to a unique input protection device that is found on the LTC1289. 2 range. The code for these processors remains the same and can be found in the LTC1290 datasheet or application notes AN36A and AN36B. Pin 11 (AGND) should be tied directly to this ground plane. Pin 10 (DGND) can also be tied directly to this ground plane because minimal digital noise is generated within the chip itself. Pin 20 (VCC) should be bypassed to the ground plane with a 22µF tantalum with leads as short as possible. Pin 12 (V –) should be bypassed with a 0.1µF ceramic disk. For single supply applications, V – can be tied to the ground plane. It is also recommended that pin 13 (REF –) and pin 9 (COM) be tied directly to the ground plane. All analog inputs should be referenced directly to the single point ground. Digital inputs and outputs should be shielded from and/or routed away from the reference and analog circuitry. 0 OUTPUT PORT SERIAL DATA MPU 3-WIRE SERIAL INTERFACE TO OTHER PERIPHERALS OR LTC1289s 3 3 3 3 CS LTC1289 CS LTC1289 CS LTC1289 8 CHANNELS 8 CHANNELS 8 CHANNELS LTC1289 AIF05 Figure 5. Several LTC1289s Sharing One 3-Wire Serial Interface 1289fb 15 LTC1289 W U U UO APPLICATI S I FOR ATIO Figure 6 shows an example of an ideal ground plane design for a two-sided board. Of course, this much ground plane will not always be possible, but users should strive to get as close to this ideal as possible. capacitor. The noise and ripple is approximately 0.5mV. Figure 8b shows the response of a lithium battery with a 10µF bypass capacitor. The noise and ripple is kept below 0.5mV. For good performance, VCC must be free of noise and ripple. Any changes in the VCC voltage with respect to analog ground during a conversion cycle can induce errors or noise in the output code. VCC noise and ripple can be kept below 0.5mV by bypassing the VCC pin directly to the analog ground plane with a 22µF tantalum capacitor and leads as short as possible. The lead from the device to the VCC supply should also be kept to a minimum and the VCC supply should have a low output impedance such as that obtained from a voltage regulator (e.g., LT1117). Using a battery to power the LTC1289 will help reduce the amount of bypass capacitance required on the VCC pin. A battery placed close to the device will only require 10µF to adequately bypass the supply pin. Figure 7 shows the effect of poor VCC bypassing. Figure 8a shows the settling of a LT1117 low dropout regulator with a 22µF bypass VCC VERTICAL: 0.5mV/DIV 2. Bypassing HORIZONTAL: 10µs/DIV Figure 7. Poor VCC Bypassing. Noise and Ripple Can Cause A/D Errors. 5V/DIV CS VCC 0.5mV/DIV 0.1µF 22µF TANTALUM HORIZONTAL: 20µs/DIV ANALOG GROUND PLANE 1 20 2 19 3 18 4 17 5 16 6 15 7 14 8 13 9 12 10 11 Figure 8a. LT1117 Regulator with 22µF Bypassing on VCC CS 5V/DIV V– VCC 0.5mV/DIV 0.1µF CERAMIC DISK LTC1289 AIF06 HORIZONTAL: 20µs/DIV Figure 6. Example Ground Plane for the LTC1289 Figure 8b. Lithium Battery with 10µF Bypassing on VCC 1289fb 16 LTC1289 W U U UO APPLICATI S I FOR ATIO 3. Analog Inputs Because of the capacitive redistribution A/D conversion techniques used, the analog inputs of the LTC1289 have capacitive switching input current spikes. These current spikes settle quickly and do not cause a problem. However, if large source resistances are used or if slow settling op amps drive the inputs, care must be taken to insure that the transients caused by the current spikes settle completely before the conversion begins. Source Resistance The analog inputs of the LTC1289 look like a 100pF capacitor (CIN) is series with a 1500Ω resistor (RON) as shown in Figure 9. This value for RON is for VCC = 2.7V. With larger supply voltages RON will be reduced. For example with VCC = 2.7V and V –= – 2.7V RON becomes 500Ω. CIN gets switched between the selected “+” and “–” inputs once during each conversion cycle. Large external source resistors and capacitances will slow the settling of “+” INPUT RSOURCE + LTC1289 VIN + RSOURCE – C1 4TH SCLK RON = 1.5k “–” INPUT LAST SCLK CIN = 100pF VIN – C2 LTC1289 AIF09 Figure 9. Analog Input Equivalent Circuit SAMPLE MUX ADDRESS SHIFTED IN ACLK “+” Input Settling This input capacitor is switched onto the “+” input during the sample phase (tSMPL, see Figure 10). The sample phase starts at the 4th SCLK cycle and lasts until the falling edge of the last SCLK (the 8th, 12th or 16th SCLK cycle depending on the selected word length). The voltage on the “+” input must settle completely within this sample time. Minimizing RSOURCE+ and C1 will improve the input settling time. If large “+” input source resistance must be used, the sample time can be increased by using a slower SCLK frequency or selecting a longer word length. With the minimum possible sample time of 4µs, RSOURCE+ < 2k and C1 < 20pF will provide adequate settling. “–” Input Settling At the end of the sample phase the input capacitor switches to the “–” input and the conversion starts (see Figure 10). During the conversion, the “+” input voltage is effectively “held” by the sample and hold and will not affect the conversion result. However, it is critical that the “–” input voltage be free of noise and settle completely during the first four ACLK cycles of the conversion time. Minimizing RSOURCE– and C2 will improve settling time. If large “–” input source resistance must be used, the time allowed for HOLD ••• CS SCLK “+” INPUT MUST SETTLE DURING THIS TIME tSMPL the inputs. It is important that the overall RC time constants be short enough to allow the analog inputs to completely settle within the allotted time. 1 2 3 4 LAST SCLK (8TH, 12TH OR 16TH DEPENDING ON WORK LENGTH) ••• ••• 1 2 3 4 ••• 1ST BIT TEST “–” INPUT MUST SETTLE DURING THIS TIME “+” INPUT “–” INPUT 1289 AIF10 Figure 10. “+” and “–” Input Settling Windows 1289fb 17 LTC1289 U W U UO S I FOR ATIO settling can be extended by using a slower ACLK frequency. At the maximum ACLK rate of 2MHz, RSOURCE– < 200Ω and C2 < 20pF will provide adequate settling. Input Op Amps When driving the analog inputs with an op amp it is important that the op amp settle within the allowed time (see Figure 10). Again, the “+” and “–” input sampling times can be extended as described above to accommodate slower op amps. For single supply low voltage applications the LT1006, LT1013 and LT1014 can be made to settle well even with the minimum settling windows of 4µs (“+” input) and 2µs (“–” input) which occur at the maximum clock rates (ACLK = 2MHz and SCLK = 1MHz). Figures 11 and 12 show examples of adequate and poor op amp settling. The LT1077, LT1078 or LT1079 can be used here to reduce power consumption. Placing an RC network at the output of the op amps will improve the settling response and also reduce the broadband noise. rapidly (see typical curve of Input Channel Leakage Current vs Temperature). Noise Coupling Into Inputs High source resistance input signals (>500Ω) are more sensitive to coupling from external sources. It is preferable to use channels near the center of the package (i.e., CH2-CH7) for signals which have the highest output resistance because they are essentially shielded by the VERTICAL: 5mV/DIV APPLICATI RC Input Filtering Figure 11. Adequate Settling of Op Amps Driving Analog Input VERTICAL: 5mV/DIV It is possible to filter the inputs with an RC network as shown in Figure 13. For large values of CF (e.g., 1µF), the capacitive input switching currents are averaged into a net DC current. Therefore, a filter should be chosen with a small resistor and large capacitor to prevent DC drops across the resistor. The magnitude of the DC current is approximately IDC = 100pF × VIN /tCYC and is roughly proportional to VIN. When running at the minimum cycle time of 40µs, the input current equals 6.3µA at VIN = 2.5V. In this case, a filter resistor of 10Ω will cause 0.1LSB of full-scale error. If a larger filter resistor must be used, errors can be eliminated by increasing the cycle time as shown in the typical curve of Maximum Filter Resistor vs Cycle Time. HORIZONTAL: 500ns/DIV HORIZONTAL: 20µs/DIV Figure 12. Poor Op Amp Settling Can Cause A/D Errors Input Leakage Current RFILTER Input leakage currents can also create errors if the source resistance gets too large. For instance, the maximum input leakage specification of 1µA (at 85°C) flowing through a source resistance of 1kΩ will cause a voltage drop of 1mV or 1.6LSB with VREF = 2.5V. This error will be much reduced at lower temperatures because leakage drops IIDC “+” VIN CFILTER LTC1289 “–” LTC1289 AIF13 Figure 13. RC Input Filtering 1289fb 18 LTC1289 U W U UO APPLICATI S I FOR ATIO pins on the package ends (DGND and CH0). Grounding any unused inputs (especially the end pin, CH0) will also reduce outside coupling into high source resistances. a 60Hz signal on the “–” input to generate a 1/4LSB error (150µV) with the converter running at ACLK = 2MHz, its peak value would have to be 15mV. 4. Sample and Hold 5. Reference Inputs Single-Ended Inputs The voltage between the reference inputs of the LTC1289 defines the voltage span of the A/D converter. The reference inputs will have transient capacitive switching currents due to the switched capacitor conversion technique (see Figure 14). During each bit test of the conversion (every 4 ACLK cycles), a capacitive current spike will be generated on the reference pins by the A/D. These current spikes settle quickly and do not cause a problem. However, if slow settling circuitry is used to drive the reference inputs, care must be taken to insure that transients caused by these current spikes settle completely during each bit test of the conversion. The LTC1289 provides a built-in sample and hold (S&H) function for all signals acquired in the single-ended mode (COM pin grounded). This sample and hold allows the LTC1289 to convert rapidly varying signals (see typical curve of S&H Acquisition Time vs Source Resistance). The input voltage is sampled during the tSMPL time as shown in Figure 10. The sampling interval begins after the fourth MUX address bit is shifted in and continues during the remainder of the data transfer. On the falling edge of the final SCLK, the S&H goes into hold mode and the conversion begins. The voltage will be held on either the 8th, 12th or 16th falling edge of the SCLK depending on the word length selected. Differential Inputs With differential inputs or when the COM pin is not tied to ground, the A/D no longer converts just a single voltage but rather the difference between two voltages. In these cases, the voltage on the selected “+” input is still sampled and held and therefore may be rapidly time varing just as in single ended mode. However, the voltage on the selected “–” input must remain constant and be free of noise and ripple throughout the conversion time. Otherwise, the differencing operation may not be performed accurately. The conversion time is 52 ACLK cycles. Therefore, a change in the “–” input voltage during this interval can cause conversion errors. For a sinusoidal voltage on the “–” input this error would be: VERROR (MAX) = VPEAK × 2 × π × f(“–”) × 52 fACLK When driving the reference inputs, two things should be kept in mind: 1. Transients on the reference inputs caused by the capacitive switching currents must settle completely during each bit test (each 4 ACLK cycles). Figures 15 and 16 show examples of both adequate and poor settling. Using a slower ACLK will allow more time for the reference to settle. However, even at the maximum ACLK rate of 2MHz most references and op amps can be made to settle within the 2µs bit time. For example an LT1019 used in the shunt mode with a 10µF bypass capacitor will settle adequately. To minimize power an LT1004-2.5 can be used with a 10µF bypass capacitor. For lower value references the LT1004-1.2 with a 1µF bypass capacitor can be used. REF+ 14 ROUT VREF Where f(“–”) is the frequency of the “–” input voltage, VPEAK is its peak amplitude and fACLK is the frequency of the ACLK. In most cases VERROR will not be significant. For REF – 13 LTC1289 EVERY 4 ACLK CYCLES RON 8pF – 40pF LTC1289 AIF14 Figure 14. Reference Input Equivalent Circuit 1289fb 19 LTC1289 U W U UO APPLICATI S I FOR ATIO VERTICAL: 0.5mV/DIV Offset with Reduced VREF HORIZONTAL: 1µs/DIV Figure 15. Adequate Reference Settling The offset of the LTC1289 has a larger effect on the output code when the A/D is operated with reduced reference voltage. The offset (which is typically a fixed voltage) becomes a larger fraction of an LSB as the size of the LSB is reduced. The typical curve of Unadjusted Offset Error vs Reference Voltage shows how offset in LSBs is related to reference voltage for a typical value of VOS. For example, a VOS of 0.1mV which is 0.2LSB with a 2.5V reference becomes 0.4LSB with a 1.25V reference. If this offset is unacceptable, it can be corrected digitally by the receiving system or by offsetting the “–” input to the LTC1289. Noise with Reduced VREF VERTICAL: 0.5mV/DIV The total input referred noise of the LTC1289 can be reduced to approximately 200µV peak-to-peak using a ground plane, good bypassing, good layout techniques and minimizing noise on the reference inputs. This noise is insignificant with a 2.5V reference but will become a larger fraction of an LSB as the size of the LSB is reduced. The typical curve of Noise Error vs Reference Voltage shows the LSB contribution of this 200µV of noise. HORIZONTAL: 1µs/DIV Figure 16. Poor Reference Settling Can Cause A/D Errors 2. It is recommended that REF – input be tied directly to the analog ground plane. If REF – is biased at a voltage other than ground, the voltage must not change during a conversion cycle. This voltage must also be free of noise and ripple with respect to analog ground. 6. Reduced Reference Operation The effective resolution of the LTC1289 can be increased by reducing the input span of the converter. The LTC1289 exhibits good linearity and gain over a wide range of reference voltages (see typical curves of Linearity and Gain Error vs Reference Voltage). However, care must be taken when operating at low values of VREF because of the reduced LSB step size and the resulting higher accuracy requirement placed on the converter. The following factors must be considered when operating at low VREF values: For operation with a 2.5 reference, the 200µV noise is only 0.32LSB peak-to-peak. In this case, the LTC1289 noise will contribute virtually no uncertainty to the output code. However, for reduced references, the noise may become a significant fraction of an LSB and cause undesirable jitter in the output code. For example, with a 1.25V reference, this same 200µV noise is 0.64LSB peak-to-peak. This will reduce the range of input voltages over which a stable output code can be achieved by 0.64LSB. In this case averaging readings may be necessary. This noise data was taken in a very clean setup. Any setup induced noise (noise or ripple on VCC, VREF, VIN or V –) will add to the internal noise. The lower the reference voltage to be used, the more critical it becomes to have a clean, noise-free setup. 1. Offset 2. Noise 1289fb 20 LTC1289 W U U UO APPLICATI S I FOR ATIO 7. LTC1289 AC Characteristics Two commonly used figures of merit for specifying the dynamic performance of the A/D’s in digital signal processing applications are the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) and the “effective number of bits (ENOB).” SNR is defined as the ratio of the RMS magnitude of the fundamental to the RMS magnitude of all the nonfundamental signals up to the Nyquist frequency (half the sampling frequency). The theoretical maximum SNR for a sine wave input is given by: SNR = (6.02N + 1.76dB) where N is the number of bits. Thus the SNR is a function of the resolution of the A/D. For an ideal 12-bit A/D the SNR is equal to 74dB. A Fast Fourier Transform(FFT) plot of the output spectrum of the LTC1289 is shown in Figures 17a and 17b. The input (fIN) frequencies are 1kHz and 12kHz with the sampling frequency (fS) at 25kHz. The SNR obtained from the plot are 72.92dB and 72.23dB. Rewriting the SNR expression it is possible to obtain the equivalent resolution based on the SNR measurement. N = SNR – 1.76dB 6.02 This is the so-called effective number of bits (ENOB). For the example shown in Figures 17a and 17b, N = 11.8 bits and 11.7 bits, respectively. Figure 18 shows a plot of ENOB as a function of input frequency. The curve shows the A/D’s ENOB remain in the range of 11.8 to 11.7 for input frequencies up to fS/2 0 12 fS = 25kHz EFFECTIVE NUMBER OF BITS MAGNITUDE (dB) –20 –40 –60 –80 –100 11 10 9 8 7 –120 –140 0 2 4 8 6 10 FREQUENCY (kHz) 12 6 14 0 10 20 30 FREQUENCY (kHz) LTC1289 F17a LTC1289 • AIF18 Figure 18. LTC1289 ENOB vs Input Frequency 0 0 –20 –20 –40 –40 MAGNITUDE (dB) MAGNITUDE (dB) Figure 17a. fIN = 1kHz, fS = 25kHz, SNR = 72.92dB –60 –80 50 40 –60 –80 –100 –100 –120 –120 –140 –140 0 2 4 8 6 10 FREQUENCY (kHz) 12 14 LTC1289 F17b Figure 17b. fIN = 12kHz, fS = 25kHz, SNR = 72.23dB 0 2 4 8 6 10 FREQUENCY (kHz) 12 14 LTC1289 F19 Figure 19. fIN1 = 2.6kHz, fIN2 = 3.1kHz, fS = 25kHz 1289fb 21 LTC1289 U W U UO APPLICATI S I FOR ATIO Figure 19 shows an FFT plot of the output spectrum for two tones applied to the input of the A/D. Nonlinearities in the A/D will cause distortion products at the sum and difference frequencies of the fundamentals and products of the fundamentals. This is classically referred to as intermodulation distortion (IMD). 8. Overvoltage Protection Applying signals to the analog MUX that exceed the positive or negative supply of the device will degrade the accuracy of the A/D and possibly damage the device. For example this condition would occur if a signal is applied to the analog MUX before power is applied to the LTC1289. Another example is the input source is operating from different supplies of larger value than the LTC1289. These conditions should be prevented either with proper supply sequencing or by use of external circuitry to clamp or current limit the input source. As shown in Figure 20, a 1kΩ resistor is enough to stand off ±15V (15mA for one only channel). If more than one channel exceeds the supplies than the following guidelines can be used. Limit the current to 7mA per channel and 28mA for all channels. This means four channels can handle 7mA of input current each. Reducing the ACLK and SCLK frequencies from the maximum of 2MHz and 1MHz, respectively (see Typical Peformance Characteristics curves Maximum ACLK Frequency vs Source Resistance and Sample and Hold Acquisition Time vs Source Resistance) allows the use of larger current limiting resistors. Use 1N4148 diode clamps from the MUX inputs to VCC and V – if the value of the series resistor will not allow the maximum clock speeds to be used or if an unknown source is used to drive the LTC1289 MUX inputs. How the various power supplies to the LTC1289 are applied can also lead to overvoltage conditions. For single supply operation (i.e., unipolar mode), if VCC and REF + are not tied together, then VCC should be turned on first, then REF +. If this sequence cannot be met, connecting a diode from REF + to VCC is recommended (see Figure 21). is applied to the analog MUX before power is applied to the device. Power supply reversal occurs, for example, if the input is pulled below V – then VCC will pull a diode drop below ground which could cause the device not to power up properly. Likewise, if the input is pulled above VCC then V – will be pulled a diode drop above ground. If no inputs are present on the MUX, the Schottky diodes are not required if V – is applied first, then VCC. Because a unique input protection structure is used on the digital input pins, the signal levels on these pins can exceed the device VCC without damaging the device. VIN 1k 3.3V VCC CH0 22µF LTC1289 V– DGND –3.3V 0.1µF AGND LTC1289 AIF20 Figure 20. Overvoltage Protection for MUX VCC 20 3.3V 22µF LTC1289 1N4148 REF+ 14 VREF LTC1289 AIF21 Figure 21. 3.3V VCC 1N5817 22µF 1N5817 0.1µF LTC1289 V– DGND AGND –3.3V LTC1289 AIF22 For dual supplies (bipolar mode) placing two Schottky diodes from VCC and V – to ground (Figure 22) will prevent power supply reversal from occuring when an input source Figure 22. Power Supply Reversal 1289fb 22 LTC1289 UO TYPICAL APPLICATI S A “Quick Look” Circuit for the LTC1289 SNEAK-A-BITTM Users can get a quick look at the function and timing of the LTC1289 by using the following simple circuit. REF + and DIN are tied to VCC selecting a 3V input span, CH7 as a single-ended input, unipolar mode, MSB-first format and 16-bit word length. ACLK is driven by an external clock and SCLK is driven by one half the clock rate. CS is driven at 1/128 the clock rate by the 74HC393 and DOUT outputs the data. All other pins are tied to a ground plane. The output data from the DOUT pin can be viewed on an oscilloscope which is set up to trigger on the falling edge of CS. The LTC1289’s unique ability to software select the polarity of the differential inputs and the output word length is used to achieve one more bit of resolution. Using the circuit below with two conversions and some software, a 2’s complement 12-bit + sign word is returned to memory inside the MPU. The MC68HC05C4 was chosen as an example, however, any processor that operates at 3.3V could be used. A “Quick Look” Circuit for the LTC1289 3.0V 22µF f A1 CLR1 CHO VCC CH1 ACLK CH2 SCLK CH3 DIN CH4 CH5 1QB 74HC393 2QA f/2 DOUT 1QC 2QB 1QD 2QC GND 2QD SNEAK-A-BIT Circuit 22µF +3.3V 2MHz ACLK CS CH6 REF + CH7 REF – COM V– f/128 LTC1289 TA02 CLOCK IN 2MHz MAX AGND DGND 0.1µF A2 CLR2 OTHER CHANNELS OR SNEAK-A-BIT INPUTS { VIN LTC1289 1QA VCC Two 12-bit unipolar conversions are performed: the first over a 0V to 2.5V span and the second over a 0V to –2.5V span (by reversing the polarity of the inputs). The sign of the input is determined by which of the two spans contained it. Then the resulting number (ranging from –4095 to +4095 decimal) is converted to 2’s complement notation and stored in RAM. TO OSCILLOSCOPE CHO VCC CH1 ACLK CH2 SCLK Scope Trace of LTC1289 “Quick Look” Circuit Showing A/D Output of 010101010101 (555HEX) MC68HC05C4 SCLK CH3 DIN MOSI CH4 DOUT MISO CH5 VIN –2.5V TO +2.5V 1k LTC1289 CO CS CH6 REF + CH7 REF – V COM 10µF – AGND DGND LTC1289 TA03 LT1019 –2.5 0.1µF –3.3V ACLK SNEAK-A-BIT SCLK VIN 2.5V VIN CS (+) CH6 1ST CONVERSION 4096 STEPS (–) CH7 DOUT 2.5V 1ST CONVERSION 0V 0V (–) CH6 DEGLITCHER TIME MSB (B11) LSB (B0) VERTICAL: 5V/DIV HORIZONTAL: 2µs/DIV FILLS ZEROES SOFTWARE 0V 8191 STEPS 2ND CONVERSION 4096 STEPS (+) CH7 –2.5V –2.5V 2ND CONVERSION LTC1289 TA04 SNEAK-A-BIT is a trademark of Linear Technology Corp. 1289fb 23 LTC1289 UO TYPICAL APPLICATI S SNEAK-A-BIT Code SNEAK-A-BIT Code for the LTC1289 Using the MC68HC05C4 DOUT from LTC1289 in MC68HC05C4 RAM MNEMONIC Location $77 Sign B12 B11 B10 B9 B8 B7 B6 B5 Location $87 LSB B4 B3 B2 B1 B0 filled with 0s DIN words for LTC1289 MUX Addr. MSBF UNI DIN1 0 0 1 1 1 1 Word Length 1 1 DIN2 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 DIN3 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 (ODD/SIGN) 1 1 LTC1289 TA05 SNEAK-A-BIT Code for the LTC1289 Using the MC68HC05C4 MNEMONIC DESCRIPTION LDA STA LDA STA BSET JSR Configuration data for SPCR Load configuration data into $0A Configuration data for port C DDR Load configuration data into port C DDR Make sure CS is high Dummy read configures LTC1289 for next read Read CH6 with respect to CH7 Read CH7 with respect to CH6 Determines which reading has valid data, converts to 2's complement and stores in RAM Load DIN word for LTC1289 into ACC Read LTC1289 routine Load MSBs from LTC1289 in ACC Store MSBs in $71 Load LSBs from LTC1289 in ACC Store LSBs in $72 Return #$50 $0A #$FF $06 0, $02 READ –/+ JSR READ +/– JSR READ –/+ JSR CHK SIGN READ – / + : LDA JSR LDA STA LDA STA RTS #$3F TRANSFER $60 $71 $61 $72 READ +/–: LDA JSR LDA STA LDA STA RTS TRANSFER: BCLR STA LOOP 1: TST BPL LDA STA STA LOOP 2: TST BPL BSET LDA STA RTS CHK SIGN: LDA ORA BEQ CLC ROR ROR LDA STA LDA STA BRA MINUS: CLC ROR ROR COM COM LDA ADD STA CLRA ADC STA STA LDA STA END: RTS #$7F TRANSFER $60 $73 $61 $74 0, $02 $0C $0B LOOP 1 $0C $0C $60 $0B LOOP 2 0, $02 $0C $61 $73 $74 MINUS $73 $74 $73 $77 $74 $87 END $71 $72 $71 $72 $72 #$01 $72 $71 $71 $77 $72 $87 DESCRIPTION Load DIN word for LTC1289 into ACC Read LTC1289 routine Load MSBs from LTC1289 into ACC Store MSBs in $73 Load LSBs from LTC1289 into ACC Store LSBs in $74 Return CS goes low Load DIN into SPI. Start transfer Test status of SPIF Loop to previous instruction if not done Load contents of SPI data reg into ACC Start next cycle Store MSBs in $60 Test status of SPIF Loop to previous instruction if not done CS goes high Load contents of SPI data reg into ACC Store LSBs in $61 Return Load MSBs of +/– read into ACC Or ACC (MSBs) with LSBs of +/– read If result is 0 goto minus Clear carry Rotate right $73 through carry Rotate right $74 through carry Load MSBs of +/– read into ACC Store MSBs in RAM locations $77 Load LSBs of +/– read into ACC Store LSBs in RAM location $87 Goto end of routine Clear carry Shift MSBs of –/+ read right Shift LSBs of –/+ read right 1's complement of MSBs 1's complement of LSBs Load LSBs into ACC Add 1 to LSBs Store ACC in $72 Clear ACC Add with carry to MSBs. Result in ACC Store ACC in $71 Store MSBs in RAM locations $77 Load LSBs in ACC Store LSBs in RAM location $87 Return 1289fb 24 LTC1289 UO TYPICAL APPLICATI S Power Shutdown For battery-powered applications it is desirable to keep power dissipation at a minimum. The LTC1289 can be powered down when not in use reducing the supply current from a nominal value of 1mA to typically 1µA (with ACLK turned off). See the Curve for Supply Current (Power Shutdown) vs ACLK if ACLK cannot be turned off when the LTC1289 is powered down. In this case the supply current is proportional to the ACLK frequency and is independent of temperature until it reaches the magnitude of the supply current attained with ACLK turned off. As an example of how to use this feature let’s add this to the previous application, SNEAK-A-BIT. After the CHK SIGN subroutine call insert the following: JSR CHK SIGN JSR SHUTDOWN • • Determines which reading has valid data, converts to 2’s complement and stores in RAM LTC1289 power shutdown routine The actual subroutine is: To place the device in power shutdown the word length bits are set to WL1 = 0 and WL0 = 1. The LTC1289 is powered up on the next request for conversion and it's ready to digitize an input signal immediately. Power Shutdown Timing Considerations After power shutdown has been requested, the LTC1289 is powered up on the next request for a conversion. This request can be initiated either by bringing CS low or by starting the next cycle of SCLKs if CS is kept low (see Figures 3 and 4). When the SCLK frequency is much slower than the ACLK frequency a situation can arise where the LTC1289 could power down and then prematurely power back up. Power shutdown begins at the negative going edge of the 10th SCLK once it has been requested. A dummy conversion is executed and the LTC1289 waits for the next request for conversion. If the SCLKs have not finished once the LTC1289 has finished its dummy conversion, it will recognize the next remaining SCLKs as a request to start a conversion and power up the LTC1289 (see Figure 23). To prevent this, bring either CS high at the 19th SCLK (Figure 24) or clock out only 10 SCLKs (Figure 25) when power shutdown is requested. SHUTDOWN: LDA #$3D Load DIN word for LTC1289 into ACC JSR TRANSFER Read LTC1289 routine RTS Return CS 1 10 SCLK POWER SHUTDOWN STARTS DUMMY CONVERSION FINISHES AFTER 52 ACLK PERIODS POWER UP LTC1289 TAF23 Figure 23. Power Shutdown Timing Problem CS POWER UP 1 10 SCLK POWER SHUTDOWN STARTS DUMMY CONVERSION FINISHES AFTER 52 ACLK PERIODS LTC1289 TAF24 Figure 24. Power Shutdown Timing 1289fb 25 LTC1289 UO TYPICAL APPLICATI S CS POWER UP 1 10 SCLK POWER SHUTDOWN STARTS DUMMY CONVERSION FINISHES AFTER 52 ACLK PERIODS LTC1289 TAF2 Figure 25. Power Shutdown Timing U PACKAGE DESCRIPTIO J Package 20-Lead CERDIP (Narrow .300 Inch, Hermetic) (Reference LTC DWG # 05-08-1110) 1.060 (26.924) MAX CORNER LEADS OPTION (4 PLCS) 0.023 – 0.045 (0.584 – 1.143) HALF LEAD OPTION 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0.220 – 0.310 0.025 (5.588 – 7.874) (0.635) RAD TYP 0.045 – 0.068 (1.143 – 1.727) FULL LEAD OPTION 0.005 (0.127) MIN 0.300 BSC (0.762 BSC) 0.200 (5.080) MAX 0.015 – 0.060 (0.381 – 1.524) 0.008 – 0.018 (0.203 – 0.457) 0° – 15° NOTE: LEAD DIMENSIONS APPLY TO SOLDER DIP/PLATE OR TIN PLATE LEADS 0.125 (3.175) MIN 0.045 – 0.065 (1.143 – 1.651) 0.014 – 0.026 (0.356 – 0.660) 0.100 (2.54) BSC J20 1298 OBSOLETE PACKAGE 1289fb 26 LTC1289 U PACKAGE DESCRIPTIO N Package 20-Lead PDIP (Narrow .300 Inch) (Reference LTC DWG # 05-08-1510) 1.060* (26.924) MAX 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 .255 ± .015* (6.477 ± 0.381) .300 – .325 (7.620 – 8.255) .008 – .015 (0.203 – 0.381) ( +.035 .325 –.015 +0.889 8.255 –0.381 ) .045 – .065 (1.143 – 1.651) .125 – .145 (3.175 – 3.683) .020 (0.508) MIN .065 (1.651) TYP .120 (3.048) MIN .005 (0.127) MIN .100 (2.54) BSC NOTE: 1. DIMENSIONS ARE INCHES MILLIMETERS *THESE DIMENSIONS DO NOT INCLUDE MOLD FLASH OR PROTRUSIONS. MOLD FLASH OR PROTRUSIONS SHALL NOT EXCEED .010 INCH (0.254mm) .018 ± .003 (0.457 ± 0.076) N20 0405 1289fb Information furnished by Linear Technology Corporation is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed for its use. Linear Technology Corporation makes no representation that the interconnection of circuits as described herein will not infringe on existing patent rights. 27 LTC1289 U PACKAGE DESCRIPTIO SW Package 20-Lead Plastic Small Outline (Wide .300 Inch) (Reference LTC DWG # 05-08-1620) .050 BSC .045 ±.005 .030 ±.005 TYP .496 – .512 (12.598 – 13.005) NOTE 4 N 20 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 N .325 ±.005 .420 MIN 19 .394 – .419 (10.007 – 10.643) NOTE 3 1 2 3 N/2 N/2 RECOMMENDED SOLDER PAD LAYOUT .005 (0.127) RAD MIN .291 – .299 (7.391 – 7.595) NOTE 4 .010 – .029 × 45° (0.254 – 0.737) .009 – .013 (0.229 – 0.330) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 .037 – .045 (0.940 – 1.143) .093 – .104 (2.362 – 2.642) 0° – 8° TYP .050 (1.270) BSC NOTE 3 NOTE: 1. DIMENSIONS IN .016 – .050 (0.406 – 1.270) .004 – .012 (0.102 – 0.305) .014 – .019 (0.356 – 0.482) TYP S20 (WIDE) 0502 INCHES (MILLIMETERS) 2. DRAWING NOT TO SCALE 3. PIN 1 IDENT, NOTCH ON TOP AND CAVITIES ON THE BOTTOM OF PACKAGES ARE THE MANUFACTURING OPTIONS. THE PART MAY BE SUPPLIED WITH OR WITHOUT ANY OF THE OPTIONS 4. THESE DIMENSIONS DO NOT INCLUDE MOLD FLASH OR PROTRUSIONS. MOLD FLASH OR PROTRUSIONS SHALL NOT EXCEED .006" (0.15mm) RELATED PARTS PART NUMBER DESCRIPTION COMMENTS LTC1285/LTC1288 1-/2-Channel, 3V, Micropower 12-Bit ADC Autoshutdown, SO-8 Package LTC1290 8-Channel Configurable, 5V, 12-Bit ADC Pin-Compatible with LTC1289 LTC1391 Serial-Controlled 8-to-1 Analog Multiplexer Low RON, Low Power, 16-Pin SO and SSOP Package LTC1401 3V, 12-Bit, 200ksps Serial ADC 15mW, Internal Reference, SO-8 Package LTC1448 Dual 12-Bit VOUT DACs in SO-8 Package 0.5LBS DNL, 3V to 5V Supply, Swings 0V to VREF LTC1454/LTC1454L Dual 12-Bit VOUT DACs in SO-16 Package 5V/3V, Buffered Rail-to-Rail Output, 0.5LSB DNL LTC1458/LTC1458L Quad 12-Bit VOUT DACs 5V/3V, Buffered Rail-to-Rail Output, 0.5LSB DNL LTC1594/LTC1598L 4-/8-Channel, 3V Micropower 12-Bit ADC Low Power, Small Size LTC1852/LTC1853 10-Bit/12-Bit, 8-Channel, 400ksps ADCs 3V or 5V, Programmable MUX and Sequencer LTC2404/LTC2408 24-Bit, 4-/8-Channel, No Latency ∆Σ ADC 4ppm INL, 10ppm Total Unadjusted Error, 200µA LTC2424/LTC2428 20-Bit, 4-/8-Channel, No Latency ∆Σ ADC 1.2ppm Noise, 8ppm INL, Pin Compatible with LTC2404/LTC2408 1289fb 28 Linear Technology Corporation LT 0506 REV B • PRINTED IN USA 1630 McCarthy Blvd., Milpitas, CA 95035-7417 (408) 432-1900 ● FAX: (408) 434-0507 ● www.linear.com © LINEAR TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION 1992