® ACF2101 FPO Low Noise, Dual SWITCHED INTEGRATOR FEATURES APPLICATIONS ● INCLUDES INTEGRATION CAPACITOR, RESET AND HOLD SWITCHES, AND OUTPUT MULTIPLEXER ● CURRENT TO VOLTAGE CONVERSION ● PHOTODIODE INTEGRATOR ● CURRENT MEASUREMENT ● LOW NOISE: 10µVrms ● LOW CHARGE TRANSFER: 0.1pC ● CHARGE MEASUREMENT ● CT SCANNER FRONT END ● WIDE DYNAMIC RANGE: 120dB ● MEDICAL, SCIENTIFIC, AND INDUSTRIAL INSTRUMENTATION ● LOW BIAS CURRENT: 100fA DESCRIPTION Reset The ACF2101 is a dual switched integrator for precision applications. Each channel can convert an input current to an output voltage by integration, using either an internal or external capacitor. Included on the chip are precision 100pF integration capacitors, hold and reset switches, and output multiplexers. As a complete circuit on a single chip, the ACF2101 eliminates many of the problems commonly encountered in discrete designs, such as leakage current errors and noise pickup. The integrating approach can provide lower noise than conventional transimpedance amplifier designs and also eliminates the need for high performance, high value feedback resistors. The extremely low bias current and low noise of the ACF2101’s Difet ® amplifiers, along with active laser trimming of both offset and drift, assure precision current to voltage conversion. Although designed for +5V, –15V supplies, the ACF2101 can be operated on supplies up to ±18VDC. It is available in both 24-pin plastic DIP and SOIC packages. A Hold B Select A B A B CINTERNAL Cap A Out A 100pF A In A Reset Select Sw In A Hold Sw Out A Com A Sw Com A CINTERNAL Cap B Out B 100pF B In B Reset Select Sw In B Hold Sw Out B Com B Sw Com B A V+ B Gnd V– Difet® Burr-Brown Corp. International Airport Industrial Park • Mailing Address: PO Box 11400, Tucson, AZ 85734 • Street Address: 6730 S. Tucson Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85706 • Tel: (520) 746-1111 • Twx: 910-952-1111 Internet: http://www.burr-brown.com/ • FAXLine: (800) 548-6133 (US/Canada Only) • Cable: BBRCORP • Telex: 066-6491 • FAX: (520) 889-1510 • Immediate Product Info: (800) 548-6132 © 1990 Burr-Brown Corporation PDS-1078D Printed in U.S.A. September, 1994 SPECIFICATIONS ELECTRICAL At TA = +25°C, V+ = +5V, V– = –15V, Internal CINTEGRATION = CINTERNAL = 100pF, unless otherwise noted. ACF2101BP, BU PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS ±100 ±100 µA µA ANALOG INPUT INPUT RANGE Input Current Range Switched Input (SW IN A, SW IN B) Direct Input (IN A, IN B) INPUT IMPEDANCE Switched Input Hold Switch OFF Hold Switch ON Direct Input HOLD SWITCH VOLTAGE Hold Switch Withstand Voltage 1000 1.5 Virtual Ground Hold Switch OFF –10 OFFSET VOLTAGE Input Offset Voltage Average Drift GΩ kΩ +0.5 V ±2 ±5 mV µV/°C 5.5 0.8 2 0 V V µA µA 200 200 ns ns ±0.5 ±1 DIGITAL INPUTS Logic Family VIH (Logic 1 = Switch OFF) VIL (Logic 0 = Switch ON) IIH IIL Switching Speed (All Switches) Switch ON Switch OFF TTL Compatible 2 –0.5 VIH = +5V VIL = 0V TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS VOUT = – TRANSFER FUNCTION DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS Integrate Mode Slew Rate Reset Mode Slew Rate Settling Time to 0.01%FSR(1) Overload Recovery Output Multiplexer (Select Switches) Settling Time to 0.01%FSR Settling Time to 0.01%FSR 1 1 CINTEGRATION 3 5 5 CLOAD < 1000pF CLOAD < 100pF 6.5 2 –50 RESET SWITCH Impedance Reset OFF Reset ON 100 0.5 –25 30 1000 1.5 MODES OF OPERATION Switch Integrate Mode Hold Mode Reset Mode (Logic 1 = OFF, Logic 0 = ON) Hold ON OFF ON/OFF IN 3 10V Step Positive or Negative INTEGRATION CAPACITOR (CINTERNAL) Internal Capacitor Value Accuracy Temperature Coefficient Memory ∫ I dt V V/µs 10 V/µs µs µs µs µs 2 0 100 pF % ppm/°C ppm of FSR GΩ kΩ Reset OFF OFF ON The information provided herein is believed to be reliable; however, BURR-BROWN assumes no responsibility for inaccuracies or omissions. BURR-BROWN assumes no responsibility for the use of this information, and all use of such information shall be entirely at the user’s own risk. Prices and specifications are subject to change without notice. No patent rights or licenses to any of the circuits described herein are implied or granted to any third party. BURR-BROWN does not authorize or warrant any BURR-BROWN product for use in life support devices and/or systems. ® ACF2101 2 SPECIFICATIONS (CONT) At TA = +25°C, V+ = +5V, V– = –15V, Internal CINTEGRATION = CINTERNAL = 100pF, unless otherwise noted. ACF2101BP, BU PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS –10 ±5 –13.5, +1.0 +0.5 V mA OUTPUT Voltage Output Range (All Outputs) Current Output, Direct Output (Out A, Out B) Short Circuit Current Direct Output Switched Output (Sw Out A, Sw Out B) Select Switch Withstand Voltage Switched Output Switched Common (Sw Com A, Sw Com B) Output Impedance Direct Output Switched Output Select Switch ON Select Switch OFF Leakage Current Load Capacitance Stability Direct Output Switched Output ±2 ±25 ±8 –10 –0.5 Select Switch OFF mA mA +0.5 +0.5 V V 0.1 Ω 250 || 5 1000 || 4 10 Ω || pF GΩ || pF pA 100 500 Any pF pF OUTPUT ACCURACY Nonlinearity Channel Separation Op Amp Bias Current Value Temperature Coefficient Hold Mode Droop Integrate Mode Droop Voltage Offset(2) Value Temperature Coefficient Power Supply Rejection OUTPUT NOISE Total Output Noise(3) Integrate Mode(4) Hold Mode Reset Mode CHARGE TRANSFER ERRORS(5) Reset to Integrate Mode(6) Charge Transfer Charge Transfer TC Charge Offset Error Charge Offset TC Integrate to Hold Mode Charge Transfer Charge Transfer TC Charge Offset Error Charge Offset TC Hold to Integrate Mode Charge Transfer Charge Transfer TC Charge Offset Error Charge Offset TC ±0.005 –80 ±0.01 100 1000 Doubles Each +10°C 1 10 1 10 VS = +4.5V to +18V, –10V to –18V 80 BW = 0.1Hz to 10Hz BW = 0.1Hz to 250kHz BW = 0.1Hz to 250kHz BW = 0.1Hz to 250kHz %FSR dB fA nV/µs nV/µs 3 5 100 mV µV/°C dB 2 10(1 + CIN/CINTEGRATION) 10 10 µVrms µVrms µVrms µVrms 0.1 0.2 1 2 0.5 0.2 0.4 2 4 1 5 pC fC/°C mV µV/°C CIN > 50pF 10 pC fC/°C mV µV/°C CIN > 50pF 0.2 0.4 2 4 1 10 pC fC/°C mV µV/°C POWER SUPPLY Specified Operating Voltage Operating Voltage Range Positive Supply Negative Supply Current Positive Supply Negative Supply +5, –15 +4.5 –10 For Dual For Dual 12 3.5 V +18 –18 V V 15 5.2 mA mA +85 +125 +125 °C °C °C °C/W TEMPERATURE RANGE Specification Operation Storage Thermal Resistance (both packages) –40 –40 –40 Junction to Ambient 100 NOTES: (1) FSR is Full Scale Range = 10V (0 to –10V). (2) Includes offset errors from all modes of operation. (3) Total noise is rms total of noise for the modes of operation used. (4) CIN = capacitance of sensor connected to ACF2101 input; CINTERGRATION = integration capacitance = CINTERNAL + CEXTERNAL. (5) Errors created when the internal switches are driven from one mode to another. (6) The charge transfer is 0.1pC; for an integration capacitance of 100pF, the resultant charge offset voltage error is 1mV. ® 3 ACF2101 ELECTROSTATIC DISCHARGE SENSITIVITY ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS Supply ............................................................................................... ±18V Input Current ..................................................................................... ±5mA Output Short Circuit Duration .................................. Continuous to Ground Power Dissipation .......................................................................... 500mW Operating Temperature ................................................... –40°C to +125°C Storage Temperature ...................................................... –40°C to +125°C Junction Temperature .................................................................... +150°C Lead Temperature (soldering, 10s) ................................................ +300°C Electrostatic discharge can cause damage ranging from performance degradation to complete device failure. BurrBrown Corporation recommends that all integrated circuits be handled and stored using appropriate ESD protection methods. PACKAGE/ORDERING INFORMATION PACKAGE PACKAGE DRAWING NUMBER(1) TEMPERATURE RANGE 24-Pin Plastic DIP 24-Pin Plastic SOIC 243 239 –40°C to +85°C –40°C to +85°C PRODUCT ACF2101BP ACF2101BU NOTE: (1) For detailed drawing and dimension table, please see end of data sheet, or Appendix C of Burr-Brown IC Data Book. PIN CONFIGURATION DIP and SOIC package have different pinouts. TOP VIEW ACF2101BU TOP VIEW ACF2101BP Sw In A 24 1 Out A Sw Out A 24 In A 23 2 Gnd A Sw Com A 23 Cap B Cap A 22 3 Com A Select A 22 4 Com B Com A 21 4 Cap A Reset A 21 5 Gnd B Gnd A 20 5 In A Hold A 20 6 Out B Out A 19 6 Sw In A V+ 19 7 Sw Out B Sw Out A 18 7 Sw In B V– 18 8 Sw Com B Sw Com A 17 8 In B Hold B 17 9 Select B Select A 16 9 Cap B Reset B 16 10 Reset B Reset A 15 10 Com B Select B 15 11 Hold B Hold A 14 11 Gnd B Sw Com B 14 12 V– V+ 13 12 Out B Sw Out B 13 1 Sw In B 2 In B 3 SOIC ® ACF2101 4 DIP DICE INFORMATION PAD FUNCTION PAD FUNCTION 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 A Out A Ground A Common A Cap A In A Switch-In B Switch-In B In B Cap B Common B Ground B Out 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 B Switch-Out B Switch-Common B Select B Reset B Hold V– V+ A Hold A Reset A Select A Switch-Common A Switch-Out Substrate Bias: Ground. MECHANICAL INFORMATION Die Size Die Thickness Min. Pad Size MILS (0.001") MILLIMETERS 132 x 157 ±5 20 ±3 4x4 3.35 x 3.99 ±0.13 0.51 ±0.08 0.10 x 0.10 Backing ACF2101 DIE TOPOGRAPHY None ® 5 ACF2101 TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CURVES At TA = +25°C, V+ = +5V, V– = –15V, CINTEGRATION = CINTERNAL = 100pF, unless otherwise noted. TOTAL OUTPUT NOISE vs C1 and C2 BIAS CURRENT vs TEMPERATURE 100 10pA Total Output Noise (µVrms) Op Amp Bias Current 90 1pA 100fA 80 C2 = 70 60 50 40 C2 = 200pF 30 C 2 = 500p F 20 C2 = 1000pF 10 10fA 0 –40 –20 0 20 40 60 80 0 100 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 C1 (pF) Temperature (°C) Sw Out Settling Time (µs) to 0.01%, 10V Step RESET TIME vs CINTEGRATION Reset Time to 0.01% (µs) 40 30 20 10 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 Sw Out SETTLING TIME vs CLOAD 8 6 4 2 0 0 100 200 300 400 HOLD SWITCH RON vs INPUT CURRENT 1.65k 1.6k RON IIN 1.6k Hold SW 900 1000 RON Reset SW 1.55k RON (Ω) 1.55k 700 800 RESET SWITCH RON vs INPUT CURRENT 1.65k IIN 500 600 CLOAD (pF) CINTEGRATION (pF) RON (Ω) F 100p 1.5k 1.5k 1.45k 1.45k 1.4k 1.4k 1.35k NOTE: If IIN flows through Reset Switch that is ON, an output offset voltage is created. 1.35k –100µA –10µA –1µA 0 1µA 10µA 100µA –100µA ® ACF2101 –10µA –1µA 0 IIN IIN 6 1µA 10µA 100µA APPLICATIONS INFORMATION Improper handling or cleaning may increase droop. Contamination from handling parts and circuit boards can be removed with cleaning solvents and de-ionized water. BASIC CIRCUIT CONNECTION Basic Layout As with any precision circuit, careful layout will ensure best performance. Make short, direct interconnections and avoid stray wiring capacitance—especially at the analog and digital input pins. Pinout The pinout for the DIP and SOIC package of the ACF2101 is different. The pinouts for the different packages are shown in several figures in this data sheet. Figures 1a and 1b illustrate the basic connections needed for operation. Figures 1c and 1d illustrate the addition of external integration capacitors and input guards. Power Supplies The ACF2101 can operate from supplies that range from +4.5V and –10V to ±18V. Since the output voltage integrates negatively from ground, a positive supply of +5V is sufficient to attain specified performance. Using +5V and –15V power supplies reduces power dissipation by one-half of that at ±15V. Leakage currents between printed circuit board traces can easily exceed the input bias current of the ACF2101. A circuit board “guard” pattern reduces leakage effects by surrounding critical high impedance input circuitry with a low impedance circuit connection at the same potential. Leakage will flow harmlessly to the low impedance node. Figure 2a and 2b show printed circuit patterns that can be used to guard critical pins. Note that traces leading to these pins should also be guarded. Top View Power supply connections should be bypassed with good high-frequency capacitors, such as 1µF solid tantalum capacitors, positioned close to the power supply pins. ACF2101BU Input 1 Sw In A Sw In B Top View Input 24 ACF2101BP 1 Out A 24 VOUT In A 23 2 Gnd A 23 Cap B Cap A 22 3 Com A 22 4 Com B Com A 21 4 Cap A 21 5 Gnd B Gnd A 20 5 In A 20 6 Out B Out A 19 6 Sw In A V+ 19 7 Sw In B V– 18 2 In B 3 Input VOUT VOUT Input V+ 1µF 7 18 8 17 8 In B 17 9 16 9 Cap B 16 10 15 10 Com B 15 11 14 11 Gnd B 14 12 Out B 1µF 1µF V– 1µF 12 + V– V– SOIC V+ 13 + DIP 13 VOUT V+ These points must be connected to a common ground point or a ground plane. These points must be connected to a common ground point or a ground plane. FIGURE 1b. Basic Circuit Connections, DIP. FIGURE 1a. Basic Circuit Connections, SOIC package. ® 7 ACF2101 Top View ACF2101BU Top View ACF2101BP Guards Input 1 Sw In B 2 In B Sw In A 24 In A 23 Input 1 Out A 24 2 Gnd A 23 VOUT * * 3 Cap B Cap A 22 3 Com A 22 4 Com B Com A 21 4 Cap A 21 5 Gnd B Gnd A 20 5 In A 20 6 Out B Out A 19 6 Sw In A V+ 19 V– 18 * Input VOUT Guards VOUT Input V+ 1µF 7 18 7 Sw In B 8 17 8 In B 17 9 16 9 Cap B 16 10 15 10 Com B 15 11 Gnd B 14 12 Out B 1µF V– * 14 11 1µF 1µF 12 + V– SOIC V+ 13 * Optional External C V– + DIP 13 VOUT * Optional External C V+ These points must be connected to a common ground point or a ground plane. These points must be connected to a common ground point or a ground plane. FIGURE 1d. Circuit Connections with External Capacitors and Guarding, DIP. FIGURE 1c. Circuit Connections with External Capacitors and Guarding, SOIC package. ACF2101BU ACF2101BP Guards 1 Sw In B Sw In A 24 2 In B In A 23 3 Cap B Cap A 22 3 Com A 4 Com B Com A 21 4 Cap A 5 In A 6 Sw In A Guards 7 Sw In B 8 In B 9 Cap B 10 Com B DIP SOIC FIGURE 2a. PC Board Layout Showing “Guard” Traces for Input, SOIC package. Both top and bottom of board should be guarded. FIGURE 2b. PC Board Layout Showing “Guard” Traces for Input, DIP. Both top and bottom of board should be guarded. ® ACF2101 8 MODES OF OPERATION Hold and Reset Switches To use the Hold switch, connect the input current to the “Sw In” pin. The Hold switch disconnects the input current, and holds the output voltage at a fixed level. For direct input, connect the input current to the “In” pin that bypasses the Hold switch and connects directly to the input summing junction. If the Hold switch is not used, the switch should be in the off mode and the “Sw In” pin should be connected to analog common. The three basic modes of operation of each integrator are controlled by the Hold and Reset switches. In Integrate mode, the output voltage integrates negatively toward –10V. In Hold mode, the output voltage remains at the present value, except for output droop. In Reset mode, the integration capacitor is discharged and the output voltage is driven to analog common. See Figure 4. SWITCHES The Reset switch is used to discharge the integration capacitor before the start of a new integration period. See Typical Performance Curve showing Reset Time vs CINTEGRATION. Each integrator includes four switches: a Hold switch, a Reset switch, and two output Select switches. See Figure 3. Hold Reset Select Switches The two Select switches can be used to multiplex the outputs when multiple integrators are connected to a common bus. Figure 5 shows a number of ACF2101s multiplexed together into an A/D converter. The output settling time is determined by the Select switch “on” resistance of 250Ω and the total output capacitance. The total output capacitance includes the ACF2101 output capacitances plus the capacitance of the interconnections to the A/D converter. Select 100pF Cap Out CINTERNAL In Reset Sw In Hold Sw Out Com Sw Com FIGURE 3. Switch Control Lines on One Channel of Two in ACF2101. HOLD INTEGRATE HOLD RST HOLD INTEGRATE To ADC OUTPUT (V) 0 Instrumentation Amplifier –10 OFF HOLD ON OFF RESET ON MODES OF OPERATION SWITCH Hold Switch Reset Switch MODE OF OPERATION Integrate Hold Reset ON OFF OFF OFF ON/OFF ON FIGURE 5. ACF2101s in Multiplexed Operation. ON: Switch shorted; Logic 0 input. OFF: Switch open; Logic 1 input. FIGURE 4. Modes of Operation. ® 9 ACF2101 OUTPUT VOLTAGE NOISE The integrator output voltage range is from +0.5V to –10V. The output voltage (VOUT) can be calculated as: The total output noise for a specific application of the ACF2101 is the rms total of the noise in the modes used: Integrate noise (enI), Hold noise (enH) and Reset noise (enR). The noise in both the Hold (enH) and Reset (enR) modes is 10µVrms. The noise in the Integrate mode (enI) is directly proportional to one plus the ratio of CIN to CINTEGRATION, where CIN is the capacitance of the circuit at the input of the integrator and CINTEGRATION = CINTERNAL + CEXTERNAL and is the integration capacitance: V OUT = VOUT = CINT = IIN = ∆t = the the the the I IN x ∆t C INT maximum output voltage (in volts) integration capacitance (in farads) input current (in amperes) integration time (in seconds) Integrate output noise (enI) = (10µVrms) x (1 + CIN/CINTEGRATION) Examples of Component Values for –10V Output iIN (µA) ∆t (s) CINT (pF) VOUT (V) 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 10 100 100m 10m 1m 100µ 10µ 1m 100µ 100 100 100 100 100 1000 1000 –10 –10 –10 –10 –10 –10 –10 Therefore, for very low CIN, the Integrate noise will approach 10µVrms. The total noise when in the Hold mode after proceeding through Reset and Integrate modes is approximated as shown below. Total Noise = e nI 2 + e nH 2 + e nR 2 See Typical Performance Curve showing Total Output Noise vs CIN and CINTEGRATION for more accurate noise data under specific circumstances. If only the Integrate and Reset modes are used, the total noise is the rms sum of the noise of the two modes as shown below. OUTPUT OVERLOAD When the output to the ACF2101 integrates to the negative limit, the output voltage smoothly limits at approximately 1.5V from the negative power supply, and reset time will increase by approximately 5µs for overload recovery. For fastest reset time avoid integrating to the negative limit. Total Noise = e nI 2 + e nR 2 DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS EXTERNAL CAPACITOR Frequency Response The ACF2101 switched integrator is a sampled system controlled by the sampling frequency (fs), which is usually dominated by the integration time. Input signals above the Nyquist frequency (fs/2) create errors by being aliased into the sampled frequency bandwidth. The sampled frequency bandwidth of the switched integrator has a –3dB characteristic at fs/2.26 and a null at fs and harmonics 2fs, 3fs, 4fs, etc. This characteristic is often used to eliminate known interference. An external integration capacitor may be used instead of or in addition to the internal 100pF integration capacitor. Since the transfer function depends upon the characteristics of the integration capacitor, it must be carefully selected. An external integration capacitor should have low voltage coefficient, temperature coefficient, memory, and leakage current. The optimum selection depends upon the requirements of the specific application. Suitable types include NPO ceramic, polycarbonate, polystyrene, and silver mica. If the internal integration capacitor is not used, the Cap pin should be connected to common. FREQUENCY RESPONSE 0 Frequency Response (dB) CINTERNAL Cap Out In Sensor Sw In Sw Out RIN CIN Com –10 Nyquist (fs/2) –20dB/decade Slope –20 –30 –40 Sw Com –50 fs/10 fs Sampling Frequency (fs) FIGURE 6. Capacitance of Circuit at Input of Integrator. FIGURE 7. Frequency Response. ® ACF2101 10 10fs 20fs Charge Transfer Charge transfer is the charge that is coupled from the logic control inputs through circuit capacitance to the integration capacitor when the Hold and Reset switches change mode. Careful printed circuit layout must be used to minimize external coupling from digital to analog circuitry and the resulting charge transfer. Charge transfer results in a DC charge offset error voltage. The ACF2101 switches are compensated to reduce charge transfer errors. INTEGRATE HOLD RESET HOLD OUTPUT (V) 0 –10 OFF HOLD ON Droop 1nV/µs* OFF RESET ON Since the ACF2101 switches contribute equal and opposite charge for positive and negative logic input transitions, the total error due to charge transfer is determined by the switching sequence. For each switch, a logic transition results in a specific charge (and offset voltage) while an opposite going logic transition results in an opposite charge (and opposite offset voltage). Thus, if the Hold switch is turned on and off during one integration cycle, the total charge transfer at the end of the sequence due to the Hold switch is essentially zero. Ideal Level * 100pF Integration Capacitor FIGURE 8. Droop and Charge Offset Effects. The amount of charge transfer to the integration capacitor is constant for each switch. Therefore, the charge offset error voltage is lower for larger integration capacitors. The ACF2101’s 0.1pC charge transfer results in a 1mV charge offset voltage when using the 100pF internal integration capacitor. The offset voltage will change linearly with the integration capacitance. That is, 50pF will result in a 2mV charge offset and 200pF in a 0.5mV charge offset. load is often useful in reducing the noise of systems not requiring the full bandwidth of the ACF2101. PROGRAMMABLE I TO V CONVERTER EXAMPLE Figure 10 illustrates the use of the ACF2101 as a programmable current to voltage converter. The output of the circuit, VOUT, is a DC level for a constant current input. The timing diagram shown in Figure 9 shows VOUT for an input current that varies from one sample to the next. This circuit offers wide dynamic range without the use of extremely large resistors. An ACF2101 and an OPA2107 op amp are configured to convert a low level input current to an output voltage. The equivalent gain of the converter is determined by the frequency of the digital input signal, fS. The inherent integrating function of the ACF2101 is very useful for rejection of noise such as power line pickup. Droop Droop is the change in the output voltage over time as a result of the bias current of the amplifier, leakage of the integration capacitor and leakage of the Reset and Hold switches. Droop occurs in both the Integrate and Hold modes of operation. Careful printed circuit layout must be used to minimize external leakage currents as discussed previously. The droop is calculated by the equation: Droop = The ACF2101 integrates the current signal for the period of fS. The magnitude of the ramp voltage at the output of the ACF2101 is a function of the frequency of fS and the value of the integration capacitor, CINTEGRATION. The ACF2101’s 100pF internal capacitor is used for CINTEGRATION in this example. The effect is that fS controls the equivalent feedback resistance of a transconductance (current-to-voltage) amplifier. The equivalent feedback resistance range can vary over a large range of at least 1MΩ to 1GΩ as illustrated in the accompanying table. Larger equivalent feedback resistances can be obtained if internal capacitances smaller than 100pF are used with the ACF2101. 100fA CINTEGRATION where CINTEGRATION = CINTERNAL + CEXTERNAL and is the integration capacitance in farads and the result is in volts per second. For the internal integration capacitance of 100pF, the droop is calculated as: Droop = Charge Offset 1mV* MODES OF OPERATION 100 X 10 –15 = 1mV/s or 1nV/µs 100 X 10 –12 Droop increases by a factor of 2 for each 10°C increase above 25°C. See the typical performance curve showing Bias Current vs Temperature. A simplified equation for the operation of this circuit is: VOUT = ISENSOR X RPROGRAM Capacitive Loads Any capacitive load can be safely driven through the multiplexed output of the ACF2101. As with any op amp, however, best dynamic performance of the ACF2101 can be achieved by minimizing the capacitive load. See the typical performance curve showing settling time as a function of capacitive load for more information. A large capacitive Where: VOUT is the voltage at the output of the OPA2107, ISENSOR is the current into the ACF2101, and RPROGRAM is the equivalent feedback resistance of the circuit calculated by the equation, RPROGRAM = 1/(fS X CINTEGRATION) = 1/(fS X 100pF) ® 11 ACF2101 For CINTEGRATION = 100pF, RPROGRAM is calculated below: In a sampled data system, the output of the ACF2101 at the output of the Select switch can be converted to digital when the ACF2101 is in the Hold mode. In this situation, of course, the 10nF capacitor and the OPA2107 op amp are not required. At the end of the integration cycle, the Hold switch of the ACF2101 is opened to hold a constant value at the output of the ACF2101. The constant value output voltage of the ACF2101 is transferred onto a 10nF capacitor by closing the ACF2101’s Select switch. The Select switch is then opened which holds the voltage on the 10nF capacitor during the next integration cycle and creates a DC output. With this operation, the Select switch of the ACF2101 and the 10nF capacitor form a Sample/Hold (S/H) circuit. The OPA2107 is used to buffer the Sample/Hold output. The charge injection of the Select switch creates a small offset voltage, of approximately 1mV in this example. The 10nF capacitor was chosen as a large value to minimize this offset voltage. fS Integrator output See Close-up below VOUT Current-to-Voltage converter timing diagram overview. fS After the Select switch opens, the ACF2101 is reset by momentarily closing the Reset switch. The ACF2101’s Hold switch is then closed to begin another integration cycle. During the period of time that the Hold switch is open, the input signal current is stored on the input capacitance of the sensor (CIN). During this time, the input signal current creates a voltage across the sensor. This voltage should be kept below 500mV. When the Hold switch is closed, the charge that has collected on CIN will be transferred to the integration capacitor, CINTEGRATION, with no loss of signal. Therefore, one integration cycle ends and the next integration cycle begins when the Hold switch is opened. Select Reset Hold Start/End of integration cycle Hold Integrator output If 100% of signal acquisition is not required, or not wanted, the Hold switch may be left closed, or the direct input to the ACF2101 used. In this mode of operation, an integration cycle ends when the Select switch is opened and the next integration cycle begins when the Reset switch is opened. t 1MΩ 10MΩ 100MΩ 167MΩ 200MΩ 1GΩ Hold se RPROGRAM 10kHz 1kHz 100Hz 60Hz 50Hz 10Hz Re fS Figure 11 shows a simple digital pattern generator which can be used to create the timing signals to control the ACF2101 circuit of Figure 10. This circuit creates signals to control the Select, Reset and Hold switches at a rate controlled by the frequency of fS. Figure 9 shows the timing diagram for these circuits. Transfer of charge from CIN Expanded view of ACF2101 timing signals. FIGURE 9. ACF2101 Current-to-Voltage Converter Timing Diagram. 100pF Reset ISENSOR Hold 1/2 OPA2107 1/2 ACF2101 Select 10nF CIN FIGURE 10. Programmable Current-to-Voltage Converter. ® ACF2101 12 VOUT +15V 10kΩ 164kΩ 8 fs 4 2 1000pF Approximately 18µs 7 555 Timer 6 1 100pF 3 Hold +VS 10kΩ 14 1N914 4 6 54.5kΩ 100pF Both approximately 6µs 1 2 556 Dual Timer 8 1000pF 54.5kΩ 10 7 5 13 12 9 100pF 20kΩ Reset Select FIGURE 11. Timing Generator. VOLTAGE INPUT EXAMPLE Figure 12 illustrates the use of the ACF2101 with a voltage input. This approach is useful in applications where a constant current source is needed. For example, the ACF2101 can be configured in a bipolar mode by using the current generated by a voltage reference as an offset current. In the example in Figure 12, a 10V reference (REF102) is used in series with a 400kΩ resistor to generate a constant +25µA input current to the ACF2101. The ACF2101 will operate as expected in this configuration except in the Hold mode. When the Hold switch is opened, the input to the ACF2101 becomes high impedance and consequently the Sw In node will try to go to 10V. The Hold switch is specified to have a withstand voltage of +0.5V. When the voltage at the Sw In node exceeds +0.5V the Hold switch will begin to conduct again. This will not cause damage to the switch, however, the output will start to unexpectedly integrate again. The addition of either C1 or D1 in the circuit is critical for proper Hold mode operation. C1 will divert the charge being gener- ated by the voltage source in series with the resistor. C1 is selected so that the maximum voltage does not exceed 0.4V. When the Hold switch is closed again, the charge collected by C1 is transferred to the integration capacitor. D1 will divert the charge being generated by the voltage source and resistor to ground. When the Hold switch closes again, the charge stored on the parasitic capacitor of the diode is transferred to the integration capacitor. D1 should be selected so that the on voltage of the diode does not exceed 0.4V. DEMONSTRATION BOARD AND MACROMODEL Demonstration boards are available to speed prototyping. The demonstration board, DEM-ACF2101BP-C includes a programmable timing generator making it easy to do a quick evaluation. A Spice-based macromodel is also available. Request AB-020 for Application Bulletin and Burr-Brown's Spice Macromodel diskette. ® 13 ACF2101 +15V 2 6 REF 102 Hold 7 4 Reset Select 1µF CINTERNAL Cap Out 100pF 400kΩ R1 In Reset IOFF Sw In Sw Out Hold D1 C1 Com Sw Com 1/2 ACF2101 FIGURE 12. Using the ACF2101 with a Voltage Source. ® ACF2101 14