HITTITE HMC704LP4E

HMC704LP4E
v02.0411
8 GHz fractionaL-N PLL
Typical Applications
Features
The HMC704LP4E is ideal for:
Wide band: DC - 8 GHz RF Input,
4 GHz 19-bit Prescaler
• Microwave Point-to-Point Radios
• Base Stations for Mobile Radio (GSM, PCS, DCS, CDMA, WCDMA)
• Wireless LANs, WiMAX
• Communications Test Equipment
• CATV Equipment
• Automotive
Industry Leading Phase Noise & Spurious:
-112 dBc/Hz @ 8 GHz Fractional, 50 kHz Offset
Figure of Merit
-230 dBc/Hz Fractional Mode
-233 dBc/Hz Integer Mode 100 MHz PFD
High PFD rate: 100 MHz
PLLs - SMT
24 Lead 4x4 mm SMT Package: 16 mm2
Functional Diagram
General Description
The HMC704LP4E has been designed for the best
phase noise and lowest spurious content possible in
an integrated PLL.
Fabricated in a SiGe BiCMOS process, this
Fractional-N PLL con­sists of a very low noise digital
phase detector, VCO divider, reference divider and a
precision controlled charge pump.
Ultra low in-close phase noise and low spurious allows
wide loop bandwidths for faster fre­quency hopping and
low micro-phonics.
Exact frequency mode with 24-bit fractional mod­ulator
provides the ability to generate fractional frequencies
with zero frequency error, an important feature for
Digital Pre-Distortion systems.
The serial interface offers read back capability and is
compatible with a wide variety of protocols.
5-1
For price, delivery, and to place orders: Hittite Microwave Corporation,20 Alpha Road, Chelmsford, MA
01824 Phone: 978-250-3343
Fax: 978-250-3373
Order On-line at www.hittite.com
Application Support: Phone: 978-250-3343 or [email protected]
HMC704LP4E
v02.0411
8 GHz fractional-N PLL
Table 1. Electrical Specifications
VDDCP, VPPCP = 5V+/-4%; RVDD, AVDD, DVDD, VDDPD, VCCPS = 3.3V +/-10%; AGND = DGND = 0V
Parameter
RF INPUT CHARACTERISTICS
RF Input Frequency Range
Conditions
Min.
Typ.
Max.
Units
[6][7]
[1]
DC
8000
MHz
[1]
DC
4000
MHz
Power Range
[13]
-15
Impedance
100 Ohms each leg||3pF
Prescaler Input Freq Range
-7
-3
100||3
dBm
Ohms||pF
REF INPUT CHARACTERISTICS
Frequency Range (3.3V)
[1][8]
Power from 50Ohm Source
[12]
DC
Impedance
Ref Divider Range (14 bit)
350
MHz
6
dBm
100||3
Ohms||pF
1
16,383
[1][12]
Integer Mode
DC
50
115
MHz
Fractional Mode A
DC
50
80
MHz
Fractional Mode B
DC
50
100
MHz
2.5
mA
CHARGE PUMP
Output Current
20uA Steps
0.02
All should be equal
3.0
3.3
3.5
V
POWER SUPPLIES
RVDD, AVDD, VCCPS, VCCHF, VCCPD
- Analog supply
DVDD - Digital supply
3.0
3.3
3.5
V
VDDLS, VPPCP Charge Pump
VDDLS, VPPCP must be
equal
4.7
5.0
5.2
V
3.3V - Current consumption
[9]
38
52
58
mA
2
6
5V - Current consumption
All Modes
Power Down Current
[10]
BIAS Reference Voltage
Pin 12. Measured with
10GOhm Meter
1.880
Integer HiK Mode
Integer Normal Mode
Fractional HiK Mode [3]
Fractional Normal Mode [3]
-236
-232
-232
-228
1.920
7
mA
100
uA
1.960
V
-231
-228
-227
-225
dBc/Hz
dBc/Hz
dBc/Hz
dBc/Hz
plls - SMT
PHASE DETECTOR RATE
50
PHASE NOISE
Flicker Figure of Merit (FOM)[2]
Floor Figure of Merit [11]
-266
-233
-230
-230
-227
dBc/Hz
Flicker Noise at foffset
PNflick = Flicker FOM +20log(f vco) -10log(foffset)
dBc/Hz
Phase Noise Floor at f vco with fpd
PNfloor = Floor FOM + 10log(fpd) +20log(f vco/fpd)
dBc/Hz
Total Phase Noise vs foffset, f vco, fpd
PN = 10log(10(PNflick /10) + 10(PNfloor /10) )
Jitter
SSB 100Hz to 50kHz
SPURIOUS
[4][5]
Integer Boundary Spurs @~8GHz
offsets less than loop bandwidth, fpd = 50MHz
dBc/Hz
50
-60
fs
-52
dBc
LOGIC INPUTS
For price, delivery, and to place orders: Hittite Microwave Corporation,20 Alpha Road, Chelmsford, MA 01824
Phone: 978-250-3343
Fax: 978-250-3373
Order On-line at www.hittite.com
Application Support: Phone: 978-250-3343 or [email protected]
5-2
HMC704LP4E
v02.0411
8 GHz fractional-N PLL
Table 1. Electrical Specifications (Continued)
Parameter
Conditions
Min.
Typ.
VIH Input High Voltage
VIL Input Low Voltage
Max.
Units
VDD-0.4
V
0.4
V
LOGIC OUTPUTS
VOH Output High Voltage
VDD-0.4
VOL Output Low Voltage
Digital Output Driver Delay
SCK to Digital Output Delay
PLLs - SMT
RF divider 8GHz Integer Mode
5-3
0.4
19 bit , Even values Only
V
0.5ns+0.2ns/pF
8.2ns+0.2ns/pF
1.7nsec with a 3pF load
32
V
ns
ns
1,048,574
RF divider 4GHz Integer Mode
19 bit , All values
16
524,287
RF divider 8GHz Fractional Mode
19 bit , Even values Only
40
1,048,566
RF divider 4GHz Fractional Mode
19 bit , All values
20
524,283
[1] Frequency is guaranteed across process, voltage and temperature from -400C to 850C.
[2] With high charge-pump current, +12dBm 100MHz sine reference
[3] Fractional FOM degrades about 3dB/octave for prescaler input frequencies below 2GHz
[4] Using 50MHz reference with VCO tuned to within one loop bandwidth of an integer multiple of the PD frequency. Larger
offsets produce better results. See the “Spurious Performance” section for more information.
[5] Measured with the HMC704LP4E evaluation board. Board design and isolation will affect performance.
[6] Internal divide-by-2 must be enabled for frequencies >4GHz
[7] At low RF Frequency, Rise and fall times should be less than 1ns to maintain performance
[8] Slew rate of greater or equal to 0.5ns/V
[9] Current consumption depends upon operating mode and frequency of the VCO
[10] Reference input disconnected
[11] Min/Max versus temperature and supply, under typical reference & frequencies & RF power levels
[12] Slew > 0.5V/ns is recommended , see Table 6 for more information
[13] Operable with reduced spectral performance up to +7 dBm
For price, delivery, and to place orders: Hittite Microwave Corporation,20 Alpha Road, Chelmsford, MA 01824
Phone: 978-250-3343
Fax: 978-250-3373
Order On-line at www.hittite.com
Application Support: Phone: 978-250-3343 or [email protected]
HMC704LP4E
v02.0411
8 GHz fractional-N PLL
TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
Figure 1. Floor FOM vs. Mode and Temp
Figure 2. Flicker FOM vs. Mode and Temp
-226
-263
-264
-228
FLICKER FOM
FLOOR FOM
-265
-230
-232
-266
-267
-268
-234
int
Frac Mode A
Hik int
Hik Frac Mode A
-236
-40
0
40
TEMPERATURE (C)
-270
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
TEMPERATURE (C)
Figure 3. Floor FOM vs.
Output Frequency and Mode
Figure 4. Flicker FOM vs.
Output Frequency and Mode
-215
-263
HiK Frac Mode B
int
Frac Mode A
Frac Mode B
Hik int
Hik Frac Mode A
Hik Frac Mode B
-220
Frac Mode A
-264
FLICKER FOM
Frac Mode B
FLOOR FOM
int
Frac Mode A
Hik int
Hik Frac Mode A
-269
80
plls - SMT
Unless otherwise specified, plots are measured with a 50 MHz PD rate, VCO near 8 GHz. The operating modes in the
following plots refer to Integer (int), Fractional Modes A and B, HiKcp (HiK) or Active (act) configurations.
HiK Frac Mode A
-225
Frac Mode A
int
Frac Mode A
Frac Mode B
Hik Frac Mode A
Hik Frac Mode B
Frac Mode B
-265
-266
HiK Frac Mode B
Int
-230
-267
HiK Frac Mode A
HiK Frac Int
Int
-235
-268
1
2
4
FREQUENCY (GHz)
8
1
2
4
8
FREQUENCY (GHz)
For price, delivery, and to place orders: Hittite Microwave Corporation,20 Alpha Road, Chelmsford, MA 01824
Phone: 978-250-3343
Fax: 978-250-3373
Order On-line at www.hittite.com
Application Support: Phone: 978-250-3343 or [email protected]
5-4
HMC704LP4E
v02.0411
8 GHz fractional-N PLL
Figure 5. Floor FOM vs.
Reference Power and Mode
Figure 6. Flicker FOM vs.
Reference Power and Mode
-226
-266
FLICKER FOM
FLOOR FOM
-267
int
Mode A
HiK int
HiK Mode A
-228
-230
-268
-269
-270
-232
int
Frac Mode A
Hik int
Hik Frac Mode A
-271
-234
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
-272
-4
12
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
REFERENCE POWER (dBm)
Figure 7. Flicker FOM vs.
Charge Pump Current
Figure 8. Flicker FOM vs.
CP Voltage, CP Current = 2.5mA
-245
-256
-258
-250
FLICKER FOM
-260
FLICKER FOM
PLLs - SMT
REFERENCE POWER (dBm)
-255
-260
-262
-264
-266
-265
-268
-270
-270
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
0
1
CP CURRENT (mA)
2
3
4
5
CP VOLTAGE (V)
Figure 9. Flicker FOM vs.
CP Voltage, Hikcp + CP Current = 6mA
Figure 10. Floor FOM vs.
CP Voltage, CP Current = 2.5mA
-264
-218
-266
FLOOR FOM
FLICKER FOM
-220
-268
-222
-224
-226
-228
-270
-230
0
1
2
3
CP VOLTAGE (V)
5-5
4
5
0
1
2
3
4
5
CP VOLTAGE (V)
For price, delivery, and to place orders: Hittite Microwave Corporation,20 Alpha Road, Chelmsford, MA 01824
Phone: 978-250-3343
Fax: 978-250-3373
Order On-line at www.hittite.com
Application Support: Phone: 978-250-3343 or [email protected]
HMC704LP4E
v02.0411
8 GHz fractional-N PLL
Figure 11. Floor FOM vs.
CP Voltage, Hikcp+CP Current = 6mA
Figure 12. Floor FOM vs. CP Current
-224
-200
-205
-226
-210
FLOOR FOM
FLOOR FOM
-228
-230
-215
-220
-232
-225
-234
-230
1
2
3
4
5
0
0.5
1
1.5
CP VOLTAGE (V)
Figure 13. Spur Performance vs.
Frequency Offset[1]
2.5
3
Figure 14. Spur Performance vs.
Frequency Offset [2]
-50
-55
-55
-60
-60
WORST SPUR (dBc)
WORST SPUR (dBc)
2
CP CURRENT (mA)
-65
-70
-75
-80
plls - SMT
0
-65
-70
-75
-80
-85
-85
-90
-90
1
10
100
1
1000
10
100
1000
FREQUENCY OFFSET (KHz)
FREQUENCY OFFSET (kHz)
Figure 15. Worst Case
Integer Boundary Spur Near 8 GHz
Figure 16. Worst Case
Integer Boundary Spur Near 4 GHz
-50
-50
Mode B
Mode B
HiK Mode B
-55
WORST SPUR (dBc)
WORST SPUR (dBc)
-55
-60
-65
Mode A
-70
-75
8450
Mode A
Mode B
HiK Mode A
HiK Mode B
8550
8650
HiK Mode B
-60
-65
-70
Mode A
-75
HiK Mode A
-80
Mode A
Mode B
HiK Mode A
HiK Mode B
HiK Mode A
8750
8850
8950
FREQUENCY (MHz)
-85
4150
4200
4250
4300
4350
4400
4450
4500
4550
4600
FREQUENCY (MHz)
[1] CP Current = 2.5 mA, Loop Filter = 20 kHz, Phase Margin = 78°
[2] Hi K, CP Current = 6 mA, Loop Filter BW = 45 kHz, Phase Margin = 78°
For price, delivery, and to place orders: Hittite Microwave Corporation,20 Alpha Road, Chelmsford, MA 01824
Phone: 978-250-3343
Fax: 978-250-3373
Order On-line at www.hittite.com
Application Support: Phone: 978-250-3343 or [email protected]
5-6
HMC704LP4E
v02.0411
8 GHz fractional-N PLL
Figure 17. Integer Boundary Spur vs.
CP Offset [3]
Figure 18. Modelled vs.
Measured Phase Noise [4]
-80
-25
WORST SPUR (dBc)
-30
PHASE NOISE (dBc)
Mode A
Mode B
HIK Mode A
HiK Mode B
-35
Recommended
Operating Region
-40
-45
-50
-100
-120
-140
HiK Mode B
-55
-160
Mode B
-60
-65
-600
HiK Int
Predicted HiK Int
Mode A
HiK Mode A
-400
-200
0
200
400
-180
100
600
1000
10
4
5
10
6
10
7
10
8
OFFSET (Hz)
OFFSET CURRENT (uA)
Figure 19. Modelled vs. Measured
Phase Noise, Fractional Mode [3]
Figure 20. Floor FOM Near 8 GHz vs.
RF Power and Mode
-80
-227
-228
-100
-229
-120
FLOOR FOM
PHASE NOISE (dBc)
PLLs - SMT
10
-140
-231
-232
Int
ff
fb
act Int
Hik
Mode A
act
fb
Predicted
Act Int
Predicted
Hik
Mode A
-160
-230
HiK int
HiK Mode A
HiK Mode B
-233
-180
100
1000
10
4
10
5
10
6
10
7
10
-234
-24
8
-21
-18
-15
OFFSET (Hz)
-12
-9
-6
-3
0
3
RF POWER (dBm)
Figure 21. Flicker FOM Near 8 GHz vs.
RF Power and Mode
Figure 22. Integer Boundary Spurious at
8 GHz + 10 kHz vs. RF Power [3]
-266
-50
-55
SPUR (dBc)
FLICKER FOM
-266.5
-267
5KHz
10KHz
-60
-65
-267.5
-70
HiK int
HiK Mode A
HiK Mode B
-268
-24
-21
-18
-15
-12
-9
-6
-3
0
RF POWER (dBm)
3
-75
-15
-12
-9
-6
-3
0
3
RF POWER (dBm)
[3] VCO Near 8.6 GHz, Prescalar = VCO/2
[4] Active Fractional A Mode (Prescalar @ 4 GHz + 5 kHz)
5-7
For price, delivery, and to place orders: Hittite Microwave Corporation,20 Alpha Road, Chelmsford, MA 01824
Phone: 978-250-3343
Fax: 978-250-3373
Order On-line at www.hittite.com
Application Support: Phone: 978-250-3343 or [email protected]
HMC704LP4E
v02.0411
8 GHz fractional-N PLL
Table 2. Pin Descriptions
Function
1
SDI
2
SCK
3
ASEN
4
LD_SDO
Description
Main Serial port data input
Main Serial port clock input
Auxiliary Serial Port Enable Output
Lock Detect Output or Serial Data Output or GPO, Selectable
5
VCOIN
Complementary Input to the RF Prescaler. For Single Ended operation must be decoupled to the ground
plane with a ceramic bypass capacitor, typically 100 pF. DC Bias of 2.0V is generated internally
6
VCOIP
Input to the RF Prescaler. Small signal input from external VCO. DC Bias of 2.0V is generated internally.
External AC Coupling required
7
VCCHF
Power supply pin for the RF Section. Nominal +3.3 V. A decoupling capacitor to the ground plane should
be placed as close as possible to this pin. see eval board layout.
8
N/C
No Connect
9
VCCPS
10
N/C
11
VCCPD
12
BIAS
External bypass decoupling for precision bias circuits, 1.920V +/-20mV
NOTE: BIAS ref voltage cannot drive an external load. Must be measured with 10GOhm meter such as
Agilent 34410A, normal 10Mohm DVM will read erroneously.
13
N/C
No Connect
14
AVDD
15
VPPCP
16
CP
17
VDDLS
Power Supply Prescaler, Nominal +3.3V
No Connect
Power supply for the phase detector, Nominal +3.3V
Power supply for analog bias generation, Nominal +3.3V
Power supply for charge pump, Nominal +5V
Charge pump output.
Power Supply for charge pump digital section, Nominal +5V
18
RVDD
Ref path supply, Nominal +3.3V
19
XREFP
Reference input
20
ASCK
Auxiliary Serial Port Clock Output
21
ASD
Auxiliary Serial Port Data Output
22
DVDD
23
CEN
Hardware Chip Enable
24
SEN
Main Serial port latch enable input
plls - SMT
Pin Number
Digital supply, Nominal +3.3V
For price, delivery, and to place orders: Hittite Microwave Corporation,20 Alpha Road, Chelmsford, MA 01824
Phone: 978-250-3343
Fax: 978-250-3373
Order On-line at www.hittite.com
Application Support: Phone: 978-250-3343 or [email protected]
5-8
HMC704LP4E
v02.0411
8 GHz fractional-N PLL
Table 3. Absolute Maximum Ratings
PLLs - SMT
Parameter
Rating
AVDD or DVDD to GND
-0.3V to +3.6V
AVDD to DVDD
-0.5V to +0.5V
VDDLS, VPPCP
-0.3V to +5.2V
VCOIN, VCOIP Single Ended DC
VCCHF-0.2V
VCOIN, VCOIP Differential DC
5.2V
VCOIN, VCOIP Single Ended AC 50Ohm
+7 dBm
VCOIN, VCOIP Differential AC 50Ohm
+13 dBm
Digital Load
1kOhm min
Digital Input 1.4V to 1.7V min rise time
20nsec
Digital Input Voltage Range
-0.25 to DVDD+0,5V
Thermal Resistance (Jxn to Gnd Paddle)
25 0C/W
Operating Temperature Range
-40 OC to +85 OC
Storage Temperature Range
-65 OC to + 125 OC
Maximum Junction Temperature
+125 OC
Reflow Soldering
Peak Temperature
Time at Peak Temperature
ESD Sensitivity HBM
260 OC
40sec
Class 1B
Stresses above those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings may cause permanent damage to the device. This is
a stress rating only; functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions above those indicated in the
operational section of this specification is not implied. Exposure to absolute maximum rating conditions for extended
periods may affect device reliability.
5-9
For price, delivery, and to place orders: Hittite Microwave Corporation,20 Alpha Road, Chelmsford, MA 01824
Phone: 978-250-3343
Fax: 978-250-3373
Order On-line at www.hittite.com
Application Support: Phone: 978-250-3343 or [email protected]
HMC704LP4E
v02.0411
8 GHz fractional-N PLL
NOTES:
[1] PACKAGE BODY MATERIAL: LOW STRESS INJECTION MOLDED PLASTIC SILICA AND SILICON IMPREGNATED.
[2] LEAD AND GROUND PADDLE MATERIAL: COPPER ALLOY.
[3] LEAD AND GROUND PADDLE PLATING: 100% MATTE TIN.
[4] DIMENSIONS ARE IN INCHES [MILLIMETERS].
[5] LEAD SPACING TOLERANCE IS NON-CUMULATIVE.
[6] PAD BURR LENGTH SHALL BE 0.15mm MAX. PAD BURR HEIGHT SHALL BE 0.05mm MAX.
[7] PACKAGE WARP SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.05MM
[8] ALL GROUND LEADS AND GROUND PADDLE MUST BE SOLDERED TO PCB RF GROUND.
[9] REFER TO HITTITE APPLICATION NOTE FOR SUGGESTED PCB LAND PATTERN.
plls - SMT
Outline Drawing
Table 4. Package Information
Part Number
Package Body Material
Lead Finish
MSL Rating
Package Marking [1]
HMC704LP4E
RoHS-compliant Low Stress Injection Molded Plastic
100% matte Sn
MSL1[2]
H704
XXXX
[1] 4-Digit lot number XXXX
[2] Max peak reflow temperature of 260°C
For price, delivery, and to place orders: Hittite Microwave Corporation,20 Alpha Road, Chelmsford, MA 01824
Phone: 978-250-3343
Fax: 978-250-3373
Order On-line at www.hittite.com
Application Support: Phone: 978-250-3343 or [email protected]
5 - 10
HMC704LP4E
v02.0411
8 GHz fractional-N PLL
PLLs - SMT
Evaluation PCB
The circuit board used in the application should use RF circuit design techniques. Signal lines should have 50
Ohms impedance while the package ground leads and exposed paddle should be connected directly to the
ground plane similar to that shown. A sufficient number of via holes should be used to connect the top and
bottom ground planes. The evaluation circuit board shown is available from Hittite upon request.
Table 5. Evaluation Order Information
5 - 11
Item
Contents
Part Number
Evaluation PCB Only
HMC704LP4E Evaluation PCB
130933-HMC704LP4E
Evaluation Kit
HMC704LP4E Evaluation PCB
USB Interface Board
6’ USB A Male to USB B Female Cable
CD ROM (Contains User Manual, Evaluation PCB Schematic, Evaluation Software, Hittite
PLL Design Software)
129856-HMC704LP4E
For price, delivery, and to place orders: Hittite Microwave Corporation,20 Alpha Road, Chelmsford, MA 01824
Phone: 978-250-3343
Fax: 978-250-3373
Order On-line at www.hittite.com
Application Support: Phone: 978-250-3343 or [email protected]
HMC704LP4E
v02.0411
8 GHz fractional-N PLL
plls - SMT
Evaluation PCB Block Diagram
Evaluation PCB Schematic
To view Evaluation PCB Schematic please visit www.hittite.com and choose HMC704LP4E from “Search by Part
Number” pull down menu to view the product splash page.
For price, delivery, and to place orders: Hittite Microwave Corporation,20 Alpha Road, Chelmsford, MA 01824
Phone: 978-250-3343
Fax: 978-250-3373
Order On-line at www.hittite.com
Application Support: Phone: 978-250-3343 or [email protected]
5 - 12
HMC704LP4E
v02.0411
8 GHz fractional-N PLL
Theory of Operation
The PLL consists of the following functional blocks:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Reference Path Input Buffer and ’R’ Divider
VCO Path Input Buffer, RF Divide-by-2 and Multi-Modulus ’N’ Divider
Δ Σ Fractional Modulator
Phase Detector
Charge Pump
Main Serial Port
Lock Detect and Register Control
Auxiliary Output Serial Port
9. Power On Reset Circuit
PLLs - SMT
External VCO
The PLL charge pump can operate with the charge pump supply as high as 5.2 Volts. The charge pump output at the
varactor tuning port, normally can maintain low noise performance to within 500mV of ground or 800mV of the upper
supply voltage.
Figure 23. Synthesizer with External VCO
High Performance Low Spurious Operation
The HMC704LP4E has been designed for the best phase noise and low spurious content possible in an integrated PLL.
Spurious signals in a PLL can occur in any mode of operation and can come from a number of sources.
Figure of Merit Noise Floor and Flicker Noise Models
The phase noise of an ideal phase locked oscillator is dependent upon a number of factors:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Frequency of the VCO, and the Phase detector
VCO Sensitivity, kvco, VCO and Reference Oscillator phase noise profiles
Charge Pump current, Loop Filter and Loop Bandwidth
Mode of Operation: Integer, Fractional modulator style
The contributions of the PLL to the output phase noise can be characterized in terms of a Figure of Merit (FOM) for both
the PLL noise floor and the PLL flicker (1/f) noise regions, as follows:
5 - 13
For price, delivery, and to place orders: Hittite Microwave Corporation,20 Alpha Road, Chelmsford, MA 01824
Phone: 978-250-3343
Fax: 978-250-3373
Order On-line at www.hittite.com
Application Support: Phone: 978-250-3343 or [email protected]
HMC704LP4E
v02.0411
8 GHz fractional-N PLL
where:
Φ p 2
Phase Noise Contribution of the PLL (rads2/Hz)
Frequency of the VCO (Hz)
Frequency of the Phase Detector (Hz)
Frequency offset from the carrier (Hz)
Figure of Merit (FOM) for the phase noise floor
Figure of Merit (FOM) for the flicker noise region
PLL Phase Noise
Contribution
Φ
2
p
(f ,f
0
m , fpd ) =
Fp1 f02
fm
PHASE NOISE (dBc/Hz)
PLL 1/f Flicker Noise
+
(EQ 1)
Fp0 f02
ffd
VCO 1/f3 Noise
VCO 1/f2 Noise
Typical Closed Loop Phase Noise
PLL Noise Floor
Closed Loop
Bandwidth
plls - SMT
fo
fpd
fm
Fpo
Fp1
LOG OFFSET FREQUENCY (fm)
Figure 24. Figures of Merit Noise Models for the PLL
If the free running phase noise of the VCO is known, it may also be represented by a figure of merit for both 1/f2 , Fv2,
and the 1/f3, Fv3, regions.
VCO Phase Noise
Contribution
Φν2 ( f0 , fm ) =
Fν 3 f02
Fν f02
+
fm2
fm3
(EQ 2)
The Figures of Merit are essentially normalized noise parameters for both the PLL and VCO that can allow quick estimates of the performance levels of the PLL at the required VCO, offset and phase detector fre­quency. Normally, the
PLL IC noise dominates inside the closed loop bandwidth of the PLL, and the VCO dominates outside the loop bandwidth at offsets far from the carrier. Hence a quick estimate of the closed loop performance of the PLL can be made by
setting the loop bandwidth equal to the frequency where the PLL and free running phase noise are equal.
The Figure of Merit is also useful in estimating the noise parameters to be entered into a closed loop design tool such as
Hittite PLL Design, which can give a much more accurate estimate of the closed loop phase noise and PLL loop filter
component values.
Given an optimum loop design, the approximate closed loop performance is simply given by the minimum of the PLL
and VCO noise contributions.
For price, delivery, and to place orders: Hittite Microwave Corporation,20 Alpha Road, Chelmsford, MA 01824
Phone: 978-250-3343
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5 - 14
HMC704LP4E
v02.0411
8 GHz fractional-N PLL
(
Φ 2 = min Φ 2p , Φν2
PLL-VCO Noise
)
(EQ 3)
PLLs - SMT
An example of the use of the FOM values to make a quick estimate of PLL performance: Estimate the phase noise of an
8GHz closed loop PLL with a 100MHz reference operating in Fractional Mode B with the VCO operating at 8GHz and
the VCO divide by 2 port driving the PLL at 4GHz. Assume an HMC509 VCO has free running phase noise in the 1/f2
region at 1MHz offset of -135dBc/Hz and phase noise in the 1/f3 region at 1kHz offset of -60dBc/Hz.
Fv1_dB = -135
Free Running VCO PN at 1MHz offset
+20*log10(1e6)
PNoise normalized to 1Hz offset
-20*log10(8e9) Pnoise normalized to 1Hz carrier
= -213.1 dBc/Hz at 1Hz
VCO FOM
Fv3_dB = -60
Free Running VCO PN at 1kHz offset
+30*log10(1e3)
PNoise normalized to 1Hz offset
-20*log10(8e9) Pnoise normalized to 1Hz carrier
= -168 dBc/Hz at 1Hz
VCO Flicker FOM
We can see from Figure 3 and Figure 4 respectively that the PLL FOM floor and FOM flicker parameters in fractional
Mode A:
Fpo_dB = -227 dBc/Hz at 1Hz
Fp1_dB = -266 dBc/Hz at 1Hz
Each of the Figure of Merit equations result in straight lines on a log-frequency plot. We can see in the example below
the resulting
PLL floor at 8GHz = Fpo_dB +20log10(fvco) -10log10(fpd) = -227+198 -80 = -109 dBc/Hz
PLL Flicker at 1kHz = Fp1_dB+20log10(fvco)-10log10(fm) = -266 +198-30 = -98 dBc/Hz
VCO at 1MHz = Fv1_dB+20log10(fvco)-20log10(fm)= -213 +198-120
= -135dBc/Hz
VCO flicker at 1kHz = Fv3_dB+20log10(fvco)-30log10(fm)= -168 +198-90 = -60dBc/Hz
These four values help to visualize the main contributors to phase noise in the closed loop PLL. Each falls on a linear
line on the log-frequency phase noise plot shown in Figure 25.
-20
PHASE NOISE (dBc/Hz)
-40
VCO at 1 kHz
-60
-80
-100
PLL Floor
-120
PLL at 1 kHz
-140
VCO at 1 MHz
-160
-180
100
1000
4
5
6
10
10
10
FREQUENCY OFFSET (Hz)
10
7
10
8
Figure 25. Example of Figure of Merit models at 8 GHz
5 - 15
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HMC704LP4E
v02.0411
8 GHz fractional-N PLL
It should be noted that actual phase noise near the corner frequency of the loop bandwidth is affected by loop parameters and one should use a more complete design tool such as Hittite PLL Design for better esti­mates of the phase noise
performance. Noise models for each of the components in Hittite PLL Design can be derived from the FOM equations
or can be provided by Hittite applications engineering.
Spurious Performance
Integer Operation
The VCO always operates at an integer multiple of the PD frequency in an integer PLL. In general spurious signals
originating from an integer PLL can only occur at multiples of the PD frequency. These unwanted outputs are often simply referred to as reference sidebands.
The HMC704LP4E has been designed and tested for ultra-low spurious performance. Reference spuri­ous levels are
typically below -100dBc with a well designed board layout. A regulator with low noise and high power supply rejection,
such as the HMC860LP3E, is recommended to minimize external spurious sources.
Reference spurious levels of below -100dBc require superb board isolation of power supplies, isolation of the VCO from
the digital switching of the PLL and isolation of the VCO load from the PLL. Typical board layout, regulator design, demo
boards and application information are available for very low spurious operation. Operation with lower levels of isolation in the application circuit board, from those rec­ommended by Hittite, can result in higher spurious levels.
Of course, if the application environment contains other interfering frequencies unrelated to the PD fre­quency, and if
the application isolation from the board layout and regulation are insufficient, then the unwanted interfering frequencies
will mix with the desired PLL output and cause additional spurs. The level of these spurs is dependant upon isolation
and supply regulation or rejection (PSRR).
plls - SMT
Spurs unrelated to the reference frequency must originate from outside sources. External spurious sources can modulate the VCO indirectly through power supplies, ground, or output ports, or bypass the loop filter due to poor isolation of
the filter. It can also simply add to the output of the PLL.
Fractional Operation
Unlike an integer PLL, spurious signals in a fractional PLL can occur due to the fact that the VCO operates at frequencies unrelated to the PD frequency. Hence intermodulation of the VCO and the PD harmonics can cause spurious sidebands. Spurious emissions are largest when the VCO operates very close to an integer multiple of the PD. When the
VCO operates exactly at a harmonic of the PD then, no in-close mixing products are present.
Interference is always present at multiples of the PD frequency, fpd, and the VCO frequency, fvco. If the fractional mode
of operation is used, the difference, Δ, between the VCO frequency and the nearest har­monic of the reference, will create what are referred to as integer boundary spurs. Depending upon the mode of operation of the PLL, higher order,
lower power spurs may also occur at multiples of integer fractions (sub-harmonics) of the PD frequency. That is, fractional VCO frequencies which are near nfpd + fpdd/m, where n, d and m are all integers and d<m (mathematicians refer
to d/m as a rational num­ber). We will refer to fpdd/m as an integer fraction. The denominator, m, is the order of the spurious product. Higher values of m produce smaller amplitude spurious at offsets of mΔ and usually when m>4 spurs are
very small or unmeasurable.
The worst case, in fractional mode, is when d=0, and the VCO frequency is offset from nfpd by less than the loop bandwidth. This is the “in-band fractional boundary” case.
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5 - 16
HMC704LP4E
v02.0411
8 GHz fractional-N PLL
Integer
Boundary
fVCO
Δ
n = integer
d =0
m = 1 = 1st order
Δ < Loop Bandwidth
1st Order Integer Boundary Spur
Δ
fVCO
2Δ
PLLs - SMT
(n+1)fpd
(n+1/2)fpd
nfpd
Integer
Boundary
Integer
Boundary
nfpd
d =1
n = integer
m = 2 = 2nd order
Δ < Loop Bandwidth
Integer
Boundary
2nd Order Spur
2Δ
Δ
(n+1/2)fpd
(n+1)fpd
Figure 26. Fractional Spurious Example
Characterization of the levels and orders of these products is not unlike a mixer spur chart. Exact levels of the products
are dependent upon isolation of the various PLL parts. Hittite can offer guidance about expected levels of spurious with
our PLL and VCO application boards. Regulators with high power supply rejection ratios (PSRR) are recommended,
especially in noisy applications.
When operating in fractional mode, charge pump and phase detector linearity is of paramount importance. Any nonlinearity degrades phase noise and spurious performance. Phase detector linearity degrades when the phase error is
very small and is operating back and forth between reference lead and VCO lead. To mitigate these non-linearities in
fractional mode it is critical to operate the phase detector with some finite phase offset such that either the reference or
VCO always leads. To provide a finite phase error, extra current sources can be enabled which provide a constant DC
current path to VDD (VCO leads always) or ground (reference leads always). These current sources are called charge
pump offset and they are controlled via “Reg 09h”. The time offset at the phase detector should be ~2.5ns + 4Tps, where
Tps is the RF period at the fractional prescaler input in nanoseconds (ie. after the optional fixed divide by 2). The specific level of charge pump offset current is determined by this time offset, the comparison frequency and the charge
pump current and can be calculated from:
(
)
Required CP Offset (µA) = 2.5 × 10 −9 + 4TPS (sec) × ( Fcomparison ) (Hz ) × ICP (µA)
(EQ 4)
Operation with charge pump offset influences the required configuration of the Lock Detect function. Refer to the description of “PD Window Based Lock Detect” later in this document. Note that this calculation can be performed for the
center frequency of the VCO, and does not need refinement for small differences (<25%) in center frequencies.
Another factor in the spectral performance in Fractional Mode is the choice of the Delta-Sigma Modulator mode. Mode
A can offer better in-band spectral performance (inside the loop bandwidth) while Mode B offers better out of band performance. See “Reg 06h”[3:2] for DSM mode selection. Finally, all fractional PLLs cre­ate fractional spurs at some level.
Hittite offers the lowest level fractional spurious in the indus­try in an integrated solution.
5 - 17
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HMC704LP4E
v02.0411
8 GHz fractional-N PLL
Reference Input Stage
The reference buffer provides the path from an external reference source (generally crystal based) to the R divider, and
eventually to the phase detector. The buffer has two modes of operation. High Gain (recommended below 200MHz),
and High frequency, for 200 to 350MHz operation. The buffer is internally DC biased, with 100 Ohm internal termination. For 50 Ohm match, an external 100 Ohm resistance to ground should be added, followed by an AC coupling capacitance (impedance < 1 Ohm), then to the XREFP pin of the part.
At low frequencies, a relatively square reference is recommended to keep the input slew rate high. At higher frequencies, a square or sinusoid can be used. The following table shows the recommended operating regions for different
reference frequencies. If operating outside these regions the part will normally still operate, but with degraded performance.
plls - SMT
Figure 27. Reference Path Input Stage
Minimum pulse width at the reference buffer input is 2.5ns. For best spur performance when R = 1, the pulse width
should be (2.5ns + 8Tps), where Tps is the period of the VCO at the prescaler input. When R > 1 minimum pulse width
is 2.5ns.
Table 6. Reference Sensitivity Table
Square Input
Sinusoidal Input
Frequency
Slew > 0.5V/ns
(MHz)
Recommended
Recommended Swing (Vpp)
Min
Max
Recommended
Recommended Power Range (dBm)
Min
Max
< 10
YES
0.6
2.5
x
x
x
10
YES
0.6
2.5
x
x
x
25
YES
0.6
2.5
ok
8
15
50
YES
0.6
2.5
YES
6
15
100
YES
0.6
2.5
YES
5
15
12
150
ok
0.9
2.5
YES
4
200
ok
1.2
2.5
YES
3
8
200 to 350
x
x
x
YES1
5
10
Note: For greater than 200MHz operation, use buffer in High Frequency Mode. Reg[8] bit 21 = 1
Input referred phase noise of the PLL when operating at 50MHz is between -150 and -156dBc/Hz at 10kHz offset depending upon the mode of operation. The input reference signal should be 10dB better than this floor to avoid deg­
radation of the PLL noise contribution. It should be noted that such low levels are only necessary if the PLL is the dominant noise contributor and these levels are required for the system goals.
For price, delivery, and to place orders: Hittite Microwave Corporation,20 Alpha Road, Chelmsford, MA 01824
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5 - 18
HMC704LP4E
v02.0411
8 GHz fractional-N PLL
Ref Path ’R’ Divider
The reference path “R” divider is based on a 14 bit counter and can divide input signals of up to 350MHz input by values
from 1 to 16,383 and is controlled by “Reg 02h”[13:0]. The reference divider output may be viewed in test mode on the
LD_SDO pin, by setting “Reg 0Fh”[4:0] = 9d.
RF Path
The RF path is shown in Figure 28. This path features a low noise 8GHz RF input buffer followed by an 8GHz RF divideby-2 with a selectable bypass. If the VCO input is below 4GHz the RF divide-by-2 should be by-passed for reduced
power consumption and improved performance in fractional mode. The RF divide-by-2 is followed by the N divider, a 19
bit divider that can operate in either integer or fractional mode with up to 4GHz inputs. Finally the N divider is followed by
the Phase Detector (PD), which has two inputs, the RF path from the VCO (V) and the reference path (R) from the crystal. The PD can operate at speeds up to 80MHz in fractional Mode A, 100MHz in fractional Mode B and 115MHz in integer mode.
RF Buffer
PLLs - SMT
8GHz
VCOIN
VCOIP
RF Divide by 2 N Divider
Phase Detector Charge Pump
80MHz/100MHz Fractional
VPPCP
8GHz
4GHz
115MHz Integer
/2 or
CP
UP
19 Bit /N
V
Bypass
CP
PD
SEL
CONTROL
Ref Path
R
DN
Figure 28. RF Path
RF Input Stage
The RF input stage provides the path from the external VCO to the phase detector via the RF or ’N’ divider. The RF input path is rated to operate up to 8GHz across all conditions. The RF input stage is a differential common emitter stage
with internal DC bias, and is protected by ESD diodes as shown in Figure 29. This input is not matched to 50 Ohms. A
50 Ohm resistor placed across the inputs can be used if desired. In most applications the input is used single-ended
into either the VCOIP or VCOIN pin with the other input connected to ground through a DC blocking capacitor. The
preferred input level for best spectral performance is -10dBm nominally.
Figure 29. RF Input Stage
5 - 19
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HMC704LP4E
v02.0411
8 GHz fractional-N PLL
RF Path ’N’ Divider
The main RF path ’N’ divider is capable of divide ratios anywhere between 219-1 (524,287) and 16 . This divider for example could divide a 4GHz input to a PD frequency anywhere between its maximum output limit of 115MHz to as low as
7.6kHz. The ’N’ divider output may be viewed in test mode on LD_SDO by set­ting “Reg 0Fh”[4:0] = 10d. When operating
in fractional mode the N divider can change by up to +/-4 from the average value. Hence the selected divide ratio in
fractional mode is restricted to values between 219-5 (524,283) and 20.
If the VCO input is above 4GHz then the 8GHz fixed RF divide-by-2 should be used, “Reg 08h”[19] = 1. In this case the
total division range is restricted to even numbers over the range 2*(219-5) (1,048,566) to 40.
Charge Pump and Phase Detector
The PD compares the phase of the RF path signal with that of the reference path signal and controls the charge pump
output current as a linear function of the phase difference between the two signals. The out­put current varies in a linear
fashion over nearly ±2π radians (±360) of input phase difference.
Phase Detector and Charge Pump Functions
Phase detector register “Reg 08h” allows manual access to control special phase detector features.
plls - SMT
The Phase Detector or PD has two inputs, one from the reference path divider and one from the RF path divider. When
in lock these two inputs are at the same average frequency and are fixed at a constant aver­age phase offset with respect to each other. We refer to the frequency of operation of the PD as fpd. Most formula related to step size, delta-sigma modulation, timers etc., are functions of the operating frequency of the PD, fpd is sometimes referred to as the comparison frequency of the PD.
“Reg 0Bh”[2:0] allows fine tuning of the PD reset path delay. This adjustment can be used to improve perfor­mance at
very high PD rates. Most often this register is set to the recommended value only.
“Reg 06h”[5] and [6] enables the PD UP and DN outputs respectively. Disabling prevents the charge pump from pumping up or down respectively and effectively tri-states the charge pump while leaving all other functions operating internally.
CP Force UP “Reg 08h”[9] and CP Force DN “Reg 00h”[10] allows the charge pump to be forced up or down respectively. This will force the VCO to the ends of the tuning range which can be useful for testing of the VCO.
PD Force Mid “Reg 0Bh”[11] will disable the charge pump current sources and place a voltage source on the loop filter
at approximately VPPCP/2. If a passive filter is used this will set the VCO to the mid-voltage tun­ing point which can be
useful for testing of the VCO.
“Reg 0Bh”[21:7] control other aspects of the phase detector operation and should be set to recommended values.
PLL Jitter
The standard deviation of the arrival time of the VCO signal, or the jitter, may be estimated with a simple approximation
if we assume that the locked VCO has a constant phase noise, Φ 2 ( f0 ) , at offsets less than the loop 3dB bandwidth and
a 20dB per decade roll off at greater offsets. The simple locked VCO phase noise approximation is shown on the left of
Figure 30.
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5 - 20
HMC704LP4E
v02.0411
8 GHz fractional-N PLL
фrms
2
2
φ ( f)
φ ( f o)
ф(t)
r 2 ⁄ Hz


B
fo
Figure 30. Synthesizer Phase Noise and Jitter
With this simplification the total integrated VCO phase noise,
Φν2 , in rads2 is given by
PLLs - SMT
Φν2 = Φ 2 ( f0 ) Bπ
(EQ 5)
where
Φ 2 ( f0 ) is the single sideband phase noise in rads2/Hz inside the loop bandwidth, and
B is the 3dB corner frequency of the closed loop PLL
The integrated phase noise at the phase detector, Φ
2
pd
, is just scaled by N 2 ie.
Φ
2
pd
Φν2
= 2
N
The rms phase jitter of the VCO ( Φ v ) in rads, is just the square root of the phase noise integral.
Since the simple integral of (EQ 5) is just a product of constants, we can easily do the integral in the log domain. For
example if the phase noise inside the loop is -110dBc/Hz at 10kHz offset and the loop band­width is 100kHz, and the division ratio is 100, then the integrated phase noise at the phase detector, in dB, is given by;
(
)
Φ 2pd dB = 10log Φ 2 ( f0 ) βπ N 2 = -110 + 5 +50 - 40 = -95 dBrads , or equivalently Φ = 10
rms.
−95
20
= 18urads = 1 milli-degrees
While the phase noise reduces by a factor of 20logN after division to the reference, due to the increased period of the
PD reference signal, the jitter is constant.
The rms jitter from the phase noise is then given by Tjpn = Tpd Φ pd 2π
In this example if the PD reference was 50MHz, Tpd = 20nsec, and hence Tjpn = 56 femto-sec.
PD Window Based Lock Detect
Lock Detect Enable “Reg 0Bh”[3]=1 is a global enable for all lock detect functions.
The window based Lock Detect circuit effectively measures the difference between the arrival of the refer­ence and the
divided VCO signals at the PD. The arrival time difference must consistently be less than the Lock Detect window
length, to declare lock. Either signal may arrive first, only the difference in arrival times is counted.
5 - 21
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HMC704LP4E
v02.0411
8 GHz fractional-N PLL
Analog Window Lock Detect
The lock detect window may be generated by either an analog circuit or a digital one-shot circuit. Clearing “Reg
07h”[6]=0 will result in a fixed, analog, nominal 10nsec window, as shown in Figure 31. The analog window cannot be
used if the PD rate is very high, for example near 100MHz, or if the charge pump offset current results in an offset larger
than 7nsec.
For example a 25MHz PD rate with a 1mA charge pump setting (“Reg 09h”[6:0]=”Reg 09h”[13:7]= 50d) and a -400uA
offset current “Reg 09h”[20:14]=80d), would have a phase offset of about 400/1000 = 40% of the PD period or about
16nsec. In such an extreme case the divided VCO would arrive 16ns after the PD ref­erence, and would always arrive
outside of the 10nsec lock detect window. In such a case the lock detect circuit would always read unlocked, even
though the VCO might be locked. The charge pump current, reference period, charge pump offset current, and lock
detect win­dow are related.
Setting “Reg 07h”[6]=1 will result in a variable length lock detect window based upon the internal digital timer. The one
shot timer period is controlled by “Reg 07h”[11:10]. The resulting lock detect window period is then generated by the
number of timer periods defined in “Reg 07h”[9:7].
Declaration of Lock
“Reg 07h”[2:0] defines the number of consecutive counts of the divided VCO that must land inside the lock detect window to declare lock. If for example we set “Reg 07h”[2:0] =5 then the VCO arrival would have to occur inside the widow
2048 times in a row to be declared locked, which would result in a Lock Detect Flag high. A single occurrence outside of
the window will result in an out of lock, i.e. Lock Detect Flag low. Once low, the Lock Detect Flag will stay low until the
lkd_wincnt_max = 2048 condition is met again.
plls - SMT
Digital Window Lock Detect
The Lock Detect Flag status is always readable in “Reg 12h”[1]. Lock Detect status is also output to the LD_SDO pin if
“Reg 0Fh”[4:0]=1, “Reg 0Fh”[6]=1 and “Reg 0Fh”[7]=1. Clearing”Reg 0Fh”[6]=0 will display the Lock Detect Flag on
LD_SDO except when a serial port read is requested, in which case the pin reverts temporarily to the Serial Data Out
pin and returns to the Lock Detect Flag after the read is completed. Timing of the Lock Detect function is shown in Figure 31 and Figure 32.
Twindow = 10nsec
LOCK WINDOW
LOCK
DETECT
WINDOW
50MHz PD
VCO with Jitter
PHASE JITTER
PHASE JITTER
AVG PHASE OFFSET ~ 0
INTEGER MODE
AVG PHASE OFFSET ~ 0
INTEGER MODE
Figure 31. Normal Lock Detect Window - Integer Mode, Zero Offset
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5 - 22
HMC704LP4E
v02.0411
8 GHz fractional-N PLL
Lock Detect Operation with Phase Offset
When operating in fractional mode the linearity of the charge pump and phase detector are much more crit­ical than in
integer mode. The phase detector linearity degrades when operated with zero phase offset. Hence in fractional mode it
is necessary to offset the phase of the reference and VCO at the phase detector. In such a case, for example with an
offset delay, as shown in Figure 32, the VCO arrival may always occur after the reference. The lock detect circuit window may need to be adjusted to allow for the delay being used, if the delay is large.
Twindow ~ +10nsec
LOCK
LOCK WINDOW
AVG PHASE OFFSET
AVG PHASE OFFSET
DETECT
WINDOW
REFERENCE
SIGNAL
VCO AT PD with FRAC Jitter
REF PHASE ARRIVAL
PLLs - SMT
REF PHASE ARRIVAL
PHASE JITTER
AT PD
VCO ARRIVAL DISTRIBUTION AT PD
AVG VCO PHASE OFFSET
AVG VCO PHASE OFFSET
FRACTIONAL MODE
FRACTIONAL MODE
Figure 32. Lock Detect Window - Fractional Mode with Offset
In integer mode, 0 offset is recommended. In fractional mode, the time offset should be set to ~ 2.5ns + 4Tps, where Tps
is the RF period at the fractional prescaler input (i.e. after the optional fixed divide by 2). Refer to the Fractional Operation section for further details about calculating charge pump offset currents
Digital Lock Detect with Digital Window Example
Typical Digital Lock detect window widths are shown in Table 7. Lock Detect windows typically vary +/-10% vs voltage
and +/-15% over -40C to +85C.
Table 7. Typical Digital Lock Detect Window
Digital Lock Detect Window
Nominal Value +/-25%
(nsec)
LD Timer Speed
Reg07[11:10]
Fastest 00
6.5
8.0
11.0
17
29
53
100
195
01
7.0
8.9
12.8
21
36
68
130
255
10
7.1
9.2
13.3
22
38
72
138
272
Slowest 11
7.6
10.2
15.4
26
47
88
172
338
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0.5
1
2
4
8
16
32
64
LD Timer Divider Setting
Reg07[9:7]
LD Timer Divider Value
As an example if we operate in fractional mode, with a 50MHz PD, a 2700 MHz VCO and a Charge pump gain of 2mA
(“Reg 09h”), based on the previous example, we should set the DC phase offset near 2.5ns+4x370ps =4ns, or 20% of
the 20ns reference period. It becomes a larger proportion with increasing fpd. The offset current is therefore 20% x
2mA=400uA. The polarity of the offset should be chosen so that the VCO lags the reference for the most consistent
results. For non-inverting /inverting loop filter configurations, we recommend down/up offsets, respectively.
5 - 23
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HMC704LP4E
v02.0411
8 GHz fractional-N PLL
Given a DC phase offset as described in the above example, when in lock, the divided VCO will arrive at the PD about
4nsec after the divided Reference. The Lock Detect Window always starts on the arrival of the first signal at the PD, in
this case the Reference. The Lock Detect win­dow must be longer than 4ns+4Tps and shorter than the period of the PD,
in this example, 20nsec.
A comfortable solution of 8.9ns with timer speed set at “Reg 07h”[11:10]=1 and Timer divider “Reg 07h”[9:7]=1 works
well for the example PD frequency and charge pump offset setting.
Tolerance on the window is +25% at +85C, -25% at -40C. Here 8.9ns nominal window may extend by +25% at +85C to
11.1ns, which is fine for a PD period of 20ns. Also the minimum window may shrink by 25% to 6.7ns at -40C, which
again works well for the DC offset of 4.0ns (worst case instantaneous phase offset of 5.5ns).
PD Period 20ns
VCO at PD
VCO Offset 4ns
-Window Margin
LD WINDOW
LD Window 8.9ns+/-25%
+Window Margin
Figure 33. Lock Detect Window Example with 50MHz PD and 4ns VCO Offset
There is always a good solution for the lock detect window for a given operating point. The user should understand
however that one solution does not fit all operating points. If charge pump offset or PD fre­quency are changed significantly then the lock detect window may need to be adjusted.
plls - SMT
Ref at PD
Cycle Slip Prevention (CSP)
When changing frequency and the VCO is not yet locked to the reference, the instantaneous frequencies of the two PD
inputs are different, and the phase difference of the two inputs at the PD varies rapidly over a range much greater than
+/-2π radians. Since the gain of the PD varies linearly with phase up to +/-2π, the gain of a conventional PD will cycle
from high gain, when the phase difference approaches a multiple of 2π, to low gain, when the phase difference is
slightly larger than 0 radians. The output current from the charge pump will cycle from maximum to minimum even
though the VCO has not yet reached its final frequency.
The charge on the loop filter small cap may actually discharge slightly during the low gain portion of the cycle. This can
make the VCO frequency actually reverse temporarily during locking. This phenomenon is known as cycle slipping.
Cycle slipping causes the pull-in rate during the locking phase to vary cyclically. Cycle Slipping increases the time to
lock to a value much greater than that predicted by normal small signal Laplace analysis.
The PLL PD features an ability to reduce cycle slipping during acquisition. The Cycle Slip Preven­tion (CSP) feature increases the PD gain during large phase errors. The specific phase error that triggers the momentary increase in PD
gain is set via “Reg 0Bh”[8:7].
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5 - 24
HMC704LP4E
v02.0411
8 GHz fractional-N PLL
PD Polarity
“Reg 0Bh”[4]=0 sets the phase detector polarity for use with a passive loop filter together with a VCO with a positive
tuning slope (increasing tuning voltage increases VCO frequency).
“Reg 0Bh”[4]=1 inverts the phase detector polarity. This is most often used if an inverting op-amp is used in an active
loop filter together with a VCO with a positive tuning slope.
Charge Pump Tri-state
“Reg 0Bh”[5]=”Reg 0Bh”[6]=0 tri-states the charge pump. This effectively freezes charge on the loop filter and allows
the VCO to run open loop.
PLLs - SMT
Charge Pump Gain
“Reg 09h”[6:0] and “Reg 09h”[13:7] program current gain settings for the charge pump. Pump ranges can be set from
0uA to 2.54mA in 20uA steps. Charge pump gain affects the loop bandwidth. The product of VCO gain (Kvco) and
charge pump gain (Kcp) can be held constant for VCO’s that have a wide ranging Kvco by adjusting the charge pump
gain. This compensation helps to keep the loop bandwidth constant.
In addition to the normal CP current as described above, there is also an extra output source of current that offers improved noise performance. HiKcp provides an output current that is proportional to the loop filter voltage. This being the
case HiKcp should only be operated with active op-amp loop filters that define the voltage as seen by the charge pump
pin. With 2.5V as observed at the charge pump pin, the HiKcp current is 3.5mA.
There are several configurations that could be used with the HiKcp feature. For lowest noise, HiKcp could be used without the normal charge pump current (the charge pump current would be set to 0). In this case, the loop filter would be
designed with 3.5mA as the effective charge pump current.
Another possible configuration is to operate with both the HiKcp and normal charge pump current sources. In this case
the effective charge pump current would be 3.5mA + programmed normal charge pump current which could offer a
maximum of 6mA.
With passive loop filters the voltage seen by the charge pump pin will vary which would cause the HiKcp current to vary
widely. As such, HiKcp should not be used on passive loop filter implementations.
A simplified diagram of the charge pump is shown in Figure 34. The current gain of the pump in Amps/radian is
equal to the gain setting of this register divided by 2π.
Charge Pump Offset
“Reg 09h”[20:14] controls the charge pump current offsets. “Reg 09h”[21] and “Reg 09h”[22] enable the UP and DN
offset currents respectively. Normally only one is used at a time. As mentioned earlier charge pump offsets affect
fractional mode linearity and the Lock Detect window selection.
5 - 25
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HMC704LP4E
v02.0411
8 GHz fractional-N PLL
0-2.54mA
20uA Steps
UP Pump Gain
PD
7
UP
Offset
7 0-635uA
5uAsteps
UP
Ref path
Loop Filter
VCO Path
DN
DN Pump Gain
7
0-2.54mA
20uA Steps
DN
Offset
7 0-635uA
5uAsteps
Figure 34. Charge Pump Gain and Offset Control - Reg09h
plls - SMT
Frequency Tuning
The HMC704LP4E Fractional-N PLL can operate in either integer mode, or 3 different fractional modes.
Integer Mode: Delta Sigma modulator is disabled., “Reg 06h”[11]=0, “Reg 06h”[7]=1
Fractional Modes: delta sigma modulator is enabled., “Reg 06h”11]=1, “Reg 06h”[7]=0
Mode A: provides better phase noise performance inside the loop bandwidth, worse outside;
Mode B : higher phase noise inside the loop bandwidth, better outside;
Exact Frequency Mode: Must be in Mode B. Provides zero frequency error;
Frequency programming and mode control is described below.
Frequency
of VCO
where
Nint Nfrac d
R
fxtal fPD
f ⋅N 
f
fvco = 2d  xtal Nint + xtal 24frac  = 2d [ fint + ffrac ]
R⋅2 
R
(EQ 6)
integer division ratio, “Reg 03h”,
Integer Mode : an integer number between 16 and 219-1
Fractional Mode : an integer number between 20 and 219-5
fractional part, a number from 0 to 224-1, “Reg 04h”
Divide by 2 for operation > 4GHz, “Reg 08h”[19] = 1, < 4GHz = 0
Reference path division ratio, a number from 1 to 214 , “Reg 02h”
Frequency of the reference oscillator input
PD operating frequency, fxtal /R
As an example for fractional operation at 2.3GHz + 2.98Hz:
fxtal = 50MHz
R
=1
fref = 50MHz
Nint= 46
Nfrac = 1
d= 0
 50 × 106
50 × 106 ⋅ 1
46 +
fvco = 20 
 = 2.3GHz + 2.98Hz
1
1⋅ 224 

(EQ 7)
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5 - 26
HMC704LP4E
v02.0411
8 GHz fractional-N PLL
In this example the output frequency of 2,300,000,002.98Hz is achieved by programming the 16 bit binary value of 46d
= 002Eh = 0000 0000 0010 1110 into dsm_intg.
Similarly the 24 bit binary value of the fractional word is written into dsm_frac,
1d = 000 001h = 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0001
Example 2: Set the output to 7.650 025 GHz using a 100MHz reference, R=2.
Here, output is greater than 4GHz, so we enable the internal divide by 2, d = 1. Find the nearest integer value Nint. Nint =
76, 2fint = 7.600 000GHz
This leaves the fractional part to be 2ffrac =50.025MHz
PLLs - SMT
Nfrac =
224 ⋅ R ⋅ ffrac 224 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 50.025 × 106
=
= 8392802.3
2d fxtal
2 ⋅ 100 × 106
(EQ 8)
Since Nfrac must be an integer number, we round it to 8,392,802, and the actual VCO frequency will be 7,650,024,998.19
Hz, an error of -1.81Hz or about 2 parts in 2-10.
Here we program the 16 bit Nint = “Reg 04h”= 76d = 4Ch = 0000 0000 0100 1100 and the 24 bit Nfrac = 8,392,802d =
801062h = 1000 0000 0001 0000 0110 0010
In addition to the above frequency programming words, the fractional mode must be enabled using the frac register.
Other DSM configuration registers should be set to the recommended values supplied with the product evaluation
board or available from applications support.
Exact Frequency Mode
The absolute frequency precision of a fractional frequency PLLs is normally limited by the number of bits in the fractional modulator. For example a 24 bit fractional modulator has frequency resolution set by the phase detector (PD )
comparison rate divided by 224. In the case of a 50MHz PD rate, this would be approximately 2.98 Hz, or 0.0596 ppm.
In some applications it is necessary to have exact frequency steps, and even an error of 3Hz cannot be tol­erated. In
some fractional PLLs it is necessary to shorten the length of the accumulator (the denominator or the modulus) to accommodate the exact period of the step size. The shortened accumula­tor often leads to very high spurious levels at
multiples of the channel spacing, fstep = fPD/Modulus. For example 200kHz channel steps with a 10MHz PD rate requires a modulus of just 50. The HMC method achieves the exact frequency step size while using the full 24 bit modulus, thus achiev­ing exact frequency steps with very low spurious and a high comparison rate, which maintains excellent
phase noise.
Exact frequency steps can be achieved only when the PD rate and the desired frequency step size are related by an integer multiple. More precisely, the greatest common divisor, (GCD) of the PD rate and the desired frequency step size
must be an integer, and that integer must be less than 214-1 or 16,383.
As an example suppose that we want to achieve:
a.
b.
c.
d.
5 - 27
exact channel step size of fstep= 100kHz.
Reference Crystal fxtal = 61.44MHz
Phase Detector (PD) Rate fpd =61.44MHz
Channel 1 Frequency, fvco(CH1) = 2000.200 MHz
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HMC704LP4E
v02.0411
8 GHz fractional-N PLL
Proceed as follows:
a. Calculate the GCD of the PD Rate, fpd , and the step size, fstep, GCD( 61.44MHz, 100kHz) = fgcd =
20kHz (same value for all channels)
b. Set the Exact Frequency Register value, “Reg 0Ch” = fpd /fgcd = 61.44MHz/20kHz = 3072d = C00h
(same value is used for all channels)
c. Calculate the integer register setting for the channel, “Reg 03h” =Nint = fvco/fpd = floor
(2000.2MHz/61.44MHz) = 32d =20h (Note: floor = round down to nearest integer).
d. Calculate the equivalent integer boundary frequency, fint = Nint*fpd = 1966.080MHz.
e. Calculate the fractional register setting for the channel, “Reg 04h” = Nfrac = 224(fvco -fint)/fpd =
ceiling(224*(2000.2-1966.08)/61.44) = 9317035d=8E2AABh. It is important that this parameter be
rounded up (hence the ‘ceiling’ function).
The fractional value is programmed for each new channel. The integer value is only programmed initially and then only
if the output crosses an integer boundary.
The start phase of the fractional modulator digital phase accumulator (DPA) may be set to one of four pos­
sible default values via the seed register “Reg 06h”[1:0]. If autoseed “Reg 06h”[8] is set, then the PLL will automatically
reload the start phase from “Reg 06h”[1:0] into the DPA every time a new fractional fre­quency is selected. If autoseed is
not set, then the PLL will start new fractional frequencies with the value left in the DPA from the last frequency. Hence
the start phase will effectively be random. Certain zero or binary seed values may cause spurious energy correlation at
specific frequencies. Correlated spurs are advantageous only in very special cases where the spurious are known to
be far out of band and are removed in the loop filter. For most cases a pseudo-random seed setting (“Reg 06h”[1:0] =2
or 3) is recom­mended. Further, since the autoseed always starts the accumulators at the same place, performance is
repeatable if autoseed is used. “Reg 06h”[1:0]=2 is recommended.
plls - SMT
Seed Register and AutoSeed Mode
Power on Reset
The HMC704LP4E features a hardware Power on Reset (POR) on the digital supply DVDD. All chip reg­isters will be
reset to default states approximately 250us after power up of DVDD. Once the supply is fully up, if the power supply
then drops below 0.5V the digital portion will reset.
Power Down Mode
Hardware Power Down
Chip enable may be controlled from the hardware CEN pin 23, or it may be controlled from the serial port. “Reg 01h”[0]
=1 assigns control to the CEN pin. “Reg 01h”[0] =0 assigns control to the serial port “Reg 01h”[1]. For hardware test
reasons or some special applications it is possible to force certain blocks to remain on inside the chip , even if the chip
is disabled. See the register “Reg 01h” description for more details.
Chip Identification
Version information may be read from the PLL by reading the content of chip_ID in “Reg 00h”.
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5 - 28
HMC704LP4E
v02.0411
8 GHz fractional-N PLL
General Purpose Output (GPO) Pin
The PLL features a General Purpose Output (GPO) on the LD_SDO pin. GPO registers are described in “Reg 0Fh”. The
GPO is a flexible interface that supports a number of different functions and real time test waveforms. The phase noise
performance at this output is poor and uncharacterized. The GPO output should not be toggling during normal operation
otherwise spectral performance may degrade. To use the GPO in HMC SPI mode, bit “Reg 0Fh” [7] must be set to 1.
External VCO, 4.2V Tuning, Passive Filter
The HMC704LP4E is targeted for high performance applications with an external VCO. The PLL charge pump has been
designed to work directly with VCOs that can be tuned nominally over 1.0 to 4.0 Volts on the varactor tuning port with a
+5V charge pump supply voltage. Slightly wider ranges are pos­sible with a +5.2V charge pump supply or with slightly
degraded performance. Hittite HITT-PLL design soft­ware is available to design passive loop filters driven directly from
the PLL charge pump.
PLLs - SMT
External VCO, High Voltage Tuning, Active Filter
Optionally an external op-amp may be used to support VCOs requiring higher voltage tuning ranges. Hittite’s HITT-PLL
design software is available to design active loop filters with external op-amps. Various filter con­figurations are supported.
Figure 35. Synthesizer with Active Loop Filter and Conventional External VCO
MAIN SERIAL PORT
Serial Port Modes of Operation
The HMC PLL-VCO serial port interface can operate in two different modes of operation.
a. HMC Mode (HMC Legacy Mode) - Single slave per HMCSPI Bus.
b. Open Mode - Up to 8 slaves per HMCSPI Bus. The HMC5675ALP4E only uses 5 bits of address
space.
Both protocols support 5 bits of register address space. HMC Mode can support up to 6 bits of register address but, is
restricted to 5 bits when compatibility with Open Mode is offered.
5 - 29
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HMC704LP4E
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8 GHz fractional-N PLL
Register 0 Modes
Register 0 has a dedicated function in each mode. Open Mode allows wider compatibility with other manu­facturers SPI
protocols.
Table 8. Register 0 Comparison - Single vs Multi-User Modes
Single User
HMC Mode
READ
WRITE
Single Or Multi-User
Open Mode
Chip ID
Chip ID
24 Bits
24Bits
Soft Reset,
General Strobes
Read Address [4:0]
Soft reset [5]
General Strobes [24:6]
On power up, both types of modes are active and listening. All digital IO must be low at power-up.
A decision to select the desired Serial Port mode (protocol) is made on the first occurrence of SEN or SCLK , after
which the Serial Port mode is fixed and only changeable by a power down.
a. If a rising edge on SEN is detected first HMC Mode is selected.
b. If a rising edge on SCLK is detected first Open mode is selected.
Serial Port HMC Mode - Single PLL
plls - SMT
Serial Port Mode Decision after Power-On Reset
HMC Mode (Legacy Mode) serial port operation can only address and communicate with a single PLL, and is compat­
ible with most HMC PLLs and PLLs with integrated VCOs.
The HMC Mode protocol for the serial port is designed for a 4 wire interface with a fixed protocol featuring
a. 1 Read/Write bit
b. 6 Address bits
c. 24 data bits
Serial Port Open Mode
The Serial Port Open Mode features:
a. Compatibility with general serial port protocols that use a shift and strobe approach to com­
munication.
b. Compatible with HMC multi-Chip solutions, useful to address multiple chips of various types from a
single serial port bus.
The HMC Open Mode protocol has the following general features:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
3 bit chip address, can address up to 8 devices connected to the serial bus
Wide compatibility with multiple protocols from multiple vendors
Simultaneous Write/Read during the SPI cycle
5 bit register address space
3 wire for Write Only capability, 4 wire for Read/Write capability.
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5 - 30
HMC704LP4E
v02.0411
8 GHz fractional-N PLL
HMC RF PLLs with integrated VCOs also support HMC Open Mode. HMC700, HMC701, HMC702 and some generations of microwave PLLs with integrated VCOs do not support Open Mode.
Typical HMC Open Mode serial port operation can be run with SCLK at speeds up to 50MHz.
Serial Port HMC Mode
Typical serial port HMC Mode operation can be run with SCLK at speeds up to 50MHz.
HMC Mode - Serial Port WRITE Operation
AVDD = DVDD = 3.3V +/-10%, AGND = DGND = 0V
Table 9. SPI HMC Mode - Write Timing Characteristics
PLLs - SMT
Parameter
Conditions
Min.
Typ.
Max.
Units
t1
SEN to SCLK setup time
8
nsec
t2
SDI to SCLK setup time
3
nsec
t3
SCLK to SDI hold time
3
nsec
t4
SEN low duration
20
nsec
MHz
50
Max SPI Clock Frequency
A typical HMC Mode WRITE cycle is shown in Figure 36.
a. The Master (host) both asserts SEN (Serial Port Enable) and clears SDI to indicate a WRITE cycle,
followed by a rising edge of SCLK.
b. The slave (PLL) reads SDI on the 1st rising edge of SCLK after SEN. SDI low indi­cates a Write cycle
(/WR).
c. Host places the six address bits on the next six falling edges of SCLK, MSB first.
d. Slave registers the address bits in the next six rising edges of SCLK (2-7).
e. Host places the 24 data bits on the next 24 falling edges of SCK, MSB first.
f. Slave registers the data bits on the next 24 rising edges of SCK (8-31).
g. SEN is cleared on the 32nd falling edge of SCLK.
h. The 32nd falling edge of SCLK completes the cycle.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
a2
a1
ao
d23
29
30
31
32
33
SCLK
t3
t2
SDI
x
/WR
a4
a3
d22
d3
d2
d1
d0
x
t1
SEN
t4
Figure 36. Serial Port Timing Diagram - HMC Mode WRITE
5 - 31
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HMC704LP4E
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8 GHz fractional-N PLL
HMC Mode - Serial Port READ Operation
A typical HMC Mode READ cycle is shown in Figure 37.
i.
The 32nd falling edge of SCLK completes the READ cycle.
Table 10. SPI HMC Mode - Read Timing Characteristics
Parameter
Conditions
Min.
Typ.
Max.
Units
t1
SEN to SCLK setup time
8
ns
t2
SDI setup to SCLK time
3
ns
t3
SCLK to SDI hold time
3
ns
t4
SEN low duration
20
t5
SCLK to SDO delay
2
ns
ns
8.2ns+0.2ns/pF
3
4
5
6
7
a3
a2
a1
ao
plls - SMT
a. The Master (host) asserts both SEN (Serial Port Enable) and SDI to indicate a READ cycle, followed
by a rising edge SCLK. Note: The Lock Detect (LD) function is usually mul­tiplexed onto the LD_SDO
pin. It is suggested that LD only be considered valid when SEN is low. In fact LD will not toggle until
the first active data bit toggles on LD_SDO, and will be restored immediately after the trailing edge
of the LSB of serial data out as shown in Figure 37.
b. The slave (PLL) reads SDI on the 1st rising edge of SCLK after SEN. SDI high ini­tiates the READ
cycle (RD)
c. Host places the six address bits on the next six falling edges of SCLK, MSB first.
d. Slave registers the address bits on the next six rising edges of SCLK (2-7).
e. Slave switches from Lock Detect and places the requested 24 data bits on SD_LDO on the next 24
rising edges of SCK (8-31), MSB first .
f. Host registers the data bits on the next 24 falling edges of SCK (8-31).
g. Slave restores Lock Detect on the 32nd rising edge of SCK.
h. SEN is de-asserted on the 32nd falling edge of SCLK.
8
28
29
30
31
32
SCLK
t3
SDI
x
RD
t2
a5
a4
x
t1
SEN
t5
LD_SDO
LD (Lock Detect)
d23
d22
d3
d2
t4
d1
d0
LD
Figure 37. HMC Mode Serial Port Timing Diagram - READ
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5 - 32
HMC704LP4E
v02.0411
8 GHz fractional-N PLL
Open Mode - Serial Port WRITE Operation
AVDD = DVDD = 3.3V +/-10%, AGND = DGND = 0V
Table 11. SPI Open Mode - Write Timing Characteristics
Parameter
Conditions
Min.
Typ.
Max.
Units
t1
SDI setup time
3
ns
t2
SDI hold time
1
ns
t3
SEN low duration
10
ns
t4
SEN high duration
10
ns
t5
SCLK 32 Rising Edge to SEN Rising Edge
10
Serial port Clock Speed
DC
ns
MHz
50
A typical WRITE cycle is shown in Figure 38.
PLLs - SMT
a. The Master (host) places 24 bit data, d23:d0, MSB first, on SDI on the first 24 falling edges of SCLK.
b. the slave (PLL) shifts in data on SDI on the first 24 rising edges of SCLK
c. Master places 5 bit register address to be written to, r4:r0, MSB first, on the next 5 falling edges of
SCLK (25-29)
d. Slave shifts the register bits on the next 5 rising edges of SCLK (25-29).
e. Master places 3 bit chip address, a2:a0, MSB first, on the next 3 falling edges of SCLK (30-32).
Hittite reserves chip address a2:a0 = 000 for all RF PLL-VCOs.
f. Slave shifts the chip address bits on the next 3 rising edges of SCLK (30-32).
g. Master asserts SEN after the 32nd rising edge of SCLK.
h. Slave registers the SDI data on the rising edge of SEN.
i. Master clears SEN to complete the WRITE cycle.
t5
t2
t1
2
3
22
23
24
25
26
31
32
SCLK
SDI
x
d22
d2
d1
d0
r4
r3
r0
a2
a0
a1
x
SEN
t4
t3
Figure 38. Open Mode - Serial Port Timing Diagram - WRITE
5 - 33
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HMC704LP4E
v02.0411
8 GHz fractional-N PLL
Open Mode - Serial Port READ Operation
A typical READ cycle is shown in Figure 39.
In general, in Open Mode the LD_SDO line is always active during the WRITE cycle. During any Open Mode SPI cycle
LD_SDO will contain the data from the current address written in “Reg 00h”[4:0]. If “Reg 00h”[4:0] is not changed then
the same data will always be present on LD_SDO when an Open Mode cycle is in progress. If it is desired to READ from
a specific address, it is necessary in the first SPI cycle to write the desired address to “Reg 00h”[4:0], then in the next
SPI cycle the desired data will be available on LD_SDO.
a. The Master (host), on the first 24 falling edges of SCLK places 24 bit data, d23:d0, MSB first, on SDI
as shown in Figure 39. d23:d5 should be set to zero. d4:d0 = address of the register to be READ on
the next cycle.
b. the slave (PLL) shifts in data on SDI on the first 24 rising edges of SCLK
c. Master places 5 bit register address , r4:r0, ( the address the READ ADDRESS register), MSB first,
on the next 5 falling edges of SCLK (23-29). r4:r0=00000.
d. Slave shifts the register bits on the next 5 rising edges of SCLK (23-29).
e. Master places 3 bit chip address, a2:a0, MSB first, on the next 3 falling edges of SCLK (30-32).Chip
address is always 000 for RF PLL-VCOs.
f. Slave shifts the chip address bits on the next 3 rising edges of SCLK (30-32).
g. Master asserts SEN after the 32nd rising edge of SCLK.
h. Slave registers the SDI data on the rising edge of SEN.
i. Master clears SEN to complete the address transfer of the two part READ cycle.
j. If we do not wish to write data to the chip at the same time as we do the second cycle , then it is
recommended to simply rewrite the same contents on SDI to Register zero on the READ back part
of the cycle.
k. Master places the same SDI data as the previous cycle on the next 32 falling edges of SCLK.
l. Slave (PLL) shifts the SDI data on the next 32 rising edges of SCLK.
m. Slave places the desired data (i.e. data from address in “Reg 00h”[4:0 ]) on LD_SDO on the next 32
rising edges of SCLK. Lock Detect is disabled.
n. Master asserts SEN after the 32nd rising edge of SCLK to complete the cycle and revert back to
Lock Detect on LD_SDO.
plls - SMT
An example of the Open Mode two cycle procedure to read from any random address is as follows:
Note that if the chip address bits are unrecognized (a2:a0), the slave will tri-state the LD_SDO output to prevent a possible contention issue.
Table 12. SPI Open Mode - Read Timing Characteristics
Parameter
Conditions
Min.
Typ.
Max.
Units
t1
SDI setup time
3
ns
t2
SDI hold time
3
ns
t3
SEN low duration
10
ns
t4
SEN high duration
10
t5
SCLK Rising Edge to SDO time
ns
8.2+0.2ns/pF
ns
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Phone: 978-250-3343
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5 - 34
HMC704LP4E
v02.0411
8 GHz fractional-N PLL
t1
FIRST CYCLE
t2
2
19
20
21
24
25
26
29
31
30
32
SCLK
SDI
d4
d5
x
READ Address
t5
PLLs - SMT
LD_SDO
x
LD
d0
x
x
r4
a2
r0
Register Address =00000
x
x
x
a0
a1
x
Chip Address =000
x
x
x
x
x
LD
SEN
t4
t6
SECOND CYCLE
2
19
20
21
24
25
26
30
31
32
SCLK
SDI
LD_SDO
d23
x
LD
d5
d31
d30
d4
d0
d10
d9
r4
d8
a2
r0
d7
d6
d3
d2
x
a0
a1
d1
d0
LD**
SEN
t3
**Note: Read-back on LD_SDO can function without SEN, however SEN
rising edge is required to return the LD_SDO to the LD state
Figure 39. Open Mode - Serial Port Timing Diagram - READ Operation 2-Cycles
5 - 35
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Application Support: Phone: 978-250-3343 or [email protected]
HMC704LP4E
v02.0411
8 GHz fractional-N PLL
AUX SERIAL PORT
The PLL also features a general purpose 16 bit Aux Serial Port (AuxSPI). The auxiliary serial port may be used to control other chips if available, via the Open mode protocol.
The AuxSPI outputs the contents of “Reg 05h” upon receipt of a frequency change command. The AuxSPI­data is output at the AuxSPI clock rate which is fpd (“Reg 05h”[6]). A single AuxSPI transfer requires 16 Aux­SPI cycles plus 4
overhead cycles.
REGISTER MAP
Table 13. Reg 00h ID Register (Read Only)
BIT
TYPE
NAME
W
DEFLT
[23:0]
RO
chip_ID
24
A7975h
DESCRIPTION
PLL Subsystem ID, 94075
(Continued)
BIT
[5]
TYPE
WO
NAME
rst_swrst
W
1
DEFLT
-
DESCRIPTION
Strobe (WRITE ONLY) generates soft reset. Resets all digital and
registers to default states
Table 13. Reg 00h Open Mode Read Address Register (Write Only) (Continued)
BIT
TYPE
NAME
W
DEFLT
[4:0]
WO
Open Mode Read Address
5
-
DESCRIPTION
plls - SMT
Table 13. Reg 00h Open Mode and HMC Mode Reset Strobe Register (Write Only)
Specifies address to read when in Open Mode 2 cycle read
Table 14. Reg 01h POWERDN Register
BIT
TYPE
NAME
W
DEFLT
DESCRIPTION
[0]
R/W
chipen_pin_select
1
0
1 = chip enable via CEN pin, Reg01[0]=1 and CEN pin low puts
PLL in Power Down Mode, see Power Down Mode description
0 = PLL Subsystem chip enable via SPI (rst_chipen_from_spi)
Reg01[1]
[1]
R/W
chipen_from_spi
1
1
Controls PLL Subsystem Chip Enable (Power Down) if rst_chipen_
pin_select
Reg01[0]=0 and Reg01[1]=1 = chip enabled, CEN don’t care
Reg01[0]=0 and Reg01[1]=0 = chip disabled, CEN don’t care
see Power Down Mode description and csp_enable
[2]
R/W
Keep_Bias On
1
0
keeps internal bias generators on, ignores Chip enable con­trol
[3]
R/W
Keep_PFD_on
1
0
keeps PFD circuit on, ignores Chip enable control
[4]
R/W
Keep_CP_On
1
0
keeps Charge Pump on, ignores Chip enable control
[5]
R/W
Keep_Ref_buf ON
1
0
keeps Reference buffer block on, ignores Chip enable con­trol
[6]
R/W
Keep_VCO_on
1
0
keeps VCO divider buffer on, ignores Chip enable control
[7]
R/W
Keep_GPO_driver ON
1
0
keeps GPO output Driver ON, ignores Chip enable control
[8]
R/W
reserved
1
0
reserved
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5 - 36
HMC704LP4E
v02.0411
8 GHz fractional-N PLL
Table 15. Reg 02h REFDIV Register
BIT
TYPE
NAME
W
DEFLT
[13:0]
R/W
rdiv
14
1
DESCRIPTION
Reference Divider ’R’ Value (EQ 8)
Divider use also requires refBufEn Reg08[3]=1
min 0d
max 16383d
Table 16. Reg 03h Frequency Register - Integer Part
BIT
TYPE
NAME
W
DEFLT
DESCRIPTION
VCO Divider Integer part, used in all modes, see (EQ 10)
PLLs - SMT
[18:0]
R/W
intg
19
200d
C8h
Fractional Mode
min 20d
max 219 -4 = 7FFFCh = 524,284d
Integer Mode
min 16d
max 219 -1 = 7FFFFh = 524,287d
Table 17. Reg 04h Frequency Register - Fractional Part
BIT
[23:0]
TYPE
R/W
NAME
frac
W
24
DEFLT
0
DESCRIPTION
VCO Divider Fractional part (24 bit unsigned) see Fractional Frequency Tuning
Fractional Division Value = Reg4[23:0]/2^24
Used in Fractional Mode only
min 0d
max 2^24-1 = FFFFFFh = 16,777,215d
Table 18. Reg 05h Aux SPI Register
5 - 37
BIT
TYPE
NAME
W
DEFLT
[15:0]
R/W
Aux Data
16
0
DESCRIPTION
Data to be output on ASD pin
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HMC704LP4E
v02.0411
8 GHz fractional-N PLL
Table 19. Reg 06h SD CFG Register
[1:0]
TYPE
R/W
NAME
seed select
W
2
DEFLT
2
Selects the Seed in Fractional Mode
00: 0 seed
01: lsb seed
02: B29D08h seed
03: 50F1CDh seed
Note; Writes to this register are stored in the PLL and are only
loaded into the modulator when a frequency change is executed
and if autoseed Reg06h[13] =1
Select the Delta Sigma Modulator Type
0: Reserved
1: Reserved
2: Mode B Offers better out of band spectral performance. Mode B
Required for Exact Frequency Mode.
3: Mode A Offers better in band spectral performance
[3:2]
R/W
Modulator order
2
2
[6:4]
R/W
Reserved
3
7
[7]
R/W
frac_bypass
1
DESCRIPTION
0
0: Use Modulator, Required for Fractional Mode,
1: Bypass Modulator, Required for Integer Mode
Note: In bypass fractional modulator output is ignored, but fractional modulator continues to be clocked if frac_rstb =1, Can be
used to test the isolation of the digital fractional mod­ulator from the
VCO output in integer mode
[8]
R/W
autoseed
1
1
1: loads the modulator seed (start phase) whenever the frac register is written
0: when frac register write changes frequency, modulator starts
with previous contents
[9]
R/W
clkrq_refdiv_sel
1
1
selects the modulator core clock source- for Test Only
1: VCO divider clock
0: Ref divider clock
Ignored if bits [10] or [21] are set
[10]
R/W
Modulator Core Clk Select
1
0
0 - Modulator auxclk, 1- Modulator VCO Clock delay
[11]
R/W
frac_rstb
1
1
0: disable Modulator, use for Integer Mode or Integer Mode with
CSP
1: Enable Modulator Core, required for Fractional Mode, or Integer
isolation testing
[12]
R/W
Reserved
1
0
0
[13]
R/W
Reserved
1
[15:14]
R/W
Reserved
2
0
Reserved
[17:16]
R/W
Reserved
2
0
Program to 3 decimal “11” binary
[18]
R/W
BIST Enable
1
0
Enable Built in Self Test
[20:19]
R/W
RDIV BIST Cycles
2
0
0:1023
1:2047
2:3071
3:4095
[21]
R/W
Reserved
1
0
Reserved
[22]
R/W
Reserved
1
0
Reserved
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plls - SMT
BIT
5 - 38
HMC704LP4E
v02.0411
8 GHz fractional-N PLL
Table 20. Reg 07h Lock Detect Register
PLLs - SMT
BIT
5 - 39
TYPE
NAME
W
DEFLT
DESCRIPTION
[2:0]
R/W
lkd_wincnt_max
3
5
Lock Detect window
sets the number of consecutive counts of divided VCO that must
land inside the Lock Detect Window to declare LOCK
0: 5
1: 32
2: 96
3: 256
4: 512
5: 2048
6: 8192
7: 65535
[3]
R/W
Enable Internal Lock Detect
1
1
Enable Internal Lock Detect
[5:4]
R/W
Reserved
2
0
Reserved
[6]
R/W
Lock Detect Window type
1
0
Lock Detection Window Timer Selection
1: Digital programmable timer
0: Analog one shot, nominal +/-10nsec window
[9:7]
R/W
LD Digital Window duration
3
0
Lock Detection - Digital Window Duration
0: 1/2 cycle
1: 1 cycle
2: 2 cycles
3: 4 cycles
4: 8 cycles
5: 16 cycles
6: 32 cycles
7: 64 cycles
[11:10]
R/W
LD Digital Timer Freq Con­trol
2
0
Lock Detect Digital Timer Frequency Control
“00” fastest “11” slowest
[12]
R/W
LD Timer Test Mode
1
0
1: Force Timer ON Continuously - For Test Only
0: Normal Timer operation - one shot
[13]
R/W
Auto Relock - One Try
1
0
1: Attempts to relock if Lock Detect fails for any reason
Only tries once.
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Phone: 978-250-3343
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HMC704LP4E
v02.0411
8 GHz fractional-N PLL
Table 21. Reg 08h Analog EN Register
TYPE
NAME
0
R/W
bias_en
1
1
Enables main chip bias reference
1
R/W
cp_en
1
1
Charge pump enable
1
1
PD enable
1
Reference path buffer enable
2
R/W
pd_en
3
R/W
refbuf_en
W
DEFLT
DESCRIPTION
4
R/W
vcobuf_en
1
1
VCO path RF buffer enable
5
R/W
GPO/LDO/SDO_pad_en
1
1
0 - Pin LD_SDO disabled
6
R/W
spare
1
1
spare
7
R/W
VCO_Div_Clk_to_dig_en
1
1
VCO Divider Clock to Digital Enable
8
R/W
Reserved
1
0
Reserved
9
R/W
Prescaler Clock enable
1
1
Prescaler clock enable
[10]
R/W
VCO Buffer and Prescaler Bias
Enable
1
1
VCO Buffer and Prescaler Bias Enable
[11]
R/W
Charge Pump Internal Opamp
enable
1
1
Charge Pump Internal Opamp enable
[14:12]
R/W
RF Buffer En/Bias
3
3
0: Disabled, 1: Low Bias,...7: High Bias
[17:15]
R/W
Div Resync En/Bias
3
3
0: Disabled, 1: Low Bias,...7: High Bias
[18]
R/W
Reserved
1
0
Reserved Program 0
[19]
R/W
8GHz Divide by 2 En
1
0
8GHz Divide by 2 Enable
[20]
R/W
Reserved
1
0
Reserved Program 0
[21]
R/W
Hi Frequency Reference
1
0
Program 1 for XTAL > 200 MHz
[22]
R/W
Reserved
1
1
Reserved
[23]
R/W
Reserved
1
1
Reserved
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Phone: 978-250-3343
Fax: 978-250-3373
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Application Support: Phone: 978-250-3343 or [email protected]
plls - SMT
BIT
5 - 40
HMC704LP4E
v02.0411
8 GHz fractional-N PLL
Table 22. Reg 09h Charge Pump Register
BIT
[6:0]
PLLs - SMT
[13:7]
5 - 41
[20:14]
TYPE
R/W
R/W
R/W
NAME
CP DN Gain
CP UP Gain
Offset Current
W
7
7
DEFLT
DESCRIPTION
10d
Charge Pump DN Gain Control 20uA/step
Affects fractional phase noise and lock detect settings
0d = 0uA
1d = 20uA
2d = 40uA
...
127d = 2.54mA
10d
Charge Pump UP Gain Control 20uA/step
Affects fractional phase noise and lock detect settings
0d = 0uA
1d = 20uA
2d = 40uA
...
127d = 2.54mA
7
0
Charge Pump Offset Control 5uA/step
Affects fractional phase noise and spursand lock detect settings
0d = 0uA
1d = 5uA
2d = 110uA
...
127d = 635uA
[21]
R/W
Offset Current UP
1
0
1 - Sets Direction of Reg[20:14] Up, 0- UP Offset Off
[22]
R/W
Offset Current DN
1
1
1 - Sets Direction of Reg[20:14] Down, 0- DN Offset Off
[23]
R/W
HiK charge pump Mode
1
0
Hi Kcp Charge Pump - Very Low Noise, Narrow Compliance range,
requires Opamp
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HMC704LP4E
v02.0411
8 GHz fractional-N PLL
Table 23. Reg 0Ah AuxSPI Trigger Register
BIT
TYPE
NAME
W
DEFLT
DESCRIPTION
[11:0]
R/W
Reserved
12
0
Reserved
[12]
R/W
No AuxSPI Trigger
1
0
No AuxSPI trigger on Reg5 Write
[15:13]
R/W
reserved
3
0
Reserved
[16]
R/W
Force RDivider Bypass
1
0
Force the R Divider Bypass, ignore Reg03
Table 24. Reg 0Bh PD Register
TYPE
NAME
W
DEFLT
R/W
pd_del_sel
3
1
Sets PD reset path delay
DESCRIPTION
[3]
R/W
Short PD Inputs
1
0
Shorts the inputs to the Phase Detector - Test Only
pd_Invert
1
0
Inverts the PD polarity
0 - Use with a positive tuning slope VCO and passive loop filter
(default).
1 - Use with a negative slope VCO or with an inverting active loop
filter with a positive slope VCO.
R/W
pd_up_en
1
1
Enables the PD UP output, see also Reg0B[9]
R/W
pd_dn_en
1
1
enables the PD DN output, see also Reg0B[9]
[4]
R/W
[5]
[6]
[8:7]
R/W
CSP Mode
2
0
Cycle Slip Prevention Mode
0: CSP Disabled
1: CP Gain increased if Phase Error > 2 nsec
2: CP Gain increased if Phase Error > 4 nsec
3: CP Gain increased if Phase Error > 6 nsec
[9]
R/W
Force CP UP
1
0
Forces CP UP output on - Use for Test only
[10]
R/W
Force CP DN
1
0
Forces CP DN output on - Use for Test only
[11]
R/W
Force CP MId Rail
1
0
Force CP MId Rail - Use for Test only
[14:12]
R/W
PS Bias
3
0
Prescaler Bias
0: Nominal
1: +20% RF Buffer
2: +25% Rsync
3: +50%
[16:15]
R/W
CP Internal OpAmp Bias
2
3
CP Internal OpAmp Bias
3
MCounter Clock Gating
0: MCounter Off for N<32
1: N<128
2: N< 1023
3: All Clocks ON
[18:17]
R/W
MCounter Clock Gating
2
[19]
R/W
Reserved
1
1
[21:20]
R/W
Divider Pulse Width
2
0
[23:22]
R/W
Reserved
2
0
plls - SMT
BIT
[2:0]
0: shortest, ... 3: Longest
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Phone: 978-250-3343
Fax: 978-250-3373
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Application Support: Phone: 978-250-3343 or [email protected]
5 - 42
HMC704LP4E
v02.0411
8 GHz fractional-N PLL
Table 25. Reg 0Ch Exact Frequency Register
BIT
[13:0]
TYPE
R/W
NAME
Number of Channels per Fpd
W
14
DEFLT
DESCRIPTION
0
Comparison Frequency divided by the channel spacing. Must be an
integer. Frequencies at multiples of the channel spacing will have
zero frequency error. Only works in modulator Mode B. Must be 0
otherwise
0: Disabled
1: Disabled
2 to16383d (3FFFh) allowed
Table 26. Reg 0Fh GPO Register
BIT
TYPE
NAME
W
DEFLT
PLLs - SMT
Signal selected here is output to SDO pin when enabled
[4:0]
5 - 43
DESCRIPTION
R/W
gpo_select
5
1
0: Data from Reg0F[5]
1: Lock Detect Output
2. Lock Detect Trigger
3: Lock Detect Window Output
4: Ring Osc Test
5. Pullup Hard from CSP
6. PullDN hard from CSP
7. Reserved
8: Reference Buffer Output
9: Ref Divider Output
10: VCO divider Output
11. Modulator Clock from VCO divider
12. Auxiliary Clock
13. Aux SPI Clock
14. Aux SPI Enable
15. Aux SPI Data Out
16. PD DN
17. PD UP
18. SD3 Clock Delay
19. SD3 Core Clock
20. AutoStrobe Integer Write
21. Autostrobe Frac Write
22. Autostrobe Aux SPI
23. SPI Latch Enable
24. VCO Divider Sync Reset
25. Seed Load Strobe
26.-29 Not Used
30. SPI Output Buffer En
31. Soft RSTB
[5]
R/W
GPO Test Data
1
0
1 - GPO Test Data when GPO_Select = 0
[6]
R/W
Prevent Automux SDO
1
0
1- inhibits Automux of the SPI SDO line with Lock Detect
[7]
R/W
Prevent Driver Disable
1
0
1- Prevents SPI from disabling SDO. Should be 1 if using HMC SPI
mode.
[8]
R/W
Disable PFET
1
0
Disable PFET
[9]
R/W
Disable NFET
1
0
Disable NFET
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Phone: 978-250-3343
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Application Support: Phone: 978-250-3343 or [email protected]
HMC704LP4E
v02.0411
8 GHz fractional-N PLL
Table 27. Reg 10h Reserve Register (Read Only)
BIT
TYPE
NAME
W
DEFLT
[8:0]
RO
Reserved
9
0
DESCRIPTION
Reserved
Table 28. Reg 11h Reserve Register (Read Only)
BIT
TYPE
NAME
W
DEFLT
[18:0]
RO
Reserved
19
0
DESCRIPTION
Reserved
Table 29. Reg 12h GPO2 Register (Read Only)
TYPE
NAME
W
DEFLT
[0]
RO
GPO
1
0
GPO
DESCRIPTION
[1]
RO
Lock Detect
1
0
Lock Detect
Table 30. Reg 13h BIST Register
BIT
TYPE
NAME
W
DEFLT
DESCRIPTION
[15:0]
RO
BIST Signature
16
0
Digital Built-In Self Test Signature
[16]
RO
BIST Busy
1
0
BIST Busy
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Phone: 978-250-3343
Fax: 978-250-3373
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plls - SMT
BIT
5 - 44