LM48410 Low EMI, Filterless, 2.3W Stereo Class D Audio Power Amplifier with National 3D Enhancement General Description Key Specifications The LM48410 is a single supply, high efficiency, 2.3W/channel, filterless switching audio amplifier. A low noise PWM architecture eliminates the output filter, reducing external component count, board area consumption, system cost, and simplifying design. A selectable spread spectrum modulation scheme suppresses RF emissions, further reducing the need for output filters. The LM48410 is designed to meet the demands of mobile phones and other portable communication devices. Operating from a single 5V supply, the device is capable of delivering 2.3W/channel of continuous output power to a 4Ω load with less than 10% THD+N. Flexible power supply requirements allow operation from 2.4V to 5.5V. The LM48410 offers two logic selectable modulation schemes, fixed frequency mode, and an EMI reducing spread spectrum mode. The LM48410 features high efficiency compared with conventional Class AB amplifiers. When driving an 8Ω speaker from a 3.6V supply, the device operates with 85% efficiency at PO = 500mW/Ch. Four gain options are pin selectable through the G0 and G1 pins. The LM48410 also includes National’s 3D audio enhancement that improves stereo sound quality. In devices where the left and right speakers are in close proximity, 3D enhancement affects channel specialization, widening the perceived soundstage. Output short circuit protection prevents the device from being damaged during fault conditions. Superior click and pop suppression eliminates audible transients on power-up/down and during shutdown. Independent left/right shutdown controls maximizes power savings in mixed mono/stereo applications. ■ Quiescent Power Supply Current at 3.6V supply 4mA ■ Power Output at VDD = 5V, RL = 4Ω, THD ≤ 10% 2.3W (typ) ■ Power Output at VDD = 5V, RL = 8Ω, THD ≤ 10% 1.5W (typ) ■ Shutdown current 0.03μA (typ) ■ Efficiency at 3.6V, 100mW into 8Ω 80% (typ) ■ Efficiency at 3.6V, 500mW into 8Ω 85% (typ) ■ Efficiency at 5V, 1W into 8Ω 86% (typ) Features ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Selectable spread spectrum mode reduces EMI Output Short Circuit Protection Stereo Class D operation No output filter required National 3D Enhancement Logic selectable gain Independent channel shutdown controls Minimum external components Click and Pop suppression Micro-power shutdown Available in space-saving 4mm x 4mm LLP package Applications ■ Mobile phones ■ PDAs ■ Laptops EMI Plot 300106a0 Boomer® is a registered trademark of National Semiconductor Corporation. © 2007 National Semiconductor Corporation 300106 www.national.com LM48410 Low EMI, Filterless, 2.3W Stereo Class D Audio Power Amplifier with National 3D Enhancement July 2007 LM48410 Typical Application 30010686 FIGURE 1. Typical Audio Amplifier Application Circuit www.national.com 2 LM48410 Connection Diagrams LLP Package 4mm x 4mm x 0.8mm 30010685 Top View Order Number LM48410SQ See NS Package Number SQA24A LM48410SQ Markings 30010699 Top View U = Wafer Fab Code Z = Assembly Plant XY = 2 Digit Date Code TT = Lot Traceability L48410SQ = LM48410SQ 3 www.national.com LM48410 Pin Descriptions Pin Name Description 1 3DR+ Right Channel non-inverting 3D connection. Connect to 3DL+ through C3D+ and R3D+ 2 INR+ Right Channel Non-Inverting Input 3 INR- Right Channel Inverting Input 4 3DEN 3D Enable Input 5 INL- Left Channel Inverting Input 6 INL+ Left Channel Non-Inverting Input 7 3DL+ Left Channel non-inverting 3D connection. Connect to 3DR+ through C3D+ and R3D+ 8 3DL- Left Channel non-inverting 3D connection. Connect to 3DR- through C3D- and R3D- 9 G1 10, 21 PVDD 11 OUTLA Left Channel Non-Inverting Output 12 OUTLB Left Channel Inverting Output 13, 18 PGND Power Ground 14 SDL 15 SS/FF 16 SDR Right Channel Active Low Shutdown. Connect to VDD for normal operation. Connect to GND to disable the right channel. 17 GND Ground 19 OUTRB Right Channel Inverting Output 20 OUTRA Right Channel Non-Inverting Output 22 VDD Power Supply 23 G0 Gain Select Input 0 24 3DR- www.national.com Gain Select Input 1 Speaker Power Supply Left Channel Active Low Shutdown. Connect to VDD for normal operation. Connect to GND to disable the left channel. Modulation Mode Select. Connect to VDD for spread spectrum mode. Connect to GND for fixed frequency mode Right Channel muting 3D connection. Connect to 3DL- through C3Dand R3D- 4 If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required, please contact the National Semiconductor Sales Office/ Distributors for availability and specifications. Supply Voltage (Note 1) Storage Temperature Input Voltage Power Dissipation (Note 3) ESD Susceptibility(Note 4) ESD Susceptibility (Note 5) 6.0V −65°C to +150°C –0.3V to VDD +0.3V Internally Limited 2000V 200V 150°C θJC (TBD) 5.3°C/W θJA (TBD) 36.5°C/W Operating Ratings (Notes 1, 2) Temperature Range TMIN ≤ TA ≤ TMAX Supply Voltage (VDD, PVDD) −40°C ≤ TA ≤ 85°C 2.4V ≤ VDD ≤ 5.5V Electrical Characteristics VDD = PVDD = 3.6V (Notes 1, 2) The following specifications apply for AV = 6dB, RL = 15μH + 8Ω + 15μH, SS/FF = VDD = (Spread Spectrum mode), f = 1kHz, unless otherwise specified. Limits apply for TA = 25°C. LM48410 Symbol VOS Parameter Conditions Typical Limit (Note 6) (Notes 7, 8) Units (Limits) Differential Output Offset Voltage VIN = 0, VDD = 2.4V to 5.0V 5 IDD Quiescent Power Supply Current VIN = 0, No Load Both channels active, VDD = 3.6V VDD = 5V 4 5 6.5 8.5 mA (max) mA (max) ISD Shutdown Current VSDL = VSDR = GND 0.03 1 μA (max) VIH Logic Input High Voltage 1.4 V (min) VIL Logic Input Low Voltage 0.4 V (max) TWU Wake Up Time fSW Switching Frequency 4 SS/FF = VDD (Spread Spectrum) 300 SS/FF = GND (Fixed Frequency) 300 G0, G1 = GND RIN Gain Input Resistance ms 390 kHz (max) kHz 6 5.5 6.5 dB (min) dB (max) G0 = VDD, G1 = GND 12 11.5 12.5 dB (min) dB (max) G0 = GND, G1 = VDD 18 17.5 18.5 dB (min) dB (max) G0, G1 = VDD 24 23.5 24.5 dB (min) dB (max) AV = 6dB 160 kΩ AV = 12dB 80 kΩ AV = 18dB 40 kΩ AV = 24dB 20 kΩ RL = ∞ AV mV 5 www.national.com LM48410 Junction Temperature Thermal Resistance Absolute Maximum Ratings (Notes 1, 2) LM48410 LM48410 Symbol Parameter Conditions Typical Limit (Note 6) (Notes 7, 8) Units (Limits) RL = 15μH + 4Ω + 15μH, THD ≤ 10% f = 1kHz, 22kHz BW VDD = 5V 2.3 VDD = 3.6V 1.14 W VDD = 2.5V 490 mW VDD = 5V 1.5 W VDD = 3.6V 740 VDD = 2.5V 330 W RL = 15μH + 8Ω + 15μH, THD ≤ 10% f = 1kHz, 22kHz BW PO Output Power (Per Channel) 600 mW (min) mW RL = 15μH + 4Ω + 15μH, THD ≤ 1% f = 1kHz, 22kHz BW VDD = 5V 1.85 W VDD = 3.6V 940 mW V DD = 2.5V 400 mW RL = 15μH + 8Ω + 15μH, THD = 1% f = 1kHz, 22kHz BW VDD = 5V 1.18 W VDD = 3.6V 580 mW VDD = 2.5V THD+N PSRR Total Harmonic Distortion Power Supply Rejection Ratio 270 mW PO = 500mW/Ch, f = 1kHz, RL = 8Ω 0.025 % PO = 300mW/Ch, f = 1kHz, RL = 8Ω 0.07 % 70 68 dB dB 65 dB RL = 8Ω, VDD = 5V 86 % VRIPPLE = 200mVP-P Sine, Inputs AC GND, CIN = 1μF, input referred fRipple = 217Hz fRipple = 1kHz, VRIPPLE = 1VP-P fRIPPLE = 217Hz CMRR Common Mode Rejection Ratio η Efficiency Xtalk Crosstalk PO = 500mW/Ch, f = 1kHz 82 dB SNR Signal to Noise Ratio VDD = 5V, PO = 1W Fixed Frequency Mode 88 dB εOS Output Noise Input referred, Fixed Frequency Mode A-Weighted Filter 28 μV www.national.com PO = 1W/Ch, f = 1kHz, 6 Note 2: Absolute Maximum Ratings indicate limits beyond which damage to the device may occur. Operating Ratings indicate conditions for which the device is functional, but do not guarantee specific performance limits. Electrical Characteristics state DC and AC electrical specifications under particular test conditions which guarantee specific performance limits. This assumes that the device is within the Operating Ratings. Specifications are not guaranteed for parameters where no limit is given, however, the typical value is a good indication of device performance. Note 3: The maximum power dissipation must be derated at elevated temperatures and is dictated by TJMAX, θJA, and the ambient temperature, TA. The maximum allowable power dissipation is PDMAX = (TJMAX – TA)/ θJA or the number given in Absolute Maximum Ratings, whichever is lower. Note 4: Human body model, 100pF discharged through a 1.5kΩ resistor. Note 5: Machine Model, 220pF–240pF discharged through all pins. Note 6: Typicals are measured at 25°C and represent the parametric norm. Note 7: Limits are guaranteed to National's AOQL (Average Outgoing Quality Level). Note 8: Datasheet min/max specification limits are guaranteed by design, test, or statistical analysis. Typical Performance Characteristics THD+N vs Output Power f = 1kHz, AV = 6dB, RL = 8Ω THD+N vs Output Power f = 1kHz, AV = 6dB, RL = 4Ω 30010667 30010668 THD+N vs Frequency VDD = 2.5V, POUT = 100mW, RL = 8Ω THD+N vs Frequency VDD = 3.6V, POUT = 250mW, RL = 8Ω 30010688 30010689 7 www.national.com LM48410 Note 1: All voltages are measured with respect to the ground pin, unless otherwise specified. LM48410 THD+N vs Frequency VDD = 5V, POUT = 375mW, RL = 8Ω THD+N vs Frequency VDD = 2.5V, POUT = 100mW, RL = 4Ω 30010690 30010691 THD+N vs Frequency VDD = 3.6V, POUT = 250mW, RL = 4Ω THD+N vs Frequency VDD = 5V, POUT = 375mW, RL = 4Ω 30010692 30010693 Efficiency vs Output Power RL = 4Ω, f = 1kHz Efficiency vs Output Power RL = 8Ω, f = 1kHz 30010675 www.national.com 30010676 8 LM48410 Power Dissipation vs Output Power RL = 4Ω, f = 1kHz Power Dissipation vs Output Power RL = 8Ω, f = 1kHz 30010677 30010678 Output Power vs Supply Voltage RL = 4Ω, f = 1kHz Output Power vs Supply Voltage RL = 8Ω, f = 1kHz 30010680 30010679 PSRR vs Frequency VDD = 3.6V, VRIPPLE= 200mVP-P, RL = 8Ω Crosstalk vs Frequency VDD = 3.6V, VRIPPLE = 1VP-P, RL = 8Ω 30010695 30010694 9 www.national.com LM48410 CMRR vs Frequency VDD = 3.6V, VCM = 1VP-P, RL = 8Ω Supply Current vs Supply Voltage No Load 30010684 30010696 Fixed Frequency FFT VDD = 3.6V Spread Spectrum FFT VDD = 3.6V 30010698 30010697 www.national.com 10 consuming negligible amounts of power compared to a Class AB amplifier. Most of the power loss associated with the output stage is due to the IR loss of the MOSFET on-resistance, along with switching losses due to gate charge. GENERAL AMPLIFIER FUNCTION The LM48410 stereo Class D audio power amplifier features a filterless modulation scheme that reduces external component count, conserving board space and reducing system cost. The outputs of the device transition from VDD to GND with a 300kHz switching frequency. With no signal applied, the outputs switch with a 50% duty cycle, in phase, causing the two outputs to cancel. This cancellation results in no net voltage across the speaker, thus there is no current to the load in the idle state. When an input signal is applied, the duty cycle (pulse width) of the LM48410 output's change. For increasing output voltage, the duty cycle of one side of each output increases, while the duty cycle of the other side of each output decreases. For decreasing output voltages, the converse occurs. The difference between the two pulse widths yields the differential output voltage. SHUTDOWN FUNCTION The LM48410 features independent left and right channel shutdown controls, allowing each channel to be disabled independently. SDR controls the right channel, while SDL controls the left channel. Driving either low disables the corresponding channel, reducing supply current to 0.1µA. It is best to switch between ground and VDD for minimum current consumption while in shutdown. The LM48410 may be disabled with shutdown voltages in between GND and VDD, the idle current will be greater than the typical 0.1μA value. Increased THD+N may also be observed when a voltage of less than VDD is applied to SD. The LM48410 shutdown inputs have internal pulldown resistors. The purpose of these resistors is to eliminate any unwanted state changes when SD is floating. To minimize shutdown current, SD should be driven to GND or left floating. If SD is not driven to GND or floating, an increase in shutdown supply current will be noticed. FIXED FREQUENCY MODE The LM48410 features two modulations schemes, a fixed frequency mode and a spread spectrum mode. Select the fixed frequency mode by setting SS/FF = GND. In fixed frequency mode, the amplifier outputs switch at a constant 300kHz. In fixed frequency mode, the output spectrum consists of the fundamental and its associated harmonics (see Typical Performance Characteristics). PROPER SELECTION OF EXTERNAL COMPONENTS Power Supply Bypassing/Filtering Proper power supply bypassing is important for low noise performance and high PSRR. Place the supply bypass capacitor as close to the device as possible. Typical applications employ a voltage regulator with 10µF and 0.1µF bypass capacitors that increase supply stability. These capacitors do not eliminate the need for bypassing of the LM48410 supply pins. A 1µF capacitor is recommended. SPREAD SPECTRUM The logic selectable spread spectrum mode eliminates the need for output filters, ferrite beads or chokes. In spread spectrum mode, the switching frequency varies randomly by 30% about a 300kHz center frequency, reducing the wideband spectral content and improving EMI emissions radiated by the speaker and associated cables and traces. A fixed frequency class D exhibits large amounts of spectral energy at multiples of the switching frequency. The spread spectrum architecture of the LM48410 spreads the same energy over a larger bandwidth (See Typical Performance Characteristics). The cycle-to-cycle variation of the switching period does not affect the audio reproduction, efficiency, or PSRR. Set SS/ FF = VDD for spread spectrum mode. Input Capacitor Slection Input capacitors may be required for some applications, or when the audio source is single-ended. Input capacitors block the DC component of the audio signal, eliminating any conflict between the DC component of the audio source and the bias voltage of the LM48410. The input capacitors create a highpass filter with the input resistance RIN. The -3dB point of the high-pass filter is found using Equation 1 below. f = 1 / 2πRINCIN DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER EXPLANATION As logic supplies continue to shrink, system designers are increasingly turning to differential analog signal handling to preserve signal to noise ratios with restricted voltage swings. The LM48410 features two fully differential speaker amplifiers. A differential amplifier amplifies the difference between the two input signals. Traditional audio power amplifiers have typically offered only single-ended inputs resulting in a 6dB reduction of SNR relative to differential inputs. The LM48410 also offers the possibility of DC input coupling which eliminates the input coupling capacitors. A major benefit of the fully differential amplifier is the improved common mode rejection ratio (CMRR) over single-ended input amplifiers. The increased CMRR of the differential amplifier reduces sensitivity to ground offset related noise injection, especially important in noisy systems. (1) The values for RIN can be found in the Electrical Characteristics table for each gain setting. The input capacitors can also be used to remove low frequency content from the audio signal. Small speakers cannot reproduce, and may even be damaged by low frequencies. High-pass filtering the audio signal helps protect the speakers. When the LM48410 is using a single-ended source, power supply noise on the ground is seen as an input signal. Setting the high-pass filter point above the power supply noise frequencies, 217 Hz in a GSM phone, for example, filters out the noise such that it is not amplified and heard on the output. Capacitors with a tolerance of 10% or better are recommended for impedance matching and improved CMRR and PSRR. National 3D Enhancement The LM48410 features National’s 3D enhancement effect that widens the perceived soundstage of a stereo audio signal. The 3D enhancement increases the apparent stereo channel separation, improving audio reproduction whenever the left and right speakers are too close to one another. POWER DISSIPATION AND EFFICIENCY The major benefit of a Class D amplifier is increased efficiency versus a Class AB. The efficiency of the LM48410 is attributed to the region of operation of the transistors in the output stage. The Class D output stage acts as current steering switches, 11 www.national.com LM48410 Application Information LM48410 An external RC network shown in Figure 1 is required to enable the 3D effect. Because the LM48410 is a fully differential amplifier, there are two separate RC networks, one for each stereo input pair (INL+ and INR+, and INL- and INR-). Set 3DEN high to enable the 3D effect. Set 3DEN low to disable the 3D effect. The 3D RC network acts as a high pass filter. The amount of the 3D effect is set by the R3D resistor. Decreasing the value of R3Dincreases the 3D effect. The C3D capacitor sets the frequency at which the 3D effect occurs. Increasing the value of C3D decreases the low frequency cutoff point, extending the 3D effect over a wider bandwidth. The low frequency cutoff point is given by: applied to INR+ and INL+, then a 3D network must be connected between 3DL+ and 3DR+. 3DL- and 3DR- can be left unconnected. AUDIO AMPLIFIER GAIN SETTING The LM48410 features four internally configured gain settings. The device gain is selected through the two logic inputs, G0 and G1. The gain settings are as shown in the following table. TABLE 1. LOGIC INPUT f3D(–3dB) = 1 / 2π(R3D)(C3D) Enabling the 3D effect increase the gain by a factor of (1 +20kΩ/R3D). Setting R3D to 20kΩ results in a gain increase of 6dB whenever the 3D effect is enabled. In fully differential configuration, the component values of the two RC networks must be identical. Any component variations can affect the sound quality of the 3D effect. In single-ended configuration, only the RC network of the input pairs being driven by the audio source needs to be connected. For instance, if audio is GAIN G1 G0 V/V dB 0 0 2 6 0 1 4 12 1 0 8 18 1 1 16 24 SINGLE-ENDED AUDIO AMPLIFIER CONFIGURATION The LM48410 is compatible with single-ended sources. When configured for single-ended inputs, input capacitors must be used to block and DC component at the input of the device. Figure 2 shows the typical single-ended applications circuit. 300106a1 FIGURE 2. Single-Ended Circuit Diagram www.national.com 12 EXPOSED-DAP MOUNTING CONSIDERATIONS The LM48410 LLP package features an exposed thermal pad on its underside (DAP, or die attach paddle). The exposed DAP lowers the package’s thermal resistance by providing a direct heat conduction path from the die to the printed circuit board. Connect the exposed thermal pad to GND though a large pad and multiple vias to a GND plane on the bottom of the PCB. 13 www.national.com LM48410 point, this is an aggressive waveform that can radiate or conduct to other components in the system and cause interference. In is essential to keep the power and output traces short and well shielded if possible. Use of ground planes beads and micros-strip layout techniques are all useful in preventing unwanted interference. As the distance from the LM48410 and the speaker increases, the amount of EMI radiation increases due to the output wires or traces acting as antennas. An antenna becomes a more efficient radiator with lenth. Ferrite chip inductors places close to the LM48410 outputs may be needed to reduce EMI radiation. PCB LAYOUT GUIDELINES As output power increases, interconnect resistance (PCB traces and wires) between the amplifier, load and power supply create a voltage drop. The voltage loss due to the traces between the LM48410 and the load results in lower output power and decreased efficiency. Higher trace resistance between the supply and the LM48410 has the same effect as a poorly regulated supply, increasing ripple on the supply line, and reducing peak output power. The effects of residual trace resistance increases as output current increases due to higher output power, decreased load impedance or both. To maintain the highest output voltage swing and corresponding peak output power, the PCB traces that connect the output pins to the load and the supply pins to the power supply should be as wide as possible to minimize trace resistance. The use of power and ground planes will give the best THD +N performance. In addition to reducing trace resistance, the use of power planes creates parasitic capacitors that help to filter the power supply line. The inductive nature of the transducer load can also result in overshoot on one or both edges, clamped by the parasitic diodes to GND and VDD in each case. From an EMI stand- LM48410 Bill of Materials TABLE 2. LM48410SQ Demo Board Bill of Materials Recommended Manufacturer Designation Qty C1–C4 4 1μF±10%, 16V X7R ceramic capacitors (1206) Panasonic ECJ-3YB1C105K C5–C9 5 1μF±10%, 16V X7R ceramic capacitors (603) Panasonic ECJ-1VB1C105K C10 1 1μF±10%, 16V X7R tantalum capacitors (B-case)) AVX TPSB106K016R0800 R1, R2 2 82kΩ±5% resistor (603) R3, R4 2 100kΩ potentiometer T1, T2 2 Common mode choke, A1, 800Ω at 100HHz JU1–JU6 6 3–pin header U1 www.national.com Description Part Number ST4B104CT LM48410SQ (24–pin SQA, 4mm x 4mm x 0.8mm) 14 TDK National Semiconductor ACM4532–801 LM48410 30010656 LM48410 Demonstration Board Schematic Diagram 15 www.national.com LM48410 Demoboard PCB Layout 30010654 30010655 Top Silkscreen Top Soldermask 30010651 30010653 Layer 2 Top Layer www.national.com 16 LM48410 30010652 30010649 Layer 3 Bottom Layer 30010650 Bottom Silkscreen 17 www.national.com LM48410 Revision Table Rev Date Description 1.0 02/21/07 Initial release. 1.1 03/19/07 Text edits. 1.2 07/11/07 Added the demo boards and schematic diagram. www.national.com 18 LM48410 Physical Dimensions inches (millimeters) unless otherwise noted LLP Package Order Number LM48410SQ NS Package Number SQA24A 19 www.national.com LM48410 Low EMI, Filterless, 2.3W Stereo Class D Audio Power Amplifier with National 3D Enhancement Notes THE CONTENTS OF THIS DOCUMENT ARE PROVIDED IN CONNECTION WITH NATIONAL SEMICONDUCTOR CORPORATION (“NATIONAL”) PRODUCTS. NATIONAL MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES WITH RESPECT TO THE ACCURACY OR COMPLETENESS OF THE CONTENTS OF THIS PUBLICATION AND RESERVES THE RIGHT TO MAKE CHANGES TO SPECIFICATIONS AND PRODUCT DESCRIPTIONS AT ANY TIME WITHOUT NOTICE. NO LICENSE, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED, ARISING BY ESTOPPEL OR OTHERWISE, TO ANY INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IS GRANTED BY THIS DOCUMENT. TESTING AND OTHER QUALITY CONTROLS ARE USED TO THE EXTENT NATIONAL DEEMS NECESSARY TO SUPPORT NATIONAL’S PRODUCT WARRANTY. EXCEPT WHERE MANDATED BY GOVERNMENT REQUIREMENTS, TESTING OF ALL PARAMETERS OF EACH PRODUCT IS NOT NECESSARILY PERFORMED. NATIONAL ASSUMES NO LIABILITY FOR APPLICATIONS ASSISTANCE OR BUYER PRODUCT DESIGN. BUYERS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THEIR PRODUCTS AND APPLICATIONS USING NATIONAL COMPONENTS. PRIOR TO USING OR DISTRIBUTING ANY PRODUCTS THAT INCLUDE NATIONAL COMPONENTS, BUYERS SHOULD PROVIDE ADEQUATE DESIGN, TESTING AND OPERATING SAFEGUARDS. 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