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Note : Mitsubishi Electric will continue the business operations of high frequency & optical devices and power devices. Renesas Technology Corp. Customer Support Dept. April 1, 2003 APPLICATION NOTE M16C/62 C Compiler Startup Files for the M16C/62 MCU 1. Abstract The following article describes the Startup files for Mitsubishi’s NC30 C compiler. A set of customized Startup files is given for the M30624 version of the M16C/62 microcontroller. 2. Introduction The Mitsubishi M16C/62 is a 16-bit MCU, based on the M16C CPU core, with an impressive list of features including 10-bit A/D, D/A, UARTS, timers, DMA, and so on, and up to 256k bytes of user flash. The M16C series is ideally suited for programming using the C language. C compilers for microcontrollers typically require some sort of assembler ‘startup’ file to set processor modes, initialize variables, and so forth. For the NC30 compiler, the startup file also includes section information so the linker knows where, in physical memory, to put variables, constants, code, and so on. The default files included with the NC30 are “ncrt0.a30”, the startup file, and “sect30.inc”, which give section information. 3. NCRT0.A30 Description The NC30 compiler is shipped with a default startup file, “ncrt0.a30”. This file is a generic startup, which was written for most of the M16C/60 and M16C/20 series microcontrollers. A customized startup file for the M16C/62 is described in section 7.1. After reset, execution begins with the code in this startup file. The stack pointer is set to point to a free area in RAM, and the processor mode is set. C requires that all (global) un-initialized variables be set to zero and initialize variables are copied from ROM into RAM. 4. SECT30.INC Description The NC30 compiler is shipped with a default section definition file, “sect30.inc”. This file is a generic section file for the M16C series and typically requires editing for the specific processor. A customized section definition file for the M16C/62 is described in section 7.1. The purpose of the section definition file is to set the location of the C language sections in the microcontroller’s physical memory map. The information here is used by the linker to determine where to put aligned variables (integers), non-aligned variables (characters), code (in ROM), interrupt vectors, and so forth. Figure 1 is an example of a memory map for an M16C/62 program that used the customized startup files. Note that the example program assumes the processor is operating in expanded mode with external RAM at address 10000h and external ROM at 6000h. AN-DECE-MCU-23-A February 2002 1 M16C/62 C Compiler Startup Files for the M16C/62 MCU initialized integers, long integers un-initialized integers, long integers initialized characters un-initialized characters RAM allocated for stack RAM allocated for heap constant near integers, long integers constant near characters far initialized integers, long integers far un-initialized integers, long integers far initialized characters far un-initialized characters far (default) constant integers, long integers far (default) constant characters This is the ROM area where 'initialized variables' are held and copied to RAM by the startup program. interrupt functions (code) stored here program (code) stored here variable vector table section fixed vector table section Figure 1. M16C/62 Memory Map of Startup Files 5. Automatic Installation When starting a new project using “TOOL MANAGER” (Mitsubishi’s development environment), the project wizard will ask if you wish to have the default startup files copied into the project’s working directory. In order to have the project wizard copy the custom files instead, replace the default files with the custom startup files in the directory: c:\MTOOL\SRC30\STARTUP This assumes that when you installed the compiler, the default directory c:\MTOOL was specified. It is strongly recommended that you back up the default files first. Also, if you installed the development tools from a “Starter Kit” CD, the custom startup files included with the kit will automatically be used. 6. References • • data sheets: 62aeds.pdf C Language Programming Manual: 6020EC.PDF AN-DECE-MCU-23-A February 2002 2 M16C/62 C Compiler Startup Files for the M16C/62 MCU 7. Software Code The software supplied by Mitsubishi Electric & Electronics USA, Inc. is intended and supplied for use on Mitsubishi Electric products. This software is owned by Mitsubishi Electric & Electronics USA, Inc. or Mitsubishi Electric Corporation and is protected under applicable copyright laws. All rights are reserved. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”. NO WARRANTIES, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED, OR STATUTORY, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE APPLY TO THIS SOFTWARE. MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC & ELECTRONICS USA, INC. AND MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC CORPORATION RESERVE THE RIGHT, WITHOUT NOTICE, TO MAKE CHANGES TO THIS SOFTWARE. NEITHER MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC & ELECTRONICS USA, INC. NOR MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC CORPORATION SHALL, IN ANY CIRCUMSTANCES, BE LIABLE FOR SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES FOR ANY REASON WHATSOEVER ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR APPLICATION OF THIS SOFTWARE. 7.1 Customized Startup Files for the M16C/62 The following is a set of customized startup files for the M30624 MCU. Except for adding entries into the interrupt vector tables, these files should suffice as-is for most applications. If using different versions of the M16C/62, the ROM starting address will need to be modified. ;*************************************************************************** ; NC30 C COMPILER for M16C/60 and M16C/20 series MCU's ; ; Name: ncrt0.a30 ; description: Customized startup program for the M16C/62 (M30624) ; microcontroller using the NC30 compiler. Programs ; complied with this ;startup file will run under the ; MSV1632 ROM Monitor or 'stand alone'. ; ; ; Copyright 1995-2001 MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC CORPORATION ; AND MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC SEMICONDUCTOR SYSTEMS CORPORATION AND ; MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC AND ELECTRONICS USA ; All Rights Reserved ; ; ; ; $Id: ; ;*************************************************************************** ;--------------------------------------------------------------------; Section allocation and definitions ;--------------------------------------------------------------------.list OFF .include sect30.inc .list ON AN-DECE-MCU-23-A February 2002 3 M16C/62 C Compiler Startup Files for the M16C/62 MCU ;==================================================================== ; Interrupt section start ;--------------------------------------------------------------------.insf start,S,0 ; for stkviewer (see Tool Manager and NC30 manuals) .glb start .section interrupt protect cm0 cm1 pm1 .equ .equ .equ .equ 0ah 06h 07h 05h ;--------------------------------------------------------------------; after reset, execution starts here ;--------------------------------------------------------------------;Upon reset, the processor clock (bclk) is divided by 8 (f/8). The ROM Monitor ;on the Starter Kit sets bclk to f/1. For consistent stand alone operation, ;bclk is set to f/1 here. start: ldc #istack_top,isp mov.b #03h,protect mov.b #08h,cm0 mov.b #08h,pm1 ;set istack pointer ;need to set protect register to operate on clock ;mode and processor mode registers. ;ROM Monitor sets this bit,set here for stand alone ;operation (allows use of all internal RAM & ROM) mov.b #00h,protect ldc ldc ldc #0000h, flg #stack_top,sp #data_SE_top,sb ldintb nop fset #VECTOR_ADR i ;ensure using register block 0 and use ISP if no RTOS ;set if using an RTOS, has no effect otherwise ;set sb register, for sb relative addressing ;Delay before ;enabling interrupts. ;==================================================================== ; Variable area initialization. This code uses macro's (see sect30.inc) ; for initializing C variables. Clears global variables, ; sets initialized variables, etc. ;-------------------------------------------------------------------; bss zero clear ;-------------------------------------------------------------------N_BZERO bss_SE_top,bss_SE N_BZERO bss_SO_top,bss_SO N_BZERO bss_NE_top,bss_NE N_BZERO bss_NO_top,bss_NO AN-DECE-MCU-23-A February 2002 4 M16C/62 C Compiler Startup Files for the M16C/62 MCU ;--------------------------------------------------------------------; initialize data section ;--------------------------------------------------------------------N_BCOPY data_SEI_top,data_SE_top,data_SE N_BCOPY data_SOI_top,data_SO_top,data_SO N_BCOPY data_NEI_top,data_NE_top,data_NE N_BCOPY data_NOI_top,data_NO_top,data_NO ;==================================================================== ; FAR area initialize. ;--------------------------------------------------------------------; bss zero clear ;--------------------------------------------------------------------BZERO bss_FE_top,bss_FE BZERO bss_FO_top,bss_FO ;--------------------------------------------------------------------; Copy edata_E(O) section from edata_EI(OI) section ;--------------------------------------------------------------------BCOPY data_FEI_top,data_FE_top,data_FE BCOPY data_FOI_top,data_FO_top,data_FO ;==================================================================== ; heap area initialize. Can be removed if not using memory allocate ; functions ;--------------------------------------------------------------------.glb __mbase .glb __mnext .glb __msize mov.w #(heap_top&0FFFFH), __mbase mov.w #(heap_top>>16), __mbase+2 mov.w #(heap_top&0FFFFH), __mnext mov.w #(heap_top>>16), __mnext+2 mov.w #(HEAPSIZE&0FFFFH), __msize mov.w #(HEAPSIZE>>16), __msize+2 ;==================================================================== ; Initialize standard I/O ;--------------------------------------------------------------------.glb _init ;jsr.a _init ;required if using I/O stream serial port driver ;==================================================================== ; Call main() function ;--------------------------------------------------------------------ldc #0h,fb ; for debugger on starter kit .glb _main jsr.a _main AN-DECE-MCU-23-A February 2002 5 M16C/62 C Compiler Startup Files for the M16C/62 MCU ;==================================================================== ; exit() function. This function is used in case of accidental return ; from main() or debugging code could be placed here. ;--------------------------------------------------------------------.glb _exit .glb $exit _exit: ; End program $exit: jmp _exit ;==================================================================== ; dummy interrupt function. Used for all unassigned interrupts(see end ; of sect30.inc. ;--------------------------------------------------------------------dummy_int: reit .end ;******************************************************************************* ; ; sect30.inc : Customized section and macro definitions for the M30624 ; (M16C/62) microcontroller using the NC30 compiler. ; ; Description : This file is specific to the M30624 microcontroller and adapted ; for use with the MSV1632 Starter Kit. UART1 interrupt ; vectors are used for the Starter Kit debugger. ; ; ; Copyright 1995-2001 MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC CORPORATION ; MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC SEMICONDUCTOR SYSTEMS CORPORATION AND ; MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC AND ELECTRONICS USA ; All Rights Reserved. ; ; ; ; $Id: ; ;****************************************************************************** ;--------------------------------------------------------------------; HEEP SIZE definition. Only used for memory allocate functions ; (malloc, realloc, etc). If not required and need this RAM for other ; usage, reduce the value of HEAPSIZE. ;--------------------------------------------------------------------HEAPSIZE .equ 300h AN-DECE-MCU-23-A February 2002 6 M16C/62 C Compiler Startup Files for the M16C/62 MCU ;--------------------------------------------------------------------; STACK SIZE definition. Unless the system is running an RTOS, both ; interrupts and function calls should use the istack only (default startup ; configuration). If not required and need this RAM for other ; usage, reduce the value of USTACKSIZE. ;--------------------------------------------------------------------STACKSIZE .equ 300h ;--------------------------------------------------------------------; INTERRUPT STACK SIZE definition ;--------------------------------------------------------------------ISTACKSIZE .equ 300h ;--------------------------------------------------------------------; INTERRUPT VECTOR ADDRESS. do not set within a flash memory block used by ; the ROM Monitor. ;--------------------------------------------------------------------VECTOR_ADR .equ 0ef000h ;==================================================================== ; Initialize Macro declarations. These macro's are used in the startup ; file (ncrto.a30)for initializing C variables. Clears global variables, ; sets intialized variables, etc. ;--------------------------------------------------------------------N_BZERO .macro TOP_ ,SECT_ mov.b #00H, R0L mov.w #(TOP_ & 0FFFFH), A1 mov.w #sizeof SECT_ , R3 sstr.b .endm N_BCOPY .macro FROM_,TO_,SECT_ mov.w #(FROM_ & 0FFFFH),A0 mov.b #(FROM_ >>16),R1H mov.w #TO_ ,A1 mov.w #sizeof SECT_ , R3 smovf.b .endm BZERO .macro push.w push.w pusha pusha TOP_,SECT_ #sizeof SECT_ >> 16 #sizeof SECT_ & 0ffffh TOP_ >>16 TOP_ & 0ffffh .glb _bzero jsr.a _bzero .endm AN-DECE-MCU-23-A February 2002 7 M16C/62 C Compiler Startup Files for the M16C/62 MCU BCOPY .macro push.w push.w pusha pusha pusha pusha FROM_ ,TO_ ,SECT_ #sizeof SECT_ >> 16 #sizeof SECT_ & 0ffffh TO_ >>16 TO_ & 0ffffh FROM_ >>16 FROM_ & 0ffffh .glb _bcopy jsr.a _bcopy .endm ;--------------------------------------------------------------; Special page definition. For defining routines or functions as ; special page. ;--------------------------------------------------------------;macro define for special page ; ;Format: ; SPECIAL number ; SPECIAL .macro NUM .org 0FFFFEH-(NUM*2) .glb __SPECIAL_@NUM .word __SPECIAL_@NUM & 0FFFFH .endm ;--------------------------------------------------------------; Section allocation. The following declarations sets the location of the ; sections in the physical memory map. DO not change these settings ; without refering to the NC30 manual on startup files. ; ;--------------------------------------------------------------; Near RAM data area ;--------------------------------------------------------------; SBDATA area .section data_SE,DATA .org 400H data_SE_top: .glb __SB__ __SB__: ; declare sb 'section' here .section bss_SE,DATA,ALIGN bss_SE_top: .section AN-DECE-MCU-23-A data_SO,DATA February 2002 8 M16C/62 C Compiler Startup Files for the M16C/62 MCU data_SO_top: .section bss_SO_top: ; near RAM area .section data_NE_top: bss_SO,DATA data_NE,DATA,ALIGN .section bss_NE_top: bss_NE,DATA,ALIGN .section data_NO_top: data_NO,DATA .section bss_NO_top: bss_NO,DATA ;--------------------------------------------------------------; Stack area. If the USP is not required, and the RAM ; allocated to the USP is needed, do not modify the declarations ; below, Simply set the USTACKSIZE (above) to zero. ;--------------------------------------------------------------.section stack,DATA .blkb STACKSIZE stack_top: .blkb ISTACKSIZE istack_top: ;--------------------------------------------------------------; Heap section. If the heap is not required, and the RAM ; allocated to the heap is needed, do not modify the declarations ; below, Simply set the HEAPSIZE (above) to zero. ;---------------------.-----------------------------------------.section heap,DATA heap_top: .blkb HEAPSIZE ;--------------------------------------------------------------; Near ROM data area. For "near const". ; By definition, Near ROM is all ROM below address 10000h ;--------------------------------------------------------------; .org 06000H ; Example. External ROM located at 6000h .section rom_NE,ROMDATA ;rom_NE,ROMDATA,ALIGN .org AN-DECE-MCU-23-A 06000H ; Example. External ROM located at 6000h February 2002 9 M16C/62 C Compiler Startup Files for the M16C/62 MCU rom_NE_top: .section rom_NO_top: rom_NO,ROMDATA ;--------------------------------------------------------------; Far RAM data area. For "far" int's char's, etc ; By definition, Far RAM is all RAM above address FFFFh ;--------------------------------------------------------------.section data_FE,DATA .org 10000H ; Example. External RAM located at 10000h data_FE_top: .section bss_FE_top: bss_FE,DATA,ALIGN .section data_FO_top: data_FO,DATA .section bss_FO_top: bss_FO,DATA ;--------------------------------------------------------------; Far ROM data area ;--------------------------------------------------------------.section rom_FE,ROMDATA ;Out of reset, the C0000h flash block (block6) is not visible until ;the pm13 bit is set(see M30624 spec's, Processor Mode Register 1) ;The ROM Monitor sets this bit, but for consistent stand alone ;operation, do not allow the reset vector to point to an address ;below D0000h. .org 0d0000H rom_FE_top: .section rom_FO_top: rom_FO,ROMDATA ;--------------------------------------------------------------; Initial data of 'data' section ;--------------------------------------------------------------.section data_SEI,ROMDATA data_SEI_top: .section data_SOI_top: data_SOI,ROMDATA .section data_NEI,ROMDATA AN-DECE-MCU-23-A February 2002 10 M16C/62 C Compiler Startup Files for the M16C/62 MCU data_NEI_top: .section data_NOI_top: data_NOI,ROMDATA .section data_FEI_top: data_FEI,ROMDATA .section data_FOI_top: data_FOI,ROMDATA ;--------------------------------------------------------------; Switch Table Section ;--------------------------------------------------------------.section switch_table,ROMDATA switch_table_top: ;--------------------------------------------------------------; code area ;--------------------------------------------------------------.section interrupt .section program .section .org program_S 0f0000h ; special page code must be in the ; address range of F0000h to FFFDCh ;--------------------------------------------------------------; variable vector section ; For proper interrupt operation, replace "dummy_int" with the assembler ; label or absolute address of the interrupt service routine ;--------------------------------------------------------------.section vector ; variable vector table .org VECTOR_ADR .lword .org .lword .lword .lword .lword .lword .lword .lword .lword .lword dummy_int (VECTOR_ADR+16) dummy_int dummy_int dummy_int dummy_int dummy_int dummy_int dummy_int dummy_int dummy_int AN-DECE-MCU-23-A ; BRK (vector 0) ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; int3(for user)(vector 4) timerB5(for user)(vector 5) timerB4(for user)(vector 6) timerB3(for user)(vector 7) si/o4 /int5(for user)(vector 8) si/o3 /int4(for user)(vector 9) Bus collision detection(for user)(v10) DMA0(for user)(vector 11) DMA1(for user)(vector 12) February 2002 11 M16C/62 C Compiler Startup Files for the M16C/62 MCU .lword .lword .lword .lword .lword .lword .lword .lword dummy_int dummy_int dummy_int dummy_int dummy_int dummy_int 0fcb6bh 0fcb6bh ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; Key input interrupt(for user)(vect 14) A-D(for user)(vector 14) uart2 transmit(for user)(vector 15) uart2 receive(for user)(vector 16) uart0 transmit(for user)(vector 17) uart0 receive(for user)(vector 18) uart1 transmit-used by ROM Monitor(vector 19) uart1 receive-used by ROM Monitor(vector 20) .lword .lword .lword .lword .lword dummy_int dummy_int dummy_int dummy_int dummy_int ; ; ; ; ; timer timer timer timer timer .lword .lword .lword .lword .lword .lword dummy_int dummy_int dummy_int dummy_int dummy_int dummy_int ; ; ; ; ; ; timer B0(for user)(vector 26) timer B1(for user)(vector 27) timer B2(for user)(vector 28) int0 (for user)(vector 29) int1 (for user)(vector 30) int2 (for user)(vector 31) A0(for A1(for A2(for A3(for A4(for user)(vector user)(vector user)(vector user)(vector user)(vector 21) 22) 23) 24) 25) .lword dummy_int ; vector 32 (for user or MR30) .lword dummy_int ; vector 33 (for user or MR30) .lword dummy_int ; vector 34 (for user or MR30) .lword dummy_int ; vector 35 (for user or MR30) .lword dummy_int ; vector 36 (for user or MR30) .lword dummy_int ; vector 37 (for user or MR30) .lword dummy_int ; vector 38 (for user or MR30) .lword dummy_int ; vector 39 (for user or MR30) .lword dummy_int ; vector 40 (for user or MR30) .lword dummy_int ; vector 41 (for user or MR30) .lword dummy_int ; vector 42 (for user or MR30) .lword dummy_int ; vector 43 (for user or MR30) .lword dummy_int ; vector 44 (for user or MR30) .lword dummy_int ; vector 45 (for user or MR30) .lword dummy_int ; vector 46 (for user or MR30) .lword dummy_int ; vector 47 (for user or MR30) ; ;=============================================================== ; fixed vector section ;--------------------------------------------------------------.section fvector ; fixed vector table ;=============================================================== ; special page definition ;--------------------------------------------------------------; Special page functions can be specified using ; "#pragma SPECIAL" directive and the macro defined above. ; Uncomment the proper line below to call the macro. AN-DECE-MCU-23-A February 2002 12 M16C/62 C Compiler Startup Files for the M16C/62 MCU ; See NC30 manual for more information. ;--------------------------------------------------------------; SPECIAL 255 ; SPECIAL 254 ; SPECIAL 253 ; : ; : ; etc ; : ; : ; SPECIAL 24 ; SPECIAL 23 ; SPECIAL 22 ; SPECIAL 21 ; SPECIAL 20 ; SPECIAL 19 ; SPECIAL 18 ; ;=============================================================== ; fixed vector section. The 7 or'ed values below (commented out) are for ; specifying the ID codes for serial I/O flash programming ; (highest 8 bits of the vectors). See data sheets for ; more information. Current setting = all zeros by default. ; The highest 8 bits of the reset vector is the parallel protection ; 'register'. Caution! Setting these codes could result in loss of ; all flash programming. See M30624 data sheets before operating ; on these values. ;--------------------------------------------------------------.org 0fffdch UDI: .lword dummy_int ; | 0ff000000h OVER_FLOW: .lword dummy_int ; | 0ff000000h BRKI: .lword dummy_int ADDRESS_MATCH: .lword dummy_int ; | 0ff000000h SINGLE_STEP: .lword dummy_int ; | 0ff000000h WDT: .lword dummy_int ; | 0ff000000h DBC: .lword dummy_int ; | 0ff000000h NMI: .lword dummy_int ; | 0ff000000h RESET: .lword start ; | 0ff000000h ; AN-DECE-MCU-23-A February 2002 13 Keep safety first in your circuit designs! • Mitsubishi Electric Corporation puts the maximum effort into making semiconductor products better and more reliable, but there is always a possibility of trouble occurring. Trouble with semiconductors may lead to personal injury, fire, or property damage. Remember to give due consideration to safety when making your circuit designs, with appropriate measures such as (i) placement of backup, auxiliary circuits, (ii) use of non-flammable material, or (iii) prevention against any malfunction or mishap. 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The information supplied by Mitsubishi Electric & Electronics USA, Inc. is believed to be accurate and reliable but in no event shall Mitsubishi Electric & Electronics USA, Inc. be liable for any damages whatsoever arising out of the use or inability to use the information or any errors that may appear in this publication. THE INFORMATION IS PROVIDED AS IS WITHOUT ANY WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC & ELECTRONICS USA, INC. RESERVES THE RIGHT, WITHOUT NOTICE, TO MAKE CHANGES TO THE INFORMATION OR TO THE DESIGN AND SPECIFICATIONS OF ITS HARDWARE AND/OR SOFTWARE PRODUCTS. PRODUCTS SUBJECT TO AVAILABILITY. Printed in U.S.A. www.mitsubishichips.com AN-DECE-MCU-23-A February 2002 15