LMV841 / LMV844 CMOS Input, RRIO, Wide Supply Range Operational Amplifiers General Description Features The LMV841 and LMV844 are low-voltage and low-power operational amplifiers that operate with supply voltages ranging from 2.7V to 12V and have rail-to-rail input and output capability. The LMV841 and LMV844 are low offset voltage and low supply current amplifiers with MOS inputs, characteristics that make the LMV841/LMV844 ideal for sensor interface and battery powered applications. The LMV841 is offered in the space saving 5-pin SC70 package and the quad LMV844 comes in the 14-Pin TSSOP package. These small packages are solutions for area constrained PC boards and portable electronics. Unless otherwise noted, typical values at TA = 25°C, V+ = 5V ■ Space saving 5-Pin SC70 package ■ Supply voltage range 2.7V to 12V ■ Guaranteed at 3.3V, 5V and ±5V 1 mA per channel ■ Low supply current 4.5 MHz ■ Unity gain bandwidth 100 dB ■ Open loop gain 500 μV max ■ Input offset voltage 0.3 pA ■ Input bias current 100 dB ■ CMRR 20 nV/ ■ Input voltage noise −40°C to 125°C ■ Temperature range ■ Rail-to-rail input ■ Rail-to-rail output Applications ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ High impedance sensor interface Battery powered instrumentation High gain amplifiers DAC buffer Instrumentation amplifiers Active Filters Typical Applications 20168301 © 2007 National Semiconductor Corporation 201683 www.national.com LMV841 Single / LMV844 Quad CMOS Input, RRIO, Wide Supply Range Operational Amplifiers March 2007 LMV841 Single / LMV844 Quad Junction Temperature (Note 3) Soldering Information Infrared or Convection (20 sec) Wave Soldering Lead Temp. (10 sec) Absolute Maximum Ratings (Note 1) If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required, please contact the National Semiconductor Sales Office/ Distributors for availability and specifications. ESD Tolerance (Note 2) Human Body Model Machine Model VIN Differential Supply Voltage (V+ – V−) Voltage at Input/Output Pins Input Current Storage Temperature Range Operating Ratings 2 kV 200V ±300 mV 13.2V V++0.3V, V− −0.3V 10 mA −65°C to +150°C 3.3V Electrical Characteristics +150°C 235°C 260°C (Note 1) Temperature Range (Note 3) Supply Voltage (V+ – V−) −40°C to +125°C 2.7V to 12V Package Thermal Resistance (θJA (Note 3)) 5-Pin SC70 14-Pin TSSOP 334 °C/W 110 °C/W (Note 4) Unless otherwise specified, all limits are guaranteed for at TA = 25°C, V+ = 3.3V, V− = 0V, VCM = V+/2, and RL > 10 MΩ to V+/2. Boldface limits apply at the temperature extremes. Symbol Parameter Conditions Min (Note 6) Typ (Note 5) Max (Note 6) Units 8 ±500 ±800 μV VOS Input Offset Voltage TCVOS Input Offset Voltage Drift (Note 7) 0.5 ±5 μV/°C IB Input Bias Current (Notes 7, 8) 0.3 10 300 pA IOS Input Offset Current CMRR Common Mode Rejection Ratio LMV841 40 0V ≤ VCM ≤ 3.3V Common Mode Rejection Ratio LMV844 84 80 100 77 75 100 86 82 100 PSRR Power Supply Rejection Ratio 2.7V ≤ V+ ≤ 12V, VO = V+/2 CMVR Input Common-Mode Voltage Range CMRR ≥ 50 dB –0.1 AVOL Large Signal Voltage Gain RL = 2 kΩ VO = 0.3V to 3.0V 100 96 118 RL = 10 kΩ VO = 0.2V to 3.1V 100 96 129 VO Output Swing High, measured from V+ Output Swing Low, measured from V− IO Output Short Circuit Current (Notes 3, 9) fA dB dB 3.4 dB RL = 2 kΩ to V+/2 60 80 120 RL = 10 kΩ to V+/2 32 50 70 RL = 2 kΩ to V+/2 70 100 120 RL = 10 kΩ to V+/2 35 65 75 Sourcing VO = V+/2 VIN = 100 mV 20 15 30 Sinking VO = V+/2 VIN = −100 mV 20 15 30 V mV mV mA IS Supply Current Per Channel 0.98 SR Slew Rate (Note 10) AV = +1, VO = 2.3 VPP 10% to 90% 2.5 GBW Gain Bandwidth Product 4.5 MHz Φm Phase Margin 67 Deg www.national.com 2 1.5 2 mA V/μs Parameter Conditions Min (Note 6) Typ (Note 5) en Input-Referred Voltage Noise f = 1 kHz 20 ROUT Open Loop Output Impedance f = 3 MHz 70 THD+N Total Harmonic Distortion + Noise f = 1 kHz , AV = 1 Max (Note 6) nV/ Ω 0.005 % RL = 10 kΩ CIN Input Capacitance 5V Electrical Characteristics Units 13 pF (Note 4) Unless otherwise specified, all limits are guaranteed for at TA = 25°C, V+ = 5V, V− = 0V, VCM = V+/2, and RL > 10 MΩ to V+/2. Boldface limits apply at the temperature extremes. Symbol Parameter Conditions Min (Note 6) Typ (Note 5) Max (Note 6) Units −5 ±500 ±800 μV VOS Input Offset Voltage TCVOS Input Offset Voltage Drift (Note 7) 0.35 ±5 μV/°C IB Input Bias Current (Notes 7, 8) 0.3 10 300 pA IOS Input Offset Current 40 CMRR Common Mode Rejection Ratio LMV841 0V ≤ VCM ≤ 5V Common Mode Rejection Ratio LMV844 86 80 100 81 79 100 86 82 100 PSRR Power Supply Rejection Ratio 2.7V ≤ V+ ≤ 12V, VO = V+/2 CMVR Input Common-Mode Voltage Range CMRR ≥ 50 dB −0.2 AVOL Large Signal Voltage Gain RL = 2 kΩ VO = 0.3V to 4.7V 100 96 118 RL = 10 kΩ VO = 0.2V to 4.8V 100 96 129 VO Output Swing High, measured from V+ Output Swing Low, measured from V- IO Output Short Circuit Current (Notes 3, 9) fA dB dB 5.2 dB RL = 2 kΩ to V+/2 70 100 120 RL = 10 kΩ to V+/2 40 50 70 RL = 2 kΩ to V+/2 82 120 140 RL = 10 kΩ to V+/2 41 70 80 Sourcing VO = V+/2 VIN = 100 mV 20 15 30 Sinking VO = V+/2 VIN = −100 mV 20 15 30 V mV mV mA IS Supply Current Per Channel 1.02 SR Slew Rate (Note 10) AV = +1, VO = 4 VPP 10% to 90% 2.5 GBW Gain Bandwidth Product 4.5 MHz Φm Phase Margin 67 Deg en Input-Referred Voltage Noise f = 1 kHz 20 ROUT Open Loop Output Impedance f = 3 MHz 70 3 1.5 2 mA V/μs nV/ Ω www.national.com LMV841 Single / LMV844 Quad Symbol LMV841 Single / LMV844 Quad Symbol THD+N Parameter Total Harmonic Distortion + Noise Conditions Min (Note 6) f = 1 kHz , AV = 1 Typ (Note 5) Max (Note 6) Units 0.003 % RL = 10 kΩ CIN Input Capacitance 13 ±5V Electrical Characteristics pF (Note 4) Unless otherwise specified, all limits are guaranteed for at TA = 25°C, V+ = 5V, V− = –5V, VCM = 0V, and RL > 10 MΩ to VCM. Boldface limits apply at the temperature extremes. Symbol Parameter Conditions Min (Note 6) Typ (Note 5) Max (Note 6) Units VOS Input Offset Voltage −17 ±500 ±800 μV TCVOS Input Offset Voltage Drift (Note 7) 0.25 ±5 μV/°C IB Input Bias Current (Notes 7, 8) 0.3 10 300 pA IOS Input Offset Current CMRR Common Mode Rejection Ratio LMV841 40 –5V ≤ VCM ≤ 5V Common Mode Rejection Ratio LMV844 86 80 100 86 80 100 86 82 100 PSRR Power Supply Rejection Ratio 2.7V ≤ V+ ≤ 12V, VO = 0V CMVR Input Common-Mode Voltage Range CMRR ≥ 50 dB −5.2 AVOL Large Signal Voltage Gain RL = 2 kΩ VO = −4.7V to 4.7V 100 96 118 RL = 10 kΩ VO = −4.8V to 4.8V 100 96 129 VO Output Swing High, measured from V+ Output Swing Low, measured from V− IO Output Short Circuit Current (Notes 3, 9) dB 105 130 155 RL = 10 kΩ to 0V 50 75 95 RL = 2 kΩ to 0V 115 160 200 RL = 10 kΩ to 0V 53 80 100 Sourcing VO = 0V VIN = 100 mV 20 15 30 Sinking VO = 0V VIN = −100 mV 20 15 30 Per Channel 1.11 SR Slew Rate (Note 10) AV = +1, VO = 9 VPP 10% to 90% 2.5 GBW Gain Bandwidth Product Φm Phase Margin en Input-Referred Voltage Noise f = 1 kHz 20 ROUT Open Loop Output Impedance f = 3 MHz 70 THD+N Total Harmonic Distortion + Noise f = 1 kHz , AV = 1 mV mA 1.7 2 mA V/μs MHz 67 Deg 0.006 13 4 mV 4.5 RL = 10 kΩ Input Capacitance V dB RL = 2 kΩ to 0V Supply Current www.national.com dB 5.2 IS CIN fA nV/ Ω % pF Note 2: Human Body Model, applicable std. MIL-STD-883, Method 3015.7. Machine Model, applicable std. JESD22-A115-A (ESD MM std. of JEDEC) FieldInduced Charge-Device Model, applicable std. JESD22-C101-C (ESD FICDM std. of JEDEC). Note 3: The maximum power dissipation is a function of TJ(MAX), θJA, and TA. The maximum allowable power dissipation at any ambient temperature is PD = (TJ(MAX) - TA)/ θJA . All numbers apply for packages soldered directly onto a PC board. Note 4: Electrical table values apply only for factory testing conditions at the temperature indicated. Factory testing conditions result in very limited self-heating of the device. Note 5: Typical values represent the most likely parametric norm as determined at the time of characterization. Actual typical values may vary over time and will also depend on the application and configuration. The typical values are not tested and are not guaranteed on shipped production material. Note 6: Limits are 100% production tested at 25°C. Limits over the operating temperature range are guaranteed through correlations using statistical quality control (SQC) method. Note 7: This parameter is guaranteed by design and/or characterization and is not tested in production. Note 8: Positive current corresponds to current flowing into the device. Note 9: Short circuit test is a momentary test. Note 10: Number specified is the slower of positive and negative slew rates. Connection Diagrams 5-Pin SC70 14–Pin TSSOP 20168302 Top View 20168304 Top View Ordering Information Package 5-Pin SC70 14-Pin TSSOP Part Number LMV841MG LMV841MGX LMV844MT LMV844MTX Package Marking Transport Media 1k Units Tape and Reel A97 3k Units Tape and Reel LMV844MT 5 94 Units/Rail 2.5k Units Tape and Reel NSC Drawing MAA05A MTC14 www.national.com LMV841 Single / LMV844 Quad Note 1: Absolute Maximum Ratings indicate limits beyond which damage to the device may occur. Operating Ratings indicate conditions for which the device is intended to be functional, but specific performance is not guaranteed. For guaranteed specifications and the test conditions, see the Electrical Characteristics Tables. LMV841 Single / LMV844 Quad Typical Performance Characteristics At TA = 25°C, RL = 10 kΩ, VS = 5V. Unless otherwise specified. VOS vs. VCM Over Temperature at 3.3V VOS vs. VCM Over Temperature at 5.0V 20168310 20168311 VOS vs. VCM Over Temperature at ±5.0V VOS vs. Supply Voltage 20168312 20168313 VOS vs. Temperature DC Gain vs. VOUT 20168314 www.national.com 20168315 6 LMV841 Single / LMV844 Quad Input Bias Current vs. VCM Input Bias Current vs. VCM 20168316 20168317 Input Bias Current vs. VCM Supply Current vs. Supply Voltage 20168319 20168318 Sinking Current vs. Supply Voltage Sourcing Current vs. Supply Voltage 20168320 20168321 7 www.national.com LMV841 Single / LMV844 Quad Output Swing High vs. Supply Voltage RL = 2k Output Swing High vs. Supply Voltage RL = 10k 20168322 20168323 Output Swing Low vs. Supply Voltage RL = 2k Output Swing Low vs. Supply Voltage RL = 10k 20168324 20168325 Output Voltage Swing vs. Load Current Open Loop Frequency Response Over Temperature 20168327 20168326 www.national.com 8 LMV841 Single / LMV844 Quad Open Loop Frequency Response Over Load Conditions Phase Margin vs. CL 20168328 20168329 PSRR vs. Frequency CMRR vs. Frequency 20168330 20168331 Channel separation vs. Frequency Large Signal Step Response With GAIN = 1 20168373 20168332 9 www.national.com LMV841 Single / LMV844 Quad Large Signal Step Response With GAIN = 10 Small Signal Step Response With GAIN = 1 20168335 20168374 Small Signal Step Response With GAIN = 10 Overshoot vs CL 20168376 20168338 Input Voltage Noise vs. Frequency THD+N vs. Frequency 20168340 20168339 www.national.com 10 Closed Loop Output Impedance vs. Frequency 20168343 20168341 11 www.national.com LMV841 Single / LMV844 Quad THD+N vs. VOUT LMV841 Single / LMV844 Quad To reduce this small offset shift, the amplifier is trimmed during production, resulting in an input offset voltage of less then 0.5 mV at room temperature over the total input range. Application Information INTRODUCTION The LMV841 and LMV844 are operational amplifiers with near-precision specifications: low noise, low temperature drift, low offset and rail-to-rail input and output. The low supply current, a temperature range of −40°C to 125°C, the 12V supply with CMOS input and the small SC70 package make this a unique op amp family. Possible applications are instrumentation, medical, test equipment, audio and automotive applications. The small SC70 package for the LMV841, and the low supply current per amplifier, 1 mA, make the LMV841/LMV844 perfect choices for portable electronics. CAPACITIVE LOAD The LMV841/LMV844 can be connected as non-inverting unity-gain amplifiers. This configuration is the most sensitive to capacitive loading. The combination of a capacitive load placed on the output of an amplifier along with the amplifier’s output impedance creates a phase lag, which reduces the phase margin of the amplifier. If the phase margin is significantly reduced, the response will be underdamped which causes peaking in the transfer and when there is too much peaking the op amp might start oscillating. In order to drive heavier capacitive loads, an isolation resistor, RISO, should be used, as shown in Figure 2. By using this isolation resistor, the capacitive load is isolated from the amplifier’s output, and hence, the pole caused by CL is no longer in the feedback loop. The larger the value of RISO, the more stable the output voltage will be. If values of RISO are sufficiently large, the feedback loop will be stable, independent of the value of CL. However, larger values of RISO result in reduced output swing and reduced output current drive. INPUT PROTECTION The LMV841/LMV844 have a set of anti-parallel diodes D1 and D2 between the input pins, as shown in Figure 1. These diodes are present to protect the input stage of the amplifier. At the same time, they limit the amount of differential input voltage that is allowed on the input pins. A differential signal larger than one diode voltage drop can damage the diodes. The differential signal between the inputs needs to be limited to ±300 mV or the input current needs to be limited to ±10 mA. Note that when the op amp is slewing, a differential input voltage exists that forward biases the protection diodes. This may result in current being drawn from the signal source. While this current is already limited by the internal resistors R1 and R2 (both 130Ω), a resistor of 1 kΩ can be placed in the feedback path, or a 500Ω resistor can be placed in series with the input signal for further limitation. 20168350 FIGURE 2. Isolating Capacitive Load REDUCING OVERSHOOT When the output of the op amp is at its lower swing limit (i.e. saturated near V−), rapidly rising signals can cause some overshoot. This overshoot can be reduced by adding a resistor from the output to V+. Even in extreme situations at high temperatures, a 10k resistor is sufficient to reduce the overshoot to negligible levels. The resistor at the output will however reduce the maximum output swing, as would any resistive load at the output. DECOUPLING AND LAYOUT Care must be given when creating the board layout for the op amp. For decoupling the supply lines it is suggested that 10 nF capacitors be placed as close as possible to the op amp. For single supply, place a capacitor between V+ and V−. For dual supplies, place one capacitor between V+ and the board ground, and the second capacitor between ground and V−. 20168351 FIGURE 1. Protection Diodes between the Input Pins INPUT STAGE The input stage of this amplifier consists of a PMOS and an NMOS input pair to achieve a more than rail-to-rail input range. For input voltages close to the negative rail, only the PMOS pair is active. Close to the positive rail, only the NMOS pair is active. For intermediate signals, the transition from PMOS pair to NMOS pair will result in a very small offset shift, which appears at approximately 1V from the positive rail. www.national.com NOISE DUE TO RESISTORS The LMV841/LMV844 have good noise specifications, and will frequently be used in low-noise applications. Therefore it is important to take into account the influence of the resistors on the total noise contribution. For applications with a voltage input configuration it is, in general, beneficial to keep the resistor values low. In these configurations high resistor values mean high noise levels. 12 a center frequency of approximately 10% from the frequency of the total filter: C = 33 nF R1 = 2 kΩ R2 = 6.2 kΩ R3 = 45 Ω This will give for filter A: To determine if the noise is acceptable for the application, use the following formula for resistor noise : where: eth = Thermal noise voltage (Vrms) k = Boltzmann constant (1.38 x 10–23 J/K) And for filter B with C = 27 nF: T = Absolute temperature (K) R = Resistance (Ω) B = Noise bandwidth (Hz), fmax - fmin Given in an example with a resistor of 1MΩ at 25°C (298 K) over a frequency range of 100 kHz: Bandwidth can be calculated by: For filter A this will give To keep the noise of the application low it might be necessary to decrease the resistors to 100k, which will decrease the noise to –97.8 dBV (12.8 uV). The op amp's input-referred noise of 20 nV/ at 1 kHz is equivalent to the noise of a 24 kΩ resistor. and for filter B: ACTIVE FILTER The rail-to-rail input and output of the LMV841/LMV844 and the wide supply voltage range make these amplifiers ideal to use in numerous applications. One of the typical applications is an active filter as shown in Figure 3. This example is a bandpass filter, for which the pass band is widened. This is achieved by cascading two band-pass filters, with slightly different center frequencies. The response of the two filters and the combined filter is shown in Figure 4. 20168358 FIGURE 3. Active Filter The center frequency of the separate band-pass filters can be calculated by: 20168359 FIGURE 4. Active Filter Curve In this example a filter was designed with its pass band at 10 kHz. The two separate band-pass filters are designed to have 13 www.national.com LMV841 Single / LMV844 Quad However, using low resistor values will increase the power consumption of the application. This is not always acceptable for portable applications. LMV841 Single / LMV844 Quad The voltage at the input of the op amp can be calculated by The filter responses of filter A and filter B are shown as the thin lines in Figure 4, the response of the combined filter is shown as the thick line. Shifting the center frequencies of the separate filters farther apart, will result in a wider band, however positioning the center frequencies too far apart will result in a less flat gain within the band. For wider bands more bandpass filters can be cascaded. Tip: Use the WEBENCH internet tools at www.national.com for your filter application. VIN+ = VS - IB * RS For a standard op amp the input bias Ib could be 10 nA. When the sensor generates a signal of 1V (VS) and the sensors impedance is 10 MΩ (RS), the signal at the op amp input will be VIN = 1V - 10 nA * 10 MΩ = 1V - 0.1V = 0.9V For the CMOS input of the LMV841/LMV844, which has an input bias current of only 0.3 pA, this would give HIGH-SIDE CURRENT SENSING The rail-to-rail input and the low VOS features make the LMV841/844 ideal op amps for high-side current sensing application. To measure a current, a sense resistor is placed in series with the load, as shown in Figure 5. The current flowing through this sense resistor will result in a voltage drop, that is amplified by the op amp. Suppose we need to measure a current between 0A and 2A using a sense resistor of 100 mΩ, and convert it to an output voltage of 0 to 5V. A current of 2A flowing through the load and the sense resistor will result in a voltage of 200 mV across the sense resistor. The op amp will amplify this 200 mV to fit the current range to the output voltage range. We can use the formula: VOUT= RF / RG * VSENSE to calculate the gain needed. For a load current of 2A and an output voltage of 5V the gain would be VOUT / VSENSE = 25. When we use a feedback resistor, RF, of 100 kΩ the value for RG would be 4 kΩ. The tolerance of the resistors has to be low to obtain a good common-mode rejection. VIN = 1V – 0.3 pA * 10 MΩ = 1V - 3 μV = 0.999997 V ! The conclusion is that a standard op amp, with its high input bias current input, is not a good choice for use in impedance sensor applications. The LMV841/LMV844, in contrast, are much more suitable due to the low input bias current. The error is negligibly small, therefore the LMV841/LMV844 are a must for use with high impedance sensors. 20168352 FIGURE 6. High Impedance Sensor Interface THERMOCOUPLE AMPLIFIER The following is a typical example for a thermocouple amplifier application with an LMV841/LMV844. A thermocouple senses a temperature and converts it into a voltage. This signal is then amplified by the LMV841. An ADC can then convert the amplified signal to a digital signal. For further processing the digital signal can be processed by a microprocessor and can be used to display or log the temperature, or use the temperature data in a fabrication process. Characteristics of a Thermocouple A thermocouple is a junction of two different metals. These metals produce a small voltage that increases with temperature. The thermocouple used in this application is a K-type thermocouple. A K-type thermocouple is a junction between Nickel-Chromium and Nickel-Aluminum. This type is one of the most commonly used thermocouples. There are several reasons for using the K-type thermocouple. These include temperature range, the linearity, the sensitivity and the cost. A K-type thermocouple has a wide temperature range. The range of this thermocouple is from approximately −200°C to approximately 1200°C, as can be seen in Figure 7. This covers the generally used temperature ranges. Over the main part of the range the behavior is linear. This is important for converting the analog signal to a digital signal. The K-type thermocouple has good sensitivity when compared to many other types, the sensitivity is 41 uV/°C. Lower sensitivity requires more gain and makes the application more sensitive to noise. In addition, a K-type thermocouple is not expensive, many other thermocouples consist of more expensive materials or are more difficult to produce. 20168371 FIGURE 5. High-Side Current Sensing HIGH IMPEDANCE SENSOR INTERFACE With CMOS inputs, the LMV841/LMV844 are particularly suited to be used as high impedance sensor interfaces. Many sensors have high source impedances that may range up to 10 MΩ. The input bias current of an amplifier will load the output of the sensor, and thus cause a voltage drop across the source resistance, as shown in Figure 6. When an op amp is selected with a relatively high input bias current, this error may be unacceptable. The low input current of the LMV841/LMV844 significantly reduces such errors. The following examples show the difference between a standard op amp input and the CMOS input of the LMV841/LMV844. www.national.com 14 Unwanted Thermocouple Effect At the point where the thermocouple wires are connected to the circuit, usually copper wires or traces, an unwanted thermocouple effect will occur. At this connection, this could be the connector on a PCB, the thermocouple wiring forms a second thermocouple with the connector. This second thermocouple disturbs the measurements from the intended thermocouple. We can compensate for this thermocouple effect by using an isothermal block as a reference. An isothermal block is a good heat conductor. This means that the two thermocouple connections both have the same temperature. We can now measure the temperature of the isothermal block, and thereby the temperature of the thermocouple connections. This is usually called the cold junction reference temperature. In the example, an LM35 is used to measure this temperature. This semiconductor temperature sensor can accurately measure temperatures from −55°C to 150°C. The ADC in this example also coverts the signal from the LM35 to a digital signal. Now the microprocessor can compensate the amplified thermocouple signal, for the unwanted thermocouple effect. 20168370 FIGURE 7. K-Type Thermocouple Response Thermocouple Example Suppose the range we are interested in for this example is from 0°C to 500°C, and the resolution needed is 0.5°C. The power supply for both the LMV841 and the ADC is 3.3V. The temperature range of 0°C to 500°C results in a voltage range from 0 mV to 20.6 mV produced by the thermocouple. This is shown in Figure 7 To obtain the best accuracy the full ADC range of 0 to 3.3V is used. We can calculate the gain we need for the full input range of the ADC : AV = 3.3V / 0.0206V = 160. 20168353 FIGURE 8. Thermocouple Amplifier 15 www.national.com LMV841 Single / LMV844 Quad When we use 2 kΩ for RG, we can calculate the value for RF with this gain of 160. We can use AV = RF / RG to calculate the gain, so we can calculate RF by using RF = AV x RG = 160 x 2 kΩ = 320 kΩ. To get a resolution of 0.5°C we need a step smaller then the minimum resolution, this means we need at least 1000 steps (500°C / 0.5°C). A 10-bit ADC would be sufficient as this will give us 1024 steps. This could be a 10 bit ADC like the two channel 10-bit ADC102S021. LMV841 Single / LMV844 Quad Physical Dimensions inches (millimeters) unless otherwise noted 5-Pin SC70 NS Package Number MAA05A 14–Pin TSSOP NS Package Number MTC14 www.national.com 16 www.national.com 17 LMV841 Single / LMV844 Quad Notes LMV841 Single / LMV844 Quad CMOS Input, RRIO, Wide Supply Range Operational Amplifiers Notes THE CONTENTS OF THIS DOCUMENT ARE PROVIDED IN CONNECTION WITH NATIONAL SEMICONDUCTOR CORPORATION (“NATIONAL”) PRODUCTS. NATIONAL MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES WITH RESPECT TO THE ACCURACY OR COMPLETENESS OF THE CONTENTS OF THIS PUBLICATION AND RESERVES THE RIGHT TO MAKE CHANGES TO SPECIFICATIONS AND PRODUCT DESCRIPTIONS AT ANY TIME WITHOUT NOTICE. NO LICENSE, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED, ARISING BY ESTOPPEL OR OTHERWISE, TO ANY INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IS GRANTED BY THIS DOCUMENT. TESTING AND OTHER QUALITY CONTROLS ARE USED TO THE EXTENT NATIONAL DEEMS NECESSARY TO SUPPORT NATIONAL’S PRODUCT WARRANTY. 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