ETC DRM061

USB Thumb Drive
Designer Reference Manual
HCS12
Microcontrollers
DRM061
Rev. 0
9/2004
freescale.com
USB Thumb Drive
Designer Reference Manual
by:
Kenny Lam, Derek Lau, and Dennis Lui
Applications Engineering
Microcontroller Division
Hong Kong
To provide the most up-to-date information, the revision of our documents on the World Wide Web will be
the most current. Your printed copy may be an earlier revision. To verify you have the latest information
available, refer to:
http://www.freescale.com/
Freescale™ and the Freescale logo are trademarks of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
This product incorporates SuperFlash® technology licensed from SST.
© Freescale Semiconductor, Inc., 2004. All rights reserved.
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Revision History
The following revision history table summarizes changes contained in this document. For your
convenience, the page number designators have been linked to the appropriate location.
Revision History
Date
Revision
Level
September,
2004
N/A
Description
Initial release
Page
Number(s)
N/A
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Table of Contents
Chapter 1
System Overview
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
System Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mass Storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
7
8
8
Chapter 2
Basic Function
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Plug and Play. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Read and Write . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Write-Protect Switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Unplug . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Chapter 3
Hardware
3.1
3.2
3.2.1
3.2.2
3.2.3
3.2.4
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
System Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
UF32 Microcontroller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
NAND Flash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Voltage Configuration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Integrated Queue Module (IQUE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
13
13
13
14
14
Chapter 4
Firmware
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11
4.12
System Software Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
UF32 Memory Mapping for Thumb Drive. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Logical to Physical interrelation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Logical to Physical Block Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Physical Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Logical Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Logical to Physical Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SCSI Command Handling Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SCSI Command Read Packet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SCSI Command Write Packet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Write Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
UF32 Thumb Drive Firmware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
16
17
17
18
18
19
19
20
21
22
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Table of Contents
Chapter 5
Testing and Customizing
5.1
Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2
Customizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.1
Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.1.1
NAND Flash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.2
Firmware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.2.1
NAND Flash Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
23
23
23
23
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Chapter 1
System Overview
1.1 Introduction
This manual describes a reference design of USB2.0 Thumb Drive solution by using the MC9S12UF32
microcontroller.
The whole system consists of a NAND Flash memory and MC9S12UF32.
All hardware schematic diagrams and firmware source codes are available as reference materials.
1.2 Features
•
•
•
•
•
USB2.0 high speed and full speed compliance
Windows 2000 and Windows XP compatible
No specific driver required
Small size and easy to use
Store all your data, pictures, music, and movies
Figure 1-1. Enlarged Photograph of the USB Thumb Drive Reference Design
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System Overview
1.3 System Overview
THUMB DRIVE
Personal
Computer
USB2.0
Interface
SmartMedia
Interface
NAND
Flash Memory
Figure 1-2. System Overview
The system consists of two functional devices: the MC9S12UF32 (hereafter referred as UF32) and the
NAND Flash memory chip.
The overall system operation, I/O interface, and power are controlled by MCU.
1.4 Mass Storage
In data write to NAND Flash, the data transmits with the Logical Block Address (hereafter referred as LBA)
from the PC via USB2.0 interface to the UF32 Integrated Queue (hereafter referred as IQUE) RAM as a
buffer, which will transmit the data to NAND Flash once the buffer is full.
In data read from NAND Flash, the data received from NAND Flash to UF32 IQUE RAM as a buffer, which
will transmit the data to PC via USB2.0 interface.
UF32 also builds the logical block to physical block table for the logical to physical block conversion for
read/write operation.
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Chapter 2
Basic Function
2.1 Introduction
A Thumb Drive is designed as the mass storage for the data read and write via PC USB2.0 host.
The basic functions are required as below:
1. Plug & Play
2. Read and Write
3. Write-Protect Switch
4. Unplug
2.2 Plug and Play
When you plug the device into the USB port of your computer, you will see a “Removable Disk” icon in
the file manager window.
Figure 2-1. Removable Disk
Figure 2-1 shows the Removable Disk as F: drive since this system’s CD-ROM is assigned as E: drive.
2.3 Read and Write
You can retrieve or store files in the device as a hard disk. The read/write operation of the device is the
same as that of a hard disk.
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Basic Function
2.4 Write-Protect Switch
When you move the write-protect switch to the “ON” position, you cannot write any files into the Thumb
Drive. You still can view and read the files in the device. The “Write-Protect” switch can only be activated
when the Thumb Drive is plugged in the computer’s USB port.
2.5 Unplug
You can remove the device after you finish the action with the device. However, in Windows ME and
Windows 2000, please follow the safe removal procedure. You can find a safe removal icon on your
computer’s notification area.
Double click the “safe removal” icon; the “Unplug or Eject Hardware” window will be pop up. You can
select the device you want to remove. Then, click the [Stop] button.
After that you can unplug the device from the USB port of your computer.
When you want to remove the USB FLASH DRIVE device, make sure the LED is not flashing. When the
LED flashes quickly, there are some traffic on going between the OS and the USB FLASH DRIVE device.
Don’t remove the USB FLASH DRIVE at this moment. Otherwise, it will cause some damages to the data
or even the USB FLASH DRIVE device itself.
WARNING
In Windows ME and Windows 2000 operating systems, you must use
the hardware safe removal procedure, otherwise data loss caused by
the “write cache” issue may happen.
Figure 2-2. Safe Removal Icon
Figure 2-2 shows the Safely Remove Hardware icon for user unplug the USB MS device.
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Unplug
Figure 2-3. Unplug the USB Mass Storage Device
Figure 2-3 shows the Unplug USB Mass Storage device. User has to click it and select “Stop USB Mass
Storage Device - Drive (F:)” before physically unplugging the Thumb Drive.
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Basic Function
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Chapter 3
Hardware
3.1 Introduction
The UF32 has 32K-bytes of Flash memory, 30MHz bus speed, a Smart Media (hereafter referred as SM)
module and appropriate number of I/O pins makes this MCU suited for thumb drive solutions. The main
features of the reference design include:
• USB interface
• 480Mbps data transfer rate
• LED display
3.2 System Overview
The thumb drive consists of the UF32, the NAND Flash. Figure 3-1 shows the block diagram of the system
9S12UF32
USB2.0
Interface
SmartMedia
Interface
NAND
Flash Memory
Figure 3-1. Thumb Drive Block Diagram
3.2.1 UF32 Microcontroller
The functions of the UF32 are to get the USB Mass Storage (hereafter referred as MS) command from
PC via USB 2.0 interface and decodes them for MS read/write.
3.2.2 NAND Flash
The TC58DVG02A1 is a single 3.3 V 1-Gbit (1,107,296,256) bit NAND Electrically Erasable and
Programmable Read-Only Memory (NAND E2PROM), organized as 528 bytes, 32 pages, and 8192
blocks. The device has a 528-byte static register which allows program and read data to be transferred
between the register and the memory cell array in 528-byte increments. The erase operation is
implemented in a single block unit (16K-bytes 512 bytes: 528 bytes 32 pages). The TC58DVG02A1 is a
serial-type memory device which utilizes the I/O pins for both address and data input/output as well as for
command inputs. The erase and program operations are automatically executed making the device most
suitable for applications such as solid-state file storage, voice recording, image file memory for still
cameras and other systems which require high-density non-volatile memory data storage.
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Hardware
3.2.3 Voltage Configuration
5V
9S12UF32
VDDA
5V
PORTE
VDDR
5V
USB
3V
REG
REF3V
3V
PORTQ
NAND
Flash Memory
PORTM
2.5V
3V
VDD3X
PORTJ
VDD
PORTT
CORE
PORTU
PORTS
PORTB
VDDX
3.3V
PORTA
Figure 3-2. Voltage Configuration
Figure 3-2 shows the voltage configuration for UF32.
3.2.4 Integrated Queue Module (IQUE)
S12 CPU
IQUEUE allows
automatic data transfer
without CPU intervention
USB
IQRAM
USB
IQUEUE Module
IQRAM
IQUEUE RAM
MSD
NAND
Flash Memory
Figure 3-3. Integrated Queue Module (IQUE)
Figure 3-3 shows the Integrated Queue Module (hereafter referred as IQUE). The IQUE module is
designed to allow the data transfer to and from between NAND Flash memory and PC host without CPU
interruption. It can help to minimize the overhead at CPU side.
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Chapter 4
Firmware
4.1 System Software Architecture
MCU Resources (Timer)
Mini-Kernel
for UF32
Mass Storage
Interface Module
Mass
Storage
Device
Application Task
(Protocol Adapter)
SM Protocol Module
USB Protocol Layer
Figure 4-1. System Software Architecture
Figure 4-1 shows the system software architecture for the UF32 Thumb Drive. The mini-kernel is
designed for the multi-tasks operation. In this application, mini-kernel is mainly working for the USB event
task after system initialization. The initialization subroutines are for the system initialization, such as for
timer module, 3.3 voltage regulator, SM module, IQUE module, IQUE RAM mapping, SM RAM for logical
to physical look up table and USB module.
The main program continually checks the tasks and to serve the event once the request is made. It will
decode to invoke the SCSI commands if the request is made from PC via USB2.0 interface.
All data will pass through the IQUE RAM and read/write to NAND Flash.
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Firmware
4.2 UF32 Memory Mapping for Thumb Drive
$0000
Registers
$0800
$0400
$1200
$2000
1K x 10-bit RAM
3.5K RAM
1.5K QRAM
1K x 10-bit RAM
$2600
$0FD0
$1000
$17D0
$4000
16K FLASH
1084 BYTES
RAM
$1BC4
$1FFF
SM Mode
$8000
NOTES:
$C000
16K FLASH
$FF00
$FFFF
Vectors
Normal
Mode
QRAM is mapped to $2000–$25FF by
writing 0x21 to the INITEE register.
SM Mode is enabled by setting the SMMODE bit
of the SMRAM configuration register.
Figure 4-2. UF32 Memory Mapping for Thumb Drive
Figure 4-2 shows memory mapping for Thumb Drive application. It is to configure 2K x 10-bit RAM for
RAM block 0 ($0800–$0FCF) and RAM block 1 ($1000–$17CF). The system RAM is located from $1BC4
to $1FFF. The firmware is stored to upper flash block $C000–$FFFF.
The RAM block (0,1) are designed to store the look up tables for the logical to physical block conversion.
The RAM block 0 is to store the conversion table for the physical segment 0 of the NAND Flash, which is
to store boot record, FAT table, and directories content. The RAM block 1 is to store the conversion tables
for the physical segment 1 to 3 of the NAND Flash for the file data content.
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Logical to Physical interrelation
4.3 Logical to Physical interrelation
Logical Structure (LBA)
Physical Structure (PBA)
Block 1
CIS
MBR
Sector 0–31
Block 2
MBR
PBR, FAT, Dir
Sector 32–63
Block 3
PBR, FAT, Dir
002 Cluster
Sector 64–95
Block 4
Bad Block
003 Cluster
Sector 96–127
Block 5
003 Cluster
004 Cluster
Sector 128–159
Block 6
007 Cluster
005 Cluster
Sector 160–191
Block 7
002 Cluster
006 Cluster
Sector 192–223
Block 8
010 Cluster
007 Cluster
Sector 224–225
Block 9
005 Cluster
Figure 4-3. Logical to Physical interrelation
Figure 4-3 shows the interrelation between PBA and LBA. The cluster is configured as 16K
(32 sectors or pages) in the above example. Normally, the cluster can be configured as 1K, 2K, 4K, etc.,
in FAT16 format.
4.4 Logical to Physical Block Format
Thumb Drive Logical Format
•
Partition Boot Sector
(Sector size, Cluster size, Total Cluster,
etc.)
•
File System Management (FAT16)
•
LBA Concept
•
Master Boot Sector (MBR)
•
FAT1, FAT2
•
Root Directory
Application
File
File Management
Thumb Drive Physical Format
•
Card Information Structure
•
Zone Boundary Concept
•
Logical Block Address (LBA)
•
ECC Area
LBA
Device Driver
PBA
NAND Flash
Figure 4-4. Logical to Physical Block Format
Figure 4-4 shows the logical to physical block format in the Thumb Drive application. The UF32 is working
from the Device Driver down to NAND Flash physical layer.
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Firmware
4.5 Physical Format
NAND Flash
e.g. 64MB
block 0
Block Structure
block 1
page 0
block 2
page 1
block 3
page 2
512 bytes
Data
16 bytes
ExtraDataArea
page 31
block 4096
Figure 4-5. Physical Format
Figure 4-5 shows the NAND Flash physical relationship between the blocks and the pages (or sectors).
The physical block is defined as memory erase unit and the physical page is defined as memory
write/read unit. In this case, one physical page has 512 bytes and one physical block has 32 physical
pages.
4.6 Logical Format
Given that:
• FAT size = 249 sectors
• Sector/Cluster = 4
• Total sector size = 127495 sectors
e.g. 64MB
sector 0
Master Boot Sector
Sector 0
sector 1
Empty Area
Sector 1–54
sector 2
FAT16 Boot Record
Sector 55
FAT1
Sector 56–304
FAT2
Sector 305–553
Root Dir
Sector 554–587
Data Sector
Sector 586–127413
sector 586
sector 587
Cluster 002
sector 588
sector 589
sector 127413
Figure 4-6. Logical Format
Figure 4-6 shows the logical format in the Thumb Drive application. FAT16 is selected as the system
format, which can be recognized by Windows 2000 and Windows XP.
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Logical to Physical Table
4.7 Logical to Physical Table
0
PBA no.
1
PBA no.
2
PBA no.
3
PBA no.
999
PBA no.
Logical
Block Address
(LBA)
10-bit
Figure 4-7. Logical to Physical Address Translation Table
Figure 4-7 shows the logical to physical translation table. It reads the ExtraDataArea of physical block of
the NAND Flash to retrieve the logical address and store to the table. For high speed processing, it is
desirable to construct a table of alternate blocks, as well as the logical/physical translation table. In this
firmware, the RAM block 0 is to store the conversion table for the physical segment 0 of the NAND Flash,
which is to store boot record, FAT table and directories content. The RAM block 1 is to store the
conversion tables for the physical segment 1 to 3 of the NAND Flash for the file data content.
4.8 SCSI Command Handling Flow
HOST SENDS OUT CBW
OUT
DATAx
31 BYTE CBW
SCSI COMMAND HANDLING
Need to call
device driver
?
N
SmartMedia
SM_SCSICommand()
USB_MS
RETURN PASSED, FAILED,
OR PHASE ERROR
Figure 4-8. SCSI Command Handling Flow
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Firmware
Figure 4-8 shows the flow of the SCSI command handling flow. The host sends the Command Block
Wrapper (hereafter referred as CBW) to UF32 via USB2.0 interface. The SCSI command handling
firmware will then respond to the host regarding to the corresponding SCSI command.
4.9 SCSI Command Read Packet
SCSI COMMAND Read (0x28)
Get LBA
Update LogToPhyTbl if necessary
Decode LBA to PBA
Get data from NAND Flash PBA
Send out data to host via IQUE
Finish to read
no. of LBA
?
N
RTS
Figure 4-9. SCSI Command Read Packet
Figure 4-9 shows the flow of the SCSI command read packet. The data of the corresponding LBA will be
sent to the host via USB2.0 interface once the UF32 receives a SCSI command (0x28). The firmware gets
the LBA and determines its corresponding segment for update the logical to physical table “LogToPhyTbl”
if necessary. The Physical Block Address (hereafter referred as PBA) can be converted from the
“LogToPhyTbl”. The data can be retrieved from NAND Flash according to this PBA by the UF32 and
sends them to PC host via USB2.0 interface.
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SCSI Command Write Packet
4.10 SCSI Command Write Packet
SCSI COMMAND Write (0x2A)
Get LBA
Update LogToPhyTbl if necessary
Decode LBA to PBA
Write data to PBA
from unused block
Even when updating only
one sector/page in a block,
be sure to write all pages
from the lowest number page
Erase the original block
Update LogToPhyTbl
Finish to write
no. of LBA
?
N
RTS
Figure 4-10. SCSI Command Write Packet
Figure 4-10 shows the flow of the SCSI command write packet. Similarly, the data of the corresponding
LBA will be sent from host via USB2.0 interface through UF32 IQUE module to NAND Flash. The firmware
gets the LBA and determines its corresponding segment for update the logical to physical table
“LogToPhyTbl” if necessary. The PBA can be converted from the “LogToPhyTbl”. The data can be written
to NAND Flash according to this PBA by the UF32 from PC host via USB2.0 interface
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Firmware
4.11 Write Protection
The write protection feature is implemented by SCSI mode sense command. The software used PORTS
bit 4 to detect whether it’s configured as write protection or not during power up and will keep the status
until power-off. Thus, it cannot be changed during runtime to minimize the accidental switch over.
4.12 UF32 Thumb Drive Firmware
The UF32 Thumb Drive firmware is to handle the data to and from PC and NAND Flash via IQUE module
as read/write operation. Basically, the UF32 CPU does not touch the data while it is being transferred.
The data is handled by UF32 IQUE module directly. However, the conversion of LBA and PBA can be
done by the UF32 CPU for NAND Flash read/write operation.
In read operation, it is a bit simple since the UF32 Thumb Drive firmware only handles the LBA and PBA
conversion and it does not care about the physical block and sector/page relationship.
In write operation, the UF32 Thumb Drive firmware has to take care of the other 31 pages even when
there is only 1 page to be updated since a physical block has 32 sectors/page in NAND Flash.
The firmware is to support the typical SCSI commands as shown Table 4-1.
Table 4-1. Typical SCSI Commands
Code
Command
0X00
Test Unit Ready (6)
0X03
Request Sense (6)
0X12
Inquiry (6)
0X1A
Mode Sense (6)
0X1E
Prevent Allow Media Removal (6)
0X25
Read Capacity (10)
0X28
Read (10)
0X2A
Write (10)
0X2F
Verify (10)
0X5A
Mode Sense (6)
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Chapter 5
Testing and Customizing
5.1 Testing
The Thumb Drive reference design was tested under different Windows Operating Systems on several
different PCs.
• USB compliance test using Command Verifier version 1.2
• Compatibility tests under Windows 2000 and XP
• Compatibility tests under AMD 750, Intel 810 and 865 chip set desktops, IBM Thinkpad T23 and
Dell Latitude C640 notebook PCs.
5.2 Customizing
5.2.1 Hardware
5.2.1.1 NAND Flash
The Toshiba NAND Flash used in this reference design was a random selection. User can choose from
any NAND Flash vendors.
5.2.2 Firmware
5.2.2.1 NAND Flash Size
• 512 Mbit NAND flash size is used in this reference design.
• User needs to change the parameters in boot_64M() subroutine if a 1-Gbit NAND Flash size is
used.
USB Thumb Drive Designer Reference Manual, Rev. 0
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Testing and Customizing
USB Thumb Drive Designer Reference Manual, Rev. 0
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