LM111, LM211, LM311 DIFFERENTIAL COMPARATORS WITH STROBES SLCS007F – SEPTEMBER 1973 – REVISED APRIL 2002 Fast Response Times Strobe Capability Maximum Input Bias Current . . . 300 nA Maximum Input Offset Current . . . 70 nA Can Operate From Single 5-V Supply Available in Q-Temp Automotive – High-Reliability Automotive Applications – Configuration Control/Print Support – Qualification to Automotive Standards LM111 . . . JG PACKAGE LM211 . . . D OR P PACKAGE LM311 . . . D, P, PS, OR PW PACKAGE (TOP VIEW) EMIT OUT IN+ IN– VCC– 1 8 2 7 3 6 4 5 VCC+ COL OUT BAL/STRB BALANCE LM111 . . . FK PACKAGE (TOP VIEW) NC EMIT OUT NC VCC+ NC description The LM111, LM211, and LM311 are single high-speed voltage comparators. These devices are designed to operate from a wide range of power-supply voltages, including ±15-V supplies for operational amplifiers and 5-V supplies for logic systems. The output levels are compatible with most TTL and MOS circuits. These comparators are capable of driving lamps or relays and switching voltages up to 50 V at 50 mA. All inputs and outputs can be isolated from system ground. The outputs can drive loads referenced to ground, VCC+ or VCC–. Offset balancing and strobe capabilities are available, and the outputs can be wire-OR connected. If the strobe is low, the output is in the off state, regardless of the differential input. 4 3 2 1 20 19 18 5 17 6 16 7 15 8 14 9 10 11 12 13 NC VCC– NC IN+ NC IN– NC NC COL OUT NC BAL/STRB NC NC BALANCE NC D D D D D D NC – No internal connection The LM111 is characterized for operation over the full military temperature range of –55°C to 125°C. The LM211 is characterized for operation from –40°C to 85°C. The LM211Q is characterized for operation over the full automotive range of –40°C to 125°C. The LM311 is characterized for operation from 0°C to 70°C. AVAILABLE OPTIONS PACKAGE TA 0°C to 70°C VIO max AT 25°C 7 5 mV 7.5 PLASTIC SMALL OUTLINE (D, PS) CERAMIC CHIP CARRIER (FK) CERAMIC DIP (JG) PLASTIC DIP (P) PLASTIC THIN SHRINK SMALL OUTLINE (PW) LM311D — — LM311P LM311PW LM311PS — — — — –40°C to 85°C 3 mV LM211D — — LM211P — –40°C to 125°C 3 mV LM211QD — — — — –55°C to 125°C 3 mV — LM111FK LM111JG — — The D package also is available taped and reeled. Add the suffix R to device type (e.g., LM311DR). The PS and PW packages are only available taped and reeled. Please be aware that an important notice concerning availability, standard warranty, and use in critical applications of Texas Instruments semiconductor products and disclaimers thereto appears at the end of this data sheet. Copyright 2002, Texas Instruments Incorporated PRODUCTION DATA information is current as of publication date. Products conform to specifications per the terms of Texas Instruments standard warranty. Production processing does not necessarily include testing of all parameters. On products compliant to MIL-PRF-38535, all parameters are tested unless otherwise noted. On all other products, production processing does not necessarily include testing of all parameters. POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 1 LM111, LM211, LM311 DIFFERENTIAL COMPARATORS WITH STROBES SLCS007F – SEPTEMBER 1973 – REVISED APRIL 2002 functional block diagram BALANCE BAL/STRB IN+ + COL OUT IN– – EMIT OUT schematic Component Count Resistors Diodes EPI FET Transistors BAL/STRB BALANCE 450 Ω 450 Ω 20 2 1 22 VCC+ 2.4 kΩ 750 Ω 2.4 kΩ 600 Ω 70 Ω 1.2 kΩ IN+ 1.2 kΩ 4 kΩ COL OUT IN– 400 Ω 130 Ω 60 Ω 450 Ω 250 Ω 600 Ω 200 Ω 2 kΩ 4Ω EMIT OUT VCC– All resistor values shown are nominal. 2 POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 LM111, LM211, LM311 DIFFERENTIAL COMPARATORS WITH STROBES SLCS007F – SEPTEMBER 1973 – REVISED APRIL 2002 absolute maximum ratings over operating free-air temperature range (unless otherwise noted)† Supply voltage: VCC+ (see Note 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 V VCC– (see Note 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –18 V VCC+ – VCC– . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 V Differential input voltage, VID (see Note 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ±30 V Input voltage, VI (either input, see Notes 1 and 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ±15 V Voltage from emitter output to VCC– . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 V Voltage from collector output to VCC–: LM111 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 V LM211 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 V LM211Q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 V LM311 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 V Duration of output short circuit (see Note 4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 s Continuous total dissipation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . See Dissipation Rating Table Package thermal impedance, θJA (see Note 5): D package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97°C/W P package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85°C/W PS package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95°C/W PW package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149°C/W Case temperature for 60 seconds: FK package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260°C Lead temperature 1,6 mm (1/16 inch) from case for 10 seconds: J or JG package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300°C Lead temperature 1,6 mm (1/16 inch) from case for 60 seconds: D, P, PS, or PW package . . . . . . . . 260°C Storage temperature range, Tstg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –65°C to 150°C † Stresses beyond those listed under “absolute maximum ratings” may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings only, and functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated under “recommended operating conditions” is not implied. Exposure to absolute-maximum-rated conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability. NOTES: 1. All voltage values, unless otherwise noted, are with respect to the midpoint between VCC+ and VCC–. 2. Differential voltages are at IN+ with respect to IN–. 3. The magnitude of the input voltage must never exceed the magnitude of the supply voltage or ±15 V, whichever is less. 4. The output may be shorted to ground or either power supply. 5. The package thermal impedance is calculated in accordance with JESD 51-7. DISSIPATION RATING TABLE PACKAGE TA ≤ 25°C POWER RATING DERATING FACTOR DERATE ABOVE TA TA = 70°C POWER RATING TA = 85°C POWER RATING TA = 125°C POWER RATING FK 500 mW 11.0 mW/°C 105°C 500 mW 500 mW 275 mW JG 500 mW 8.4 mW/°C 90°C 500 mW 500 mW 210 mW recommended operating conditions VCC+ – VCC– VI TA MIN MAX 3.5 30 V VCC–+0.5 –55 VCC+–1.5 125 V LM111 LM211 –40 85 LM211Q –40 125 0 70 Supply voltage Input voltage (|VCC±| ≤ 15 V) Operating free-air free air temperature range LM311 POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 UNIT °C 3 LM111, LM211, LM311 DIFFERENTIAL COMPARATORS WITH STROBES SLCS007F – SEPTEMBER 1973 – REVISED APRIL 2002 electrical characteristics at specified free-air temperature, VCC± = ±15 V (unless otherwise noted) PARAMETER TEST CONDITIONS TA† 25°C VIO Input offset voltage See Note 6 IIO Input offset current See Note 6 IIB Input bias current VO = 1 V to 14 V IIL(S) Low-level strobe current (see Note 7) V(strobe) = 0.3 V, VICR Common-mode input voltage range AVD Large-signal differential voltage amplification IOH High-level ( ll t ) (collector) output out ut leakage current 0.7 Full range 25°C 4 75 Full range RL = 1 kΩ 25°C I(strobe) = –3 mA,, VID = 5 mV VOH = 35 V,, 25°C VID = 5 mV, VOH = 35 V VID = –5 mV 25°C VID = –10 mV 25°C VCC+ = 4.5 V, VCC 0, CC– = 0 IOL = 8 mA VID = –6 mV Full range VID = –10 mV Full range 3 TYP‡ MAX 2 7.5 10 10 6 50 70 100 100 150 25°C VO = 5 V to 35 V, MIN UNIT 20 25°C VID ≤ –10 mV LM311 4 Full range Full range IOL = 50 mA LM111 LM211 LM211Q MIN TYP‡ MAX 300 –3 –3 13 to –14.5 13.8 to –14.7 13 to –14.5 13.8 to –14.7 40 200 40 200 0.2 Full range 25°C 0.75 VOL Low-level (collector-to-emitter) output out ut voltage ICC+ Supply current from VCC+, output low VID = –10 mV, No load 25°C 5.1 ICC– Supply current from VCC–, output high VID = 10 mV, No load 25°C –4.1 0.23 250 mV nA nA mA V V/mV 10 nA 0.5 µA 0.2 50 0.75 1.5 nA 1.5 V 0.4 0.23 0.4 6 5.1 7.5 mA –5 –4.1 –5 mA † Unless otherwise noted, all characteristics are measured with BALANCE and BAL/STRB open and EMIT OUT grounded. Full range for LM111 is –55°C to 125°C, for LM211 is –40°C to 85°C, for LM211Q is –40°C to 125°C, and for LM311 is 0°C to 70°C. ‡ All typical values are at TA = 25°C. NOTES: 6. The offset voltages and offset currents given are the maximum values required to drive the collector output up to 14 V or down to 1 V with a pullup resistor of 7.5 kΩ to VCC+. These parameters actually define an error band and take into account the worst-case effects of voltage gain and input impedance. 7. The strobe should not be shorted to ground; it should be current driven at –3 mA to –5 mA (see Figures 13 and 27). switching characteristics, VCC± = ±15 V, TA = 25°C PARAMETER LM111 LM211 LM211Q LM311 TEST CONDITIONS UNIT TYP Response time, low-to-high-level output Response time, high-to-low-level output RC = 500 Ω to 5 V V, CL = 5 pF, pF See Note 8 115 ns 165 ns NOTE 8: The response time specified is for a 100-mV input step with 5-mV overdrive and is the interval between the input step function and the instant when the output crosses 1.4 V. 4 POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 LM111, LM211, LM311 DIFFERENTIAL COMPARATORS WITH STROBES SLCS007F – SEPTEMBER 1973 – REVISED APRIL 2002 TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS† INPUT OFFSET CURRENT vs FREE-AIR TEMPERATURE 20 500 VCC± = ±15 V VO = 1 V to 14 V See Note A 18 450 16 14 LM111 LM211 LM311 12 10 Condition 1 Condition 2 8 6 LM311 4 0 –60 –40 –20 0 20 VCC± = ±15 V VO = 1 V to 14 V See Note A LM311 400 350 300 250 LM111 LM211 Condition 2 200 150 LM311 Condition 1 100 LM111 LM211 2 I IB – Input Bias Current – nA I IO – Input Offset Current – nA INPUT BIAS CURRENT vs FREE-AIR TEMPERATURE 50 40 60 80 100 120 140 LM111 LM211 0 –60 –40 –20 TA – Free-Air Temperature – °C NOTE A: Condition 1 is with BALANCE and BAL/STRB open. Condition 2 is with BALANCE and BAL/STRB connected to VCC+. 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 TA – Free-Air Temperature – °C NOTE A: Condition 1 is with BALANCE and BAL/STRB open. Condition 2 is with BALANCE and BAL/STRB connected to VCC+. Figure 1 Figure 2 † Data at high and low temperatures are applicable only within the rated operating free-air temperature ranges of the various devices. POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 5 LM111, LM211, LM311 DIFFERENTIAL COMPARATORS WITH STROBES SLCS007F – SEPTEMBER 1973 – REVISED APRIL 2002 TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS† VI = 50 V (LM111, LM211) 40 V (LM311) VCC+ = 30 V 1 kΩ VOLTAGE TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS 60 50 VCC+ = 30 V VCC– = 0 TA = 25°C Output VID LM111 LM211 VO – Output Voltage – V VCC– LM311 40 30 Emitter Output RL = 600 Ω COLLECTOR OUTPUT TRANSFER CHARACTERISTIC TEST CIRCUIT FOR FIGURE 3 Collector Output RL = 1 kΩ VCC+ = 30 V 20 VID 10 Output 600 Ω 0 –1 VCC– –0.5 0 0.5 1 VID – Differential Input Voltage – mV EMITTER OUTPUT TRANSFER CHARACTERISTIC TEST CIRCUIT FOR FIGURE 3 Figure 3 † Data at high and low temperatures are applicable only within the rated operating free-air temperature ranges of the various devices. 6 POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 LM111, LM211, LM311 DIFFERENTIAL COMPARATORS WITH STROBES SLCS007F – SEPTEMBER 1973 – REVISED APRIL 2002 TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS Differential Input Voltage OUTPUT RESPONSE FOR VARIOUS INPUT OVERDRIVES 100 mV VCC± = ±15 V RC = 500 Ω to 5 V TA = 25°C 5 VO – Output Voltage – V VO – Output Voltage – V Differential Input Voltage OUTPUT RESPONSE FOR VARIOUS INPUT OVERDRIVES 4 3 2 5 mV 2 mV 20 mV 1 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 100 mV VCC± = ±15 V RC = 500 Ω to 5 V TA = 25°C 5 4 20 mV 3 2 0 350 2 mV 5 mV 1 0 50 t – Time – ns 100 150 200 250 300 350 t – Time – ns Figure 5 Figure 4 VCC+ = 15 V 5V 500 Ω VO VID VCC– = –15 V TEST CIRCUIT FOR FIGURES 4 AND 5 POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 7 LM111, LM211, LM311 DIFFERENTIAL COMPARATORS WITH STROBES SLCS007F – SEPTEMBER 1973 – REVISED APRIL 2002 TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS 100 mV VCC± = ±15 V RE = 2 kΩ to –15 V TA = 25°C 10 5 mV 5 2 mV 0 –5 –10 –15 0 100 mV VCC± = ±15 V RE = 2 kΩ to –15 V TA = 25°C 15 20 mV VO – Output Voltage – V VO – Output Voltage – V 15 OUTPUT RESPONSE FOR VARIOUS INPUT OVERDRIVES Differential Input Voltage Differential Input Voltage OUTPUT RESPONSE FOR VARIOUS INPUT OVERDRIVES 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 5 2 mV 0 –5 20 mV –10 –15 1.8 5 mV 10 0 0.2 0.4 0.8 1.0 t – Time – ms t – Time – ms Figure 6 Figure 7 VCC+ = 15 V VID VO RE = 2 kΩ VCC– = –15 V TEST CIRCUIT FOR FIGURES 6 AND 7 8 0.6 POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 LM111, LM211, LM311 DIFFERENTIAL COMPARATORS WITH STROBES SLCS007F – SEPTEMBER 1973 – REVISED APRIL 2002 TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS OUTPUT CURRENT AND DISSIPATION vs OUTPUT VOLTAGE 700 600 PO (right scale) 100 500 80 400 60 300 40 200 I CC+ – Positive Supply Current – mA 120 TA = 25°C No Load PO – Output Dissipation – mW 140 6 800 VCC± = ±15 V t ≤ 10 s VID = –10 mV TA = 25°C IO (left scale) 20 100 0 0 5 0 15 10 5 VID = –10 mV 4 3 VID = 10 mV 2 1 0 0 VO – Output Voltage – V 5 10 15 VCC+ – Positive Supply Voltage – V Figure 8 Figure 9 NEGATIVE SUPPLY CURRENT vs NEGATIVE SUPPLY VOLTAGE –6 I CC– – Negative Supply Current – mA I O– Output Current and Dissipation – mA 160 POSITIVE SUPPLY CURRENT vs POSITIVE SUPPLY VOLTAGE VID = 10 mV or –10 mV TA = 25°C No Load –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 0 –5 –10 –15 VCC– – Negative Supply Voltage – V Figure 10 POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 9 LM111, LM211, LM311 DIFFERENTIAL COMPARATORS WITH STROBES SLCS007F – SEPTEMBER 1973 – REVISED APRIL 2002 APPLICATION INFORMATION Figure 11 through Figure 29 show various applications for the LM111, LM211, and LM311 comparators. VCC+ 3 kΩ 3 kΩ VCC+ 20 kΩ 1 kΩ Square Wave Output (fanout to two Series 54 gates or equivalent) 10 kΩ 1200 pF 20 kΩ BALANCE 39 kΩ BAL/ STRB NOTE: If offset balancing is not used, the BALANCE and BAL/STRB pins should be shorted together. Figure 12. Offset Balancing Figure 11. 100-kHz Free-Running Multivibrator VCC+ 20 kΩ BAL/STRB Output Input TTL Strobe 2N2222 1 kΩ VCC– Figure 13. Strobing 10 Figure 14. Zero-Crossing Detector POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 LM111, LM211, LM311 DIFFERENTIAL COMPARATORS WITH STROBES SLCS007F – SEPTEMBER 1973 – REVISED APRIL 2002 APPLICATION INFORMATION 5V 1 kΩ 82 kΩ 240 kΩ Input† Output to TTL ‡ 47 kΩ 82 kΩ † Resistor values shown are for a 0-to-30-V logic swing and a 15-V threshold. ‡ May be added to control speed and reduce susceptibility to noise spikes. Figure 15. TTL Interface With High-Level Logic VCC+ 100 kΩ 5V 4.5 kΩ 2 kΩ 100 kHz 10 pF 2 kΩ Output Output to TTL 100 kΩ 1 kΩ 0.1 µF 50 kΩ Magnetic Transducer Figure 16. Detector for Magnetic Transducer POST OFFICE BOX 655303 Figure 17. 100-kHz Crystal Oscillator • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 11 LM111, LM211, LM311 DIFFERENTIAL COMPARATORS WITH STROBES SLCS007F – SEPTEMBER 1973 – REVISED APRIL 2002 APPLICATION INFORMATION From D/A Network VCC+ VCC+ Output Analog Input† 22 kΩ BALANCE BAL/STRB 0.1 µF Input TTL Strobe 2N2222 Sample 1 kΩ † Typical input current is 50 pA with inputs strobed off. Figure 18. Comparator and Solenoid Driver Figure 19. Strobing Both Input and Output Stages Simultaneously VCC+ VCC+ = 5 V 3 kΩ 500 Ω 3.9 kΩ 10 kΩ 3 kΩ Output 2N3708 BALANCE BAL/ STRB Output to MOS Input + 1 kΩ 1.5 µF 10 kΩ 2N2222 VCC– = –10 V Figure 20. Low-Voltage Adjustable Reference Supply 12 POST OFFICE BOX 655303 Figure 21. Zero-Crossing Detector Driving MOS Logic • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 LM111, LM211, LM311 DIFFERENTIAL COMPARATORS WITH STROBES SLCS007F – SEPTEMBER 1973 – REVISED APRIL 2002 APPLICATION INFORMATION VCC+ = 5 V 3.9 kΩ 30 kΩ† 1 kΩ 2N3708 1 kΩ 1N914 Output + 2N2222 1N914 Input From TTL 2N2222 1.5 µF 2.7 kΩ 510 Ω 2N2222 2.2 kΩ † Adjust to set clamp level Figure 22. Precision Squarer VCC+ = 5 V 5V Opto Isolator From TTL Gate 5 kΩ 1 kΩ TTL Output 100 Ω 1 kΩ 50 kΩ 0.01 µF 1 kΩ Figure 23. Digital Transmission Isolator VCC+ = 15 V 2 kΩ Input TL081 – Output 10 kΩ + + 1 MΩ VCC– = –15 V 1.5 µF Figure 24. Positive-Peak Detector POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 13 LM111, LM211, LM311 DIFFERENTIAL COMPARATORS WITH STROBES SLCS007F – SEPTEMBER 1973 – REVISED APRIL 2002 APPLICATION INFORMATION VCC+ = 15 V 1 MΩ TL081 10 kΩ 2 kΩ + Input Output – + 15 µF VCC– = –15 V Figure 25. Negative-Peak Detector VCC+ = 5 V 3.9 kΩ 1N2175 2N3708 1 kΩ Output to TTL 2N2222 R1† 30 kΩ † R1 sets the comparison level. At comparison, the photodiode has less than 5 mV across it, decreasing dark current by an order of magnitude. Figure 26. Precision Photodiode Comparator VCC+ Inputs BAL/STRB ‡ VCC– TTL Strobe 2N3708 1 kΩ ‡ Transient voltage and inductive kickback protection Figure 27. Relay Driver With Strobe 14 POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 LM111, LM211, LM311 DIFFERENTIAL COMPARATORS WITH STROBES SLCS007F – SEPTEMBER 1973 – REVISED APRIL 2002 APPLICATION INFORMATION VCC+ 620 Ω BAL/STRB 300 Ω 1 100 kΩ 100 kΩ Output BAL/STRB 2 10 kΩ Input 0.1 µF 300 Ω 47 Ω 620 Ω VCC– Figure 28. Switching Power Amplifier 39 kΩ 620 Ω 300 kΩ VCC+ 620 Ω BAL/STRB 1 15 kΩ Reference VCC– 0.22 µF 620 Ω V+ Outputs 510 Ω 15 kΩ 510 Ω Input 620 Ω BAL/STRB 2 VCC– 39 kΩ 300 kΩ 620 Ω 620 Ω Figure 29. Switching Power Amplifiers POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 15 IMPORTANT NOTICE Texas Instruments Incorporated and its subsidiaries (TI) reserve the right to make corrections, modifications, enhancements, improvements, and other changes to its products and services at any time and to discontinue any product or service without notice. Customers should obtain the latest relevant information before placing orders and should verify that such information is current and complete. All products are sold subject to TI’s terms and conditions of sale supplied at the time of order acknowledgment. TI warrants performance of its hardware products to the specifications applicable at the time of sale in accordance with TI’s standard warranty. Testing and other quality control techniques are used to the extent TI deems necessary to support this warranty. Except where mandated by government requirements, testing of all parameters of each product is not necessarily performed. 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