LTC1628-SYNC High Efficiency, 2-Phase Synchronous Step-Down Switching Regulator U FEATURES ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ DESCRIPTIO The LTC®1628-SYNC is a high performance dual stepdown switching regulator controller that drives all N-channel synchronous power MOSFET stages. A constant frequency current mode architecture allows phaselockable frequency of up to 300kHz. Power loss and noise due to the ESR of the input capacitors are minimized by operating the two controller output stages out of phase. Out-of-Phase Controllers Reduce Required Input Capacitance and Power Supply Induced Noise OPTI-LOOPTM Compensation Minimizes COUT Dual N-Channel MOSFET Synchronous Drive ±1% Output Voltage Accuracy Power Good Output Voltage Monitor Phase-Lockable Fixed Frequency 150kHz to 300kHz Wide VIN Range: 3.5V to 36V Operation Very Low Dropout Operation: 99% Duty Cycle Adjustable Soft-Start Current Ramping Foldback Output Current Limiting Latched Short-Circuit Shutdown with Defeat Option Output Overvoltage Protection Remote Output Voltage Sense Low Shutdown IQ: 20µA 5V and 3.3V Standby Regulators Small 28-Lead SSOP Package Selectable Constant Frequency or Burst ModeTM Operation OPTI-LOOP compensation allows the transient response to be optimized over a wide range of output capacitance and ESR values. The precision 0.8V reference and power good output indicator are compatible with future microprocessor generations, and a wide 3.5V to 30V (36V maximum) input supply range encompasses all battery chemistries. A RUN/SS pin for each controller provides both soft-start and optional timed, short-circuit shutdown. Current foldback limits MOSFET dissipation during short-circuit conditions when overcurrent latchoff is disabled. Output overvoltage protection circuitry latches on the bottom MOSFET until VOUT returns to normal. The FCB mode pin can select among Burst Mode, constant frequency mode and continuous inductor current mode or regulate a secondary winding. The LTC1628-SYNC includes a power good output pin that indicates when both outputs are within 7.5% of their designed set point. U APPLICATIO S ■ ■ ■ ■ Notebook and Palmtop Computers, PDAs Telecom Systems Portable Instruments Battery-Operated Digital Devices DC Power Distribution Systems U ■ TYPICAL APPLICATIO , LTC and LT are registered trademarks of Linear Technology Corporation. Burst Mode and OPTI-LOOP are trademarks of Linear Technology Corporation. + 4.7µF D3 D4 VIN PGOOD INTVCC M1 TG1 L1 6.3µH BG1 fIN RSENSE1 0.01Ω VOUT1 5V 5A + COUT1 47µF 6V SP BOOST2 SW1 M2 D1 R1 20k 1% CC1 220pF RC1 15k VIN 5.2V TO 28V CIN 22µF 50V CERAMIC L2 6.3µH CB2, 0.1µF SW2 LTC1628-SYNC PLLIN M4 BG2 D2 PGND SENSE1+ SENSE2 + SENSE1– SENSE2 – VOSENSE1 VOSENSE2 1000pF R2 105k 1% M3 TG2 BOOST1 CB1, 0.1µF 1µF CERAMIC RSENSE2 0.01Ω 1000pF ITH1 ITH2 RUN/SS1 SGND RUN/SS2 CSS1 0.1µF CSS2 0.1µF CC2 220pF RC2 15k R3 20k 1% M1, M2, M3, M4: FDS6680A R4 63.4k 1% VOUT2 3.3V 5A COUT 56µF 6V SP + 1628 F01 Figure 1. High Efficiency Dual 5V/3.3V Step-Down Converter 1 LTC1628-SYNC W W W AXI U U ABSOLUTE RATI GS (Note 1) U U W PACKAGE/ORDER I FOR ATIO Input Supply Voltage (VIN).........................36V to – 0.3V Top Side Driver Voltages (BOOST1, BOOST2) ...................................42V to – 0.3V Switch Voltage (SW1, SW2) .........................36V to – 5V INTVCC, EXTVCC, RUN/SS1, RUN/SS2, (BOOST1-SW1), (BOOST2-SW2), PGOOD .............................7V to – 0.3V SENSE1+, SENSE2 +, SENSE1–, SENSE2 – Voltages ........................ (1.1)INTVCC to – 0.3V PLLIN, PLLFLTR, FCB, Voltage ............ INTVCC to – 0.3V ITH1, ITH2, VOSENSE1, VOSENSE2 Voltages ...2.7V to – 0.3V Peak Output Current <10µs (TG1, TG2, BG1, BG2) ... 3A INTVCC Peak Output Current ................................ 50mA Operating Temperature Range LTC1628CG-SYNC ................................... 0°C to 85°C LTC1628IG-SYNC ............................... – 40°C to 85°C Junction Temperature (Note 2) ............................. 125°C Storage Temperature Range ................. – 65°C to 150°C Lead Temperature (Soldering, 10 sec).................. 300°C ORDER PART NUMBER TOP VIEW RUN/SS1 1 28 PGOOD SENSE1 + 2 27 TG1 SENSE1 – 3 26 SW1 VOSENSE1 4 25 BOOST1 PLLFLTR 5 24 VIN PLLIN 6 23 BG1 FCB 7 22 EXTVCC ITH1 8 21 INTVCC SGND 9 20 PGND 3.3VOUT 10 ITH2 11 19 BG2 18 BOOST2 VOSENSE2 12 17 SW2 SENSE2 – 13 16 TG2 SENSE2 + 15 RUN/SS2 14 LTC1628CG-SYNC LTC1628IG-SYNC G PACKAGE 28-LEAD PLASTIC SSOP TJMAX = 125°C, θJA = 95°C/W *PGOOD ON THE LTC1628-SYNC Consult factory for Military grade parts. ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS The ● denotes the specifications which apply over the full operating temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25°C. VIN = 15V, VRUN/SS1, 2 = 5V unless otherwise noted. SYMBOL PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS 0.792 0.800 0.808 V Main Control Loops VOSENSE1, 2 Regulated Feedback Voltage (Note 3); ITH1, 2 Voltage = 1.2V IVOSENSE1, 2 Feedback Current (Note 3) VREFLNREG Reference Voltage Line Regulation VIN = 3.6V to 30V (Note 3) VLOADREG Output Voltage Load Regulation (Note 3) Measured in Servo Loop; ∆ITH Voltage = 1.2V to 0.7V Measured in Servo Loop; ∆ITH Voltage = 1.2V to 2.0V gm1, 2 Transconductance Amplifier gm gmGBW1, 2 Transconductance Amplifier GBW ITH1, 2 = 1.2V; (Note 3) IQ Input DC Supply Current Normal Mode Shutdown (Note 4) VIN = 15V; EXTVCC Tied to VOUT1; VOUT1 = 5V VRUN/SS1, 2 = 0V, VSTBYMD = Open; ● ● ● ITH1, 2 = 1.2V; Sink/Source 5uA; (Note 3) – 50 nA 0.02 %/V 0.1 – 0.1 0.5 – 0.5 % % 1.3 mmho 3 350 20 VFCB Forced Continuous Threshold IFCB Forced Continuous Pin Current VFCB = 0.85V VBINHIBIT Burst Inhibit (Constant Frequency) Threshold Measured at FCB pin UVLO Undervoltage Lockout VIN Ramping Down ● VOVL Feedback Overvoltage Lockout Measured at VOSENSE1, 2 ● ISENSE Sense Pins Total Source Current (Each Channel); VSENSE1–, 2 – = VSENSE1+, 2+ = 0V 2 –5 0.002 ● MHz 35 µA µA 0.76 0.800 0.84 V – 0.30 – 0.18 – 0.1 µA 4.3 4.8 V 3.5 4 V 0.84 0.86 0.88 – 85 – 60 V µA LTC1628-SYNC ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS The ● denotes the specifications which apply over the full operating temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25°C. VIN = 15V, VRUN/SS1, 2 = 5V unless otherwise noted. SYMBOL PARAMETER CONDITIONS DFMAX Maximum Duty Factor In Dropout IRUN/SS1, 2 Soft-Start Charge Current VRUN/SS1, 2 ON RUN/SS Pin ON Threshold MIN TYP 98 99.4 MAX UNITS % µA VRUN/SS1, 2 = 1.9V 0.5 1.2 VRUN/SS1, VRUN/SS2 Rising 1.0 1.5 1.9 4.1 4.5 V 2 4 µA VRUN/SS1, 2 LT RUN/SS Pin Latchoff Arming Threshold VRUN/SS1, VRUN/SS2 Rising from 3V ISCL1, 2 RUN/SS Discharge Current Soft Short Condition VOSENSE1, 2 = 0.5V; VRUN/SS1, 2 = 4.5V ISDLHO Shutdown Latch Disable Current VOSENSE1, 2 = 0.5V VSENSE(MAX) Maximum Current Sense Threshold VOSENSE1, 2 = 0.7V,VSENSE1–, 2 – = 5V VOSENSE1, 2 = 0.7V,VSENSE1–, 2 – = 5V TG1, 2 tr TG1, 2 tf TG Transition Time: Rise Time Fall Time BG1, 2 tr BG1, 2 tf 0.5 V 1.6 5 µA 75 75 85 88 mV mV (Note 5) CLOAD = 3300pF CLOAD = 3300pF 50 50 90 90 ns ns BG Transition Time: Rise Time Fall Time (Note 5) CLOAD = 3300pF CLOAD = 3300pF 40 40 90 80 ns ns TG/BG t1D Top Gate Off to Bottom Gate On Delay Synchronous Switch-On Delay Time CLOAD = 3300pF Each Driver 90 ns BG/TG t2D Bottom Gate Off to Top Gate On Delay Top Switch-On Delay Time CLOAD = 3300pF Each Driver 90 ns tON(MIN) Minimum On-Time Tested with a Square Wave (Note 6) 180 ns ● 65 62 INTVCC Linear Regulator VINTVCC Internal VCC Voltage 6V < VIN < 30V, VEXTVCC = 4V 4.8 VLDO INT INTVCC Load Regulation ICC = 0 to 20mA, VEXTVCC = 4V 0.2 1.0 % VLDO EXT EXTVCC Voltage Drop ICC = 20mA, VEXTVCC = 5V 80 160 mV VEXTVCC EXTVCC Switchover Voltage ICC = 20mA, EXTVCC Ramping Positive VLDOHYS EXTVCC Hysteresis ● 4.5 5.0 5.2 V 4.7 V 0.2 V Oscillator and Phase-Locked Loop fNOM Nominal Frequency VPLLFLTR = 1.2V 190 220 250 kHz fLOW Lowest Frequency VPLLFLTR = 0V 120 140 160 kHz fHIGH Highest Frequency VPLLFLTR ≥ 2.4V 280 310 360 kHz RPLLIN PLLIN Input Resistance I PLLFLTR Phase Detector Output Current Sinking Capability Sourcing Capability fPLLIN < fOSC fPLLIN > fOSC 50 kΩ –15 15 µA µA 3.3V Linear Regulator V3.3OUT 3.3V Regulator Output Voltage No Load 3.35 3.45 V V3.3IL 3.3V Regulator Load Regulation I3.3 = 0 to 10mA 0.5 2 % V3.3VL 3.3V Regulator Line Regulation 6V < VIN < 30V 0.05 0.2 % VPGL PGOOD Voltage Low IPGOOD = 2mA 0.1 0.3 V IPGOOD PGOOD Leakage Current VPGOOD = 5V ±1 µA VPG PGOOD Trip Level, Either Controller VOSENSE with Respect to Set Output Voltage VOSENSE Ramping Negative VOSENSE Ramping Positive – 9.5 9.5 % % ● 3.25 PGOOD Output –6 6 –7.5 7.5 3 LTC1628-SYNC ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS Note 1: Absolute Maximum Ratings are those values beyond which the life of a device may be impaired. Note 2: TJ is calculated from the ambient temperature TA and power dissipation PD according to the following formulas: LTC1628-SYNC: TJ = TA + (PD • 95 °C/W) Note 3: The LTC1628-SYNC is tested in a feedback loop that servos VITH1, 2 to a specified voltage and measures the resultant VOSENSE1, 2. Note 4: Dynamic supply current is higher due to the gate charge being delivered at the switching frequency. See Applications Information. Note 5: Rise and fall times are measured using 10% and 90% levels. Delay times are measured using 50% levels. Note 6: The minimum on-time condition is specified for an inductor peak-to-peak ripple current ≥ 40% of IMAX (see minimum on-time considerations in the Applications Information section). U W TYPICAL PERFOR A CE CHARACTERISTICS Efficiency vs Output Current and Mode (Figure 14) Efficiency vs Output Current (Figure 14) 100 100 Burst Mode OPERATION 90 90 FORCED CONTINUOUS MODE 60 50 40 CONSTANT FREQUENCY (BURST DISABLE) 30 20 80 VIN = 20V 70 60 VIN = 15V VOUT = 5V 10 0 0.001 VOUT = 5V 0.1 0.01 1 OUTPUT CURRENT (A) BOTH CONTROLLERS ON 400 STANDBY 200 150 100 50 SHUTDOWN 0 0 20 15 10 25 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) 30 35 1628 G04 35 5.05 INTVCC AND EXTVCC SWITCH VOLTAGE (V) EXTVCC VOLTAGE DROP (mV) 600 25 15 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) INTVCC and EXTVCC Switch Voltage vs Temperature 250 800 5 1628 G03 EXTVCC Voltage Drop 1000 4 50 1628 G02 Supply Current vs Input Voltage and Mode (Figure 14) 5 70 10 1628 G01 0 80 60 50 0.001 10 0.1 0.01 1 OUTPUT CURRENT (A) 200 VOUT = 5V IOUT = 3A 90 VIN = 10V VIN = 15V EFFICIENCY (%) 70 EFFICIENCY (%) EFFICIENCY (%) 100 VIN = 7V 80 SUPPLY CURRENT (µA) Efficiency vs Input Voltage (Figure 14) 0 10 30 20 CURRENT (mA) 40 50 1628 G05 5.00 INTVCC VOLTAGE 4.95 4.90 4.85 4.80 4.75 4.70 – 50 – 25 EXTVCC SWITCHOVER THRESHOLD 50 25 75 0 TEMPERATURE (°C) 100 125 1628 G06 LTC1628-SYNC U W TYPICAL PERFOR A CE CHARACTERISTICS Maximum Current Sense Threshold vs Percent of Nominal Output Voltage (Foldback) Maximum Current Sense Threshold vs Duty Factor Internal 5V LDO Line Regulation 75 5.1 80 ILOAD = 1mA 70 60 4.8 4.7 50 VSENSE (mV) 4.9 VSENSE (mV) INTVCC VOLTAGE (V) 5.0 25 4.6 40 30 20 4.5 10 0 4.4 0 20 15 25 10 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) 5 30 0 35 20 40 60 DUTY FACTOR (%) 50 100 0 25 75 PERCENT ON NOMINAL OUTPUT VOLTAGE (%) 1628 G08 1628 G09 Maximum Current Sense Threshold vs Sense Common Mode Voltage Maximum Current Sense Threshold vs VRUN/SS (Soft-Start) 80 0 100 80 1628 G07 Current Sense Threshold vs ITH Voltage 90 80 VSENSE(CM) = 1.6V 80 70 76 40 60 VSENSE (mV) VSENSE (mV) 60 VSENSE (mV) 50 72 68 50 40 30 20 10 20 0 64 –10 –20 0 60 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 VRUN/SS (V) 1 3 4 2 COMMON MODE VOLTAGE (V) Load Regulation FCB = 0V VIN = 15V FIGURE 1 1 1.5 VITH (V) 2 2.5 SENSE Pins Total Source Current 100 VOSENSE = 0.7V 2.0 50 ISENSE (µA) –0.1 VITH (V) NORMALIZED VOUT (%) 0.5 1628 G12 VITH vs VRUN/SS 2.5 –0.2 0 1628 G11 1628 G10 0.0 –30 5 1.5 1.0 –0.3 0 –50 0.5 –0.4 0 0 1 3 2 LOAD CURRENT (A) 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 VRUN/SS (V) 1628 G13 –100 0 2 4 6 VSENSE COMMON MODE VOLTAGE (V) 1628 G14 1628 G15 5 LTC1628-SYNC U W TYPICAL PERFOR A CE CHARACTERISTICS Maximum Current Sense Threshold vs Temperature Dropout Voltage vs Output Current (Figure 14) 80 4 RUN/SS Current vs Temperature 1.8 VOUT = 5V 1.6 76 74 3 RUN/SS CURRENT (µA) DROPOUT VOLTAGE (V) VSENSE (mV) 78 2 RSENSE = 0.015Ω 1 72 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 RSENSE = 0.010Ω 0.2 70 –50 0 –25 50 25 0 75 TEMPERATURE (°C) 100 125 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 OUTPUT CURRENT (A) 3.5 4.0 0 –50 0 25 50 75 TEMPERATURE (°C) 1628 G18 1628 G17 100 125 1628 G25 Load Step (Figure 14) Soft-Start Up (Figure 14) VOUT 5V/DIV –25 Load Step (Figure 14) VOUT 200mV/DIV VOUT 200mV/DIV IOUT 2A/DIV IOUT 2A/DIV VRUN/SS 5V/DIV IOUT 2A/DIV VIN = 15V VOUT = 5V 5ms/DIV VIN = 15V 20µs/DIV VOUT = 5V LOAD STEP = 0A TO 3A Burst Mode OPERATION 1628 G19 Input Source/Capacitor Instantaneous Current (Figure 14) IIN 2A/DIV VIN 200mV/DIV 20µs/DIV VIN = 15V VOUT = 5V LOAD STEP = 0A TO 3A CONTINUOUS MODE 1628 G20 Constant Frequency (Burst Inhibit) Operation (Figure 14) Burst Mode Operation (Figure 14) VOUT 20mV/DIV 1628 G21 VOUT 20mV/DIV VSW1 10V/DIV VSW2 10V/DIV IOUT 0.5A/DIV 1µs/DIV VIN = 15V VOUT = 5V IOUT5 = IOUT3.3 = 2A 6 1628 G22 IOUT 0.5A/DIV VIN = 15V VOUT = 5V VFCB = OPEN IOUT = 20mA 10µs/DIV 1628 G23 VIN = 15V VOUT = 5V VFCB = 5V IOUT = 20mA 2µs/DIV 1628 G24 LTC1628-SYNC U W TYPICAL PERFOR A CE CHARACTERISTICS Current Sense Pin Input Current vs Temperature EXTVCC Switch Resistance vs Temperature 10 350 VOUT = 5V 33 31 29 27 50 25 0 75 TEMPERATURE (°C) 100 125 8 6 4 VPLLFLTR = OPEN 200 VPLLFLTR = 0V 150 100 50 0 –50 –25 50 25 0 75 TEMPERATURE (°C) 100 1628 G26 125 0 – 50 – 25 50 25 75 0 TEMPERATURE (°C) 1628 G27 Undervoltage Lockout vs Temperature 100 125 1628 G28 Shutdown Latch Thresholds vs Temperature 4.5 3.50 3.45 3.40 3.35 3.30 3.25 3.20 –50 –25 250 2 SHUTDOWN LATCH THRESHOLDS (V) 25 –50 –25 300 FREQUENCY (kHz) EXTVCC SWITCH RESISTANCE (Ω) VPLLFLTR = 5V UNDERVOLTAGE LOCKOUT (V) CURRENT SENSE INPUT CURRENT (µA) 35 Oscillator Frequency vs Temperature 50 25 75 0 TEMPERATURE (°C) 100 125 1628 G29 LATCH ARMING 4.0 3.5 3.0 LATCHOFF THRESHOLD 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0 –50 –25 0 25 50 75 TEMPERATURE (°C) 100 125 1628 G30 7 LTC1628-SYNC U U U PI FU CTIO S RUN/SS1, RUN/SS2 (Pins 1, 15): Combination of softstart, run control inputs and short-circuit detection timers. A capacitor to ground at each of these pins sets the ramp time to full output current. Forcing either of these pins back below 1.0V causes the IC to shut down the circuitry required for that particular controller. Latchoff overcurrent protection is also invoked via this pin as described in the Applications Information section. SENSE1+, SENSE2+ (Pins 2, 14): The (+) Input to the Differential Current Comparators. The Ith pin voltage and controlled offsets between the SENSE– and SENSE+ pins in conjunction with RSENSE set the current trip threshold. SENSE1–, SENSE2– (Pins 3, 13): The (–) Input to the Differential Current Comparators. VOSENSE1, VOSENSE2 (Pins 4, 12): Receives the remotelysensed feedback voltage for each controller from an external resistive divider across the output. PLLFLTR (Pin 5): The Phase-Locked Loop’s Lowpass Filter is Tied to This Pin. Alternatively, this pin can be driven with an AC or DC voltage source to vary the frequency of the internal oscillator. 3.3VOUT (Pin 10): Output of a linear regulator capable of supplying 10mA DC with peak currents as high as 50mA. PGND (Pin 20): Driver Power Ground. Connects to the sources of bottom (synchronous) N-channel MOSFETs, anodes of the Schottky rectifiers and the (–) terminal(s) of CIN. INTVCC (Pin 21): Output of the Internal 5V Linear Low Dropout Regulator and the EXTVCC Switch. The driver and control circuits are powered from this voltage source. Must be decoupled to power ground with a minimum of 4.7µF tantalum or other low ESR capacitor. EXTVCC (Pin 22): External Power Input to an Internal Switch Connected to INTVCC. This switch closes and supplies VCC power, bypassing the internal low dropout regulator, whenever EXTVCC is higher than 4.7V. See EXTVCC connection in Applications section. Do not exceed 7V on this pin. BG1, BG2 (Pins 23, 19): High Current Gate Drives for Bottom (Synchronous) N-Channel MOSFETs. Voltage swing at these pins is from ground to INTVCC. VIN (Pin 24): Main Supply Pin. A bypass capacitor should be tied between this pin and the signal ground pin. PLLIN (Pin 6): External Synchronization Input to Phase Detector. This pin is internally terminated to SGND with 50kΩ. The phase-locked loop will force the rising top gate signal of controller 1 to be synchronized with the rising edge of the PLLIN signal. BOOST1, BOOST2 (Pins 25, 18): Bootstrapped Supplies to the Top Side Floating Drivers. Capacitors are connected between the boost and switch pins and Schottky diodes are tied between the boost and INTVCC pins. Voltage swing at the boost pins is from INTVCC to (VIN + INTVCC). FCB (Pin 7): Forced Continuous Control Input. This input acts on both controllers and is normally used to regulate a secondary winding. Pulling this pin below 0.8V will force continuous synchronous operation. Do not leave this pin floating. SW1, SW2 (Pins 26, 17): Switch Node Connections to Inductors. Voltage swing at these pins is from a Schottky diode (external) voltage drop below ground to VIN. ITH1, ITH2 (Pins 8, 11): Error Amplifier Output and Switching Regulator Compensation Point. Each associated channels’ current comparator trip point increases with this control voltage. SGND (Pin 9): Small Signal Ground common to both controllers, must be routed separately from high current grounds to the common (–) terminals of the COUT capacitors. 8 TG1, TG2 (Pins 27, 16): High Current Gate Drives for Top N-Channel MOSFETs. These are the outputs of floating drivers with a voltage swing equal to INTVCC – 0.5V superimposed on the switch node voltage SW. PGOOD (Pin 28): Open-Drain Logic Output. PGOOD is pulled to ground when the voltage on either VOSENSE pin is not within ±7.5% of its set point. LTC1628-SYNC W FU CTIO AL DIAGRA U U PLLIN FIN INTVCC PHASE DET DUPLICATE FOR SECOND CONTROLLER CHANNEL 50k BOOST VIN DB PLLFLTR DROP OUT DET CLK1 RLP OSCILLATOR CLK2 CLP – 0.86V S Q R Q BOT VOSENSE1 TOP ON SWITCH LOGIC INTVCC 0.86V + 0.55V COUT PGND B – + BG + – CIN SW BOT 0.74V + D1 – + CB FCB + PGOOD TG TOP SHDN VOSENSE2 VOUT RSENSE – + 3V 4.5V 0.18µA I1 – + R6 0.74V – BINH FCB – 3.3VOUT + 0.8V – ++ FCB SLOPE COMP – + 30k SENSE + 45k 2.4V VREF – EA + OV VIN EXTVCC – 5V LDO REG VOSENSE 0.80V SHDN RST 4(VFB) + R2 R1 0.86V ITH 1.2µA 6V INTVCC VFB + – + CSEC 45k VIN 4.8V DSEC – 30k SENSE – 5V INTVCC I2 – 3mV 0.86V 4(VFB) + R5 + + VSEC RUN SOFT START CC CC2 RC RUN/SS SGND INTERNAL SUPPLY CSS 1628 FD/F02 Figure 2 U OPERATIO (Refer to Functional Diagram) Main Control Loop The LTC1628-SYNC uses a constant frequency, current mode step-down architecture with the two controller channels operating 180 degrees out of phase. During normal operation, each top MOSFET is turned on when the clock for that channel sets the RS latch, and turned off when the main current comparator, I1, resets the RS latch. The peak inductor current at which I1 resets the RS latch is controlled by the voltage on the ITH pin, which is the output of each error amplifier EA. The VOSENSE pin receives the voltage feedback signal, which is compared to the internal reference voltage by the EA. When the load current increases, it causes a slight decrease in VOSENSE relative to the 0.8V reference, which in turn causes the ITH voltage to 9 LTC1628-SYNC U OPERATIO (Refer to Functional Diagram) increase until the average inductor current matches the new load current. After the top MOSFET has turned off, the bottom MOSFET is turned on until either the inductor current starts to reverse, as indicated by current comparator I2, or the beginning of the next cycle. The top MOSFET drivers are biased from floating bootstrap capacitor CB, which normally is recharged during each off cycle through an external diode when the top MOSFET turns off. As VIN decreases to a voltage close to VOUT, the loop may enter dropout and attempt to turn on the top MOSFET continuously. The dropout detector detects this and forces the top MOSFET off for about 400ns every tenth cycle to allow CB to recharge. The main control loop is shut down by pulling the RUN/SS pin low. Releasing RUN/SS allows an internal 1.2µA current source to charge soft-start capacitor CSS. When CSS reaches 1.5V, the main control loop is enabled with the ITH voltage clamped at approximately 30% of its maximum value. As CSS continues to charge, the ITH pin voltage is gradually released allowing normal, full-current operation. When both RUN/SS1 and RUN/SS2 are low, all LTC1628-SYNC controller functions are shut down, including the 5V and 3.3V regulators. Low Current Operation The FCB pin is a multifunction pin providing two functions: 1) to provide regulation for a secondary winding by temporarily forcing continuous PWM operation on both controllers; and 2) select between two modes of low current operation. When the FCB pin voltage is below 0.8V, the controller forces continuous PWM current mode operation. In this mode, the top and bottom MOSFETs are alternately turned on to maintain the output voltage independent of direction of inductor current. When the FCB pin is below VINTVCC␣ –␣ 2V but greater than 0.8V, the controller enters Burst Mode operation. Burst Mode operation sets a minimum output current level before inhibiting the top switch and turns off the synchronous MOSFET(s) when the inductor current goes negative. This combination of requirements will, at low currents, force the ITH pin below a voltage threshold that will temporarily inhibit turn-on of both output MOSFETs until 10 the output voltage drops. There is 60mV of hysteresis in the burst comparator B tied to the ITH pin. This hysteresis produces output signals to the MOSFETs that turn them on for several cycles, followed by a variable “sleep” interval depending upon the load current. The resultant output voltage ripple is held to a very small value by having the hysteretic comparator after the error amplifier gain block. Frequency Synchronization The phase-locked loop allows the internal oscillator to be synchronized to an external source via the PLLIN pin. The output of the phase detector at the PLLFLTR pin is also the DC frequency control input of the oscillator that operates over a 140kHz to 310kHz range corresponding to a DC voltage input from 0V to 2.4V. When locked, the PLL aligns the turn on of the top MOSFET to the rising edge of the synchronizing signal. When PLLIN is left open, the PLLFLTR pin goes low, forcing the oscillator to minimum frequency. Continuous Current (PWM) Operation Tying the FCB pin to ground will force continuous current operation. This is the least efficient operating mode, but may be desirable in certain applications. The output can source or sink current in this mode. When sinking current while in forced continuous operation, current will be forced back into the main power supply potentially boosting the input supply to dangerous voltage levels— BEWARE! INTVCC/EXTVCC Power Power for the top and bottom MOSFET drivers and most other internal circuitry is derived from the INTVCC pin. When the EXTVCC pin is left open, an internal 5V low dropout linear regulator supplies INTVCC power. If EXTVCC is taken above 4.7V, the 5V regulator is turned off and an internal switch is turned on connecting EXTVCC to INTVCC. This allows the INTVCC power to be derived from a high efficiency external source such as the output of the regulator itself or a secondary winding, as described in the Applications Information section. LTC1628-SYNC U OPERATIO (Refer to Functional Diagram) Output Overvoltage Protection THEORY AND BENEFITS OF 2-PHASE OPERATION An overvoltage comparator, OV, guards against transient overshoots (>7.5%) as well as other more serious conditions that may overvoltage the output. In this case, the top MOSFET is turned off and the bottom MOSFET is turned on until the overvoltage condition is cleared. The LTC1628-SYNC dual high efficiency DC/DC controller brings the considerable benefits of 2-phase operation to portable applications for the first time. Notebook computers, PDAs, handheld terminals and automotive electronics will all benefit from the lower input filtering requirement, reduced electromagnetic interference (EMI) and increased efficiency associated with 2-phase operation. Power Good (PGOOD) Pin The PGOOD pin is connected to an open drain of an internal MOSFET. The MOSFET turns on and pulls the pin low when either output is not within ±7.5% of the nominal output level as determined by the resistive feedback divider. When both outputs meet the ±7.5% requirement, the MOSFET is turned off within 10µs and the pin is allowed to be pulled up by an external resistor to a source of up to 7V. Foldback Current, Short-Circuit Detection and Short-Circuit Latchoff The RUN/SS capacitors are used initially to limit the inrush current of each switching regulator. After the controller has been started and been given adequate time to charge up the output capacitors and provide full load current, the RUN/SS capacitor is used in a short-circuit time-out circuit. If the output voltage falls to less than 70% of its nominal output voltage, the RUN/SS capacitor begins discharging on the assumption that the output is in an overcurrent and/or short-circuit condition. If the condition lasts for a long enough period as determined by the size of the RUN/SS capacitor, the controller will be shut down until the RUN/SS pin(s) voltage(s) are recycled. This built-in latchoff can be overridden by providing a >5µA pull-up at a compliance of 5V to the RUN/SS pin(s). This current shortens the soft start period but also prevents net discharge of the RUN/SS capacitor(s) during an overcurrent and/or short-circuit condition. Foldback current limiting is also activated when the output voltage falls below 70% of its nominal level whether or not the shortcircuit latchoff circuit is enabled. Even if a short is present and the short-circuit latchoff is not enabled, a safe, low output current is provided due to internal current foldback and actual power wasted is low due to the efficient nature of the current mode switching regulator. Why the need for 2-phase operation? Up until the LTC1628 family, constant-frequency dual switching regulators operated both channels in phase (i.e., single-phase operation). This means that both switches turned on at the same time, causing current pulses of up to twice the amplitude of those for one regulator to be drawn from the input capacitor and battery. These large amplitude current pulses increased the total RMS current flowing from the input capacitor, requiring the use of more expensive input capacitors and increasing both EMI and losses in the input capacitor and battery. With 2-phase operation, the two channels of the dualswitching regulator are operated 180 degrees out of phase. This effectively interleaves the current pulses drawn by the switches, greatly reducing the overlap time where they add together. The result is a significant reduction in total RMS input current, which in turn allows less expensive input capacitors to be used, reduces shielding requirements for EMI and improves real world operating efficiency. Figure 3 compares the input waveforms for a representative single-phase dual switching regulator to the new LTC1628-SYNC 2-phase dual switching regulator. An actual measurement of the RMS input current under these conditions shows that 2-phase operation dropped the input current from 2.53ARMS to 1.55ARMS. While this is an impressive reduction in itself, remember that the power losses are proportional to IRMS2, meaning that the actual power wasted is reduced by a factor of 2.66. The reduced input ripple voltage also means less power is lost in the input power path, which could include batteries, switches, trace/connector resistances and protection circuitry. Improvements in both conducted and radiated EMI also directly accrue as a result of the reduced RMS input current and voltage. 11 LTC1628-SYNC U OPERATIO (Refer to Functional Diagram) 5V SWITCH 20V/DIV 3.3V SWITCH 20V/DIV INPUT CURRENT 5A/DIV INPUT VOLTAGE 500mV/DIV IIN(MEAS) = 2.53ARMS IIN(MEAS) = 1.55ARMS DC236 F03a DC236 F03b (b) (a) Figure 3. Input Waveforms Comparing Single-Phase (a) and 2-Phase (b) Operation for Dual Switching Regulators Converting 12V to 5V and 3.3V at 3A Each. The Reduced Input Ripple with the LTC1628-SYNC 2-Phase Regulator Allows Less Expensive Input Capacitors, Reduces Shielding Requirements for EMI and Improves Efficiency It can readily be seen that the advantages of 2-phase operation are not just limited to a narrow operating range, but in fact extend over a wide region. A good rule of thumb for most applications is that 2-phase operation will reduce the input capacitor requirement to that for just one channel operating at maximum current and 50% duty cycle. A final question: If 2-phase operation offers such an advantage over single-phase operation for dual switching regulators, why hasn’t it been done before? The answer is that, while simple in concept, it is hard to implement. Constant-frequency current mode switching regulators require an oscillator derived “slope compensation” signal to allow stable operation of each regulator at over 50% duty cycle. This signal is relatively easy to derive in singlephase dual switching regulators, but required the development of a new and proprietary technique to allow 2-phase 12 operation. In addition, isolation between the two channels becomes more critical with 2-phase operation because switch transitions in one channel could potentially disrupt the operation of the other channel. The LTC1628-SYNC is proof that these hurdles have been surmounted. The new device offers unique advantages for the ever-expanding number of high efficiency power supplies required in portable electronics. 3.0 SINGLE PHASE DUAL CONTROLLER 2.5 INPUT RMS CURRENT (A) Of course, the improvement afforded by 2-phase operation is a function of the dual switching regulator’s relative duty cycles which, in turn, are dependent upon the input voltage VIN (Duty Cycle = VOUT/VIN). Figure 4 shows how the RMS input current varies for single-phase and 2-phase operation for 3.3V and 5V regulators over a wide input voltage range. 2.0 1.5 2-PHASE DUAL CONTROLLER 1.0 0.5 0 VO1 = 5V/3A VO2 = 3.3V/3A 0 10 20 30 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) 40 1628 F04 Figure 4. RMS Input Current Comparison LTC1628-SYNC U W U U APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO 2.5 2.0 PLLFLTR PIN VOLTAGE (V) Figure 1 on the first page is a basic LTC1628-SYNC application circuit. External component selection is driven by the load requirement, and begins with the selection of RSENSE and the inductor value. Next, the power MOSFETs and D1 are selected. Finally, CIN and COUT are selected. The circuit shown in Figure 1 can be configured for operation up to an input voltage of 28V (limited by the external MOSFETs). 1.5 1.0 0.5 RSENSE Selection For Output Current 0 120 170 220 270 OPERATING FREQUENCY (kHz) 320 RSENSE is chosen based on the required output current. The LTC1628-SYNC current comparator has a maximum threshold of 75mV/RSENSE and an input common mode range of SGND to 1.1(INTVCC). The current comparator threshold sets the peak of the inductor current, yielding a maximum average output current IMAX equal to the peak value less half the peak-to-peak ripple current, ∆IL. is increased the gate charge losses will be higher, reducing efficiency (see Efficiency Considerations). The maximum switching frequency is approximately 310kHz. Allowing a margin for variations in the LTC1628-SYNC and external component values yields: Inductor Value Calculation 50mV RSENSE = IMAX When using the controller in very low dropout conditions, the maximum output current level will be reduced due to the internal compensation required to meet stability criterion for buck regulators operating at greater than 50% duty factor. A curve is provided to estimate this reducton in peak output current level depending upon the operating duty factor. Operating Frequency The LTC1628-SYNC uses a constant frequency phaselockable architecture with the frequency determined by an internal capacitor. This capacitor is charged by a fixed current plus an additional current which is proportional to the voltage applied to the PLLFLTR pin. Refer to PhaseLocked Loop and Frequency Synchronization in the Applications Information section for additional information. A graph for the voltage applied to the PLLFLTR pin vs frequency is given in Figure 5. As the operating frequency 1628 F05 Figure 5. PLLFLTR Pin Voltage vs Frequency The operating frequency and inductor selection are interrelated in that higher operating frequencies allow the use of smaller inductor and capacitor values. So why would anyone ever choose to operate at lower frequencies with larger components? The answer is efficiency. A higher frequency generally results in lower efficiency because of MOSFET gate charge losses. In addition to this basic trade-off, the effect of inductor value on ripple current and low current operation must also be considered. The inductor value has a direct effect on ripple current. The inductor ripple current ∆IL decreases with higher inductance or frequency and increases with higher VIN: ∆IL = V 1 VOUT 1 – OUT ( f)(L) VIN Accepting larger values of ∆IL allows the use of low inductances, but results in higher output voltage ripple and greater core losses. A reasonable starting point for setting ripple current is ∆IL=0.3(IMAX). The maximum ∆IL occurs at the maximum input voltage. 13 LTC1628-SYNC U W U U APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO The inductor value also has secondary effects. The transition to Burst Mode operation begins when the average inductor current required results in a peak current below 25% of the current limit determined by RSENSE. Lower inductor values (higher ∆IL) will cause this to occur at lower load currents, which can cause a dip in efficiency in the upper range of low current operation. In Burst Mode operation, lower inductance values will cause the burst frequency to decrease. The peak-to-peak drive levels are set by the INTVCC voltage. This voltage is typically 5V during start-up (see EXTVCC Pin Connection). Consequently, logic-level threshold MOSFETs must be used in most applications. The only exception is if low input voltage is expected (VIN < 5V); then, sub-logic level threshold MOSFETs (VGS(TH) < 3V) should be used. Pay close attention to the BVDSS specification for the MOSFETs as well; most of the logic level MOSFETs are limited to 30V or less. Inductor Core Selection Selection criteria for the power MOSFETs include the “ON” resistance RDS(ON), reverse transfer capacitance CRSS, input voltage and maximum output current. When the LTC1628-SYNC is operating in continuous mode the duty cycles for the top and bottom MOSFETs are given by: Once the value for L is known, the type of inductor must be selected. High efficiency converters generally cannot afford the core loss found in low cost powdered iron cores, forcing the use of more expensive ferrite, molypermalloy, or Kool Mµ® cores. Actual core loss is independent of core size for a fixed inductor value, but it is very dependent on inductance selected. As inductance increases, core losses go down. Unfortunately, increased inductance requires more turns of wire and therefore copper losses will increase. Ferrite designs have very low core loss and are preferred at high switching frequencies, so design goals can concentrate on copper loss and preventing saturation. Ferrite core material saturates “hard,” which means that inductance collapses abruptly when the peak design current is exceeded. This results in an abrupt increase in inductor ripple current and consequent output voltage ripple. Do not allow the core to saturate! Molypermalloy (from Magnetics, Inc.) is a very good, low loss core material for toroids, but it is more expensive than ferrite. A reasonable compromise from the same manufacturer is Kool Mµ. Toroids are very space efficient, especially when you can use several layers of wire. Because they generally lack a bobbin, mounting is more difficult. However, designs for surface mount are available that do not increase the height significantly. Power MOSFET and D1 Selection Two external power MOSFETs must be selected for each controller in the LTC1628-SYNC: One N-channel MOSFET for the top (main) switch, and one N-channel MOSFET for the bottom (synchronous) switch. 14 V Main Switch Duty Cycle = OUT VIN V –V Synchronous Switch Duty Cycle = IN OUT VIN The MOSFET power dissipations at maximum output current are given by: ( )( ) 2 V PMAIN = OUT IMAX 1 + δ RDS(ON) + VIN ( ) (IMAX )(CRSS )(f) k VIN 2 ( )( ) 2 V –V PSYNC = IN OUT IMAX 1 + δ RDS(ON) VIN where δ is the temperature dependency of RDS(ON) and k is a constant inversely related to the gate drive current. Both MOSFETs have I2R losses while the topside N-channel equation includes an additional term for transition losses, which are highest at high input voltages. For VIN < 20V the high current efficiency generally improves with larger MOSFETs, while for VIN > 20V the transition losses rapidly increase to the point that the use of a higher RDS(ON) device with lower CRSS actually provides higher efficiency. The Kool Mµ is a registered trademark of Magnetics, Inc. LTC1628-SYNC U W U U APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO synchronous MOSFET losses are greatest at high input voltage when the top switch duty factor is low or during a short-circuit when the synchronous switch is on close to 100% of the period. the capacitor is important for capacitor power dissipation as well as overall battery efficiency. All of the power (RMS ripple current • ESR) not only heats up the capacitor but wastes power from the battery. The term (1+δ) is generally given for a MOSFET in the form of a normalized RDS(ON) vs Temperature curve, but δ = 0.005/°C can be used as an approximation for low voltage MOSFETs. CRSS is usually specified in the MOSFET characteristics. The constant k = 1.7 can be used to estimate the contributions of the two terms in the main switch dissipation equation. Medium voltage (20V to 35V) ceramic, tantalum, OS-CON and switcher-rated electrolytic capacitors can be used as input capacitors, but each has drawbacks: ceramic voltage coefficients are very high and may have audible piezoelectric effects; tantalums need to be surge-rated; OS-CONs suffer from higher inductance, larger case size and limited surface-mount applicability; electrolytics’ higher ESR and dryout possibility require several to be used. Multiphase systems allow the lowest amount of capacitance overall. As little as one 22µF or two to three 10µF ceramic capacitors are an ideal choice in a 20W to 35W power supply due to their extremely low ESR. Even though the capacitance at 20V is substantially below their rating at zero-bias, very low ESR loss makes ceramics an ideal candidate for highest efficiency battery operated systems. Also consider parallel ceramic and high quality electrolytic capacitors as an effective means of achieving ESR and bulk capacitance goals. The Schottky diode D1 shown in Figure 1 conducts during the dead-time between the conduction of the two power MOSFETs. This prevents the body diode of the bottom MOSFET from turning on, storing charge during the deadtime and requiring a reverse recovery period that could cost as much as 3% in efficiency at high VIN. A 1A to 3A Schottky is generally a good compromise for both regions of operation due to the relatively small average current. Larger diodes result in additional transition losses due to their larger junction capacitance. CIN and COUT Selection The selection of CIN is simplified by the multiphase architecture and its impact on the worst-case RMS current drawn through the input network (battery/fuse/capacitor). It can be shown that the worst case RMS current occurs when only one controller is operating. The controller with the highest (VOUT)(IOUT) product needs to be used in the formula below to determine the maximum RMS current requirement. Increasing the output current, drawn from the other out-of-phase controller, will actually decrease the input RMS ripple current from this maximum value (see Figure 4). The out-of-phase technique typically reduces the input capacitor’s RMS ripple current by a factor of 30% to 70% when compared to a single phase power supply solution. The type of input capacitor, value and ESR rating have efficiency effects that need to be considered in the selection process. The capacitance value chosen should be sufficient to store adequate charge to keep high peak battery currents down. 20µF to 40µF is usually sufficient for a 25W output supply operating at 200kHz. The ESR of In continuous mode, the source current of the top N-channel MOSFET is a square wave of duty cycle VOUT/VIN. To prevent large voltage transients, a low ESR input capacitor sized for the maximum RMS current of one channel must be used. The maximum RMS capacitor current is given by: CIN Re quiredIRMS ≈ IMAX [ ( VOUT VIN − VOUT )] 1/ 2 VIN This formula has a maximum at VIN = 2VOUT, where IRMS = IOUT/2. This simple worst case condition is commonly used for design because even significant deviations do not offer much relief. Note that capacitor manufacturer’s ripple current ratings are often based on only 2000 hours of life. This makes it advisable to further derate the capacitor, or to choose a capacitor rated at a higher temperature than required. Several capacitors may also be paralleled to meet size or height requirements in the design. Always consult the manufacturer if there is any question. 15 LTC1628-SYNC U W U U APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO The benefit of the LTC1628-SYNC multiphase can be calculated by using the equation above for the higher power controller and then calculating the loss that would have resulted if both controller channels switch on at the same time. The total RMS power lost is lower when both controllers are operating due to the interleaving of current pulses through the input capacitor’s ESR. This is why the input capacitor’s requirement calculated above for the worst-case controller is adequate for the dual controller design. Remember that input protection fuse resistance, battery resistance and PC board trace resistance losses are also reduced due to the reduced peak currents in a multiphase system. The overall benefit of a multiphase design will only be fully realized when the source impedance of the power supply/battery is included in the efficiency testing. The drains of the two top MOSFETS should be placed within 1cm of each other and share a common CIN(s). Separating the drains and CIN may produce undesirable voltage and current resonances at VIN. The selection of COUT is driven by the required effective series resistance (ESR). Typically once the ESR requirement is satisfied the capacitance is adequate for filtering. The output ripple (∆VOUT) is determined by: 1 ∆VOUT ≈ ∆IL ESR + 8 fCOUT Where f = operating frequency, COUT = output capacitance, and ∆IL= ripple current in the inductor. The output ripple is highest at maximum input voltage since ∆IL increases with input voltage. With ∆IL = 0.3IOUT(MAX) the output ripple will typically be less than 50mV at max VIN assuming: COUT Recommended ESR < 2 RSENSE and COUT > 1/(8fRSENSE) The first condition relates to the ripple current into the ESR of the output capacitance while the second term guarantees that the output capacitance does not significantly discharge during the operating frequency period due to ripple current. The choice of using smaller output 16 capacitance increases the ripple voltage due to the discharging term but can be compensated for by using capacitors of very low ESR to maintain the ripple voltage at or below 50mV. The ITH pin OPTI-LOOP compensation components can be optimized to provide stable, high performance transient response regardless of the output capacitors selected. Manufacturers such as Nichicon, United Chemicon and Sanyo can be considered for high performance throughhole capacitors. The OS-CON semiconductor dielectric capacitor available from Sanyo has the lowest (ESR)(size) product of any aluminum electrolytic at a somewhat higher price. An additional ceramic capacitor in parallel with OS-CON capacitors is recommended to reduce the inductance effects. In surface mount applications multiple capacitors may need to be used in parallel to meet the ESR, RMS current handling and load step requirements of the application. Aluminum electrolytic, dry tantalum and special polymer capacitors are available in surface mount packages. Special polymer surface mount capacitors offer very low ESR but have lower storage capacity per unit volume than other capacitor types. These capacitors offer a very cost-effective output capacitor solution and are an ideal choice when combined with a controller having high loop bandwidth. Tantalum capacitors offer the highest capacitance density and are often used as output capacitors for switching regulators having controlled soft-start. Several excellent surge-tested choices are the AVX TPS, AVX TPSV or the KEMET T510 series of surface mount tantalums, available in case heights ranging from 2mm to 4mm. Aluminum electrolytic capacitors can be used in cost-driven applications providing that consideration is given to ripple current ratings, temperature and long term reliability. A typical application will require several to many aluminum electrolytic capacitors in parallel. A combination of the above mentioned capacitors will often result in maximizing performance and minimizing overall cost. Other capacitor types include Nichicon PL series, NEC Neocap, Cornell Dubilier ESRE and Sprague 595D series. Consult manufacturers for other specific recommendations. LTC1628-SYNC U W U U APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO INTVCC Regulator EXTVCC Connection An internal P-channel low dropout regulator produces 5V at the INTVCC pin from the VIN supply pin. INTVCC powers the drivers and internal circuitry within the LTC1628SYNC. The INTVCC pin regulator can supply a peak current of 50mA and must be bypassed to ground with a minimum of 4.7µF tantalum, 10µF special polymer, or low ESR type electrolytic capacitor. A 1µF ceramic capacitor placed directly adjacent to the INTVCC and PGND IC pins is highly recommended. Good bypassing is necessary to supply the high transient currents required by the␣ MOSFET gate drivers and to prevent interaction between channels. The LTC1628-SYNC contains an internal P-channel MOSFET switch connected between the EXTVCC and INTVCC pins. When the voltage applied to EXTVCC rises above 4.7V, the internal regulator is turned off and the switch closes, connecting the EXTVCC pin to the INTVCC pin thereby supplying internal power. The switch remains closed as long as the voltage applied to EXTVCC remains above 4.5V. This allows the MOSFET driver and control power to be derived from the output during normal operation (4.7V < VOUT < 7V) and from the internal regulator when the output is out of regulation (start-up, shortcircuit). If more current is required through the EXTVCC switch than is specified, an external Schottky diode can be added between the EXTVCC and INTVCC pins. Do not apply greater than 7V to the EXTVCC pin and ensure that EXTVCC␣ <␣ VIN. Higher input voltage applications in which large MOSFETs are being driven at high frequencies may cause the maximum junction temperature rating for the LTC1628-SYNC to be exceeded. The system supply current is normally dominated by the gate charge current. Additional external loading of the INTVCC and 3.3V linear regulators also needs to be taken into account for the power dissipation calculations. The total INTVCC current can be supplied by either the 5V internal linear regulator or by the EXTVCC input pin. When the voltage applied to the EXTVCC pin is less than 4.7V, all of the INTVCC current is supplied by the internal 5V linear regulator. Power dissipation for the IC in this case is highest: (VIN)(IINTVCC), and overall efficiency is lowered. The gate charge current is dependent on operating frequency as discussed in the Efficiency Considerations section. The junction temperature can be estimated by using the equations given in Note 2 of the Electrical Characteristics. For example, the LTC1628-SYNC VIN current is limited to less than 24mA from a 24V supply when not using the EXTVCC pin as follows: TJ = 70°C + (24mA)(24V)(95°C/W) = 125°C Use of the EXTVCC input pin reduces the junction temperature to: TJ = 70°C + (24mA)(5V)(95°C/W) = 81°C Dissipation should be calculated to also include any added current drawn from the internal 3.3V linear regulator. To prevent maximum junction temperature from being exceeded, the input supply current must be checked operating in continuous mode at maximum VIN. Significant efficiency gains can be realized by powering INTVCC from the output, since the VIN current resulting from the driver and control currents will be scaled by a factor of (Duty Cycle)/(Efficiency). For 5V regulators this supply means connecting the EXTVCC pin directly to VOUT. However, for 3.3V and other lower voltage regulators, additional circuitry is required to derive INTVCC power from the output. The following list summarizes the four possible connections for EXTVCC: 1. EXTVCC Left Open (or Grounded). This will cause INTVCC to be powered from the internal 5V regulator resulting in an efficiency penalty of up to 10% at high input voltages. 2. EXTVCC Connected directly to VOUT. This is the normal connection for a 5V regulator and provides the highest efficiency. 3. EXTVCC Connected to an External supply. If an external supply is available in the 5V to 7V range, it may be used to power EXTVCC providing it is compatible with the MOSFET gate drive requirements. 4. EXTVCC Connected to an Output-Derived Boost Network. For 3.3V and other low voltage regulators, efficiency gains can still be realized by connecting EXTVCC to an output-derived voltage that has been boosted to greater 17 LTC1628-SYNC U W U U APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO than 4.7V. This can be done with either the inductive boost winding as shown in Figure 6a or the capacitive charge pump shown in Figure 6b. The charge pump has the advantage of simple magnetics. Topside MOSFET Driver Supply (CB, DB) External bootstrap capacitors CB connected to the BOOST pins supply the gate drive voltages for the topside MOSFETs. Capacitor CB in the functional diagram is charged though external diode DB from INTVCC when the SW pin is low. When one of the topside MOSFETs is to be turned on, the driver places the CB voltage across the gate-source of the desired MOSFET. This enhances the MOSFET and turns on the topside switch. The switch node voltage, SW, rises to VIN and the BOOST pin follows. With the topside MOSFET on, the boost voltage is above the input supply: VBOOST = VIN + VINTVCC. The value of the boost capacitor CB needs to be 100 times that of the total input capacitance of the topside MOSFET(s). The reverse breakdown of the external Schottky diode must be greater than VIN(MAX). When adjusting the gate drive level, the final arbiter is the total input current for the regulator. If a change is made and the input current decreases, then the efficiency has improved. If there is no change in input current, then there is no change in efficiency. Output Voltage The LTC1628-SYNC output voltages are each set by an external feedback resistive divider carefully placed across the output capacitor. The resultant feedback signal is compared with the internal precision 0.800V voltage reference by the error amplifier. The output voltage is given by the equation: R2 VOUT = 0.8 V 1 + R1 where R1 and R2 are defined in Figure 2. SENSE+/SENSE– Pins The common mode input range of the current comparator sense pins is from 0V to (1.1)INTVCC. Continuous linear operation is guaranteed throughout this range allowing output voltage setting from 0.8V to 7.7V, depending upon the voltage applied to EXTVCC. A differential NPN input stage is biased with internal resistors from an internal 2.4V source as shown in the Functional Diagram. This requires that current either be sourced or sunk from the SENSE pins depending on the output voltage. If the output voltage is below 2.4V current will flow out of both SENSE pins to the main output. The output can be easily preloaded by the VOUT resistive divider to compensate for the current comparator’s negative input bias current. The maximum current flowing out of each pair of SENSE pins is: ISENSE+ + ISENSE– = (2.4V – VOUT)/24k Since VOSENSE is servoed to the 0.8V reference voltage, we can choose R1 in Figure 2 to have a maximum value to absorb this current. 1µF + + CIN CIN + N-CH BAT85 VIN VSEC VIN LTC1628-SYNC + VIN VIN OPTIONAL EXTVCC CONNECTION 5V < VSEC < 7V LTC1628-SYNC 1µF RSENSE VOUT VOUT SW FCB BG1 T1 1:N R6 EXTVCC + COUT COUT BG1 N-CH N-CH SGND PGND PGND 1628 F06a Figure 6a. Secondary Output Loop & EXTVCC Connection 18 L1 SW + R5 BAT85 VN2222LL RSENSE EXTVCC BAT85 N-CH TG1 TG1 0.22µF 1628 F06b Figure 6b. Capacitive Charge Pump for EXTVCC LTC1628-SYNC U W U U APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO VIN 0.8 V R1(MAX ) = 24k 2.4V – VOUT 3.3V OR 5V INTVCC RUN/SS RSS* D1 RSS* RUN/SS CSS for VOUT < 2.4V Regulating an output voltage of 1.8V, the maximum value of R1 should be 32K. Note that for an output voltage above 2.4V, R1 has no maximum value necessary to absorb the sense currents; however, R1 is still bounded by the VOSENSE feedback current. CSS *OPTIONAL TO DEFEAT OVERCURRENT LATCHOFF (a) (b) 1628 F07 Figure 7. RUN/SS Pin Interfacing Soft-Start/Run Function Fault Conditions: Overcurrent Latchoff The RUN/SS1 and RUN/SS2 pins are multipurpose pins that provide a soft-start function and a means to shut down the LTC1628-SYNC. Soft-start reduces the input power source’s surge currents by gradually increasing the controller’s current limit (proportional to VITH). This pin can also be used for power supply sequencing. The RUN/SS pins also provide the ability to latch off the controller(s) when an overcurrent condition is detected. The RUN/SS capacitor, CSS, is used initially to turn on and limit the inrush current. After the controller has been started and been given adequate time to charge up the output capacitor and provide full load current, the RUN/SS capacitor is used for a short-circuit timer. If the regulator’s output voltage falls to less than 70% of its nominal value after CSS reaches 4.1V, CSS begins discharging on the assumption that the output is in an overcurrent condition. If the condition lasts for a long enough period as determined by the size of the CSS and the specified discharge current, the controller will be shut down until the RUN/SS pin voltage is recycled. If the overload occurs during startup, the time can be approximated by: An internal 1.2µA current source charges up the CSS capacitor. When the voltage on RUN/SS1 (RUN/SS2) reaches 1.5V, the particular controller is permitted to start operating. As the voltage on RUN/SS increases from 1.5V to 3.0V, the internal current limit is increased from 25mV/ RSENSE to 75mV/RSENSE. The output current limit ramps up slowly, taking an additional 1.25s/µF to reach full current. The output current thus ramps up slowly, reducing the starting surge current required from the input power supply. If RUN/SS has been pulled all the way to ground there is a delay before starting of approximately: tDELAY = tIRAMP = ( ) 1.5V CSS = 1.25s / µF CSS 1.2µA ( ) 3V − 1.5V CSS = 1.25s / µF CSS 1.2µA By pulling both RUN/SS pins below 1V, the LTC1628SYNC is put into low current shutdown (IQ = 20µA). The RUN/SS pins can be driven directly from logic as shown in Figure 7. Diode D1 in Figure 7 reduces the start delay but allows CSS to ramp up slowly providing the soft-start function. Each RUN/SS pin has an internal 6V zener clamp (See Functional Diagram). tLO1 ≈ [CSS (4.1 – 1.5 + 4.1 – 3.5)]/(1.2µA) = 2.7 • 106 (CSS) If the overload occurs after start-up the voltage on CSS will begin discharging from the zener clamp voltage: tLO2 ≈ [CSS (6 – 3.5)]/(1.2µA) = 2.1 • 106 (CSS) This built-in overcurrent latchoff can be overridden by providing a pull-up resistor to the RUN/SS pin as shown in Figure 7. This resistance shortens the soft-start period and prevents the discharge of the RUN/SS capacitor during an over current condition. Tying this pull-up resistor to VIN as in Figure 7a, defeats overcurrent latchoff. Diode-connecting this pull-up resistor to INTV CC, as in Figure 7b, eliminates any extra supply current during controller shutdown while eliminating the INTV CC loading from preventing controller start-up. 19 LTC1628-SYNC U W U U APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO Why should you defeat overcurrent latchoff? During the prototyping stage of a design, there may be a problem with noise pickup or poor layout causing the protection circuit to latch off. Defeating this feature will easily allow troubleshooting of the circuit and PC layout. The internal short-circuit and foldback current limiting still remains active, thereby protecting the power supply system from failure. After the design is complete, a decision can be made whether to enable the latchoff feature. The value of the soft-start capacitor CSS may need to be scaled with output voltage, output capacitance and load current characteristics. The minimum soft-start capacitance is given by: CSS > (COUT )(VOUT) (10 – 4) (RSENSE) The minimum recommended soft-start capacitor of CSS = 0.1µF will be sufficient for most applications. Fault Conditions: Current Limit and Current Foldback The LTC1628-SYNC current comparator has a maximum sense voltage of 75mV resulting in a maximum MOSFET current of 75mV/RSENSE. The maximum value of current limit generally occurs with the largest VIN at the highest ambient temperature, conditions that cause the highest power dissipation in the top MOSFET. The LTC1628-SYNC includes current foldback to help further limit load current when the output is shorted to ground. The foldback circuit is active even when the overload shutdown latch described above is overridden. If the output falls below 70% of its nominal output level, then the maximum sense voltage is progressively lowered from 75mV to 25mV. Under short-circuit conditions with very low duty cycles, the LTC1628-SYNC will begin cycle skipping in order to limit the short-circuit current. In this situation the bottom MOSFET will be dissipating most of the power but less than in normal operation. The shortcircuit ripple current is determined by the minimum ontime tON(MIN) of the LTC1628-SYNC (less than 200ns), the input voltage and inductor value: ∆IL(SC) = tON(MIN) (VIN/L) 20 The resulting short-circuit current is: ISC = 25mV 1 + ∆IL(SC) RSENSE 2 Fault Conditions: Overvoltage Protection (Crowbar) The overvoltage crowbar is designed to blow a system input fuse when the output voltage of the regulator rises much higher than nominal levels. The crowbar causes huge currents to flow, that blow the fuse to protect against a shorted top MOSFET if the short occurs while the controller is operating. A comparator monitors the output for overvoltage conditions. The comparator (OV) detects overvoltage faults greater than 7.5% above the nominal output voltage. When this condition is sensed, the top MOSFET is turned off and the bottom MOSFET is turned on until the overvoltage condition is cleared. The output of this comparator is only latched by the overvoltage condition itself and will therefore allow a switching regulator system having a poor PC layout to function while the design is being debugged. The bottom MOSFET remains on continuously for as long as the OV condition persists; if VOUT returns to a safe level, normal operation automatically resumes. A shorted top MOSFET will result in a high current condition which will open the system fuse. The switching regulator will regulate properly with a leaky top MOSFET by altering the duty cycle to accommodate the leakage. Phase-Locked Loop and Frequency Synchronization The LTC1628-SYNC has a phase-locked loop comprised of an internal voltage controlled oscillator and phase detector. This allows the top MOSFET turn-on to be locked to the rising edge of an external source. The frequency range of the voltage controlled oscillator is ±50% around the center frequency fO. A voltage applied to the PLLFLTR pin of 1.2V corresponds to a frequency of approximately 220kHz. The nominal operating frequency range of the LTC1628-SYNC is 140kHz to 310kHz. LTC1628-SYNC U W U U APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO The phase detector used is an edge sensitive digital type which provides zero degrees phase shift between the external and internal oscillators. This type of phase detector will not lock up on input frequencies close to the harmonics of the VCO center frequency. The PLL hold-in range, ∆fH, is equal to the capture range, ∆fC: ∆fH = ∆fC = ±0.5 fO (150kHz-300kHz) The output of the phase detector is a complementary pair of current sources charging or discharging the external filter network on the PLLFLTR pin. A simplified block diagram is shown in Figure 7. If the external frequency (fPLLIN) is greater than the oscillator frequency f0SC, current is sourced continuously, pulling up the PLLFLTR pin. When the external frequency is less than f0SC, current is sunk continuously, pulling down the PLLFLTR pin. If the external and internal frequencies are the same but exhibit a phase difference, the current sources turn on for an amount of time corresponding to the phase difference. Thus the voltage on the PLLFLTR pin is adjusted until the phase and frequency of the external and internal oscillators are identical. At this stable operating point the phase comparator output is open and the filter capacitor CLP holds the voltage. The LTC1628-SYNC PLLIN pin must be driven from a low impedance source such as a logic gate located close to the pin. When using multiple LTC1628-SYNC’s (or LTC1629’s, as shown in Figure 14) for a phase-locked system, the PLLFLTR pin of the master oscillator should be biased at a voltage that will guarantee the slave oscillator(s) ability to lock onto the master’s frequency. A DC voltage of 0.7V to 1.7V applied to the master oscillator’s PLLFLTR pin is recommended in order to meet this requirement. The resultant operating frequency can range from 170kHz to 270kHz. The loop filter components (CLP, RLP) smooth out the current pulses from the phase detector and provide a stable input to the voltage controlled oscillator. The filter components CLP and RLP determine how fast the loop acquires lock. Typically RLP =10kΩ and CLP is 0.01µF to 0.1µF. Minimum On-Time Considerations Minimum on-time tON(MIN) is the smallest time duration that the LTC1628-SYNC is capable of turning on the top MOSFET. It is determined by internal timing delays and the gate charge required to turn on the top MOSFET. Low duty cycle applications may approach this minimum on-time limit and care should be taken to ensure that tON(MIN) < VOUT VIN( f) If the duty cycle falls below what can be accommodated by the minimum on-time, the LTC1628-SYNC will begin to skip cycles. The output voltage will continue to be regulated, but the ripple voltage and current will increase. The minimum on-time for the LTC1628-SYNC is generally less than 200ns. However, as the peak sense voltage decreases the minimum on-time gradually increases up to about 300ns. This is of particular concern in forced continuous applications with low ripple current at light loads. If the duty cycle drops below the minimum on-time limit in this situation, a significant amount of cycle skipping can occur with correspondingly larger current and voltage ripple. FCB Pin Operation The FCB pin can be used to regulate a secondary winding or as a logic level input. Continuous operation is forced on both controllers when the FCB pin drops below 0.8V. During continuous mode, current flows continuously in the transformer primary. The secondary winding(s) draw current only when the bottom, synchronous switch is on. When primary load currents are low and/or the VIN/VOUT ratio is low, the synchronous switch may not be on for a sufficient amount of time to transfer power from the output capacitor to the secondary load. Forced continuous operation will support secondary windings providing there is sufficient synchronous switch duty factor. Thus, the FCB input pin removes the requirement that power must be drawn from the inductor primary in order to extract 21 LTC1628-SYNC U W U U APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO power from the auxiliary windings. With the loop in continuous mode, the auxiliary outputs may nominally be loaded without regard to the primary output load. The secondary output voltage VSEC is normally set as shown in Figure 6a by the turns ratio N of the transformer: VSEC ≅ (N + 1) VOUT However, if the controller goes into Burst Mode operation and halts switching due to a light primary load current, then VSEC will droop. An external resistive divider from VSEC to the FCB pin sets a minimum voltage VSEC(MIN): R6 VSEC(MIN) ≈ 0.8 V 1 + R5 where R5 and R6 are shown in Figure 2. If VSEC drops below this level, the FCB voltage forces temporary continuous switching operation until VSEC is again above its minimum. In order to prevent erratic operation if no external connections are made to the FCB pin, the FCB pin has a 0.18µA internal current source pulling the pin high. Include this current when choosing resistor values R5 and R6. The following table summarizes the possible states available on the FCB pin: Table 1 FCB Pin Condition 0V to 0.75V Forced Continuous Both Controllers (Current Reversal Allowed— Burst Inhibited) 0.85V < VFCB < 4.3V Minimum Peak Current Induces Burst Mode Operation No Current Reversal Allowed Feedback Resistors Regulating a Secondary Winding >4.8V Burst Mode Operation Disabled Constant Frequency Mode Enabled No Current Reversal Allowed No Minimum Peak Current Voltage Positioning Voltage positioning can be used to minimize peak-to-peak output voltage excursions under worst-case transient loading conditions. The open-loop DC gain of the control 22 loop is reduced depending upon the maximum load step specifications. Voltage positioning can easily be added to the LTC1628-SYNC by loading the ITH pin with a resistive divider having a Thevenin equivalent voltage source equal to the midpoint operating voltage range of the error amplifier, or 1.2V (see Figure 8). The resistive load reduces the DC loop gain while maintaining the linear control range of the error amplifier. The maximum output voltage deviation can theoretically be reduced to half or alternatively the amount of output capacitance can be reduced for a particular application. A complete explanation is included in Design Solutions 10. (See www.linear-tech.com) INTVCC RT2 ITH RT1 RC LTC1628-SYNC CC 1628 F08 Figure 8. Active Voltage Positioning Applied to the LTC1628-SYNC Efficiency Considerations The percent efficiency of a switching regulator is equal to the output power divided by the input power times 100%. It is often useful to analyze individual losses to determine what is limiting the efficiency and which change would produce the most improvement. Percent efficiency can be expressed as: %Efficiency = 100% – (L1 + L2 + L3 + ...) where L1, L2, etc. are the individual losses as a percentage of input power. Although all dissipative elements in the circuit produce losses, four main sources usually account for most of the losses in LTC1628-SYNC circuits: 1) LTC1628-SYNC VIN current (including loading on the 3.3V internal regulator), 2) INTVCC regulator current, 3) I2R losses, 4) Topside MOSFET transition losses. 1. The VIN current has two components: the first is the DC supply current given in the Electrical Characteristics table, LTC1628-SYNC U W U U APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO which excludes MOSFET driver and control currents; the second is the current drawn from the 3.3V linear regulator output. VIN current typically results in a small (<0.1%) loss. 2. INTVCC current is the sum of the MOSFET driver and control currents. The MOSFET driver current results from switching the gate capacitance of the power MOSFETs. Each time a MOSFET gate is switched from low to high to low again, a packet of charge dQ moves from INTVCC to ground. The resulting dQ/dt is a current out of INTVCC that is typically much larger than the control circuit current. In continuous mode, IGATECHG =f(QT+QB), where QT and QB are the gate charges of the topside and bottom side MOSFETs. Supplying INTVCC power through the EXTVCC switch input from an output-derived source will scale the VIN current required for the driver and control circuits by a factor of (Duty Cycle)/(Efficiency). For example, in a 20V to 5V application, 10mA of INTVCC current results in approximately 2.5mA of VIN current. This reduces the mid-current loss from 10% or more (if the driver was powered directly from VIN) to only a few percent. 3. I2R losses are predicted from the DC resistances of the fuse (if used), MOSFET, inductor, current sense resistor, and input and output capacitor ESR. In continuous mode the average output current flows through L and RSENSE, but is “chopped” between the topside MOSFET and the synchronous MOSFET. If the two MOSFETs have approximately the same RDS(ON), then the resistance of one MOSFET can simply be summed with the resistances of L, RSENSE and ESR to obtain I2R losses. For example, if each RDS(ON) = 30mΩ, RL = 50mΩ, RSENSE = 10mΩ and RESR = 40mΩ (sum of both input and output capacitance losses), then the total resistance is 130mΩ. This results in losses ranging from 3% to 13% as the output current increases from 1A to 5A for a 5V output, or a 4% to 20% loss for a 3.3V output. Efficiency varies as the inverse square of VOUT for the same external components and output power level. The combined effects of increasingly lower output voltages and higher currents required by high performance digital systems is not doubling but quadrupling the importance of loss terms in the switching regulator system! 4. Transition losses apply only to the topside MOSFET(s), and become significant only when operating at high input voltages (typically 15V or greater). Transition losses can be estimated from: Transition Loss = (1.7) VIN2 IO(MAX) CRSS f Other “hidden” losses such as copper trace and internal battery resistances can account for an additional 5% to 10% efficiency degradation in portable systems. It is very important to include these “system” level losses during the design phase. The internal battery and fuse resistance losses can be minimized by making sure that CIN has adequate charge storage and very low ESR at the switching frequency. A 25W supply will typically require␣ a minimum of 20µF to 40µF of capacitance having a␣ maximum of 20mΩ to 50mΩ of ESR. The LTC1628-SYNC 2-phase architecture typically halves this input capacitance requirement over competing solutions. Other losses including Schottky conduction losses during dead-time and inductor core losses generally account for less than 2% total additional loss. Checking Transient Response The regulator loop response can be checked by looking at the load current transient response. Switching regulators take several cycles to respond to a step in DC (resistive) load current. When a load step occurs, VOUT shifts by an amount equal to ∆ILOAD (ESR), where ESR is the effective series resistance of COUT. ∆ILOAD also begins to charge or discharge COUT generating the feedback error signal that forces the regulator to adapt to the current change and return VOUT to its steady-state value. During this recovery time VOUT can be monitored for excessive overshoot or ringing, which would indicate a stability problem. OPTILOOP compensation allows the transient response to be optimized over a wide range of output capacitance and ESR values. The availability of the ITH pin not only allows optimization of control loop behavior but also provides a DC coupled and AC filtered closed loop response test point. The DC step, rise time and settling at this test point truly reflects the closed loop response. Assuming a predominantly second order system, phase margin and/or damping factor can be estimated using the percentage of 23 LTC1628-SYNC U W U U APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO overshoot seen at this pin. The bandwidth can also be estimated by examining the rise time at the pin. The ITH external components shown in the Figure 1 circuit will provide an adequate starting point for most applications. The ITH series RC-CC filter sets the dominant pole-zero loop compensation. The values can be modified slightly (from 0.5 to 2 times their suggested values) to optimize transient response once the final PC layout is done and the particular output capacitor type and value have been determined. The output capacitors need to be selected because the various types and values determine the loop gain and phase. An output current pulse of 20% to 80% of full-load current having a rise time of 1µs to 10µs will produce output voltage and ITH pin waveforms that will give a sense of the overall loop stability without breaking the feedback loop. Placing a power MOSFET directly across the output capacitor and driving the gate with an appropriate signal generator is a practical way to produce a realistic load step condition. The initial output voltage step resulting from the step change in output current may not be within the bandwidth of the feedback loop, so this signal cannot be used to determine phase margin. This is why it is better to look at the ITH pin signal which is in the feedback loop and is the filtered and compensated control loop response. The gain of the loop will be increased by increasing RC and the bandwidth of the loop will be increased by decreasing CC. If RC is increased by the same factor that CC is decreased, the zero frequency will be kept the same, thereby keeping the phase shift the same in the most critical frequency range of the feedback loop. The output voltage settling behavior is related to the stability of the closed-loop system and will demonstrate the actual overall supply performance. A second, more severe transient is caused by switching in loads with large (>1µF) supply bypass capacitors. The discharged bypass capacitors are effectively put in parallel with COUT, causing a rapid drop in VOUT. No regulator can alter its delivery of current quickly enough to prevent this sudden step change in output voltage if the load switch resistance is low and it is driven quickly. If the ratio of CLOAD to COUT is greater than1:50, the switch rise time should be controlled so that the load rise time is limited to 24 approximately 25 • CLOAD. Thus a 10µF capacitor would require a 250µs rise time, limiting the charging current to about 200mA. Automotive Considerations: Plugging into the Cigarette Lighter As battery-powered devices go mobile, there is a natural interest in plugging into the cigarette lighter in order to conserve or even recharge battery packs during operation. But before you connect, be advised: you are plugging into the supply from hell. The main power line in an automobile is the source of a number of nasty potential transients, including load-dump, reverse-battery, and double-battery. Load-dump is the result of a loose battery cable. When the cable breaks connection, the field collapse in the alternator can cause a positive spike as high as 60V which takes several hundred milliseconds to decay. Reverse-battery is just what it says, while double-battery is a consequence of tow-truck operators finding that a 24V jump start cranks cold engines faster than 12V. The network shown in Figure 9 is the most straight forward approach to protect a DC/DC converter from the ravages of an automotive power line. The series diode prevents current from flowing during reverse-battery, while the transient suppressor clamps the input voltage during load-dump. Note that the transient suppressor should not conduct during double-battery operation, but must still clamp the input voltage below breakdown of the converter. Although the LTC1628-SYNC has a maximum input voltage of 36V, most applications will be limited to 30V by the MOSFET BVDSS. 50A IPK RATING 12V VIN LTC1628-SYNC TRANSIENT VOLTAGE SUPPRESSOR GENERAL INSTRUMENT 1.5KA24A 1628 F09 Figure 9. Automotive Application Protection LTC1628-SYNC U W U U APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO Design Example As a design example for one channel, assume VIN = 12V(nominal), VIN = 22V(max), VOUT = 1.8V, IMAX = 5A, and f = 300kHz. The inductance value is chosen first based on a 30% ripple current assumption. The highest value of ripple current occurs at the maximum input voltage. Tie the PLLFLTR pin to the INTVCC pin for 300kHz operation. The minimum inductance for 30% ripple current is: Choosing 1% resistors; R1 = 25.5k and R2 = 32.4k yields an output voltage of 1.816V. The power dissipation on the top side MOSFET can be easily estimated. Choosing a Siliconix Si4412DY results in; RDS(ON) = 0.042Ω, CRSS = 100pF. At maximum input voltage with T(estimated) = 50°C: ()[ ] 2 (0.042Ω) + 1.7(22V) (5A)(100pF)(300kHz) PMAIN = V V ∆IL = OUT 1 – OUT ( f)(L) VIN A 4.7µH inductor will produce 23% ripple current and a 3.3µH will result in 33%. The peak inductor current will be the maximum DC value plus one half the ripple current, or 5.84A, for the 3.3µH value. Increasing the ripple current will also help ensure that the minimum on-time of 200ns is not violated. The minimum on-time occurs at maximum VIN: tON(MIN) = VOUT VIN(MAX)f = 1.8 V = 273ns 22V(300kHz) The RSENSE resistor value can be calculated by using the maximum current sense voltage specification with some accommodation for tolerances: 60mV RSENSE ≤ ≈ 0.01Ω 5.84A Since the output voltage is below 2.4V the output resistive divider will need to be sized to not only set the output voltage but also to absorb the SENSE pins specified input current. 1.8 V 2 5 1 + (0.005)(50°C – 25°C) 22V = 220mW A short-circuit to ground will result in a folded back current of: ISC = 25mV 1 200ns(22V) + = 3.2A 0.01Ω 2 3.3µH with a typical value of RDS(ON) and δ = (0.005/°C)(20) = 0.1. The resulting power dissipated in the bottom MOSFET is: ( ) (1.1)(0.042Ω) 22V – 1.8 V 3.2A 22V = 434mW PSYNC = 2 which is less than under full-load conditions. CIN is chosen for an RMS current rating of at least 3A at temperature assuming only this channel is on. COUT is chosen with an ESR of 0.02Ω for low output ripple. The output ripple in continuous mode will be highest at the maximum input voltage. The output voltage ripple due to ESR is approximately: VORIPPLE = RESR (∆IL) = 0.02Ω(1.67A) = 33mVP–P 0.8 V R1(MAX ) = 24k 2.4V – VOUT 0.8 V = 24K = 32k 2.4V – 1.8 V 25 LTC1628-SYNC U W U U APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO PC Board Layout Checklist When laying out the printed circuit board, the following checklist should be used to ensure proper operation of the LTC1628-SYNC. These items are also illustrated graphically in the layout diagram of Figure 10. The Figure 11 illustrates the current waveforms present in the various branches of the 2-phase synchronous regulators operating in the continuous mode. Check the following in your layout: 1. Are the top N-channel MOSFETs M1 and M3 located within 1cm of each other with a common drain connection at CIN? Do not attempt to split the input decoupling for the two channels as it can cause a large resonant loop. 2. Are the signal and power grounds kept separate? The combined LTC1628-SYNC signal ground pin and the ground return of CINTVCC must return to the combined COUT (–) terminals. The path formed by the top N-channel MOSFET, Schottky diode and the CIN capacitor should have short leads and PC trace lengths. The output capacitor (–) terminals should be connected as close as possible to the (–) terminals of the input capacitor by placing the capacitors next to each other and away from the Schottky loop described above. 3. Do the LTC1628-SYNC VOSENSE pins resistive dividers connect to the (+) terminals of COUT? The resistive divider must be connected between the (+) terminal of COUT and RPU 3 R2 R1 4 5 fIN 6 12 R4 SENSE1 – SW1 VOSENSE1 BOOST1 PLLFLTR VIN PLLIN BG1 13 14 L1 VOUT1 26 25 CB1 M1 3.3VOUT ITH2 PGND BG2 BOOST2 VOSENSE2 SW2 SENSE2 – TG2 SENSE2 + RUN/SS2 M2 D1 24 23 COUT1 RIN CIN FCB SGND RSENSE 20 CVIN CINTVCC GND + 10 11 R3 TG1 PGOOD 27 22 EXTVCC LTC1628-SYNC 21 8 ITH1 INTVCC 7 9 3.3V SENSE1 + PGOOD + INTVCC RUN/SS1 VPULL-UP (<7V) + 2 28 + 1 VIN COUT2 19 18 17 D2 CB2 M3 M4 RSENSE 16 15 VOUT2 L2 1628 F10 Figure 10. LTC1628-SYNC Recommended Printed Circuit Layout Diagram 26 LTC1628-SYNC U W U U APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO SW1 L1 D1 RSENSE1 COUT1 VOUT1 + RL1 VIN RIN CIN + SW2 BOLD LINES INDICATE HIGH, SWITCHING CURRENT LINES. KEEP LINES TO A MINIMUM LENGTH. D2 L2 RSENSE2 COUT2 VOUT2 + RL2 1628 F11 Figure 11. Branch Current Waveforms signal ground. The R2 and R4 connections should not be along the high current input feeds from the input capacitor(s). An additional 1µF ceramic capacitor placed immediately next to the INTVCC and PGND pins can help improve noise performance substantially. 4. Are the SENSE – and SENSE + leads routed together with minimum PC trace spacing? The filter capacitor between SENSE + and SENSE – should be as close as possible to the IC. Ensure accurate current sensing with Kelvin connections at the SENSE resistor. 6. Keep the switching nodes (SW1, SW2), top gate nodes (TG1, TG2), and boost nodes (BOOST1, BOOST2) away from sensitive small-signal nodes, especially from the opposites channel’s voltage and current sensing feedback pins. All of these nodes have very large and fast moving signals and therefore should be kept on the “output side” of the LTC1628-SYNC and occupy minimum PC trace area. 5. Is the INTVCC decoupling capacitor connected close to the IC, between the INTVCC and the power ground pins? This capacitor carries the MOSFET drivers current peaks. 27 LTC1628-SYNC U W U U APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO 7. Use a modified “star ground” technique: a low impedance, large copper area central grounding point on the same side of the PC board as the input and output capacitors with tie-ins for the bottom of the INTVCC decoupling capacitor, the bottom of the voltage feedback resistive divider and the SGND pin of the IC. PC Board Layout Debugging Start with one controller on at a time. It is helpful to use a DC-50MHz current probe to monitor the current in the inductor while testing the circuit. Monitor the output switching node (SW pin) to synchronize the oscilloscope to the internal oscillator and probe the actual output voltage as well. Check for proper performance over the operating voltage and current range expected in the application. The frequency of operation should be maintained over the input voltage range down to dropout and until the output load drops below the low current operation threshold—typically 10% to 20% of the maximum designed current level in Burst Mode operation. The duty cycle percentage should be maintained from cycle to cycle in a well-designed, low noise PCB implementation. Variation in the duty cycle at a subharmonic rate can suggest noise pickup at the current or voltage sensing inputs or inadequate loop compensation. Overcompensation of the loop can be used to tame a poor PC layout if regulator bandwidth optimization is not required. Only after each controller is checked for their individual performance should both controllers be turned on at the same time. A particularly difficult region of operation is when one controller channel is nearing its current comparator trip point when the other channel is turning on its top MOSFET. This occurs around 50% duty cycle on either channel due to the phasing of the internal clocks and may cause minor duty cycle jitter. 28 Short-circuit testing can be performed to verify proper overcurrent latchoff, or 5µA can be provided to the RUN/ SS pin(s) by resistors from VIN to prevent the short-circuit latchoff from occurring. Reduce VIN from its nominal level to verify operation of the regulator in dropout. Check the operation of the undervoltage lockout circuit by further lowering VIN while monitoring the outputs to verify operation. Investigate whether any problems exist only at higher output currents or only at higher input voltages. If problems coincide with high input voltages and low output currents, look for capacitive coupling between the BOOST, SW, TG, and possibly BG connections and the sensitive voltage and current pins. The capacitor placed across the current sensing pins needs to be placed immediately adjacent to the pins of the IC. This capacitor helps to minimize the effects of differential noise injection due to high frequency capacitive coupling. If problems are encountered with high current output loading at lower input voltages, look for inductive coupling between CIN, Schottky and the top MOSFET components to the sensitive current and voltage sensing traces. In addition, investigate common ground path voltage pickup between these components and the SGND pin of the IC. An embarrassing problem, which can be missed in an otherwise properly working switching regulator, results when the current sensing leads are hooked up backwards. The output voltage under this improper hookup will still be maintained but the advantages of current mode control will not be realized. Compensation of the voltage loop will be much more sensitive to component selection. This behavior can be investigated by temporarily shorting out the current sensing resistor—don’t worry, the regulator will still maintain control of the output voltage. LTC1628-SYNC U TYPICAL APPLICATIO S 59k 1M 100k 0.1µF 2 180pF 1000pF 3 105k, 1% 4 20k 1% INTVCC 5 6 33pF 15k 1000pF 9 33pF 3.3V 10 11 15k 1000pF 12 20k 1% 13 63.4k 1% 180pF 1000pF 14 SENSE1 + TG1 SENSE1 – SW1 VOSENSE1 BOOST1 PLLFLTR VIN PLLIN EXTVCC FCB ITH1 BG1 3.3VOUT ITH2 PGND BG2 BOOST2 VOSENSE2 SW2 SENSE2 – TG2 SENSE2 + RUN/SS2 0.015Ω 27 VOUT1 5V 3A; 4A PEAK 26 8 M1 0.1µF 25 M2 5 D1 MBRM 140T3 LT1121 3 10Ω 22 19 CMDSH-3TR 22µF 50V 150µF, 6.3V PANASONIC SP VOUT2 12V 120mA + 100k 0.1µF 1µF 10V 1µF 25V GND 4.7µF 180µF, 4V PANASONIC SP CMDSH-3TR 18 17 1 220k 23 20 ON/OFF 2 24 LTC1628-SYNC 21 INTVCC SGND + + 8 PGOOD 33µF 25V T1, 1:1.8 10µH + 7 RUN/SS1 28 + 1 MBRS1100T3 VPULL-UP (<7V) PGOOD 0.1µF M3 M4 D2 MBRM 140T3 VOUT2 3.3V 5A; 6A PEAK 16 15 L1 6.3µH VIN 7V TO 28V 0.01Ω 0.1µF 1628 F12 VIN: 7V TO 28V VOUT: 5V, 3A/3.3V, 6A, 12V, 150mA SWITCHING FREQUENCY = 300kHz MI, M2, M3, M4: NDS8410A L1: SUMIDA CEP123-6R3MC T1: 10µH 1:1.8 — DALE LPE6562-A262 GAPPED E-CORE OR BH ELECTRONICS #501-0657 GAPPED TOROID Figure 12. LTC1628-SYNC High Efficiency Low Noise 5V/3A, 3.3V/5A, 12V/120mA Regulator 29 LTC1628-SYNC U TYPICAL APPLICATIO S 0.1µF 27pF 20k 1% 10k 2 1000pF 105k 1% 3 4 0.01µF 5 1000pF fSYNC 9 3.3V 10 11 220pF 12 20k 1% 27pF TG1 SENSE1 – SW1 VOSENSE1 BOOST1 PLLFLTR VIN BG1 PLLIN 13 63.4k 1% 1000pF 14 PGND 3.3VOUT ITH2 BG2 BOOST2 VOSENSE2 SW2 SENSE2 – TG2 SENSE2 + RUN/SS2 VOUT1 5V 3A; 4A PEAK 26 M1A 0.1µF 25 M1B D1 MBRM 140T3 24 47µF 6.3V 23 10Ω CMDSH-3TR FCB SGND 0.015Ω 20 22µF 50V 0.1µF 1µF 10V GND + 220pF 33pF 15k SENSE1 + L1 8µH PGOOD 27 22 EXTVCC LTC1628-SYNC 21 8 INTVCC ITH1 7 15k PGOOD + 33pF 6 RUN/SS1 VPULL-UP (<7V) 28 + 1 4.7µF 56µF, 4V 19 CMDSH-3TR 18 17 0.1µF M2A M2B D2 MBRM 140T3 16 15 L2 8µH 0.015Ω 0.1µF 1628 F13 VIN: 5.2V TO 28V VOUT: 5V, 4A/3.3V, 4A SWITCHING FREQUENCY = 300kHz MI, M2: FDS8936A L1, L2: 8µH SUMIDA CEP1238R0MC OUTPUT CAPACITORS: PANASONIC SP SERIES Figure 13. LTC1628-SYNC 5V/4A, 3.3V/4A Regulator with External Frequency Synchronization 30 VIN 5.2V TO 28V VOUT2 3.3V 3A; 4A PEAK LTC1628-SYNC U PACKAGE DESCRIPTIO Dimensions in inches (millimeters) unless otherwise noted. G Package 28-Lead Plastic SSOP (0.209) (LTC DWG # 05-08-1640) 10.07 – 10.33* (0.397 – 0.407) 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 7.65 – 7.90 (0.301 – 0.311) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 5.20 – 5.38** (0.205 – 0.212) 1.73 – 1.99 (0.068 – 0.078) 0° – 8° 0.13 – 0.22 (0.005 – 0.009) 0.55 – 0.95 (0.022 – 0.037) NOTE: DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS *DIMENSIONS DO NOT INCLUDE MOLD FLASH. MOLD FLASH SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.152mm (0.006") PER SIDE **DIMENSIONS DO NOT INCLUDE INTERLEAD FLASH. INTERLEAD FLASH SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.254mm (0.010") PER SIDE 0.65 (0.0256) BSC 0.25 – 0.38 (0.010 – 0.015) Information furnished by Linear Technology Corporation is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed for its use. Linear Technology Corporation makes no representation that the interconnection of its circuits as described herein will not infringe on existing patent rights. 0.05 – 0.21 (0.002 – 0.008) G28 SSOP 1098 31 LTC1628-SYNC U TYPICAL APPLICATIO IIN 12VIN CIN I1 PHASMD OPEN TG1 U1 TG2 LTC1629 90° 0° IIN* BUCK: 2.5V/15A 180° BUCK: 2.5V/15A I1 2.5VO/30A I2 CLKOUT I2 I3 I3 TG1 U2 TG2 LTC1628-SYNC 90° PLLIN 90° BUCK: 1.5V/15A 270° BUCK: 1.8V/15A 1.5VO/15A I4 1.8VO/15A I4 1628 F14 *INPUT RIPPLE CURRENT CANCELLATION INCREASES THE RIPPLE FREQUENCY AND REDUCES THE RMS INPUT RIPPLE CURRENT THUS, SAVING INPUT CAPACITORS Figure 14. Multioutput Multiphase Application RELATED PARTS PART NUMBER LTC1438/LTC1439 LTC1438-ADJ LTC1538-AUX LTC1539 LTC1530 LTC1625/LTC1775 LTC1629/ LTC1629-PG LTC1702 LTC1703 COMMENTS POR, Auxiliary Regulator POR, External Feedback Divider Auxiliary Regulator, 5V Standby 5V Standby, POR, Low-Battery, Aux Regulator High Efficiency 5V to 3.3V Conversion at Up to 15A 97% Efficiency, No Sense Resistor, 16-Pin SSOP Expandable from 2-Phase to 12-Phase, Uses All Surface Mount Components, No Heat Sink No RSENSE 2-Phase Dual Synchronous Step-Down Controller 550kHz, No Sense Resistor No RSENSE 2-Phase Dual Synchronous Step-Down Controller Mobile Pentium® III Processors, 550kHz, with 5-Bit Mobile VID Control VIN ≤ 7V LTC1708-PG 2-Phase, Dual Synchronous Controller with Mobile VID 3.5V ≤ VIN ≤ 36V, VID Sets VOUT1, PGOOD LT1709/ High Efficiency, 2-Phase Synchronous Step-Down Switching Regulators 1.3V ≤ VOUT ≤ 3.5V, Current Mode Ensures LT1709-8 with 5-Bit VID Accurate Current Sharing, 3.5V ≤ VIN ≤ 36V LTC1735 High Efficiency Synchronous Step-Down Switching Regulator Output Fault Protection, 16-Pin SSOP LTC1736 High Efficiency Synchronous Controller with 5-Bit Mobile VID Control Output Fault Protection, 24-Pin SSOP, 3.5V ≤ VIN ≤ 36V LTC1929/ 2-Phase Synchronous Controllers Up to 42A, Uses All Surface Mount Components, LTC1929-PG No Heat Sinks, 3.5V ≤ VIN ≤ 36V Adaptive Power, No RSENSE and PolyPhase are trademarks of Linear Technology Corporation. Pentium is a registered trademark of Intel Corporation. 32 DESCRIPTION Dual High Efficiency Low Noise Synchronous Step-Down Switching Regulators Dual Synchronous Controller with Auxiliary Regulator Dual High Efficiency Low Noise Synchronous Step-Down Switching Regulator Dual High Efficiency Low Noise Synchronous Step-Down Switching Regulator High Power Step-Down Synchronous DC/DC Controller in SO-8 No RSENSETM Current Mode Synchronous Step-Down Controllers 20A to 200A PolyPhaseTM Synchronous Controllers Linear Technology Corporation 1630 McCarthy Blvd., Milpitas, CA 95035-7417 (408)432-1900 ● FAX: (408) 434-0507 ● www.linear-tech.com 1628sf LT/TP 0700 4K • PRINTED IN USA LINEAR TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION 1998