PIC16F688 Data Sheet 14-Pin Flash-Based, 8-Bit CMOS Microcontrollers with nanoWatt Technology © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D Note the following details of the code protection feature on Microchip devices: • Microchip products meet the specification contained in their particular Microchip Data Sheet. • Microchip believes that its family of products is one of the most secure families of its kind on the market today, when used in the intended manner and under normal conditions. • There are dishonest and possibly illegal methods used to breach the code protection feature. All of these methods, to our knowledge, require using the Microchip products in a manner outside the operating specifications contained in Microchip’s Data Sheets. Most likely, the person doing so is engaged in theft of intellectual property. • Microchip is willing to work with the customer who is concerned about the integrity of their code. • Neither Microchip nor any other semiconductor manufacturer can guarantee the security of their code. Code protection does not mean that we are guaranteeing the product as “unbreakable.” Code protection is constantly evolving. We at Microchip are committed to continuously improving the code protection features of our products. Attempts to break Microchip’s code protection feature may be a violation of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. If such acts allow unauthorized access to your software or other copyrighted work, you may have a right to sue for relief under that Act. Information contained in this publication regarding device applications and the like is provided only for your convenience and may be superseded by updates. It is your responsibility to ensure that your application meets with your specifications. MICROCHIP MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND WHETHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, WRITTEN OR ORAL, STATUTORY OR OTHERWISE, RELATED TO THE INFORMATION, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ITS CONDITION, QUALITY, PERFORMANCE, MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR PURPOSE. Microchip disclaims all liability arising from this information and its use. Use of Microchip devices in life support and/or safety applications is entirely at the buyer’s risk, and the buyer agrees to defend, indemnify and hold harmless Microchip from any and all damages, claims, suits, or expenses resulting from such use. No licenses are conveyed, implicitly or otherwise, under any Microchip intellectual property rights. Trademarks The Microchip name and logo, the Microchip logo, Accuron, dsPIC, KEELOQ, KEELOQ logo, microID, MPLAB, PIC, PICmicro, PICSTART, PRO MATE, PowerSmart, rfPIC, and SmartShunt are registered trademarks of Microchip Technology Incorporated in the U.S.A. and other countries. AmpLab, FilterLab, Linear Active Thermistor, Migratable Memory, MXDEV, MXLAB, PS logo, SEEVAL, SmartSensor and The Embedded Control Solutions Company are registered trademarks of Microchip Technology Incorporated in the U.S.A. Analog-for-the-Digital Age, Application Maestro, CodeGuard, dsPICDEM, dsPICDEM.net, dsPICworks, ECAN, ECONOMONITOR, FanSense, FlexROM, fuzzyLAB, In-Circuit Serial Programming, ICSP, ICEPIC, Mindi, MiWi, MPASM, MPLAB Certified logo, MPLIB, MPLINK, PICkit, PICDEM, PICDEM.net, PICLAB, PICtail, PowerCal, PowerInfo, PowerMate, PowerTool, REAL ICE, rfLAB, rfPICDEM, Select Mode, Smart Serial, SmartTel, Total Endurance, UNI/O, WiperLock and ZENA are trademarks of Microchip Technology Incorporated in the U.S.A. and other countries. SQTP is a service mark of Microchip Technology Incorporated in the U.S.A. All other trademarks mentioned herein are property of their respective companies. © 2007, Microchip Technology Incorporated, Printed in the U.S.A., All Rights Reserved. Printed on recycled paper. Microchip received ISO/TS-16949:2002 certification for its worldwide headquarters, design and wafer fabrication facilities in Chandler and Tempe, Arizona, Gresham, Oregon and Mountain View, California. The Company’s quality system processes and procedures are for its PIC® MCUs and dsPIC® DSCs, KEELOQ® code hopping devices, Serial EEPROMs, microperipherals, nonvolatile memory and analog products. In addition, Microchip’s quality system for the design and manufacture of development systems is ISO 9001:2000 certified. DS41203D-page ii © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 14-Pin Flash-Based, 8-Bit CMOS Microcontrollers with nanoWatt Technology High-Performance RISC CPU: Low-Power Features: • Only 35 instructions to learn: - All single-cycle instructions except branches • Operating speed: - DC – 20 MHz oscillator/clock input - DC – 200 ns instruction cycle • Interrupt capability • 8-level deep hardware stack • Direct, Indirect and Relative Addressing modes • Standby Current: - 50 nA @ 2.0V, typical • Operating Current: - 11 μA @ 32 kHz, 2.0V, typical - 220 μA @ 4 MHz, 2.0V, typical • Watchdog Timer Current: - 1 μA @ 2.0V, typical Peripheral Features: Special Microcontroller Features: • 12 I/O pins with individual direction control: - High-current source/sink for direct LED drive - Interrupt-on-change pin - Individually programmable weak pull-ups - Ultra Low-Power Wake-up • Analog Comparator module with: - Two analog comparators - Programmable On-chip Voltage Reference (CVREF) module (% of VDD) - Comparator inputs and outputs externally accessible • A/D Converter: - 10-bit resolution and 8 channels • Timer0: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit programmable prescaler • Enhanced Timer1: - 16-bit timer/counter with prescaler - External Timer1 Gate (count enable) - Option to use OSC1 and OSC2 in LP mode as Timer1 oscillator if INTOSC mode selected • Enhanced USART Module: - Supports RS-485, RS-232, and LIN 1.2 - Auto-Baud Detect - Auto-wake-up on Start bit • In-Circuit Serial Programming™ (ICSP™) via two pins • Precision Internal Oscillator: - Factory calibrated to ±1% - Software selectable frequency range of 8 MHz to 125 kHz - Software tunable - Two-Speed Start-Up mode - Crystal fail detect for critical applications - Clock mode switching during operation for power savings • Power-Saving Sleep mode • Wide operating voltage range (2.0V-5.5V) • Industrial and Extended temperature range • Power-on Reset (POR) • Power-up Timer (PWRT) and Oscillator Start-up Timer (OST) • Brown-out Reset (BOR) with software control option • Enhanced Low-Current Watchdog Timer (WDT) with on-chip oscillator (software selectable nominal 268 seconds with full prescaler) with software enable • Multiplexed Master Clear with weak pull-up or input only pin • Programmable code protection • High-Endurance Flash/EEPROM cell: - 100,000 write Flash endurance - 1,000,000 write EEPROM endurance - Flash/Data EEPROM retention: > 40 years Program Memory Data Memory Device PIC16F688 Flash (words) SRAM (bytes) EEPROM (bytes) 4096 256 256 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. I/O 10-bit A/D (ch) Comparators Timers 8/16-bit 12 8 2 1/1 DS41203D-page 1 PIC16F688 Pin Diagram (PDIP, SOIC, TSSOP) 14-pin PDIP, SOIC, TSSOP 1 14 VSS RA5/T1CKI/OSC1/CLKIN 2 13 RA0/AN0/C1IN+/ICSPDAT/ULPWU RA4/AN3/T1G/OSC2/CLKOUT 3 12 RA1/AN1/C1IN-/VREF/ICSPCLK RA3/MCLR/VPP 4 11 RA2/AN2/T0CKI/INT/C1OUT RC5/RX/DT 5 10 RC0/AN4/C2IN+ RC4/C2OUT/TX/CK 6 9 RC1/AN5/C2IN- RC3/AN7 7 8 RC2/AN6 TABLE 1: I/O PIC16F688 VDD PIC16F688 14-PIN SUMMARY (PDIP, SOIC, TSSOP) Pin Analog Comparators Timers EUSART Interrupt Pull-up Basic RA0 13 AN0/ULPWU C1IN+ — — IOC Y ICSPDAT RA1 12 AN1 C1IN- — — IOC Y VREF/ICSPCLK RA2 11 AN2 C1OUT T0CKI — IOC/INT Y — RA3 4 — — — — IOC Y(1) MCLR/VPP RA4 3 AN3 — T1G — IOC Y OSC2/CLKOUT RA5 2 — — T1CKI — IOC Y OSC1/CLKIN RC0 10 AN4 C2IN+ — — — — — RC1 9 AN5 C2IN- — — — — — RC2 8 AN6 — — — — — — RC3 7 AN7 — — — — — — RC4 6 — C2OUT — TX/CK — — — RC5 5 — — — RX/DT — — — — 1 — — — — — — VDD — 14 — — — — — — VSS Note 1: Pull-up activated only with external MCLR configuration. DS41203D-page 2 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 Pin Diagram (QFN) TABLE 2: NC VSS 14 13 2 NC RA4/AN3/T1G/OSC2/CLKOUT 15 1 VDD RA5/T1CKI/OSC1/CLKIN 16 16-pin QFN PIC16F688 12 RA0/AN0/C1IN+/ICSPDAT/ULPWU 11 RA1/AN1/C1IN-/VREF/ICSPCLK RA2/AN2/T0CKI/INT/C1OUT 7 8 RC1/AN5/C2IN- 9 RC2/AN6 4 6 RC5/RX/DT RC3/AN7 10 5 3 RC4/C2OUT/TX/CK RA3/MCLR/VPP RC0/AN4/C2IN+ PIC16F688 16-PIN SUMMARY (QFN) I/O Pin Analog Comparators Timers EUSART Interrupt Pull-up Basic RA0 12 AN0/ULPWU C1IN+ — — IOC Y ICSPDAT RA1 11 AN1 C1IN- — — IOC Y VREF/ICSPCLK RA2 10 AN2 C1OUT T0CKI — IOC/INT Y — MCLR/VPP — — IOC Y(1) — T1G — IOC Y OSC2/CLKOUT — T1CKI — IOC Y OSC1/CLKIN RA3 3 — — RA4 2 AN3 RA5 1 — RC0 9 AN4 C2IN+ — — — — — RC1 8 AN5 C2IN- — — — — — RC2 7 AN6 — — — — — — RC3 6 AN7 — — — — — — RC4 5 — C2OUT — TX/CK — — — RC5 4 — — — RX/DT — — — — 16 — — — — — — VDD — 13 — — — — — — VSS — 14 — — — — — — NC — 15 — — — — — — NC Note 1: Pull-up activated only with external MCLR configuration. © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 3 PIC16F688 Table of Contents 1.0 Device Overview ......................................................................................................................................................................... 5 2.0 Memory Organization .................................................................................................................................................................. 7 3.0 Clock Sources ........................................................................................................................................................................... 21 4.0 I/O Ports .................................................................................................................................................................................... 33 5.0 Timer0 Module .......................................................................................................................................................................... 45 6.0 Timer1 Module with Gate Control.............................................................................................................................................. 49 7.0 Comparator Module................................................................................................................................................................... 55 8.0 Analog-to-Digital Converter (A/D) Module ................................................................................................................................. 65 9.0 Data EEPROM and Flash Program Memory Control ................................................................................................................ 77 10.0 Enhanced Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (EUSART) ...................................................................................... 83 11.0 Special Features of the CPU ................................................................................................................................................... 109 12.0 Instruction Set Summary ......................................................................................................................................................... 129 13.0 Development Support .............................................................................................................................................................. 139 14.0 Electrical Specifications........................................................................................................................................................... 143 15.0 DC and AC Characteristics Graphs and Tables ...................................................................................................................... 163 16.0 Packaging Information............................................................................................................................................................. 185 Appendix A: Data Sheet Revision History......................................................................................................................................... 191 Appendix B: Migrating from other PIC® Devices .............................................................................................................................. 191 Index ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 193 On-line Support ................................................................................................................................................................................. 197 Systems Information and Upgrade Hot Line ..................................................................................................................................... 197 Reader Response ............................................................................................................................................................................. 198 Product Identification System............................................................................................................................................................ 199 TO OUR VALUED CUSTOMERS It is our intention to provide our valued customers with the best documentation possible to ensure successful use of your Microchip products. To this end, we will continue to improve our publications to better suit your needs. Our publications will be refined and enhanced as new volumes and updates are introduced. If you have any questions or comments regarding this publication, please contact the Marketing Communications Department via E-mail at [email protected] or fax the Reader Response Form in the back of this data sheet to (480) 792-4150. We welcome your feedback. Most Current Data Sheet To obtain the most up-to-date version of this data sheet, please register at our Worldwide Web site at: http://www.microchip.com You can determine the version of a data sheet by examining its literature number found on the bottom outside corner of any page. The last character of the literature number is the version number, (e.g., DS30000A is version A of document DS30000). Errata An errata sheet, describing minor operational differences from the data sheet and recommended workarounds, may exist for current devices. As device/documentation issues become known to us, we will publish an errata sheet. The errata will specify the revision of silicon and revision of document to which it applies. To determine if an errata sheet exists for a particular device, please check with one of the following: • Microchip’s Worldwide Web site; http://www.microchip.com • Your local Microchip sales office (see last page) When contacting a sales office, please specify which device, revision of silicon and data sheet (include literature number) you are using. Customer Notification System Register on our web site at www.microchip.com to receive the most current information on all of our products. DS41203D-page 4 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 1.0 DEVICE OVERVIEW The PIC16F688 is covered by this data sheet. It is available in 14-pin PDIP, SOIC, TSSOP and QFN packages. Figure 1-1 shows a block diagram of the PIC16F688 device. Table 1-1 shows the pinout description. FIGURE 1-1: PIC16F688 BLOCK DIAGRAM INT Configuration 13 8 Data Bus PORTA Program Counter Flash 4k x 14 Program Memory Program Bus RA0 RA1 RA2 RAM 256 bytes File Registers 8-Level Stack (13 bit) 14 RAM Addr RA3 RA4 RA5 9 Addr MUX Instruction Reg 7 Direct Addr PORTC Indirect Addr 8 RC0 RC1 FSR Reg RC2 RC3 STATUS Reg 8 RC4 RC5 3 MUX Power-up Timer Instruction Decode & Control Oscillator Start-up Timer Power-on Reset Timing Generation OSC1/CLKIN ALU 8 Watchdog Timer W Reg Brown-out Reset OSC2/CLKOUT Internal Oscillator Block T1G RX/DT MCLR VDD TX/CK VSS T1CKI Timer0 Timer1 EUSART T0CKI Analog-to-Digital Converter 2 Analog Comparators and Reference EEDAT 8 256 bytes DATA EEPROM EEADDR VREF AN0 AN1 AN2 AN3 AN4 AN5 AN6 AN7 C1IN- C1IN+ C1OUT C2IN- C2IN+ C2OUT © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 5 PIC16F688 TABLE 1-1: PIC16F688 PINOUT DESCRIPTION Name RA0/AN0/C1IN+/ICSPDAT/ULPWU RA1/AN1/C1IN-/VREF/ICSPCLK RA2/AN2/T0CKI/INT/C1OUT RA3/MCLR/VPP RA4/AN3/T1G/OSC2/CLKOUT RA5/T1CKI/OSC1/CLKIN RC0/AN4/C2IN+ RC1/AN5/C2IN- RC2/AN6 RC3/AN7 RC4/C2OUT/TX/CK RC5/RX/DT Function Input Type Output Type Description RA0 TTL CMOS AN0 AN — PORTA I/O w/prog pull-up and interrupt-on-change A/D Channel 0 input C1IN+ AN — Comparator 1 input ICSPDAT TTL CMOS ULPWU AN — RA1 TTL CMOS Serial Programming Data I/O Ultra Low-Power Wake-up input PORTA I/O w/prog pull-up and interrupt-on-change AN1 AN — A/D Channel 1 input C1IN- AN — Comparator 1 input VREF AN — External Voltage Reference for A/D ICSPCLK ST — Serial Programming Clock RA2 ST CMOS AN2 AN — PORTA I/O w/prog pull-up and interrupt-on-change A/D Channel 2 input T0CKI ST — Timer0 clock input INT ST — External Interrupt C1OUT — CMOS RA3 TTL — MCLR ST — Master Clear w/internal pull-up VPP HV — Programming voltage RA4 TTL CMOS AN3 AN — T1G ST — OSC2 — XTAL Crystal/Resonator CLKOUT — CMOS FOSC/4 output PORTA I/O w/prog pull-up and interrupt-on-change Comparator 1 output PORTA input with interrupt-on-change PORTA I/O w/prog pull-up and interrupt-on-change A/D Channel 3 input Timer1 gate RA5 TTL CMOS T1CKI ST — Timer1 clock OSC1 XTAL — Crystal/Resonator External clock input/RC oscillator connection CLKIN ST — RC0 TTL CMOS AN4 AN — C2IN+ AN RC1 TTL CMOS AN5 AN — PORTC I/O A/D Channel 4 input Comparator 2 input PORTC I/O A/D Channel 5 input C2IN- AN RC2 TTL CMOS Comparator 2 input AN6 AN — RC3 TTL CMOS AN7 AN — RC4 TTL CMOS PORTC I/O C2OUT — CMOS Comparator 2 output PORTC I/O A/D Channel 6 input PORTC I/O A/D Channel 7 input TX — CMOS USART asynchronous output CK ST CMOS USART asynchronous clock RC5 TTL CMOS Port C I/O RX ST CMOS USART asynchronous input USART asynchronous data DT ST CMOS VSS VSS Power — Ground reference VDD VDD Power — Positive supply Legend: AN TTL HV DS41203D-page 6 = Analog input or output = TTL compatible input = High Voltage CMOS = CMOS compatible input or output ST = Schmitt Trigger input with CMOS levels XTAL = Crystal OC = Open collector output © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 2.0 MEMORY ORGANIZATION 2.1 Program Memory Organization The PIC16F688 has a 13-bit program counter capable of addressing a 4K x 14 program memory space. Only the first 4K x 14 (0000h-01FFF) for the PIC16F688 is physically implemented. Accessing a location above these boundaries will cause a wraparound within the first 4K x 14 space. The Reset vector is at 0000h and the interrupt vector is at 0004h (see Figure 2-1). FIGURE 2-1: PROGRAM MEMORY MAP AND STACK FOR THE PIC16F688 PC<12:0> CALL, RETURN RETFIE, RETLW 13 Stack Level 1 2.2 Data Memory Organization The data memory is partitioned into multiple banks, which contain the General Purpose Registers (GPR) and the Special Function Registers (SFR). Bits RP0 and RP1 are bank select bits. RP1 RP0 0 0 → Bank 0 is selected 0 1 → Bank 1 is selected 1 0 → Bank 2 is selected 1 1 → Bank 3 is selected Each bank extends up to 7Fh (128 bytes). The lower locations of each bank are reserved for the Special Function Registers. Above the Special Function Registers are the General Purpose Registers, implemented as static RAM. All implemented banks contain Special Function Registers. Some frequently used Special Function Registers from one bank are mirrored in another bank for code reduction and quicker access. Stack Level 2 2.2.1 Stack Level 8 The register file is organized as 256 x 8 in the PIC16F688. Each register is accessed, either directly or indirectly, through the File Select Register (FSR) (see Section 2.4 “Indirect Addressing, INDF and FSR Registers”). Reset Vector 0000h Interrupt Vector 0004h SPECIAL FUNCTION REGISTERS 0005h The Special Function Registers are registers used by the CPU and peripheral functions for controlling the desired operation of the device (see Tables 2-1, 2-2, 2-3 and 2-4). These registers are static RAM. 01FFh The special registers can be classified into two sets: core and peripheral. The Special Function Registers associated with the “core” are described in this section. Those related to the operation of the peripheral features are described in the section of that peripheral feature. On-chip Program Memory 02000h Wraps to 0000h-07FFh 1FFFh © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. 2.2.2 GENERAL PURPOSE REGISTER FILE DS41203D-page 7 PIC16F688 FIGURE 2-2: PIC16F688 SPECIAL FUNCTION REGISTERS File Address Indirect addr. (1) 00h TMR0 01h PCL 02h STATUS 03h FSR 04h PORTA 05h 06h PORTC 07h 08h 09h PCLATH 0Ah INTCON 0Bh PIR1 0Ch 0Dh TMR1L 0Eh TMR1H 0Fh T1CON 10h BAUDCTL 11h SPBRGH 12h SPBRG 13h RCREG 14h TXREG 15h TXSTA 16h RCSTA 17h WDTCON 18h CMCON0 19h CMCON1 1Ah 1Bh 1Ch 1Dh ADRESH 1Eh ADCON0 1Fh 20h File Address Indirect addr. (1) 80h OPTION_REG 81h PCL 82h STATUS 83h FSR 84h TRISA 85h 86h TRISC 87h 88h 89h PCLATH 8Ah INTCON 8Bh PIE1 8Ch 8Dh PCON 8Eh OSCCON 8Fh OSCTUNE 90h ANSEL 91h 92h 93h 94h WPUA 95h IOCA 96h EEDATH 97h EEADRH 98h VRCON 99h EEDAT 9Ah EEADR 9Bh EECON1 9Ch EECON2(1) 9Dh ADRESL 9Eh ADCON1 9Fh A0h File Address Indirect addr. (1) 100h TMR0 101h PCL 102h STATUS 103h FSR 104h PORTA 105h 106h PORTC 107h 108h 109h PCLATH 10Ah INTCON 10Bh 10Ch 10Dh 10Eh 10Fh 110h 111h 112h 113h 114h 115h 116h 117h 118h 119h 11Ah 11Bh 11Ch 11Dh 11Eh 11Fh 120h General Purpose Register General Purpose Register General Purpose Register 80 Bytes 96 Bytes 7Fh Bank 0 accesses Bank 0 File Address Indirect addr. (1) 180h OPTION_REG 181h PCL 182h STATUS 183h FSR 184h TRISA 185h 186h TRISC 187h 188h 189h PCLATH 18Ah INTCON 18Bh 18Ch 18Dh 18Eh 18Fh 190h 191h 192h 193h 194h 195h 196h 197h 198h 199h 19Ah 19Bh 19Ch 19Dh 19Eh 19Fh 1A0h 80 Bytes EFh F0h FFh Bank 1 accesses Bank 0 Bank 2 16Fh 170h 17Fh accesses Bank 0 1EFh 1F0h 1FFh Bank 3 Unimplemented data memory locations, read as ‘0’. Note 1: Not a physical register. DS41203D-page 8 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 TABLE 2-1: Addr Name PIC16F688 SPECIAL REGISTERS SUMMARY BANK 0 Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Value on POR/BOR Page Bank 0 00h INDF Addressing this location uses contents of FSR to address data memory (not a physical register) xxxx xxxx 20, 117 01h TMR0 Timer0 Module’s register xxxx xxxx 45, 117 02h PCL Program Counter’s (PC) Least Significant Byte 0000 0000 19, 117 03h STATUS 0001 1xxx 13, 117 04h FSR 05h PORTA 06h 07h IRP RP1 RP0 TO PD Z DC C Indirect Data Memory Address Pointer — PORTC — — — 20, 117 33, 117 RA5 RA4 RA3 RA2 RA1 RA0 --x0 x000 — — RC5 RC4 RC3 RC2 RC1 RC0 --xx 0000 42, 117 — Unimplemented — xxxx xxxx 08h — Unimplemented — 09h — Unimplemented — — ---0 0000 19, 117 0Ah PCLATH — — — 0Bh INTCON GIE PEIE T0IE INTE RAIE T0IF INTF RAIF(2) 0000 000x 15, 117 0Ch PIR1 EEIF ADIF RCIF C2IF C1IF OSFIF TXIF TMR1IF 0000 0000 17, 117 Write Buffer for upper 5 bits of Program Counter 0Dh — 0Eh TMR1L Unimplemented Holding Register for the Least Significant Byte of the 16-bit TMR1 0Fh TMR1H Holding Register for the Most Significant Byte of the 16-bit TMR1 10h T1CON 11h 12h — — xxxx xxxx 48, 117 xxxx xxxx 48, 117 T1GINV TMR1GE T1CKPS1 T1CKPS0 T1OSCEN T1SYNC TMR1CS TMR1ON 0000 0000 51, 117 BAUDCTL ABDOVF RCIDL — SCKP BRG16 — WUE ABDEN 01-0 0-00 94, 117 SPBRGH USART Baud Rate High Generator 0000 0000 95, 117 13h SPBRG USART Baud Rate Generator 0000 0000 95, 117 14h RCREG USART Receive Register 0000 0000 87, 117 15h TXREG USART Transmit Register 0000 0000 87, 117 16h TXSTA CSRC TX9 TXEN SYNC SENDB BRGH TRMT TX9D 0000 0010 92, 117 17h RCSTA SPEN RX9 SREN CREN ADDEN FERR OERR RX9D 0000 000x 93, 117 18h WDTCON — — — WDTPS3 WDTPS2 WDTPS1 WDTPS0 SWDTEN ---0 1000 124, 117 19h CMCON0 C2OUT C1OUT C2INV C1INV CIS CM2 CM1 CM0 0000 0000 61, 117 1Ah CMCON1 — — — — — — T1GSS C2SYNC ---- --10 62, 117 1Bh — Unimplemented — — 1Ch — Unimplemented — — 1Dh — Unimplemented — — xxxx xxxx 72, 117 00-0 0000 71, 117 1Eh ADRESH 1Fh ADCON0 Legend: Note 1: 2: Most Significant 8 bits of the left shifted A/D result or 2 bits of right shifted result ADFM VCFG — CHS2 CHS1 CHS0 GO/DONE ADON – = Unimplemented locations read as ‘0’, u = unchanged, x = unknown, q = value depends on condition, shaded = unimplemented Other (non Power-up) Resets include MCLR Reset and Watchdog Timer Reset during normal operation. MCLR and WDT Reset does not affect the previous value data latch. The RAIF bit will be cleared upon Reset but will set again if the mismatched exists. © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 9 PIC16F688 TABLE 2-2: Addr PIC16F688 SPECIAL FUNCTION REGISTERS SUMMARY BANK 1 Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Value on POR/BOR Page xxxx xxxx 20, 117 1111 1111 14, 117 Bank 1 80h INDF 81h OPTION_REG 82h PCL 83h STATUS 84h FSR 85h TRISA RAPU INTEDG T0CS T0SE PSA PS2 PS1 PS0 Program Counter’s (PC) Least Significant Byte IRP RP1 TO PD Z DC C TRISA4 TRISA3 TRISA2 TRISA1 TRISA0 RP0 Indirect Data Memory Address Pointer 86h 87h Addressing this location uses contents of FSR to address data memory (not a physical register) — TRISC — — TRISA5 Unimplemented — — TRISC5 TRISC4 TRISC3 TRISC2 TRISC1 TRISC0 0000 0000 19, 117 0001 1xxx 13, 117 xxxx xxxx 20, 117 --11 1111 33, 117 — — --11 1111 42, 117 — 88h — Unimplemented — 89h — Unimplemented — — 8Ah PCLATH — — — ---0 0000 19, 117 8Bh INTCON GIE PEIE T0IE INTE RAIE T0IF INTF RAIF(3) 0000 000x 15, 117 8Ch PIE1 EEIE ADIE RCIE C2IE C1IE OSFIE TXIE TMR1IE 0000 0000 16, 117 8Dh — Write Buffer for upper 5 bits of Program Counter Unimplemented — POR — — BOR --01 --qq 18, 117 8Eh PCON — — ULPWUE SBOREN — 8Fh OSCCON — IRCF2 IRCF1 IRCF0 OSTS HTS LTS SCS -110 x000 22, 118 90h OSCTUNE — — — TUN4 TUN3 TUN2 TUN1 TUN0 ---0 0000 26, 118 91h ANSEL ANS7 ANS6 ANS5 ANS4 ANS3 ANS2 ANS1 ANS0 1111 1111 34, 118 92h — Unimplemented — — 93h — Unimplemented — — 94h — Unimplemented — — 95h WPUA(2) — — WPUA0 --11 -111 35, 118 WPUA5 WPUA4 — WPUA2 WPUA1 96h IOCA — — IOCA5 IOCA4 IOCA3 IOCA2 IOCA1 IOCA0 --00 0000 35, 118 97h EEDATH — — EEDATH5 EEDATH4 EEDATH3 EEDATH2 EEDATH1 EEDATH0 --00 0000 78, 118 98h EEADRH — — — — EEADRH3 EEADRH2 EEADRH1 EEADRH0 ---- 0000 78, 118 99h VRCON VREN — VRR — VR3 VR2 VR1 VR0 0-0- 0000 63, 118 9Ah EEDAT EEDAT7 EEDAT6 EEDAT5 EEDAT4 EEDAT3 EEDAT2 EEDAT1 EEDAT0 0000 0000 78, 118 9Bh EEADR EEADR7 EEADR6 EEADR5 EEADR4 EEADR3 EEADR2 EEADR1 EEADR0 0000 0000 78, 118 9Ch EECON1 EEPGD — — — WRERR WREN WR RD x--- x000 79, 118 9Dh EECON2 EEPROM Control 2 Register (not a physical register) ---- ---- 77, 118 9Eh ADRESL Least Significant 2 bits of the left shifted result or 8 bits of the right shifted result xxxx xxxx 72, 118 9Fh ADCON1 -000 ---- 71, 118 Legend: Note 1: 2: 3: — ADCS2 ADCS1 ADCS0 — — — — – = Unimplemented locations read as ‘0’, u = unchanged, x = unknown, q = value depends on condition, shaded = unimplemented Other (non Power-up) Resets include MCLR Reset and Watchdog Timer Reset during normal operation. RA3 pull-up is enabled when pin is configured as MCLR in the Configuration Word register. MCLR and WDT Reset does not affect the previous value data latch. The RAIF bit will be cleared upon Reset but will set again if the mismatched exists. DS41203D-page 10 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 TABLE 2-3: Addr Name PIC16F688 SPECIAL REGISTERS SUMMARY BANK 2 Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Value on POR/BOR Page Bank 2 100h INDF Addressing this location uses contents of FSR to address data memory (not a physical register) xxxx xxxx 20, 117 101h TMR0 Timer0 Module’s register xxxx xxxx 45, 117 102h PCL Program Counter’s (PC) Least Significant Byte 103h STATUS 104h FSR 105h PORTA 106h — 107h IRP RP1 RP0 TO PD Z DC C RA4 RA3 RA2 RA1 RA0 Indirect Data Memory Address Pointer PORTC — — RA5 Unimplemented — — RC5 RC4 RC3 RC2 RC1 RC0 0000 0000 19, 117 0001 1xxx 13, 117 xxxx xxxx 20, 117 --x0 x000 33, 117 — — --xx 0000 42, 117 — 108h — Unimplemented — 109h — Unimplemented — — ---0 0000 19, 117 10Ah PCLATH — — — 10Bh INTCON GIE PEIE T0IE Write Buffer for upper 5 bits of Program Counter INTE RAIE T0IF INTF RAIF(2) 0000 000x 15, 117 10Ch — Unimplemented — — 10Dh — Unimplemented — — 10Eh — Unimplemented — — 10Fh — Unimplemented — — 110h — Unimplemented — — 111h — Unimplemented — — 112h — Unimplemented — — 113h — Unimplemented — — 114h — Unimplemented — — 115h — Unimplemented — — 116h — Unimplemented — — 117h — Unimplemented — — 118h — Unimplemented — — 119h — Unimplemented — — 11Ah — Unimplemented — — 11Bh — Unimplemented — — 11Ch — Unimplemented — — 11Dh — Unimplemented — — 11Eh — Unimplemented — — 11Fh — Unimplemented — — Legend: Note 1: 2: – = Unimplemented locations read as ‘0’, u = unchanged, x = unknown, q = value depends on condition, shaded = unimplemented Other (non Power-up) Resets include MCLR Reset and Watchdog Timer Reset during normal operation. MCLR and WDT Reset does not affect the previous value data latch. The RAIF bit will be cleared upon Reset but will set again if the mismatched exists. © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 11 PIC16F688 TABLE 2-4: Addr PIC16F688 SPECIAL FUNCTION REGISTERS SUMMARY BANK 3 Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Value on POR/BOR Page xxxx xxxx 20, 117 Bank 3 180h INDF 181h OPTION_REG 182h PCL 183h STATUS 184h FSR 185h TRISA 186h 187h Addressing this location uses contents of FSR to address data memory (not a physical register) RAPU INTEDG T0CS T0SE PSA PS2 PS1 PS0 Program Counter’s (PC) Least Significant Byte IRP RP1 RP0 TO PD Z DC C Indirect Data Memory Address Pointer — TRISC — — TRISA5 TRISA4 TRISA3 TRISA2 TRISA1 TRISA0 Unimplemented — — TRISC5 TRISC4 TRISC3 TRISC2 TRISC1 TRISC0 1111 1111 14, 117 0000 0000 19, 117 0001 1xxx 13, 117 xxxx xxxx 20, 117 --11 1111 33, 117 — — --11 1111 42, 117 — 188h — Unimplemented — 189h — Unimplemented — — 18Ah PCLATH ---0 0000 19, 117 — — — GIE PEIE T0IE Write Buffer for upper 5 bits of Program Counter RAIF(2) 18Bh INTCON 0000 000x 15, 117 18Ch — Unimplemented — — 18Dh — Unimplemented — — 190h — Unimplemented — — 191h — Unimplemented — — 192h — Unimplemented — — 193h — Unimplemented — — 194h — Unimplemented — — 195h — Unimplemented — — 196h — Unimplemented — — 19Ah — Unimplemented — — 19Bh — Unimplemented — — 199h — Unimplemented — — 19Ah — Unimplemented — — 19Bh — Unimplemented — — 19Ch — Unimplemented — — 19Dh — Unimplemented — — 19Eh — Unimplemented — — 19Fh — Unimplemented — — Legend: Note 1: 2: INTE RAIE T0IF INTF – = Unimplemented locations read as ‘0’, u = unchanged, x = unknown, q = value depends on condition, shaded = unimplemented Other (non Power-up) Resets include MCLR Reset and Watchdog Timer Reset during normal operation. MCLR and WDT Reset does not affect the previous value data latch. The RAIF bit will be cleared upon Reset but will set again if the mismatched exists. DS41203D-page 12 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 2.2.2.1 STATUS Register The STATUS register, shown in Register 2-1, contains: • the arithmetic status of the ALU • the Reset status • the bank select bits for data memory (SRAM) The STATUS register can be the destination for any instruction, like any other register. If the STATUS register is the destination for an instruction that affects the Z, DC or C bits, then the write to these three bits is disabled. These bits are set or cleared according to the device logic. Furthermore, the TO and PD bits are not writable. Therefore, the result of an instruction with the STATUS register as destination may be different than intended. It is recommended, therefore, that only BCF, BSF, SWAPF and MOVWF instructions are used to alter the STATUS register, because these instructions do not affect any Status bits. For other instructions not affecting any Status bits (see Section 12.0 “Instruction Set Summary”). Note 1: Bits IRP and RP1 of the STATUS register are not used by the PIC16F688 and should be maintained as clear. Use of these bits is not recommended, since this may affect upward compatibility with future products. 2: The C and DC bits operate as a Borrow and Digit Borrow out bit, respectively, in subtraction. For example, CLRF STATUS will clear the upper three bits and set the Z bit. This leaves the STATUS register as ‘000u u1uu’ (where u = unchanged). REGISTER 2-1: STATUS: STATUS REGISTER R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R-1 R-1 R/W-x R/W-x R/W-x IRP RP1 RP0 TO PD Z DC(1) C(1) bit 7 bit 0 Legend: R = Readable bit W = Writable bit U = Unimplemented bit, read as ‘0’ -n = Value at POR ‘1’ = Bit is set ‘0’ = Bit is cleared bit 7 IRP: Register Bank Select bit (used for indirect addressing) 1 = Bank 2, 3 (100h-1FFh) 0 = Bank 0, 1 (00h-FFh) bit 6-5 RP<1:0>: Register Bank Select bits (used for direct addressing) 00 = Bank 0 (00h-7Fh) 01 = Bank 1 (80h-FFh) 10 = Bank 2 (100h-17Fh) 11 = Bank 3 (180h-1FFh) bit 4 TO: Time-out bit 1 = After power-up, CLRWDT instruction or SLEEP instruction 0 = A WDT time-out occurred bit 3 PD: Power-down bit 1 = After power-up or by the CLRWDT instruction 0 = By execution of the SLEEP instruction bit 2 Z: Zero bit 1 = The result of an arithmetic or logic operation is zero 0 = The result of an arithmetic or logic operation is not zero bit 1 DC: Digit Carry/Borrow bit (ADDWF, ADDLW,SUBLW,SUBWF instructions)(1) 1 = A carry-out from the 4th low-order bit of the result occurred 0 = No carry-out from the 4th low-order bit of the result bit 0 C: Carry/Borrow bit(1) (ADDWF, ADDLW, SUBLW, SUBWF instructions)(1) 1 = A carry-out from the Most Significant bit of the result occurred 0 = No carry-out from the Most Significant bit of the result occurred Note 1: x = Bit is unknown For Borrow, the polarity is reversed. A subtraction is executed by adding the two’s complement of the second operand. For rotate (RRF, RLF) instructions, this bit is loaded with either the high-order or low-order bit of the source register. © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 13 PIC16F688 2.2.2.2 OPTION Register Note: The OPTION register is a readable and writable register, which contains various control bits to configure: • • • • Timer0/WDT prescaler External RA2/INT interrupt Timer0 Weak pull-ups on PORTA REGISTER 2-2: To achieve a 1:1 prescaler assignment for Timer0, assign the prescaler to the WDT by setting PSA bit of the OPTION register to ‘1’. See Section 5.1.3 “Software Programmable Prescaler”. OPTION_REG: OPTION REGISTER R/W-1 R/W-1 R/W-1 R/W-1 R/W-1 R/W-1 R/W-1 R/W-1 RAPU INTEDG T0CS T0SE PSA PS2 PS1 PS0 bit 7 bit 0 Legend: R = Readable bit W = Writable bit U = Unimplemented bit, read as ‘0’ -n = Value at POR ‘1’ = Bit is set ‘0’ = Bit is cleared bit 7 RAPU: PORTA Pull-up Enable bit 1 = PORTA pull-ups are disabled 0 = PORTA pull-ups are enabled by individual PORT latch values bit 6 INTEDG: Interrupt Edge Select bit 1 = Interrupt on rising edge of RA2/INT pin 0 = Interrupt on falling edge of RA2/INT pin bit 5 T0CS: Timer0 Clock Source Select bit 1 = Transition on RA2/T0CKI pin 0 = Internal instruction cycle clock (FOSC/4) bit 4 T0SE: Timer0 Source Edge Select bit 1 = Increment on high-to-low transition on RA2/T0CKI pin 0 = Increment on low-to-high transition on RA2/T0CKI pin bit 3 PSA: Prescaler Assignment bit 1 = Prescaler is assigned to the WDT 0 = Prescaler is assigned to the Timer0 module bit 2-0 PS<2:0>: Prescaler Rate Select bits DS41203D-page 14 Bit Value Timer0 Rate WDT Rate 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111 1:2 1:4 1:8 1 : 16 1 : 32 1 : 64 1 : 128 1 : 256 1:1 1:2 1:4 1:8 1 : 16 1 : 32 1 : 64 1 : 128 x = Bit is unknown © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 2.2.2.3 INTCON Register Note: The INTCON register is a readable and writable register, which contains the various enable and flag bits for TMR0 register overflow, PORTA change and external RA2/INT pin interrupts. REGISTER 2-3: Interrupt flag bits are set when an interrupt condition occurs, regardless of the state of its corresponding enable bit or the global enable bit, GIE of the INTCON register. User software should ensure the appropriate interrupt flag bits are clear prior to enabling an interrupt. INTCON: INTERRUPT CONTROL REGISTER R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-x GIE PEIE T0IE INTE RAIE T0IF INTF RAIF bit 7 bit 0 Legend: R = Readable bit W = Writable bit U = Unimplemented bit, read as ‘0’ -n = Value at POR ‘1’ = Bit is set ‘0’ = Bit is cleared x = Bit is unknown bit 7 GIE: Global Interrupt Enable bit 1 = Enables all unmasked interrupts 0 = Disables all interrupts bit 6 PEIE: Peripheral Interrupt Enable bit 1 = Enables all unmasked peripheral interrupts 0 = Disables all peripheral interrupts bit 5 T0IE: Timer0 Overflow Interrupt Enable bit 1 = Enables the Timer0 interrupt 0 = Disables the Timer0 interrupt bit 4 INTE: RA2/INT External Interrupt Enable bit 1 = Enables the RA2/INT external interrupt 0 = Disables the RA2/INT external interrupt bit 3 RAIE: PORTA Change Interrupt Enable bit(1) 1 = Enables the PORTA change interrupt 0 = Disables the PORTA change interrupt bit 2 T0IF: Timer0 Overflow Interrupt Flag bit(2) 1 = Timer0 register has overflowed (must be cleared in software) 0 = Timer0 register did not overflow bit 1 INTF: RA2/INT External Interrupt Flag bit 1 = The RA2/INT external interrupt occurred (must be cleared in software) 0 = The RA2/INT external interrupt did not occur bit 0 RAIF: PORTA Change Interrupt Flag bit 1 = When at least one of the PORTA <5:0> pins changed state (must be cleared in software) 0 = None of the PORTA <5:0> pins have changed state Note 1: 2: IOCA register must also be enabled. T0IF bit is set when TMR0 rolls over. TMR0 is unchanged on Reset and should be initialized before clearing T0IF bit. © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 15 PIC16F688 2.2.2.4 PIE1 Register The PIE1 register contains the interrupt enable bits, as shown in Register 2-4. REGISTER 2-4: Note: Bit PEIE of the INTCON register must be set to enable any peripheral interrupt. PIE1: PERIPHERAL INTERRUPT ENABLE REGISTER 1 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 EEIE ADIE RCIE C2IE C1IE OSFIE TXIE TMR1IE bit 7 bit 0 Legend: R = Readable bit W = Writable bit U = Unimplemented bit, read as ‘0’ -n = Value at POR ‘1’ = Bit is set ‘0’ = Bit is cleared bit 7 EEIE: EE Write Complete Interrupt Enable bit 1 = Enables the EE write complete interrupt 0 = Disables the EE write complete interrupt bit 6 ADIE: A/D Converter (ADC) Interrupt Enable bit 1 = Enables the ADC interrupt 0 = Disables the ADC interrupt bit 5 RCIE: EUSART Receive Interrupt Enable bit 1 = Enables the EUSART receive interrupt 0 = Disables the EUSART receive interrupt bit 4 C2IE: Comparator 2 Interrupt Enable bit 1 = Enables the Comparator C2 interrupt 0 = Disables the Comparator C2 interrupt bit 3 C1IE: Comparator 1 Interrupt Enable bit 1 = Enables the Comparator C1 interrupt 0 = Disables the Comparator C1 interrupt bit 2 OSFIE: Oscillator Fail Interrupt Enable bit 1 = Enables the oscillator fail interrupt 0 = Disables the oscillator fail interrupt bit 1 TXIE: EUSART Transmit Interrupt Enable bit 1 = Enables the EUSART transmit interrupt 0 = Disables the EUSART transmit interrupt bit 0 TMR1IE: Timer1 Overflow Interrupt Enable bit 1 = Enables the Timer1 overflow interrupt 0 = Disables the Timer1 overflow interrupt DS41203D-page 16 x = Bit is unknown © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 2.2.2.5 PIR1 Register The PIR1 register contains the interrupt flag bits, as shown in Register 2-5. REGISTER 2-5: Note: Interrupt flag bits are set when an interrupt condition occurs, regardless of the state of its corresponding enable bit or the global enable bit, GIE bit of the INTCON register. User software should ensure the appropriate interrupt flag bits are clear prior to enabling an interrupt. PIR1: PERIPHERAL INTERRUPT REQUEST REGISTER 1 R/W-0 R/W-0 R-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R-0 R/W-0 EEIF ADIF RCIF C2IF C1IF OSFIF TXIF TMR1IF bit 7 bit 0 Legend: R = Readable bit W = Writable bit U = Unimplemented bit, read as ‘0’ -n = Value at POR ‘1’ = Bit is set ‘0’ = Bit is cleared x = Bit is unknown bit 7 EEIF: EEPROM Write Operation Interrupt Flag bit 1 = The write operation completed (must be cleared in software) 0 = The write operation has not completed or has not been started bit 6 ADIF: A/D Converter Interrupt Flag bit 1 = A/D conversion complete (must be cleared in software) 0 = A/D conversion has not completed or has not been started bit 5 RCIF: EUSART Receive Interrupt Flag bit 1 = The EUSART receive buffer is full (cleared by reading RCREG) 0 = The EUSART receive buffer is not full bit 4 C2IF: Comparator C2 Interrupt Flag bit 1 = Comparator output (C2OUT bit) has changed (must be cleared in software) 0 = Comparator output (C2OUT bit) has not changed bit 3 C1IF: Comparator C1 Interrupt Flag bit 1 = Comparator output (C1OUT bit) has changed (must be cleared in software) 0 = Comparator output (C1OUT bit) has not changed bit 2 OSFIF: Oscillator Fail Interrupt Flag bit 1 = System oscillator failed, clock input has changed to INTOSC (must be cleared in software) 0 = System clock operating bit 1 TXIF: EUSART Transmit Interrupt Flag bit 1 = The EUSART transmit buffer is empty (cleared by writing to TXREG) 0 = The EUSART transmit buffer is full bit 0 TMR1IF: Timer1 Overflow Interrupt Flag bit 1 = The TMR1 register overflowed (must be cleared in software) 0 = The TMR1 register did not overflow © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 17 PIC16F688 2.2.2.6 PCON Register The Power Control (PCON) register (see Register 2-6) contains flag bits to differentiate between a: • • • • Power-on Reset (POR) Brown-out Reset (BOR) Watchdog Timer Reset (WDT) External MCLR Reset The PCON register also controls the Ultra Low-Power Wake-up and software enable of the BOR. REGISTER 2-6: PCON: POWER CONTROL REGISTER U-0 U-0 R/W-0 R/W-1 U-0 U-0 R/W-0 R/W-x — — ULPWUE SBOREN(1) — — POR BOR bit 7 bit 0 Legend: R = Readable bit W = Writable bit U = Unimplemented bit, read as ‘0’ -n = Value at POR ‘1’ = Bit is set ‘0’ = Bit is cleared x = Bit is unknown bit 7-6 Unimplemented: Read as ‘0’ bit 5 ULPWUE: Ultra Low-Power Wake-up Enable bit 1 = Ultra low-power wake-up enabled 0 = Ultra low-power wake-up disabled bit 4 SBOREN: Software BOR Enable bit(1) 1 = BOR enabled 0 = BOR disabled bit 3-2 Unimplemented: Read as ‘0’ bit 1 POR: Power-on Reset Status bit 1 = No Power-on Reset occurred 0 = A Power-on Reset occurred (must be set in software after a Power-on Reset occurs) bit 0 BOR: Brown-out Reset Status bit 1 = No Brown-out Reset occurred 0 = A Brown-out Reset occurred (must be set in software after a Brown-out Reset occurs) Note 1: BOREN<1:0> = 01 in the Configuration Word register for this bit to control the BOR. DS41203D-page 18 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 2.3 2.3.2 PCL and PCLATH The Program Counter (PC) is 13 bits wide. The low byte comes from the PCL register, which is a readable and writable register. The high byte (PC<12:8>) is not directly readable or writable and comes from PCLATH. On any Reset, the PC is cleared. Figure 2-3 shows the two situations for the loading of the PC. The upper example in Figure 2-3 shows how the PC is loaded on a write to PCL (PCLATH<4:0> → PCH). The lower example in Figure 2-3 shows how the PC is loaded during a CALL or GOTO instruction (PCLATH<4:3> → PCH). FIGURE 2-3: LOADING OF PC IN DIFFERENT SITUATIONS PCH PCL 12 8 7 0 PC 8 PCLATH<4:0> 5 Instruction with PCL as Destination ALU Result PCLATH PCH 12 11 10 PCL 8 STACK The PIC16F688 family has an 8-level x 13-bit wide hardware stack (see Figure 2-1). The stack space is not part of either program or data space and the Stack Pointer is not readable or writable. The PC is PUSHed onto the stack when a CALL instruction is executed or an interrupt causes a branch. The stack is POPed in the event of a RETURN, RETLW or a RETFIE instruction execution. PCLATH is not affected by a PUSH or POP operation. The stack operates as a circular buffer. This means that after the stack has been PUSHed eight times, the ninth push overwrites the value that was stored from the first push. The tenth push overwrites the second push (and so on). Note 1: There are no Status bits to indicate stack overflow or stack underflow conditions. 2: There are no instructions/mnemonics called PUSH or POP. These are actions that occur from the execution of the CALL, RETURN, RETLW and RETFIE instructions or the vectoring to an interrupt address. 0 7 PC GOTO, CALL 2 PCLATH<4:3> 11 OPCODE<10:0> PCLATH 2.3.1 COMPUTED GOTO A computed GOTO is accomplished by adding an offset to the program counter (ADDWF PCL). When performing a table read using a computed GOTO method, care should be exercised if the table location crosses a PCL memory boundary (each 256-byte block). Refer to the Application Note AN556, “Implementing a Table Read” (DS00556). © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 19 PIC16F688 2.4 Indirect Addressing, INDF and FSR Registers A simple program to clear RAM location 20h-2Fh using indirect addressing is shown in Example 2-1. The INDF register is not a physical register. Addressing the INDF register will cause indirect addressing. EXAMPLE 2-1: MOVLW MOVWF NEXT CLRF INCF BTFSS GOTO CONTINUE Indirect addressing is possible by using the INDF register. Any instruction using the INDF register actually accesses data pointed to by the File Select Register (FSR). Reading INDF itself indirectly will produce 00h. Writing to the INDF register indirectly results in a no operation (although Status bits may be affected). An effective 9-bit address is obtained by concatenating the 8-bit FSR register and the IRP bit of the STATUS register, as shown in Figure 2-4. FIGURE 2-4: INDIRECT ADDRESSING 0x20 FSR INDF FSR FSR,4 NEXT ;initialize pointer ;to RAM ;clear INDF register ;inc pointer ;all done? ;no clear next ;yes continue DIRECT/INDIRECT ADDRESSING PIC16F688 Direct Addressing RP1 RP0 Indirect Addressing From Opcode 6 Bank Select 0 7 IRP Bank Select Location Select 00 01 10 File Select Register 0 Location Select 11 00h 180h Data Memory 7Fh 1FFh Bank 0 Note: Bank 1 Bank 2 Bank 3 For memory map detail, see Figure 2-2. DS41203D-page 20 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 3.0 OSCILLATOR MODULE (WITH FAIL-SAFE CLOCK MONITOR) The Oscillator module can be configured in one of eight clock modes. 3.1 Overview 1. 2. 3. The Oscillator module has a wide variety of clock sources and selection features that allow it to be used in a wide range of applications while maximizing performance and minimizing power consumption. Figure 3-1 illustrates a block diagram of the Oscillator module. 4. 5. Clock sources can be configured from external oscillators, quartz crystal resonators, ceramic resonators and Resistor-Capacitor (RC) circuits. In addition, the system clock source can be configured from one of two internal oscillators, with a choice of speeds selectable via software. Additional clock features include: 6. 7. 8. • Selectable system clock source between external or internal via software. • Two-Speed Start-Up mode, which minimizes latency between external oscillator start-up and code execution. • Fail-Safe Clock Monitor (FSCM) designed to detect a failure of the external clock source (LP, XT, HS, EC or RC modes) and switch automatically to the internal oscillator. FIGURE 3-1: EC – External clock with I/O on OSC2/CLKOUT. LP – 32 kHz Low-Power Crystal mode. XT – Medium Gain Crystal or Ceramic Resonator Oscillator mode. HS – High Gain Crystal or Ceramic Resonator mode. RC – External Resistor-Capacitor (RC) with FOSC/4 output on OSC2/CLKOUT. RCIO – External Resistor-Capacitor (RC) with I/O on OSC2/CLKOUT. INTOSC – Internal oscillator with FOSC/4 output on OSC2 and I/O on OSC1/CLKIN. INTOSCIO – Internal oscillator with I/O on OSC1/CLKIN and OSC2/CLKOUT. Clock Source modes are configured by the FOSC<2:0> bits in the Configuration Word register (CONFIG). The internal clock can be generated from two internal oscillators. The HFINTOSC is a calibrated highfrequency oscillator. The LFINTOSC is an uncalibrated low-frequency oscillator. PIC® MCU CLOCK SOURCE BLOCK DIAGRAM FOSC<2:0> (Configuration Word Register) SCS<0> (OSCCON Register) External Oscillator OSC2 Sleep MUX LP, XT, HS, RC, RCIO, EC OSC1 IRCF<2:0> (OSCCON Register) 8 MHz Internal Oscillator 4 MHz System Clock (CPU and Peripherals) INTOSC 111 110 101 1 MHz 100 500 kHz 250 kHz 125 kHz LFINTOSC 31 kHz 31 kHz 011 MUX HFINTOSC 8 MHz Postscaler 2 MHz 010 001 000 Power-up Timer (PWRT) Watchdog Timer (WDT) Fail-Safe Clock Monitor (FSCM) © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 21 PIC16F688 3.2 Oscillator Control The Oscillator Control (OSCCON) register (Figure 3-1) controls the system clock and frequency selection options. The OSCCON register contains the following bits: • Frequency selection bits (IRCF) • Frequency Status bits (HTS, LTS) • System clock control bits (OSTS, SCS) REGISTER 3-1: OSCCON: OSCILLATOR CONTROL REGISTER U-0 R/W-1 R/W-1 R/W-0 R-1 R-0 R-0 R/W-0 — IRCF2 IRCF1 IRCF0 OSTS(1) HTS LTS SCS bit 7 bit 0 Legend: R = Readable bit W = Writable bit U = Unimplemented bit, read as ‘0’ -n = Value at POR ‘1’ = Bit is set ‘0’ = Bit is cleared x = Bit is unknown bit 7 Unimplemented: Read as ‘0’ bit 6-4 IRCF<2:0>: Internal Oscillator Frequency Select bits 111 = 8 MHz 110 = 4 MHz (default) 101 = 2 MHz 100 = 1 MHz 011 = 500 kHz 010 = 250 kHz 001 = 125 kHz 000 = 31 kHz (LFINTOSC) bit 3 OSTS: Oscillator Start-up Time-out Status bit(1) 1 = Device is running from the external clock defined by FOSC<2:0> of the Configuration Word 0 = Device is running from the internal oscillator (HFINTOSC or LFINTOSC) bit 2 HTS: HFINTOSC Status bit (High Frequency – 8 MHz to 125 kHz) 1 = HFINTOSC is stable 0 = HFINTOSC is not stable bit 1 LTS: LFINTOSC Stable bit (Low Frequency – 31 kHz) 1 = LFINTOSC is stable 0 = LFINTOSC is not stable bit 0 SCS: System Clock Select bit 1 = Internal oscillator is used for system clock 0 = Clock source defined by FOSC<2:0> of the Configuration Word Note 1: Bit resets to ‘0’ with Two-Speed Start-up and LP, XT or HS selected as the Oscillator mode or Fail-Safe mode is enabled. DS41203D-page 22 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 3.3 Clock Source Modes Clock Source modes can be classified as external or internal. External Clock Modes 3.4.1 OSCILLATOR START-UP TIMER (OST) If the Oscillator module is configured for LP, XT or HS modes, the Oscillator Start-up Timer (OST) counts 1024 oscillations from OSC1. This occurs following a Power-on Reset (POR) and when the Power-up Timer (PWRT) has expired (if configured), or a wake-up from Sleep. During this time, the program counter does not increment and program execution is suspended. The OST ensures that the oscillator circuit, using a quartz crystal resonator or ceramic resonator, has started and is providing a stable system clock to the Oscillator module. When switching between clock sources, a delay is required to allow the new clock to stabilize. These oscillator delays are shown in Table 3-1. • External Clock modes rely on external circuitry for the clock source. Examples are: Oscillator modules (EC mode), quartz crystal resonators or ceramic resonators (LP, XT and HS modes) and Resistor-Capacitor (RC) mode circuits. • Internal clock sources are contained internally within the Oscillator module. The Oscillator module has two internal oscillators: the 8 MHz High-Frequency Internal Oscillator (HFINTOSC) and the 31 kHz Low-Frequency Internal Oscillator (LFINTOSC). The system clock can be selected between external or internal clock sources via the System Clock Select (SCS) bit of the OSCCON register. See Section 3.6 “Clock Switching” for additional information. TABLE 3-1: 3.4 In order to minimize latency between external oscillator start-up and code execution, the Two-Speed Clock Start-up mode can be selected (see Section 3.7 “TwoSpeed Clock Start-up Mode”). OSCILLATOR DELAY EXAMPLES Switch From Switch To Frequency Oscillator Delay Sleep/POR LFINTOSC HFINTOSC 31 kHz 125 kHz to 8 MHz Sleep/POR EC, RC DC – 20 MHz 2 instruction cycles LFINTOSC (31 kHz) EC, RC DC – 20 MHz 1 cycle of each Oscillator Warm-Up Delay (TWARM) Sleep/POR LP, XT, HS 32 kHz to 20 MHz 1024 Clock Cycles (OST) LFINTOSC (31 kHz) HFINTOSC 125 kHz to 8 MHz 1 μs (approx.) 3.4.2 EC MODE The External Clock (EC) mode allows an externally generated logic level as the system clock source. When operating in this mode, an external clock source is connected to the OSC1 input and the OSC2 is available for general purpose I/O. Figure 3-2 shows the pin connections for EC mode. The Oscillator Start-up Timer (OST) is disabled when EC mode is selected. Therefore, there is no delay in operation after a Power-on Reset (POR) or wake-up from Sleep. Because the PIC® MCU design is fully static, stopping the external clock input will have the effect of halting the device while leaving all data intact. Upon restarting the external clock, the device will resume operation as if no time had elapsed. © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. FIGURE 3-2: EXTERNAL CLOCK (EC) MODE OPERATION OSC1/CLKIN Clock from Ext. System PIC® MCU I/O Note 1: OSC2/CLKOUT(1) Alternate pin functions are listed in Section 1.0 “Device Overview”. DS41203D-page 23 PIC16F688 3.4.3 LP, XT, HS MODES The LP, XT and HS modes support the use of quartz crystal resonators or ceramic resonators connected to OSC1 and OSC2 (Figure 3-3). The mode selects a low, medium or high gain setting of the internal inverteramplifier to support various resonator types and speed. LP Oscillator mode selects the lowest gain setting of the internal inverter-amplifier. LP mode current consumption is the least of the three modes. This mode is best suited to drive resonators with a low drive level specification, for example, tuning fork type crystals. This mode is designed to drive only 32.768 kHz tuningfork type crystals (watch crystals). Note 1: Quartz crystal characteristics vary according to type, package and manufacturer. The user should consult the manufacturer data sheets for specifications and recommended application. 2: Always verify oscillator performance over the VDD and temperature range that is expected for the application. 3: For oscillator design assistance, reference the following Microchip Applications Notes: • AN826, “Crystal Oscillator Basics and Crystal Selection for rfPIC® and PIC® Devices” (DS00826) • AN849, “Basic PIC® Oscillator Design” (DS00849) • AN943, “Practical PIC® Oscillator Analysis and Design” (DS00943) • AN949, “Making Your Oscillator Work” (DS00949) XT Oscillator mode selects the intermediate gain setting of the internal inverter-amplifier. XT mode current consumption is the medium of the three modes. This mode is best suited to drive resonators with a medium drive level specification. HS Oscillator mode selects the highest gain setting of the internal inverter-amplifier. HS mode current consumption is the highest of the three modes. This mode is best suited for resonators that require a high drive setting. FIGURE 3-4: CERAMIC RESONATOR OPERATION (XT OR HS MODE) Figure 3-3 and Figure 3-4 show typical circuits for quartz crystal and ceramic resonators, respectively. FIGURE 3-3: PIC® MCU QUARTZ CRYSTAL OPERATION (LP, XT OR HS MODE) OSC1/CLKIN C1 To Internal Logic PIC® MCU RP(3) RF(2) OSC1/CLKIN C1 To Internal Logic Quartz Crystal RF(2) Sleep C2 Ceramic RS(1) Resonator Note 1: C2 RS(1) OSC2/CLKOUT Note 1: A series resistor (RS) may be required for quartz crystals with low drive level. 2: The value of RF varies with the Oscillator mode selected (typically between 2 MΩ to 10 MΩ). DS41203D-page 24 Sleep OSC2/CLKOUT A series resistor (RS) may be required for ceramic resonators with low drive level. 2: The value of RF varies with the Oscillator mode selected (typically between 2 MΩ to 10 MΩ). 3: An additional parallel feedback resistor (RP) may be required for proper ceramic resonator operation. © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 3.4.4 EXTERNAL RC MODES 3.5 The external Resistor-Capacitor (RC) modes support the use of an external RC circuit. This allows the designer maximum flexibility in frequency choice while keeping costs to a minimum when clock accuracy is not required. There are two modes: RC and RCIO. In RC mode, the RC circuit connects to OSC1. OSC2/ CLKOUT outputs the RC oscillator frequency divided by 4. This signal may be used to provide a clock for external circuitry, synchronization, calibration, test or other application requirements. Figure 3-5 shows the external RC mode connections. FIGURE 3-5: VDD EXTERNAL RC MODES PIC® MCU REXT OSC1/CLKIN Internal Clock CEXT VSS FOSC/4 or I/O(2) OSC2/CLKOUT(1) Recommended values: 10 kΩ ≤ REXT ≤ 100 kΩ, <3V 3 kΩ ≤ REXT ≤ 100 kΩ, 3-5V CEXT > 20 pF, 2-5V Note 1: 2: Alternate pin functions are listed in Section 1.0 “Device Overview”. Output depends upon RC or RCIO clock mode. In RCIO mode, the RC circuit is connected to OSC1. OSC2 becomes an additional general purpose I/O pin. The RC oscillator frequency is a function of the supply voltage, the resistor (REXT) and capacitor (CEXT) values and the operating temperature. Other factors affecting the oscillator frequency are: • threshold voltage variation • component tolerances • packaging variations in capacitance The user also needs to take into account variation due to tolerance of external RC components used. Internal Clock Modes The Oscillator module has two independent, internal oscillators that can be configured or selected as the system clock source. 1. 2. The HFINTOSC (High-Frequency Internal Oscillator) is factory calibrated and operates at 8 MHz. The frequency of the HFINTOSC can be user-adjusted via software using the OSCTUNE register (Register 3-2). The LFINTOSC (Low-Frequency Internal Oscillator) is uncalibrated and operates at 31 kHz. The system clock speed can be selected via software using the Internal Oscillator Frequency Select bits IRCF<2:0> of the OSCCON register. The system clock can be selected between external or internal clock sources via the System Clock Selection (SCS) bit of the OSCCON register. See Section 3.6 “Clock Switching” for more information. 3.5.1 INTOSC AND INTOSCIO MODES The INTOSC and INTOSCIO modes configure the internal oscillators as the system clock source when the device is programmed using the oscillator selection or the FOSC<2:0> bits in the Configuration Word register (CONFIG). See Section 11.0 “Special Features of the CPU” for more information. In INTOSC mode, OSC1/CLKIN is available for general purpose I/O. OSC2/CLKOUT outputs the selected internal oscillator frequency divided by 4. The CLKOUT signal may be used to provide a clock for external circuitry, synchronization, calibration, test or other application requirements. In INTOSCIO mode, OSC1/CLKIN and OSC2/CLKOUT are available for general purpose I/O. 3.5.2 HFINTOSC The High-Frequency Internal Oscillator (HFINTOSC) is a factory calibrated 8 MHz internal clock source. The frequency of the HFINTOSC can be altered via software using the OSCTUNE register (Register 3-2). The output of the HFINTOSC connects to a postscaler and multiplexer (see Figure 3-1). One of seven frequencies can be selected via software using the IRCF<2:0> bits of the OSCCON register. See Section 3.5.4 “Frequency Select Bits (IRCF)” for more information. The HFINTOSC is enabled by selecting any frequency between 8 MHz and 125 kHz by setting the IRCF<2:0> bits of the OSCCON register ≠ 000. Then, set the System Clock Source (SCS) bit of the OSCCON register to ‘1’ or enable Two-Speed Start-up by setting the IESO bit in the Configuration Word register (CONFIG) to ‘1’. The HF Internal Oscillator (HTS) bit of the OSCCON register indicates whether the HFINTOSC is stable or not. © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 25 PIC16F688 3.5.2.1 OSCTUNE Register The HFINTOSC is factory calibrated but can be adjusted in software by writing to the OSCTUNE register (Register 3-2). The default value of the OSCTUNE register is ‘0’. The value is a 5-bit two’s complement number. REGISTER 3-2: When the OSCTUNE register is modified, the HFINTOSC frequency will begin shifting to the new frequency. Code execution continues during this shift. There is no indication that the shift has occurred. OSCTUNE does not affect the LFINTOSC frequency. Operation of features that depend on the LFINTOSC clock source frequency, such as the Power-up Timer (PWRT), Watchdog Timer (WDT), Fail-Safe Clock Monitor (FSCM) and peripherals, are not affected by the change in frequency. OSCTUNE: OSCILLATOR TUNING REGISTER U-0 U-0 U-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 — — — TUN4 TUN3 TUN2 TUN1 TUN0 bit 7 bit 0 Legend: R = Readable bit W = Writable bit U = Unimplemented bit, read as ‘0’ -n = Value at POR ‘1’ = Bit is set ‘0’ = Bit is cleared bit 7-5 Unimplemented: Read as ‘0’ bit 4-0 TUN<4:0>: Frequency Tuning bits 01111 = Maximum frequency 01110 = • • • 00001 = 00000 = Oscillator module is running at the calibrated frequency. 11111 = • • • 10000 = Minimum frequency DS41203D-page 26 x = Bit is unknown © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 3.5.3 LFINTOSC The Low-Frequency Internal Oscillator (LFINTOSC) is an uncalibrated 31 kHz internal clock source. The output of the LFINTOSC connects to a postscaler and multiplexer (see Figure 3-1). Select 31 kHz, via software, using the IRCF<2:0> bits of the OSCCON register. See Section 3.5.4 “Frequency Select Bits (IRCF)” for more information. The LFINTOSC is also the frequency for the Power-up Timer (PWRT), Watchdog Timer (WDT) and Fail-Safe Clock Monitor (FSCM). The LFINTOSC is enabled by selecting 31 kHz (IRCF<2:0> bits of the OSCCON register = 000) as the system clock source (SCS bit of the OSCCON register = 1), or when any of the following are enabled: • Two-Speed Start-up IESO bit of the Configuration Word register = 1 and IRCF<2:0> bits of the OSCCON register = 000 • Power-up Timer (PWRT) • Watchdog Timer (WDT) • Fail-Safe Clock Monitor (FSCM) The LF Internal Oscillator (LTS) bit of the OSCCON register indicates whether the LFINTOSC is stable or not. 3.5.4 FREQUENCY SELECT BITS (IRCF) The output of the 8 MHz HFINTOSC and 31 kHz LFINTOSC connects to a postscaler and multiplexer (see Figure 3-1). The Internal Oscillator Frequency Select bits IRCF<2:0> of the OSCCON register select the frequency output of the internal oscillators. One of eight frequencies can be selected via software: • • • • • • • • 8 MHz 4 MHz (Default after Reset) 2 MHz 1 MHz 500 kHz 250 kHz 125 kHz 31 kHz (LFINTOSC) Note: 3.5.5 HF AND LF INTOSC CLOCK SWITCH TIMING When switching between the LFINTOSC and the HFINTOSC, the new oscillator may already be shut down to save power (see Figure 3-6). If this is the case, there is a delay after the IRCF<2:0> bits of the OSCCON register are modified before the frequency selection takes place. The LTS and HTS bits of the OSCCON register will reflect the current active status of the LFINTOSC and HFINTOSC oscillators. The timing of a frequency selection is as follows: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. IRCF<2:0> bits of the OSCCON register are modified. If the new clock is shut down, a clock start-up delay is started. Clock switch circuitry waits for a falling edge of the current clock. CLKOUT is held low and the clock switch circuitry waits for a rising edge in the new clock. CLKOUT is now connected with the new clock. LTS and HTS bits of the OSCCON register are updated as required. Clock switch is complete. See Figure 3-1 for more details. If the internal oscillator speed selected is between 8 MHz and 125 kHz, there is no start-up delay before the new frequency is selected. This is because the old and new frequencies are derived from the HFINTOSC via the postscaler and multiplexer. Start-up delay specifications are located in the Section 14.0 “Electrical Specifications”, under the AC Specifications (Oscillator Module). Following any Reset, the IRCF<2:0> bits of the OSCCON register are set to ‘110’ and the frequency selection is set to 4 MHz. The user can modify the IRCF bits to select a different frequency. © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 27 PIC16F688 FIGURE 3-6: INTERNAL OSCILLATOR SWITCH TIMING LF(1) HF HFINTOSC LFINTOSC (FSCM and WDT disabled) HFINTOSC Start-up Time 2-cycle Sync Running LFINTOSC ≠0 IRCF <2:0> =0 System Clock Note 1: When going from LF to HF. HFINTOSC LFINTOSC (Either FSCM or WDT enabled) HFINTOSC 2-cycle Sync Running LFINTOSC ≠0 IRCF <2:0> =0 System Clock LFINTOSC HFINTOSC LFINTOSC turns off unless WDT or FSCM is enabled LFINTOSC Start-up Time 2-cycle Sync Running HFINTOSC IRCF <2:0> =0 ≠0 System Clock DS41203D-page 28 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 3.6 Clock Switching The system clock source can be switched between external and internal clock sources via software using the System Clock Select (SCS) bit of the OSCCON register. 3.6.1 SYSTEM CLOCK SELECT (SCS) BIT The System Clock Select (SCS) bit of the OSCCON register selects the system clock source that is used for the CPU and peripherals. • When the SCS bit of the OSCCON register = 0, the system clock source is determined by configuration of the FOSC<2:0> bits in the Configuration Word register (CONFIG). • When the SCS bit of the OSCCON register = 1, the system clock source is chosen by the internal oscillator frequency selected by the IRCF<2:0> bits of the OSCCON register. After a Reset, the SCS bit of the OSCCON register is always cleared. Note: 3.6.2 Any automatic clock switch, which may occur from Two-Speed Start-up or Fail-Safe Clock Monitor, does not update the SCS bit of the OSCCON register. The user can monitor the OSTS bit of the OSCCON register to determine the current system clock source. OSCILLATOR START-UP TIME-OUT STATUS (OSTS) BIT The Oscillator Start-up Time-out Status (OSTS) bit of the OSCCON register indicates whether the system clock is running from the external clock source, as defined by the FOSC<2:0> bits in the Configuration Word register (CONFIG), or from the internal clock source. In particular, OSTS indicates that the Oscillator Start-up Timer (OST) has timed out for LP, XT or HS modes. 3.7 Two-Speed Clock Start-up Mode Two-Speed Start-up mode provides additional power savings by minimizing the latency between external oscillator start-up and code execution. In applications that make heavy use of the Sleep mode, Two-Speed Start-up will remove the external oscillator start-up time from the time spent awake and can reduce the overall power consumption of the device. When the Oscillator module is configured for LP, XT or HS modes, the Oscillator Start-up Timer (OST) is enabled (see Section 3.4.1 “Oscillator Start-up Timer (OST)”). The OST will suspend program execution until 1024 oscillations are counted. Two-Speed Start-up mode minimizes the delay in code execution by operating from the internal oscillator as the OST is counting. When the OST count reaches 1024 and the OSTS bit of the OSCCON register is set, program execution switches to the external oscillator. 3.7.1 TWO-SPEED START-UP MODE CONFIGURATION Two-Speed Start-up mode is configured by the following settings: • IESO (of the Configuration Word register) = 1; Internal/External Switchover bit (Two-Speed Startup mode enabled). • SCS (of the OSCCON register) = 0. • FOSC<2:0> bits in the Configuration Word register (CONFIG) configured for LP, XT or HS mode. Two-Speed Start-up mode is entered after: • Power-on Reset (POR) and, if enabled, after Power-up Timer (PWRT) has expired, or • Wake-up from Sleep. If the external clock oscillator is configured to be anything other than LP, XT or HS mode, then TwoSpeed Start-up is disabled. This is because the external clock oscillator does not require any stabilization time after POR or an exit from Sleep. 3.7.2 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. TWO-SPEED START-UP SEQUENCE Wake-up from Power-on Reset or Sleep. Instructions begin execution by the internal oscillator at the frequency set in the IRCF<2:0> bits of the OSCCON register. OST enabled to count 1024 clock cycles. OST timed out, wait for falling edge of the internal oscillator. OSTS is set. System clock held low until the next falling edge of new clock (LP, XT or HS mode). System clock is switched to external clock source. This mode allows the application to wake-up from Sleep, perform a few instructions using the INTOSC as the clock source and go back to Sleep without waiting for the primary oscillator to become stable. Note: Executing a SLEEP instruction will abort the oscillator start-up time and will cause the OSTS bit of the OSCCON register to remain clear. © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 29 PIC16F688 3.7.3 CHECKING TWO-SPEED CLOCK STATUS Checking the state of the OSTS bit of the OSCCON register will confirm if the microcontroller is running from the external clock source, as defined by the FOSC<2:0> bits in the Configuration Word register (CONFIG), or the internal oscillator. FIGURE 3-7: TWO-SPEED START-UP HFINTOSC TOST OSC1 0 1 1022 1023 OSC2 Program Counter PC - N PC PC + 1 System Clock DS41203D-page 30 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 3.8 3.8.3 Fail-Safe Clock Monitor The Fail-Safe Clock Monitor (FSCM) allows the device to continue operating should the external oscillator fail. The FSCM can detect oscillator failure any time after the Oscillator Start-up Timer (OST) has expired. The FSCM is enabled by setting the FCMEN bit in the Configuration Word register (CONFIG). The FSCM is applicable to all external oscillator modes (LP, XT, HS, EC, RC and RCIO). FIGURE 3-8: FSCM BLOCK DIAGRAM Clock Monitor Latch External Clock LFINTOSC Oscillator ÷ 64 31 kHz (~32 μs) 488 Hz (~2 ms) S Q R Q The Fail-Safe condition is cleared after a Reset, executing a SLEEP instruction or toggling the SCS bit of the OSCCON register. When the SCS bit is toggled, the OST is restarted. While the OST is running, the device continues to operate from the INTOSC selected in OSCCON. When the OST times out, the Fail-Safe condition is cleared and the device will be operating from the external clock source. The Fail-Safe condition must be cleared before the OSFIF flag can be cleared. 3.8.4 3.8.1 Clock Failure Detected FAIL-SAFE DETECTION The FSCM module detects a failed oscillator by comparing the external oscillator to the FSCM sample clock. The sample clock is generated by dividing the LFINTOSC by 64. See Figure 3-8. Inside the fail detector block is a latch. The external clock sets the latch on each falling edge of the external clock. The sample clock clears the latch on each rising edge of the sample clock. A failure is detected when an entire halfcycle of the sample clock elapses before the primary clock goes low. 3.8.2 RESET OR WAKE-UP FROM SLEEP The FSCM is designed to detect an oscillator failure after the Oscillator Start-up Timer (OST) has expired. The OST is used after waking up from Sleep and after any type of Reset. The OST is not used with the EC or RC Clock modes so that the FSCM will be active as soon as the Reset or wake-up has completed. When the FSCM is enabled, the Two-Speed Start-up is also enabled. Therefore, the device will always be executing code while the OST is operating. Note: Sample Clock FAIL-SAFE CONDITION CLEARING Due to the wide range of oscillator start-up times, the Fail-Safe circuit is not active during oscillator start-up (i.e., after exiting Reset or Sleep). After an appropriate amount of time, the user should check the OSTS bit of the OSCCON register to verify the oscillator start-up and that the system clock switchover has successfully completed. FAIL-SAFE OPERATION When the external clock fails, the FSCM switches the device clock to an internal clock source and sets the bit flag OSFIF of the PIR2 register. Setting this flag will generate an interrupt if the OSFIE bit of the PIE2 register is also set. The device firmware can then take steps to mitigate the problems that may arise from a failed clock. The system clock will continue to be sourced from the internal clock source until the device firmware successfully restarts the external oscillator and switches back to external operation. The internal clock source chosen by the FSCM is determined by the IRCF<2:0> bits of the OSCCON register. This allows the internal oscillator to be configured before a failure occurs. © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 31 PIC16F688 FIGURE 3-9: FSCM TIMING DIAGRAM Sample Clock Oscillator Failure System Clock Output Clock Monitor Output (Q) Failure Detected OSCFIF Test Note: Test Test The system clock is normally at a much higher frequency than the sample clock. The relative frequencies in this example have been chosen for clarity. TABLE 3-2: SUMMARY OF REGISTERS ASSOCIATED WITH CLOCK SOURCES Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Value on POR, BOR Value on all other Resets(1) CONFIG(2) CPD CP MCLRE PWRTE WDTE FOSC2 FOSC1 FOSC0 — — Name INTCON GIE PEIE T0IE INTE RAIE T0IF INTF RAIF 0000 000x 0000 000x OSCCON — IRCF2 IRCF1 IRCF0 OSTS HTS LTS SCS -110 x000 -110 x000 OSCTUNE — — — TUN4 TUN3 TUN2 TUN1 TUN0 ---0 0000 ---u uuuu 0000 0000 0000 0000 PIE1 PIR1 Legend: Note 1: 2: EEIE ADIE RCIE C2IE C1IE OSFIE TXIE TMR1IE 0000 0000 EEIF ADIF RCIF C2IF C1IF OSFIF TXIF TMR1IF 0000 0000 x = unknown, u = unchanged, – = unimplemented locations read as ‘0’. Shaded cells are not used by oscillators. Other (non Power-up) Resets include MCLR Reset and Watchdog Timer Reset during normal operation. See Configuration Word register (CONFIG) for operation of all register bits. DS41203D-page 32 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 4.0 I/O PORTS Therefore, a write to a port implies that the port pins are read, this value is modified and then written to the PORT data latch. RA3 reads ‘0’ when MCLRE = 1. There are as many as twelve general purpose I/O pins available. Depending on which peripherals are enabled, some or all of the pins may not be available as general purpose I/O. In general, when a peripheral is enabled, the associated pin may not be used as a general purpose I/O pin. 4.1 The TRISA register controls the direction of the PORTA pins, even when they are being used as analog inputs. The user must ensure the bits in the TRISA register are maintained set when using them as analog inputs. I/O pins configured as analog input always read ‘0’. PORTA and the TRISA Registers Note: PORTA is a 6-bit wide, bidirectional port. The corresponding data direction register is TRISA. Setting a TRISA bit (= 1) will make the corresponding PORTA pin an input (i.e., put the corresponding output driver in a High-Impedance mode). Clearing a TRISA bit (= 0) will make the corresponding PORTA pin an output (i.e., put the contents of the output latch on the selected pin). The exception is RA3, which is input only and its TRISA bit will always read as ‘1’. Example 4-1 shows how to initialize PORTA. EXAMPLE 4-1: BANKSEL CLRF MOVLW MOVWF BANKSEL CLRF MOVLW MOVWF Reading the PORTA register reads the status of the pins, whereas writing to it will write to the PORT latch. All write operations are read-modify-write operations. REGISTER 4-1: The ANSEL and CMCON0 registers must be initialized to configure an analog channel as a digital input. Pins configured as analog inputs will read ‘0’. INITIALIZING PORTA PORTA PORTA 07h CMCON0 ANSEL ANSEL 0Ch TRISA ; ;Init PORTA ;Set RA<2:0> to ;digital I/O ; ;digital I/O ;Set RA<3:2> as inputs ;and set RA<5:4,1:0> ;as outputs PORTA: PORTA REGISTER U-0 U-0 R/W-x R/W-0 R-x R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 — — RA5 RA4 RA3 RA2 RA1 RA0 bit 0 bit 7 Legend: R = Readable bit W = Writable bit U = Unimplemented bit, read as ‘0’ -n = Value at POR ‘1’ = Bit is set ‘0’ = Bit is cleared bit 7-6 Unimplemented: Read as ‘0’ bit 5-0 RA<5:0>: PORTA I/O Pin bit 1 = Port pin is > VIH 0 = Port pin is < VIL REGISTER 4-2: x = Bit is unknown TRISA: PORTA TRI-STATE REGISTER U-0 U-0 R/W-1 R/W-1 R-1 R/W-1 R/W-1 R/W-1 — — TRISA5 TRISA4 TRISA3 TRISA2 TRISA1 TRISA0 bit 7 bit 0 Legend: R = Readable bit W = Writable bit U = Unimplemented bit, read as ‘0’ -n = Value at POR ‘1’ = Bit is set ‘0’ = Bit is cleared bit 7-6 Unimplemented: Read as ‘0’ bit 5-0 TRISA<5:0>: PORTA Tri-State Control bits 1 = PORTA pin configured as an input (tri-stated) 0 = PORTA pin configured as an output Note 1: 2: x = Bit is unknown TRISA<3> always reads ‘1’. TRISA<5:4> always reads ‘1’ in XT, HS and LP Oscillator modes. © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203C-page 33 PIC16F688 4.2 4.2.3 Additional Pin Functions INTERRUPT-ON-CHANGE Every PORTA pin on the PIC16F688 has an interrupton-change option and a weak pull-up option. PORTA also provides an Ultra Low-Power Wake-up option. The next three sections describe these functions. Each of the PORTA pins is individually configurable as an interrupt-on-change pin. Control bits IOCAx enable or disable the interrupt function for each pin. Refer to Register 4-5. The interrupt-on-change is disabled on a Power-on Reset. 4.2.1 For enabled interrupt-on-change pins, the values are compared with the old value latched on the last read of PORTA. The ‘mismatch’ outputs of the last read are OR’d together to set the PORTA Change Interrupt Flag bit (RAIF) in the INTCON register. ANSEL REGISTER The ANSEL register is used to configure the Input mode of an I/O pin to analog. Refer to Register 4-3. Setting the appropriate ANSEL bit high will cause all digital reads on the pin to be read as ‘0’ and allow analog functions on the pin to operate correctly. The state of the ANSEL bits has no affect on digital output functions. A pin with TRIS clear and ANSEL set will still operate as a digital output, but the Input mode will be analog. This can cause unexpected behavior when executing read-modify-write instructions on the affected port. 4.2.2 WEAK PULL-UPS Each of the PORTA pins, except RA3, has an individually configurable internal weak pull-up. Control bits WPUAx enable or disable each pull-up. Refer to Register 4-4. Each weak pull-up is automatically turned off when the port pin is configured as an output. The pull-ups are disabled on a Power-on Reset by the RAPU bit of the OPTION register. A weak pull-up is automatically enabled for RA3 when configured as MCLR and disabled when RA3 is an I/O. There is no software control of the MCLR pull-up. REGISTER 4-3: This interrupt can wake the device from Sleep. The user, in the Interrupt Service Routine, clears the interrupt by: a) Any read or write of PORTA. This will end the mismatch condition, then Clear the flag bit RAIF. b) A mismatch condition will continue to set flag bit RAIF. Reading PORTA will end the mismatch condition and allow flag bit RAIF to be cleared. The latch holding the last read value is not affected by a MCLR nor BOR Reset. After these Resets, the RAIF flag will continue to be set if a mismatch is present. Note: If a change on the I/O pin should occur when the read operation is being executed (start of the Q2 cycle), then the RAIF interrupt flag may not get set. ANSEL: ANALOG SELECT REGISTER R/W-1 R/W-1 R/W-1 R/W-1 R/W-1 R/W-1 R/W-1 R/W-1 ANS7 ANS6 ANS5 ANS4 ANS3 ANS2 ANS1 ANS0 bit 7 bit 0 Legend: R = Readable bit W = Writable bit U = Unimplemented bit, read as ‘0’ -n = Value at POR ‘1’ = Bit is set ‘0’ = Bit is cleared bit 7-0 Note 1: x = Bit is unknown ANS<7:0>: Analog Select bits Analog select between analog or digital function on pins AN<7:0>, respectively. 1 = Analog input. Pin is assigned as analog input(1). 0 = Digital I/O. Pin is assigned to port or special function. Setting a pin to an analog input automatically disables the digital input circuitry, weak pull-ups and interrupt-on-change, if available. The corresponding TRIS bit must be set to Input mode in order to allow external control of the voltage on the pin. DS41203C-page 34 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 REGISTER 4-4: WPUA: WEAK PULL-UP PORTA REGISTER U-0 U-0 R/W-1 R/W-1 U-0 R/W-1 R/W-1 R/W-1 — — WPUA5 WPUA4 — WPUA2 WPUA1 WPUA0 bit 7 bit 0 Legend: R = Readable bit W = Writable bit U = Unimplemented bit, read as ‘0’ -n = Value at POR ‘1’ = Bit is set ‘0’ = Bit is cleared bit 7-6 Unimplemented: Read as ‘0’ bit 5-4 WPUA<5:4>: Weak Pull-up Control bits 1 = Pull-up enabled 0 = Pull-up disabled bit 3 Unimplemented: Read as ‘0’ bit 2-0 WPUA<2:0>: Weak Pull-up Control bits 1 = Pull-up enabled 0 = Pull-up disabled Note 1: 2: 3: 4: x = Bit is unknown Global RAPU must be enabled for individual pull-ups to be enabled. The weak pull-up device is automatically disabled if the pin is in Output mode (TRISA = 0). The RA3 pull-up is enabled when configured as MCLR and disabled as an I/O in the Configuration Word. WPUA<5:4> always reads ‘1’ in XT, HS and LP OSC modes. REGISTER 4-5: IOCA: INTERRUPT-ON-CHANGE PORTA REGISTER U-0 U-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 — — IOCA5 IOCA4 IOCA3 IOCA2 IOCA1 IOCA0 bit 7 bit 0 Legend: R = Readable bit W = Writable bit U = Unimplemented bit, read as ‘0’ -n = Value at POR ‘1’ = Bit is set ‘0’ = Bit is cleared bit 7-6 Unimplemented: Read as ‘0’ bit 5-0 IOCA<5:0>: Interrupt-on-change PORTA Control bits 1 = Interrupt-on-change enabled 0 = Interrupt-on-change disabled Note 1: 2: x = Bit is unknown Global Interrupt Enable (GIE) must be enabled for individual interrupts to be recognized. IOCA<5:4> always reads ‘1’ in XT, HS and LP OSC modes. © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203C-page 35 PIC16F688 4.2.4 ULTRA LOW-POWER WAKE-UP The Ultra Low-Power Wake-up (ULPWU) on RA0 allows a slow falling voltage to generate an interrupton-change on RA0 without excess current consumption. The mode is selected by setting the ULPWUE bit of the PCON register. This enables a small current sink which can be used to discharge a capacitor on RA0. To use this feature, the RA0 pin is configured to output ‘1’ to charge the capacitor, interrupt-on-change for RA0 is enabled, and RA0 is configured as an input. The ULPWUE bit is set to begin the discharge and a SLEEP instruction is performed. When the voltage on RA0 drops below VIL, an interrupt will be generated which will cause the device to wake-up. Depending on the state of the GIE bit of the INTCON register, the device will either jump to the interrupt vector (0004h) or execute the next instruction when the interrupt event occurs. See Section 4.2.3 “INTERRUPT-ONCHANGE” and Section 11.3.3 “PORTA Interrupt” for more information. EXAMPLE 4-2: BANKSEL BSF MOVLW MOVWF BANKSEL BCF BANKSEL BCF CALL BSF BSF BSF MOVLW MOVWF SLEEP NOP ULTRA LOW-POWER WAKE-UP INITIALIZATION PORTA PORTA,0 H’7’ CMCON0 ANSEL ANSEL,0 TRISA TRISA,0 CapDelay PCON,ULPWUE IOCA,0 TRISA,0 B’10001000’ INTCON ; ;Set RA0 data latch ;Turn off ; comparators ; ;RA0 to digital I/O ; ;Output high to ; charge capacitor ;Enable ULP Wake-up ;Select RA0 IOC ;RA0 to input ;Enable interrupt ; and clear flag ;Wait for IOC ; This feature provides a low-power technique for periodically waking up the device from Sleep. The time-out is dependent on the discharge time of the RC circuit on RA0. See Example 4-2 for initializing the Ultra Low-Power Wake-up module. The series resistor provides overcurrent protection for the RA0 pin and can allow for software calibration of the time-out. (see Figure 4-1). A timer can be used to measure the charge time and discharge time of the capacitor. The charge time can then be adjusted to provide the desired interrupt delay. This technique will compensate for the affects of temperature, voltage and component accuracy. The Ultra Low-Power Wake-up peripheral can also be configured as a simple programmable low voltage detect or temperature sensor. Note: For more information, refer to Application Note AN879, “Using the Microchip Ultra Low-Power Wake-up Module” (DS00879). DS41203C-page 36 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 4.2.5 PIN DESCRIPTIONS AND DIAGRAMS 4.2.5.1 Figure 4-1 shows the diagram for this pin. The RA0 pin is configurable to function as one of the following: Each PORTA pin is multiplexed with other functions. The pins and their combined functions are briefly described here. For specific information about individual functions such as the comparator or the A/D, refer to the appropriate section in this data sheet. FIGURE 4-1: RA0/AN0/C1IN+/ICSPDAT/ULPWU • • • • • a general purpose I/O an analog input for the A/D an analog input to the comparator an analog input to the Ultra Low-Power Wake-up In-Circuit Serial Programming™ data BLOCK DIAGRAM OF RA0 Analog(1) Input Mode VDD Data Bus D Q Weak CK Q WR WPUDA RAPU RD WPUDA VDD D WR PORTA Q I/O PIN CK Q VSS + D WR TRISA VT Q CK Q IULP 0 RD TRISA 1 Analog(1) Input Mode Vss ULPWUE RD PORTA D Q Q CK Q WR IOCA D EN RD IOCA Q Q3 D EN Interrupt-onChange RD PORTA To Comparator To A/D Converter Note 1: Comparator mode and ANSEL determines analog Input mode. © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203C-page 37 PIC16F688 4.2.5.2 RA1/AN1/C1IN-/VREF/ICSPCLK 4.2.5.3 RA2/AN2/T0CKI/INT/C1OUT Figure 4-2 shows the diagram for this pin. The RA1 pin is configurable to function as one of the following: Figure 4-3 shows the diagram for this pin. The RA2 pin is configurable to function as one of the following: • • • • • • • • • • a general purpose I/O an analog input for the A/D an analog input to the comparator a voltage reference input for the A/D In-Circuit Serial Programming™ clock FIGURE 4-2: Data Bus D WR WPUA BLOCK DIAGRAM OF RA1 Q Analog(1) Input Mode a general purpose I/O an analog input for the A/D the clock input for Timer0 an external edge triggered interrupt a digital output from the comparator FIGURE 4-3: Data Bus D VDD CK Q WR WPUA Weak Q CK Analog(1) Input Mode VDD Q Weak RAPU RD WPUA RAPU RD WPUA BLOCK DIAGRAM OF RA2 C1OUT Enable D WR PORTA VDD Q D WR PORTA CK Q VDD Q CK Q C1OUT 1 0 I/O pin D WR TRISA D Q CK Q VSS WR TRISA CK Q VSS (1) Analog Input Mode RD TRISA Analog(1) Input Mode RD TRISA RD PORTA I/O pin Q RD PORTA D Q Q D Q CK Q WR IOCA D EN RD IOCA Q Q3 D CK WR IOCA Q EN RD IOCA Q EN Interrupt-onchange D Q Q3 D EN Interrupt-onchange RD PORTA RD PORTA To Comparator To Timer0 To A/D Converter To INT To A/D Converter Note 1: Comparator mode and ANSEL determines analog Input mode. DS41203C-page 38 Note 1: Analog Input mode is based upon ANSEL. © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 4.2.5.4 RA3/MCLR/VPP 4.2.5.5 RA4/AN3/T1G/OSC2/CLKOUT Figure 4-4 shows the diagram for this pin. The RA3 pin is configurable to function as one of the following: Figure 4-5 shows the diagram for this pin. The RA4 pin is configurable to function as one of the following: • a general purpose input • as Master Clear Reset with weak pull-up • • • • • FIGURE 4-4: BLOCK DIAGRAM OF RA3 VDD MCLRE Data Bus RD TRISA MCLRE MCLRE RD PORTA WR IOCA Input pin VSS D CK FIGURE 4-5: Weak Reset VSS Q Q a general purpose I/O an analog input for the A/D a Timer1 gate input a crystal/resonator connection a clock output BLOCK DIAGRAM OF RA4 Analog(3) Input Mode Data Bus WR WPUA D CK Q VDD Q Weak RAPU RD WPUA D Oscillator Circuit Q EN CLK(1) Modes OSC1 Q3 VDD CLKOUT Enable RD IOCA Q D D EN Interrupt-onchange WR PORTA CK Q Fosc/4 1 0 I/O pin Q CLKOUT Enable RD PORTA VSS D WR TRISA CK Q Q INTOSC/ RC/EC(2) CLKOUT Enable RD TRISA Analog(3) Input Mode RD PORTA D WR IOCA CK Q Q D Q EN RD IOCA Q Q3 D EN Interrupt-onchange RD PORTA To T1G To A/D Converter Note 1: CLK modes are XT, HS, LP, LPTMR1 and CLKOUT Enable. 2: With CLKOUT option. 3: Analog Input mode is ANSEL. © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203C-page 39 PIC16F688 4.2.5.6 RA5/T1CKI/OSC1/CLKIN FIGURE 4-6: BLOCK DIAGRAM OF RA5 Figure 4-6 shows the diagram for this pin. The RA5 pin is configurable to function as one of the following: • • • • a general purpose I/O a Timer1 clock input a crystal/resonator connection a clock input INTOSC Mode Data Bus WR WPUA TMR1LPEN(1) VDD Q D CK Weak Q RAPU RD WPUA Oscillator Circuit OSC2 D WR PORTA CK D WR TRISA VDD Q Q Q CK I/O pin Q VSS INTOSC Mode RD TRISA RD PORTA (2) D WR IOCA Q CK Q D Q EN Q3 RD IOCA Q D EN Interrupt-onchange RD PORTA To Timer1 or CLKGEN Note 1: Timer1 LP oscillator enabled. 2: When using Timer1 with LP oscillator, the Schmitt Trigger is bypassed. DS41203C-page 40 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 TABLE 4-1: Name SUMMARY OF REGISTERS ASSOCIATED WITH PORTA Bit 7 ANSEL CMCON0 PCON INTCON IOCA OPTION_REG Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Value on POR, BOR Value on all other Resets 1111 1111 ANS7 ANS6 ANS5 ANS4 ANS3 ANS2 ANS1 ANS0 1111 1111 C2OUT C1OUT C2INV C1INV CIS CM2 CM1 CM0 0000 0000 0000 0000 — — ULPWUE SBOREN — — POR BOR --01 --qq --0u --uu GIE PEIE T0IE INTE RAIE T0IF INTF RAIF 0000 000x 0000 000x — — IOCA5 IOCA4 IOCA3 IOCA2 IOCA1 IOCA0 --00 0000 --00 0000 RAPU INTEDG T0CS T0SE PSA PS2 PS1 PS0 1111 1111 1111 1111 PORTA — — RA5 RA4 RA3 RA2 RA1 RA0 --x0 x000 --x0 x000 TRISA — — TRISA5 TRISA4 TRISA3 TRISA2 TRISA1 TRISA0 --11 1111 --11 1111 WPUA — — WPUA5 WPUA4 — WPUA2 WPUA1 WPUA0 --11 -111 --11 -111 Legend: x = unknown, u = unchanged, – = unimplemented locations read as ‘0’. Shaded cells are not used by PORTA. © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203C-page 41 PIC16F688 4.3 EXAMPLE 4-3: PORTC PORTC is a general purpose I/O port consisting of 6 bidirectional pins. The pins can be configured for either digital I/O or analog input to A/D converter or comparator. For specific information about individual functions such as the EUSART or the A/D converter, refer to the appropriate section in this data sheet. Note: The ANSEL and CMCON0 registers must be initialized to configure an analog channel as a digital input. Pins configured as analog inputs will read ‘0’. REGISTER 4-6: BANKSEL CLRF MOVLW MOVWF BANKSEL CLRF MOVLW MOVWF PORTC PORTC 07h CMCON0 ANSEL ANSEL 0Ch TRISC INITIALIZING PORTC ; ;Init PORTC ;Set RC<4,1:0> to ;digital I/O ; ;digital I/O ;Set RC<3:2> as inputs ;and set RC<5:4,1:0> ;as outputs PORTC: PORTC REGISTER U-0 U-0 R/W-x R/W-x R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 — — RC5 RC4 RC3 RC2 RC1 RC0 bit 7 bit 0 Legend: R = Readable bit W = Writable bit U = Unimplemented bit, read as ‘0’ -n = Value at POR ‘1’ = Bit is set ‘0’ = Bit is cleared bit 7-6 Unimplemented: Read as ‘0’ bit 5-0 RC<5:0>: PORTC I/O Pin bit 1 = PORTC pin is > VIH 0 = PORTC pin is < VIL REGISTER 4-7: x = Bit is unknown TRISC: PORTC TRI-STATE REGISTER U-0 U-0 R/W-1 R/W-1 R/W-1 R/W-1 R/W-1 R/W-1 — — TRISC5 TRISC4 TRISC3 TRISC2 TRISC1 TRISC0 bit 7 bit 0 Legend: R = Readable bit W = Writable bit U = Unimplemented bit, read as ‘0’ -n = Value at POR ‘1’ = Bit is set ‘0’ = Bit is cleared bit 7-6 Unimplemented: Read as ‘0’ bit 5-0 TRISC<5:0>: PORTC Tri-State Control bits 1 = PORTC pin configured as an input (tri-stated) 0 = PORTC pin configured as an output DS41203C-page 42 x = Bit is unknown © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 4.3.1 RC0/AN4/C2IN+ 4.3.3 RC2/AN6 Figure 4-7 shows the diagram for this pin. The RC0 is configurable to function as one of the following: Figure 4-8 shows the diagram for this pin. The RC2 is configurable to function as one of the following: • a general purpose I/O • an analog input for the A/D Converter • an analog input to the comparator • a general purpose I/O • an analog input for the A/D Converter 4.3.2 Figure 4-8 shows the diagram for this pin. The RC3 is configurable to function as one of the following: 4.3.4 RC1/AN5/C2IN- Figure 4-7 shows the diagram for this pin. The RC1 is configurable to function as one of the following: • a general purpose I/O • an analog input for the A/D Converter • an analog input to the comparator FIGURE 4-7: • a general purpose I/O • an analog input for the A/D Converter FIGURE 4-8: BLOCK DIAGRAM OF RC0 AND RC1 D D CK WR PORTC VDD Q WR TRISC Q VSS Analog Input Mode(1) RD TRISC CK D Q CK VDD Q Q I/O Pin Q I/O Pin D BLOCK DIAGRAM OF RC2 AND RC3 Data Bus Data Bus WR PORTC RC3/AN7 WR TRISC Q CK Q VSS Analog Input Mode(1) RD TRISC RD PORTC To A/D Converter RD PORTC To Comparators Note 1: Analog Input mode comes from ANSEL. To A/D Converter Note 1: Analog Input mode is based upon Comparator mode and ANSEL. © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203C-page 43 PIC16F688 4.3.5 4.3.6 RC4/C2OUT/TX/CK RC5/RX/DT Figure 4-9 shows the diagram for this pin. The RC4 is configurable to function as one of the following: The RC5 is configurable to function as one of the following: • a general purpose I/O • a digital output from the comparator • a digital I/O for the EUSART • a general purpose I/O • a digital I/O for the EUSART FIGURE 4-10: FIGURE 4-9: Data Bus USART Select(1) C2OUT EN EUSART Out Enable D EUSART TX/CLKOUT Data Bus C2OUT WR PORTC VDD WR PORTC WR TRISC Q EUSART DT Out 1 0 0 D 1 Q WR TRISC I/O Pin CK Q CK I/O Pin Q Q VSS RD TRISC VSS D CK VDD Q 0 1 D BLOCK DIAGRAM OF RC5 PIN BLOCK DIAGRAM OF RC4 Q RD PORTC CK Q To EUSART RX/DT In RD TRISC RD PORTC To EUSART CLK Input Note 1: USART Select signals selects between port data and peripheral output. TABLE 4-2: Name ANSEL CMCON0 PORTC TRISC Legend: SUMMARY OF REGISTERS ASSOCIATED WITH PORTC Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Value on POR, BOR Value on all other Resets 1111 1111 ANS7 ANS6 ANS5 ANS4 ANS3 ANS2 ANS1 ANS0 1111 1111 C2OUT C1OUT C2INV C1INV CIS CM2 CM1 CM0 0000 0000 0000 0000 — — RC5 RC4 RC3 RC2 RC1 RC0 --xx 0000 --xx 0000 — — TRISC5 TRISC4 TRISC3 TRISC2 TRISC1 TRISC0 --11 1111 --11 1111 x = unknown, u = unchanged, – = unimplemented locations read as ‘0’. Shaded cells are not used by PORTC. DS41203C-page 44 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 5.0 TIMER0 MODULE 5.1 Timer0 Operation The Timer0 module is an 8-bit timer/counter with the following features: When used as a timer, the Timer0 module can be used as either an 8-bit timer or an 8-bit counter. • • • • • 5.1.1 8-bit timer/counter register (TMR0) 8-bit prescaler (shared with Watchdog Timer) Programmable internal or external clock source Programmable external clock edge selection Interrupt on overflow 8-BIT TIMER MODE When used as a timer, the Timer0 module will increment every instruction cycle (without prescaler). Timer mode is selected by clearing the T0CS bit of the OPTION register to ‘0’. Figure 5-1 is a block diagram of the Timer0 module. When TMR0 is written, the increment is inhibited for two instruction cycles immediately following the write. Note: 5.1.2 The value written to the TMR0 register can be adjusted, in order to account for the two instruction cycle delay when TMR0 is written. 8-BIT COUNTER MODE When used as a counter, the Timer0 module will increment on every rising or falling edge of the T0CKI pin. The incrementing edge is determined by the T0SE bit of the OPTION register. Counter mode is selected by setting the T0CS bit of the OPTION register to ‘1’. FIGURE 5-1: BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE TIMER0/WDT PRESCALER FOSC/4 Data Bus 0 8 1 Sync 2 Tcy 1 T0CKI pin TMR0 0 0 T0SE T0CS Set Flag bit T0IF on Overflow 8-bit Prescaler PSA 1 8 PSA WDTE SWDTEN PS<2:0> 16-bit Prescaler 31 kHz INTOSC 1 WDT Time-out 0 16 Watchdog Timer PSA WDTPS<3:0> Note 1: T0SE, T0CS, PSA, PS<2:0> are bits in the OPTION register. 2: SWDTEN and WDTPS<3:0> are bits in the WDTCON register. 3: WDTE bit is in the Configuration Word register. © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 45 PIC16F688 5.1.3 SOFTWARE PROGRAMMABLE PRESCALER A single software programmable prescaler is available for use with either Timer0 or the Watchdog Timer (WDT), but not both simultaneously. The prescaler assignment is controlled by the PSA bit of the OPTION register. To assign the prescaler to Timer0, the PSA bit must be cleared to a ‘0’. There are 8 prescaler options for the Timer0 module ranging from 1:2 to 1:256. The prescale values are selectable via the PS<2:0> bits of the OPTION register. In order to have a 1:1 prescaler value for the Timer0 module, the prescaler must be assigned to the WDT module. The prescaler is not readable or writable. When assigned to the Timer0 module, all instructions writing to the TMR0 register will clear the prescaler. When the prescaler is assigned to WDT, a CLRWDT instruction will clear the prescaler along with the WDT. 5.1.3.1 Switching Prescaler Between Timer0 and WDT Modules As a result of having the prescaler assigned to either Timer0 or the WDT, it is possible to generate an unintended device Reset when switching prescaler values. When changing the prescaler assignment from Timer0 to the WDT module, the instruction sequence shown in Example 5-1, must be executed. EXAMPLE 5-1: BANKSEL CLRWDT CLRF BANKSEL BSF CLRWDT MOVLW ANDWF IORLW MOVWF TMR0 CHANGING PRESCALER (TIMER0 → WDT) ; ;Clear WDT TMR0 ;Clear TMR0 and ;prescaler OPTION_REG ; OPTION_REG,PSA ;Select WDT ; ; b’11111000’ ;Mask prescaler OPTION_REG,W ;bits b’00000101’ ;Set WDT prescaler OPTION_REG ;to 1:32 DS41203D-page 46 When changing the prescaler assignment from the WDT to the Timer0 module, the following instruction sequence must be executed (see Example 5-2). EXAMPLE 5-2: CHANGING PRESCALER (WDT → TIMER0) CLRWDT ;Clear WDT and ;prescaler BANKSEL OPTION_REG ; MOVLW b’11110000’ ;Mask TMR0 select and ANDWF OPTION_REG,W ;prescaler bits IORLW b’00000011’ ;Set prescale to 1:16 MOVWF OPTION_REG ; 5.1.4 TIMER0 INTERRUPT Timer0 will generate an interrupt when the TMR0 register overflows from FFh to 00h. The T0IF interrupt flag bit of the INTCON register is set every time the TMR0 register overflows, regardless of whether or not the Timer0 interrupt is enabled. The T0IF bit must be cleared in software. The Timer0 interrupt enable is the T0IE bit of the INTCON register. Note: 5.1.5 The Timer0 interrupt cannot wake the processor from Sleep since the timer is frozen during Sleep. USING TIMER0 WITH AN EXTERNAL CLOCK When Timer0 is in Counter mode, the synchronization of the T0CKI input and the Timer0 register is accomplished by sampling the prescaler output on the Q2 and Q4 cycles of the internal phase clocks. Therefore, the high and low periods of the external clock source must meet the timing requirements as shown in Section 14.0 “Electrical Specifications”. © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 REGISTER 5-1: OPTION_REG: OPTION REGISTER R/W-1 R/W-1 R/W-1 R/W-1 R/W-1 R/W-1 R/W-1 R/W-1 RAPU INTEDG T0CS T0SE PSA PS2 PS1 PS0 bit 7 bit 0 Legend: R = Readable bit W = Writable bit U = Unimplemented bit, read as ‘0’ -n = Value at POR ‘1’ = Bit is set ‘0’ = Bit is cleared bit 7 RAPU: PORTA Pull-up Enable bit 1 = PORTA pull-ups are disabled 0 = PORTA pull-ups are enabled by individual PORT latch values bit 6 INTEDG: Interrupt Edge Select bit 1 = Interrupt on rising edge of INT pin 0 = Interrupt on falling edge of INT pin bit 5 T0CS: TMR0 Clock Source Select bit 1 = Transition on T0CKI pin 0 = Internal instruction cycle clock (FOSC/4) bit 4 T0SE: TMR0 Source Edge Select bit 1 = Increment on high-to-low transition on T0CKI pin 0 = Increment on low-to-high transition on T0CKI pin bit 3 PSA: Prescaler Assignment bit 1 = Prescaler is assigned to the WDT 0 = Prescaler is assigned to the Timer0 module bit 2-0 PS<2:0>: Prescaler Rate Select bits Note 1: TMR0 RATE WDT RATE 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111 1:2 1:4 1:8 1 : 16 1 : 32 1 : 64 1 : 128 1 : 256 1:1 1:2 1:4 1:8 1 : 16 1 : 32 1 : 64 1 : 128 A dedicated 16-bit WDT postscaler is available. See Section 11.5 “Watchdog Timer (WDT)” for more information. TABLE 5-1: Name TMR0 INTCON OPTION_REG TRISA BIT VALUE x = Bit is unknown SUMMARY OF REGISTERS ASSOCIATED WITH TIMER0 Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 PEIE RAPU INTEDG — — Value on all other Resets Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 T0IE INTE RAIE T0IF INTF RAIF 0000 000x 0000 000x T0CS T0SE PSA PS2 PS1 PS0 1111 1111 1111 1111 Timer0 Module Register GIE Value on POR, BOR Bit 4 xxxx xxxx uuuu uuuu TRISA5 TRISA4 TRISA3 TRISA2 TRISA1 TRISA0 --11 1111 --11 1111 Legend: – = Unimplemented locations, read as ‘0’, u = unchanged, x = unknown. Shaded cells are not used by the Timer0 module. © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 47 PIC16F688 6.0 TIMER1 MODULE WITH GATE CONTROL 6.1 The Timer1 module is a 16-bit incrementing counter which is accessed through the TMR1H:TMR1L register pair. Writes to TMR1H or TMR1L directly update the counter. The Timer1 module is a 16-bit timer/counter with the following features: • • • • • • 16-bit timer/counter register pair (TMR1H:TMR1L) Programmable internal or external clock source 3-bit prescaler Optional LP oscillator Synchronous or asynchronous operation Timer1 gate (count enable) via comparator or T1G pin • Interrupt on overflow • Wake-up on overflow (external clock, Asynchronous mode only) When used with an internal clock source, the module is a timer. When used with an external clock source, the module can be used as either a timer or counter. 6.2 Clock Source Selection The TMR1CS bit of the T1CON register is used to select the clock source. When TMR1CS = 0, the clock source is FOSC/4. When TMR1CS = 1, the clock source is supplied externally. Clock Source Figure 6-1 is a block diagram of the Timer1 module. FIGURE 6-1: Timer1 Operation TMR1CS Clock Source FOSC/4 0 FOSC/4 T1CKI pin 1 T1CKI pin TIMER1 BLOCK DIAGRAM TMR1GE T1GINV TMR1ON Set flag bit TMR1IF on Overflow To C2 Comparator Module Timer1 Clock TMR1(2) TMR1H TMR1L Synchronized clock input 0 EN 1 Oscillator (1) T1SYNC OSC1/T1CKI OSC2/T1G 1 FOSC/4 Internal Clock Synchronize(3) Prescaler 1, 2, 4, 8 det 0 2 T1CKPS<1:0> TMR1CS 1 INTOSC Without CLKOUT T1OSCEN C2OUT 0 T1GSS Note 1: 2: 3: DS41203D-page 48 ST Buffer is low power type when using LP oscillator, or high speed type when using T1CKI. Timer1 register increments on rising edge. Synchronize does not operate while in Sleep. © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 6.2.1 INTERNAL CLOCK SOURCE When the internal clock source is selected the TMR1H:TMR1L register pair will increment on multiples of TCY as determined by the Timer1 prescaler. 6.2.2 EXTERNAL CLOCK SOURCE When the external clock source is selected, the Timer1 module may work as a timer or a counter. When counting, Timer1 is incremented on the rising edge of the external clock input T1CKI. In addition, the Counter mode clock can be synchronized to the microcontroller system clock or run asynchronously. 6.5 If control bit T1SYNC of the T1CON register is set, the external clock input is not synchronized. The timer continues to increment asynchronous to the internal phase clocks. The timer will continue to run during Sleep and can generate an interrupt on overflow, which will wake-up the processor. However, special precautions in software are needed to read/write the timer (see Section 6.5.1 “Reading and Writing Timer1 in Asynchronous Counter Mode”). Note: If an external clock oscillator is needed (and the microcontroller is using the INTOSC without CLKOUT), Timer1 can use the LP oscillator as a clock source. Note: 6.3 In Counter mode, a falling edge must be registered by the counter prior to the first incrementing rising edge. 6.4 Timer1 Oscillator A low-power 32.768 kHz crystal oscillator is built-in between pins OSC1 (input) and OSC2 (amplifier output). The oscillator is enabled by setting the T1OSCEN control bit of the T1CON register. The oscillator will continue to run during Sleep. The Timer1 oscillator is shared with the system LP oscillator. Thus, Timer1 can use this mode only when the primary system clock is derived from the internal oscillator or when in LP oscillator mode. The user must provide a software time delay to ensure proper oscillator start-up. TRISA5 and TRISA4 bits are set when the Timer1 oscillator is enabled. RA5 and RA4 bits read as ‘0’ and TRISA5 and TRISA4 bits read as ‘1’. Note: 6.5.1 Timer1 Prescaler Timer1 has four prescaler options allowing 1, 2, 4 or 8 divisions of the clock input. The T1CKPS bits of the T1CON register control the prescale counter. The prescale counter is not directly readable or writable; however, the prescaler counter is cleared upon a write to TMR1H or TMR1L. The oscillator requires a start-up and stabilization time before use. Thus, T1OSCEN should be set and a suitable delay observed prior to enabling Timer1. Timer1 Operation in Asynchronous Counter Mode When switching from synchronous to asynchronous operation, it is possible to skip an increment. When switching from asynchronous to synchronous operation, it is possible to produce a single spurious increment. READING AND WRITING TIMER1 IN ASYNCHRONOUS COUNTER MODE Reading TMR1H or TMR1L while the timer is running from an external asynchronous clock will ensure a valid read (taken care of in hardware). However, the user should keep in mind that reading the 16-bit timer in two 8-bit values itself, poses certain problems, since the timer may overflow between the reads. For writes, it is recommended that the user simply stop the timer and write the desired values. A write contention may occur by writing to the timer registers, while the register is incrementing. This may produce an unpredictable value in the TMR1H:TTMR1L register pair. 6.6 Timer1 Gate Timer1 gate source is software configurable to be the T1G pin or the output of Comparator 2. This allows the device to directly time external events using T1G or analog events using Comparator 2. See the CMCON1 register (Register 7-2) for selecting the Timer1 gate source. This feature can simplify the software for a Delta-Sigma A/D converter and many other applications. For more information on Delta-Sigma A/D converters, see the Microchip web site (www.microchip.com). Note: TMR1GE bit of the T1CON register must be set to use either T1G or C2OUT as the Timer1 gate source. See Register 7-2 for more information on selecting the Timer1 gate source. Timer1 gate can be inverted using the T1GINV bit of the T1CON register, whether it originates from the T1G pin or Comparator 2 output. This configures Timer1 to measure either the active-high or active-low time between events. © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 49 PIC16F688 6.7 Timer1 Interrupt The Timer1 register pair (TMR1H:TMR1L) increments to FFFFh and rolls over to 0000h. When Timer1 rolls over, the Timer1 interrupt flag bit of the PIR1 register is set. To enable the interrupt on rollover, you must set these bits: • Timer1 interrupt enable bit of the PIE1 register • PEIE bit of the INTCON register • GIE bit of the INTCON register The interrupt is cleared by clearing the TMR1IF bit in the Interrupt Service Routine. Note: The TMR1H:TTMR1L register pair and the TMR1IF bit should be cleared before enabling interrupts. FIGURE 6-2: 6.8 Timer1 Operation During Sleep Timer1 can only operate during Sleep when setup in Asynchronous Counter mode. In this mode, an external crystal or clock source can be used to increment the counter. To set up the timer to wake the device: • TMR1ON bit of the T1CON register must be set • TMR1IE bit of the PIE1 register must be set • PEIE bit of the INTCON register must be set The device will wake-up on an overflow and execute the next instruction. If the GIE bit of the INTCON register is set, the device will call the Interrupt Service Routine (0004h). TIMER1 INCREMENTING EDGE T1CKI = 1 when TMR1 Enabled T1CKI = 0 when TMR1 Enabled Note 1: 2: Arrows indicate counter increments. In Counter mode, a falling edge must be registered by the counter prior to the first incrementing rising edge of the clock. DS41203D-page 50 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 6.9 Timer1 Control Register The Timer1 Control register (T1CON), shown in Register 6-1, is used to control Timer1 and select the various features of the Timer1 module. REGISTER 6-1: R/W-0 R/W-0 (1) T1GINV T1CON: TIMER 1 CONTROL REGISTER (2) TMR1GE R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 T1CKPS1 T1CKPS0 T1OSCEN T1SYNC TMR1CS TMR1ON bit 7 bit 0 Legend: R = Readable bit W = Writable bit U = Unimplemented bit, read as ‘0’ -n = Value at POR ‘1’ = Bit is set ‘0’ = Bit is cleared bit 7 T1GINV: Timer1 Gate Invert bit(1) 1 = Timer1 gate is active high (Timer1 counts when gate is high) 0 = Timer1 gate is active low (Timer1 counts when gate is low) bit 6 TMR1GE: Timer1 Gate Enable bit(2) If TMR1ON = 0: This bit is ignored If TMR1ON = 1: 1 = Timer1 is on if Timer1 gate is active 0 = Timer1 is on bit 5-4 T1CKPS<1:0>: Timer1 Input Clock Prescale Select bits 11 = 1:8 Prescale Value 10 = 1:4 Prescale Value 01 = 1:2 Prescale Value 00 = 1:1 Prescale Value bit 3 T1OSCEN: LP Oscillator Enable Control bit If INTOSC without CLKOUT oscillator is active: 1 = LP oscillator is enabled for Timer1 clock 0 = LP oscillator is off Else: This bit is ignored. LP oscillator is disabled. bit 2 T1SYNC: Timer1 External Clock Input Synchronization Control bit TMR1CS = 1: 1 = Do not synchronize external clock input 0 = Synchronize external clock input TMR1CS = 0: This bit is ignored. Timer1 uses the internal clock bit 1 TMR1CS: Timer1 Clock Source Select bit 1 = External clock from T1CKI pin (on the rising edge) 0 = Internal clock (FOSC/4) bit 0 TMR1ON: Timer1 On bit 1 = Enables Timer1 0 = Stops Timer1 Note 1: 2: x = Bit is unknown T1GINV bit inverts the Timer1 gate logic, regardless of source. TMR1GE bit must be set to use either T1G pin or C2OUT, as selected by the T1GSS bit of the CM2CON1 register, as a Timer1 gate source. © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 51 PIC16F688 TABLE 6-1: Name SUMMARY OF REGISTERS ASSOCIATED WITH TIMER1 Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Value on POR, BOR Value on all other Resets 00-- --10 CMCON1 — — — — — — T1GSS C2SYNC ---- --10 INTCON GIE PEIE T0IE INTE RAIE T0IF INTF RAIF 0000 000x 0000 000x PIE1 EEIE ADIE RCIE C2IE C1IE OSFIE TXIE TMR1IE 0000 0000 0000 0000 EEIF ADIF RCIF C2IF C1IF OSFIF TXIF TMR1IF 0000 0000 0000 0000 xxxx xxxx uuuu uuuu xxxx xxxx uuuu uuuu 0000 0000 uuuu uuuu PIR1 TMR1H Holding Register for the Most Significant Byte of the 16-bit TMR1 Register TMR1L Holding Register for the Least Significant Byte of the 16-bit TMR1 Register T1CON Legend: T1GINV TMR1GE T1CKPS1 T1CKPS0 T1OSCEN T1SYNC TMR1CS TMR1ON x = unknown, u = unchanged, – = unimplemented, read as ‘0’. Shaded cells are not used by the Timer1 module. DS41203D-page 52 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 7.0 COMPARATOR MODULE Comparators are used to interface analog circuits to a digital circuit by comparing two analog voltages and providing a digital indication of their relative magnitudes. The comparators are very useful mixed signal building blocks because they provide analog functionality independent of the program execution. The Analog Comparator module includes the following features: • Dual comparators • Multiple comparator configurations • Comparator outputs are available internally/externally • Programmable output polarity • Interrupt-on-change • Wake-up from Sleep • Timer1 gate (count enable) • Output synchronization to Timer1 clock input • Programmable voltage reference Note: 7.1 Comparator Overview A comparator is shown in Figure 7-1 along with the relationship between the analog input levels and the digital output. When the analog voltage at VIN+ is less than the analog voltage at VIN-, the output of the comparator is a digital low level. When the analog voltage at VIN+ is greater than the analog voltage at VIN-, the output of the comparator is a digital high level. FIGURE 7-1: SINGLE COMPARATOR VIN+ + VIN- – Output VINVIN+ Only Comparator C2 can be linked to Timer1. Output Note: The black areas of the output of the comparator represents the uncertainty due to input offsets and response time. This device contains two comparators as shown in Figure 7-2 and Figure 7-3. The comparators are not independently configurable. © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 53 PIC16F688 FIGURE 7-2: COMPARATOR C1 OUTPUT BLOCK DIAGRAM MULTIPLEX Port Pins C1INV To C1OUT pin C1 D Q1 To Data Bus Q EN RD CMCON0 Set C1IF bit D Q3*RD CMCON0 Q EN CL Reset Note 1: 2: FIGURE 7-3: Q1 and Q3 are phases of the four-phase system clock (FOSC). Q1 is held high during Sleep mode. COMPARATOR C2 OUTPUT BLOCK DIAGRAM C2SYNC Port Pins MULTIPLEX To Timer1 Gate C2INV 0 C2 To C2OUT pin D Q D Q 1 Timer1 clock source(1) Q1 EN To Data Bus RD CMCON0 Set C2IF bit D Q3*RD CMCON0 Q EN CL Reset Note 1: DS41203D-page 54 Comparator output is latched on falling edge of Timer1 clock source. 2: Q1 and Q3 are phases of the four-phase system clock (FOSC). 3: Q1 is held high during Sleep mode. © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 7.1.1 ANALOG INPUT CONNECTION CONSIDERATIONS A simplified circuit for an analog input is shown in Figure 7-4. Since the analog input pins share their connection with a digital input, they have reverse biased ESD protection diodes to VDD and VSS. The analog input, therefore, must be between VSS and VDD. If the input voltage deviates from this range by more than 0.6V in either direction, one of the diodes is forward biased and a latch-up may occur. Note 1: When reading a PORT register, all pins configured as analog inputs will read as a ‘0’. Pins configured as digital inputs will convert as an analog input, according to the input specification. 2: Analog levels on any pin defined as a digital input, may cause the input buffer to consume more current than is specified. A maximum source impedance of 10 kΩ is recommended for the analog sources. Also, any external component connected to an analog input pin, such as a capacitor or a Zener diode, should have very little leakage current to minimize inaccuracies introduced. FIGURE 7-4: ANALOG INPUT MODEL VDD VT ≈ 0.6V Rs < 10K RIC To ADC Input AIN VA CPIN 5 pF VT ≈ 0.6V ILEAKAGE ±500 nA Vss Legend: CPIN = Input Capacitance ILEAKAGE = Leakage Current at the pin due to various junctions = Interconnect Resistance RIC = Source Impedance RS VA = Analog Voltage = Threshold Voltage VT © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 55 PIC16F688 7.2 Comparator Configuration There are eight modes of operation for the comparator. The CM<2:0> bits of the CMCON0 register are used to select these modes as shown in Figure 7-5. I/O lines change as a function of the mode and are designated as follows: • Analog function (A): digital input buffer is disabled • Digital function (D): comparator digital output, overrides port function • Normal port function (I/O): independent of comparator The port pins denoted as “A” will read as a ‘0’ regardless of the state of the I/O pin or the I/O control TRIS bit. Pins used as analog inputs should also have the corresponding TRIS bit set to ‘1’ to disable the digital output driver. Pins denoted as “D” should have the corresponding TRIS bit set to ‘0’ to enable the digital output driver. Note: Comparator interrupts should be disabled during a Comparator mode change to prevent unintended interrupts. DS41203D-page 56 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 FIGURE 7-5: COMPARATOR I/O OPERATING MODES Comparators Reset (POR Default Value) CM<2:0> = 000 A VINC1INVIN+ C1IN+ A C2IN- C1 Off(1) C2 (1) Two Independent Comparators CM<2:0> = 100 VINC1IN- A C1IN+ VIN- A VIN+ C2IN+ A C2INOff C2IN+ Three Inputs Multiplexed to Two Comparators CM<2:0> = 001 C1INC1IN+ C2INC2IN+ A A VIN- CIS = 0 CIS = 1 VIN+ C1 C1OUT C2 C2OUT VIN- A VIN+ A C1INC1IN+ A A VIN- CIS = 0 CIS = 1 VIN+ C1 C1IN+ C2IN+ C2IN- C2IN+ A VIN- CIS = 0 CIS = 1 VIN+ VIN+ I/O VIN+ A VIN- A VIN+ VIN+ C2INC2 C2OUT I/O VIN+ A VIN- A VIN+ C1 C1OUT C2IN+ C2OUT(pin) C2 C2OUT C1 Off(1) C2 C2OUT C1 C1OUT C2 C2OUT D C2 C2OUT I/O = Normal port I/O A VIN- A VIN+ D Comparators Off (Lowest Power) CM<2:0> = 111 C1IN- I/O C1IN+ I/O C2IN- Legend: A = Analog Input, ports always reads ‘0’ Note 1: A C1OUT A Two Common Reference Comparators CM<2:0> = 011 A VINC1IN- C2IN- VIN- C1OUT From CVREF Module C1IN+ A C1 Two Common Reference Comparators with Outputs CM<2:0> = 110 A VINC1INC1OUT(pin) C2IN+ VIN+ One Independent Comparator CM<2:0> = 101 I/O VINC1IN- C2IN- Four Inputs Multiplexed to Two Comparators CM<2:0> = 010 A C2IN+ VINVIN+ I/O VIN- I/O VIN+ C1 Off(1) C2 Off(1) CIS = Comparator Input Switch (CMCON0<3>) D = Comparator Digital Output Reads as ‘0’, unless CxINV = 1. © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 57 PIC16F688 7.3 Comparator Control The CMCON0 register (Register 7-1) provides access to the following comparator features: • • • • Mode selection Output state Output polarity Input switch 7.3.1 COMPARATOR OUTPUT STATE Each comparator state can always be read internally via the associated CxOUT bit of the CMCON0 register. The comparator outputs are directed to the CxOUT pins when CM<2:0> = 110. When this mode is selected, the TRIS bits for the associated CxOUT pins must be cleared to enable the output drivers. 7.3.2 COMPARATOR OUTPUT POLARITY Inverting the output of a comparator is functionally equivalent to swapping the comparator inputs. The polarity of a comparator output can be inverted by setting the CxINV bits of the CMCON0 register. Clearing CxINV results in a non-inverted output. A complete table showing the output state versus input conditions and the polarity bit is shown in Table 7-1. TABLE 7-1: OUTPUT STATE VS. INPUT CONDITIONS Input Conditions CxINV CxOUT VIN- > VIN+ 0 0 VIN- < VIN+ 0 1 VIN- > VIN+ 1 1 VIN- < VIN+ 1 0 Note: CxOUT refers to both the register bit and output pin. DS41203D-page 58 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 7.3.3 COMPARATOR INPUT SWITCH The inverting input of the comparators may be switched between two analog pins in the following modes: • CM<2:0> = 001 (Comparator C1 only) • CM<2:0> = 010 (Comparators C1 and C2) In the above modes, both pins remain in analog mode regardless of which pin is selected as the input. The CIS bit of the CMCON0 register controls the comparator input switch. 7.4 Comparator Response Time The comparator output is indeterminate for a period of time after the change of an input source or the selection of a new reference voltage. This period is referred to as the response time. The response time of the comparator differs from the settling time of the voltage reference. Therefore, both of these times must be considered when determining the total response time to a comparator input change. See the Comparator and Voltage Reference specifications in Section 14.0 “Electrical Specifications” for more details. 7.5 Comparator Interrupt Operation The comparator interrupt flag is set whenever there is a change in the output value of the comparator. Changes are recognized by means of a mismatch circuit which consists of two latches and an exclusiveor gate (see Figure 7-2 and Figure 7-3). One latch is updated with the comparator output level when the CMCON0 register is read. This latch retains the value until the next read of the CMCON0 register or the occurrence of a Reset. The other latch of the mismatch circuit is updated on every Q1 system clock. A mismatch condition will occur when a comparator output change is clocked through the second latch on the Q1 clock cycle. The mismatch condition will persist, holding the CxIF bit of the PIR1 register true, until either the CMCON0 register is read or the comparator output returns to the previous state. Note: A write operation to the CMCON0 register will also clear the mismatch condition because all writes include a read operation at the beginning of the write cycle. Software will need to maintain information about the status of the comparator output to determine the actual change that has occurred. The CxIF bit of the PIR1 register is the comparator interrupt flag. This bit must be reset in software by clearing it to ‘0’. Since it is also possible to write a ‘1’ to this register, a simulated interrupt may be initiated. The CxIE bit of the PIE1 register and the PEIE and GIE bits of the INTCON register must all be set to enable comparator interrupts. If any of these bits are cleared, the interrupt is not enabled, although the CxIF bit of the PIR1 register will still be set if an interrupt condition occurs. The user, in the Interrupt Service Routine, can clear the interrupt in the following manner: a) b) Any read or write of CMCON0. This will end the mismatch condition. See Figures 7-6 and 7-7 Clear the CxIF interrupt flag. A persistent mismatch condition will preclude clearing the CxIF interrupt flag. Reading CMCON0 will end the mismatch condition and allow the CxIF bit to be cleared. © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 59 PIC16F688 FIGURE 7-6: COMPARATOR INTERRUPT TIMING W/O CMCON0 READ Q1 Q3 CIN+ TRT COUT Set CMIF (level) CMIF reset by software FIGURE 7-7: COMPARATOR INTERRUPT TIMING WITH CMCON0 READ Q1 Q3 CIN+ 7.6 Operation During Sleep The comparator, if enabled before entering Sleep mode, remains active during Sleep. The additional current consumed by the comparator is shown separately in Section 14.0 “Electrical Specifications”. If the comparator is not used to wake the device, power consumption can be minimized while in Sleep mode by turning off the comparator. The comparator is turned off by selecting mode CM<2:0> = 000 or CM<2:0> = 111 of the CMCON0 register. A change to the comparator output can wake-up the device from Sleep. To enable the comparator to wake the device from Sleep, the CxIE bit of the PIE1 register and the PEIE bit of the INTCON register must be set. The instruction following the Sleep instruction always executes following a wake from Sleep. If the GIE bit of the INTCON register is also set, the device will then execute the Interrupt Service Routine. TRT 7.7 COUT Set CMIF (level) CMIF cleared by CMCON0 read reset by software Note 1: If a change in the CM1CON0 register (CxOUT) occurs when a read operation is being executed (start of the Q2 cycle), then the CxIF Interrupt Flag bit of the PIR1 register may not get set. Effects of a Reset A device Reset forces the CMCON0 and CMCON1 registers to their Reset states. This forces the Comparator module to be in the Comparator Reset mode (CM<2:0> = 000). Thus, all comparator inputs are analog inputs with the comparator disabled to consume the smallest current possible. 2: When either comparator is first enabled, bias circuitry in the Comparator module may cause an invalid output from the comparator until the bias circuitry is stable. Allow about 1 μs for bias settling then clear the mismatch condition and interrupt flags before enabling comparator interrupts. DS41203D-page 60 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 REGISTER 7-1: CMCON0: COMPARATOR CONFIGURATION REGISTER R-0 R-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 C2OUT C1OUT C2INV C1INV CIS CM2 CM1 CM0 bit 7 bit 0 Legend: R = Readable bit W = Writable bit U = Unimplemented bit, read as ‘0’ -n = Value at POR ‘1’ = Bit is set ‘0’ = Bit is cleared bit 7 C2OUT: Comparator 2 Output bit When C2INV = 0: 1 = C2 VIN+ > C2 VIN0 = C2 VIN+ < C2 VINWhen C2INV = 1: 1 = C2 VIN+ < C2 VIN0 = C2 VIN+ > C2 VIN- bit 6 C1OUT: Comparator 1 Output bit When C1INV = 0: 1 = C1 VIN+ > C1 VIN0 = C1 VIN+ < C1 VINWhen C1INV = 1: 1 = C1 VIN+ < C1 VIN0 = C1 VIN+ > C1 VIN- bit 5 C2INV: Comparator 2 Output Inversion bit 1 = C2 output inverted 0 = C2 output not inverted bit 4 C1INV: Comparator 1 Output Inversion bit 1 = C1 Output inverted 0 = C1 Output not inverted bit 3 CIS: Comparator Input Switch bit When CM<2:0> = 010: 1 = C1IN+ connects to C1 VINC2IN+ connects to C2 VIN0 = C1IN- connects to C1 VINC2IN- connects to C2 VINWhen CM<2:0> = 001: 1 = C1IN+ connects to C1 VIN0 = C1IN- connects to C1 VIN- bit 2-0 CM<2:0>: Comparator Mode bits (See Figure 7-5) 000 = Comparators off. CxIN pins are configured as analog 001 = Three inputs multiplexed to two comparators 010 = Four inputs multiplexed to two comparators 011 = Two common reference comparators 100 = Two independent comparators 101 = One independent comparator 110 = Two common reference comparators with outputs 111 = Comparators off. CxIN pins are configured as digital I/O © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. x = Bit is unknown DS41203D-page 61 PIC16F688 7.8 Comparator C2 Gating Timer1 7.9 This feature can be used to time the duration or interval of analog events. Clearing the T1GSS bit of the CMCON1 register will enable Timer1 to increment based on the output of Comparator C2. This requires that Timer1 is on and gating is enabled. See Section 6.0 “Timer1 Module with Gate Control” for details. It is recommended to synchronize Comparator C2 with Timer1 by setting the C2SYNC bit when the comparator is used as the Timer1 gate source. This ensures Timer1 does not miss an increment if the comparator changes during an increment. REGISTER 7-2: Synchronizing Comparator C2 Output to Timer1 The output of Comparator C2 can be synchronized with Timer1 by setting the C2SYNC bit of the CMCON1 register. When enabled, the comparator output is latched on the falling edge of the Timer1 clock source. If a prescaler is used with Timer1, the comparator output is latched after the prescaling function. To prevent a race condition, the comparator output is latched on the falling edge of the Timer1 clock source and Timer1 increments on the rising edge of its clock source. Reference the comparator block diagrams (Figure 7-2 and Figure 7-3) and the Timer1 Block Diagram (Figure 6-1) for more information. CMCON1: COMPARATOR CONFIGURATION REGISTER U-0 U-0 U-0 U-0 U-0 U-0 R/W-1 R/W-0 — — — — — — T1GSS C2SYNC bit 7 bit 0 Legend: R = Readable bit W = Writable bit U = Unimplemented bit, read as ‘0’ -n = Value at POR ‘1’ = Bit is set ‘0’ = Bit is cleared x = Bit is unknown bit 7-2 Unimplemented: Read as ‘0’ bit 1 T1GSS: Timer1 Gate Source Select bit(1) 1 = Timer1 gate source is T1G pin (pin should be configured as digital input) 0 = Timer1 gate source is Comparator C2 output bit 0 C2SYNC: Comparator C2 Output Synchronization bit(2) 1 = Output is synchronized with falling edge of Timer1 clock 0 = Output is asynchronous Note 1: 2: Refer to Section 6.6 “Timer1 Gate”. Refer to Figure 7-3. DS41203D-page 62 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 7.10 EQUATION 7-1: Comparator Voltage Reference The Comparator Voltage Reference module provides an internally generated voltage reference for the comparators. The following features are available: • • • • V RR = 1 (low range): CVREF = (VR<3:0>/24) × V DD V RR = 0 (high range): CV REF = (VDD/4) + (VR<3:0> × VDD/32) Independent from Comparator operation Two 16-level voltage ranges Output clamped to VSS Ratiometric with VDD The full range of VSS to VDD cannot be realized due to the construction of the module. See Figure 7-8. The VRCON register (Figure 7-3) controls the Voltage Reference module shown in Figure 7-8. 7.10.1 CVREF OUTPUT VOLTAGE INDEPENDENT OPERATION 7.10.3 OUTPUT CLAMPED TO VSS The CVREF output voltage can be set to Vss with no power consumption by configuring VRCON as follows: The comparator voltage reference is independent of the comparator configuration. Setting the VREN bit of the VRCON register will enable the voltage reference. • VREN = 0 • VRR = 1 • VR<3:0> = 0000 7.10.2 This allows the comparator to detect a zero-crossing while not consuming additional CVREF module current. OUTPUT VOLTAGE SELECTION The CVREF voltage reference has 2 ranges with 16 voltage levels in each range. Range selection is controlled by the VRR bit of the VRCON register. The 16 levels are set with the VR<3:0> bits of the VRCON register. The CVREF output voltage is determined by the following equations: REGISTER 7-3: 7.10.4 OUTPUT RATIOMETRIC TO VDD The comparator voltage reference is VDD derived and therefore, the CVREF output changes with fluctuations in VDD. The tested absolute accuracy of the Comparator Voltage Reference can be found in Section 14.0 “Electrical Specifications”. VRCON: VOLTAGE REFERENCE CONTROL REGISTER R/W-0 U-0 R/W-0 U-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 VREN — VRR — VR3 VR2 VR1 VR0 bit 7 bit 0 Legend: R = Readable bit W = Writable bit U = Unimplemented bit, read as ‘0’ -n = Value at POR ‘1’ = Bit is set ‘0’ = Bit is cleared bit 7 VREN: CVREF Enable bit 1 = CVREF circuit powered on 0 = CVREF circuit powered down, no IDD drain and CVREF = VSS. bit 6 Unimplemented: Read as ‘0’ bit 5 VRR: CVREF Range Selection bit 1 = Low range 0 = High range bit 4 Unimplemented: Read as ‘0’ bit 3-0 VR<3:0>: CVREF Value Selection bits (0 ≤ VR<3:0> ≤ 15) When VRR = 1: CVREF = (VR<3:0>/24) * VDD When VRR = 0: CVREF = VDD/4 + (VR<3:0>/32) * VDD © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. x = Bit is unknown DS41203D-page 63 PIC16F688 FIGURE 7-8: COMPARATOR VOLTAGE REFERENCE BLOCK DIAGRAM 16 Stages 8R R R R R VDD 8R VRR 16-1 Analog MUX VREN 15 14 CVREF to Comparator Input 2 1 0 VR<3:0>(1) VREN VR<3:0> = 0000 VRR Note 1: TABLE 7-2: Name ANSEL CMCON0 Care should be taken to ensure VREF remains within the comparator common mode input range. See Section 14.0 “Electrical Specifications” for more detail. SUMMARY OF REGISTERS ASSOCIATED WITH THE COMPARATOR AND VOLTAGE REFERENCE MODULES Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Value on POR, BOR Value on all other Resets ANS7 ANS6 ANS5 ANS4 ANS3 ANS2 ANS1 ANS0 1111 1111 1111 1111 C2OUT C1OUT C2INV C1INV CIS CM2 CM1 CM0 0000 0000 0000 0000 CMCON1 — — — — — — T1GSS C2SYNC ---- --10 ---- --10 INTCON GIE PEIE T0IE INTE RAIE T0IF INTF RAIF 0000 000x 0000 000x PIE1 EEIE ADIE RCIE C2IE C1IE OSFIE TXIE TMR1IE 0000 0000 0000 0000 PIR1 EEIF ADIF RCIF C2IF C1IF OSFIF TXIF TMR1IF 0000 0000 0000 0000 PORTA — — RA5 RA4 RA3 RA2 RA1 RA0 --x0 x000 --x0 x000 PORTC — — RC5 RC4 RC3 RC2 RC1 RC0 --xx 0000 --xx 0000 TRISA — — TRISA5 TRISA4 TRISA3 TRISA2 TRISA1 TRISA0 --11 1111 --11 1111 TRISC — — TRISC5 TRISC4 TRISC3 TRISC2 TRISC1 TRISC0 --11 1111 --11 1111 VREN — VR1 VR0 0-0- 0000 0-0- 0000 VRCON Legend: VRR — VR3 VR2 x = unknown, u = unchanged, – = unimplemented, read as ‘0’. Shaded cells are not used for comparator. DS41203D-page 64 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 8.0 ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERTER (ADC) MODULE The Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) allows conversion of an analog input signal to a 10-bit binary representation of that signal. This device uses analog inputs, which are multiplexed into a single sample and hold circuit. The output of the sample and hold is connected to the input of the converter. The converter generates a 10-bit binary result via successive approximation and stores the conversion result into the ADC result registers (ADRESL and ADRESH). The ADC voltage reference is software selectable to either VDD or a voltage applied to the external reference pins. The ADC can generate an interrupt upon completion of a conversion. This interrupt can be used to wake-up the device from Sleep. Figure 8-1 shows the block diagram of the ADC. FIGURE 8-1: ADC BLOCK DIAGRAM VDD VCFG = 0 VREF RA0/AN0 000 RA1/AN1/VREF RA2/AN2 001 010 011 RA4/AN3 RC0/AN4 VCFG = 1 A/D 10 GO/DONE 100 RC1/AN5 RC2/AN6 101 110 111 RC3/AN7 ADFM 0 = Left Justify 1 = Right Justify ADON 10 VSS ADRESH ADRESL CHS © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 65 PIC16F688 8.1 ADC Configuration When configuring and using the ADC the following functions must be considered: • • • • • • Port configuration Channel selection ADC voltage reference selection ADC conversion clock source Interrupt control Results formatting 8.1.1 For correct conversion, the appropriate TAD specification must be met. See A/D conversion requirements in Section 14.0 “Electrical Specifications” for more information. Table 8-1 gives examples of appropriate ADC clock selections. Note: Unless using the FRC, any changes in the system clock frequency will change the ADC clock frequency, which may adversely affect the ADC result. PORT CONFIGURATION The ADC can be used to convert both analog and digital signals. When converting analog signals, the I/O pin should be configured for analog by setting the associated TRIS and ANSEL bits. See the corresponding Port section for more information. Note: 8.1.2 Analog voltages on any pin that is defined as a digital input may cause the input buffer to conduct excess current. CHANNEL SELECTION The CHS bits of the ADCON0 register determine which channel is connected to the sample and hold circuit. When changing channels, a delay is required before starting the next conversion. Refer to Section 8.2 “ADC Operation” for more information. 8.1.3 ADC VOLTAGE REFERENCE The VCFG bit of the ADCON0 register provides control of the positive voltage reference. The positive voltage reference can be either VDD or an external voltage source. The negative voltage reference is always connected to the ground reference. 8.1.4 CONVERSION CLOCK The source of the conversion clock is software selectable via the ADCS bits of the ADCON1 register. There are seven possible clock options: • • • • • • • FOSC/2 FOSC/4 FOSC/8 FOSC/16 FOSC/32 FOSC/64 FRC (dedicated internal oscillator) The time to complete one bit conversion is defined as TAD. One full 10-bit conversion requires 11 TAD periods as shown in Figure 8-3. DS41203D-page 66 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 TABLE 8-1: ADC CLOCK PERIOD (TAD) VS. DEVICE OPERATING FREQUENCIES (VDD > 3.0V) ADC Clock Period (TAD) ADC Clock Source Device Frequency (FOSC) ADCS<2:0> 20 MHz 8 MHz (2) 2.0 μs 1.0 μs(2) 4.0 μs 2.0 μs 8.0 μs(3) 2.0 μs 4.0 μs 16.0 μs(3) 4.0 μs 8.0 μs(3) 32.0 μs(3) FOSC/2 000 100 ns 100 200 ns(2) 500 ns(2) 001 400 ns (2) (2) 800 ns (2) FOSC/16 101 FOSC/32 010 500 ns 1.0 μs (3) FOSC/64 110 3.2 μs FRC x11 2-6 μs(1,4) Legend: Note 1: 2: 3: 4: 250 ns 1.6 μs 1 MHz (2) FOSC/4 FOSC/8 4 MHz (2) 8.0 μs 2-6 μs(1,4) (3) 16.0 μs 64.0 μs(3) 2-6 μs(1,4) 2-6 μs(1,4) Shaded cells are outside of recommended range. The FRC source has a typical TAD time of 4 μs for VDD > 3.0V. These values violate the minimum required TAD time. For faster conversion times, the selection of another clock source is recommended. When the device frequency is greater than 1 MHz, the FRC clock source is only recommended if the conversion will be performed during Sleep. FIGURE 8-2: ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION TAD CYCLES TCY to TAD TAD1 TAD2 TAD3 TAD4 TAD5 TAD6 TAD7 TAD8 TAD9 TAD10 TAD11 b9 b8 b7 b6 b5 b4 b3 b2 b1 b0 Conversion Starts Holding Capacitor is Disconnected from Analog Input (typically 100 ns) Set GO/DONE bit © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. ADRESH and ADRESL registers are loaded, GO bit is cleared, ADIF bit is set, Holding capacitor is connected to analog input DS41203D-page 67 PIC16F688 8.1.5 INTERRUPTS 8.1.6 The ADC module allows for the ability to generate an interrupt upon completion of an Analog-to-Digital Conversion. The ADC interrupt flag is the ADIF bit in the PIR1 register. The ADC interrupt enable is the ADIE bit in the PIE1 register. The ADIF bit must be cleared in software. Note: RESULT FORMATTING The 10-bit A/D Conversion result can be supplied in two formats, left justified or right justified. The ADFM bit of the ADCON0 register controls the output format. Figure 8-4 shows the two output formats. The ADIF bit is set at the completion of every conversion, regardless of whether or not the ADC interrupt is enabled. This interrupt can be generated while the device is operating or while in Sleep. If the device is in Sleep, the interrupt will wake-up the device. Upon waking from Sleep, the next instruction following the SLEEP instruction is always executed. If the user is attempting to wake-up from Sleep and resume in-line code execution, the global interrupt must be disabled. If the global interrupt is enabled, execution will switch to the Interrupt Service Routine. Please see Section 8.1.5 “Interrupts” for more information. FIGURE 8-3: 10-BIT A/D CONVERSION RESULT FORMAT ADRESH (ADFM = 0) ADRESL MSB LSB bit 7 bit 0 bit 7 10-bit A/D Result (ADFM = 1) Unimplemented: Read as ‘0’ MSB bit 7 Unimplemented: Read as ‘0’ DS41203D-page 68 bit 0 LSB bit 0 bit 7 bit 0 10-bit A/D Result © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 8.2 8.2.1 ADC Operation STARTING A CONVERSION To enable the ADC module, the ADON bit of the ADCON0 register must be set to a ‘1’. Setting the GO/ DONE bit of the ADCON0 register to a ‘1’ will start the Analog-to-Digital Conversion. Note: 8.2.2 The GO/DONE bit should not be set in the same instruction that turns on the ADC. Refer to Section 8.2.5 “A/D Conversion Procedure”. 8.2.5 This is an example procedure for using the ADC to perform an Analog-to-Digital Conversion: 1. 2. COMPLETION OF A CONVERSION When the conversion is complete, the ADC module will: 3. • Clear the GO/DONE bit • Set the ADIF flag bit • Update the ADRESH:ADRESL registers with new conversion result 8.2.3 TERMINATING A CONVERSION If a conversion must be terminated before completion, the GO/DONE bit can be cleared in software. The ADRESH:ADRESL registers will not be updated with the partially complete Analog-to-Digital Conversion sample. Instead, the ADRESH:ADRESL register pair will retain the value of the previous conversion. Additionally, a 2 TAD delay is required before another acquisition can be initiated. Following this delay, an input acquisition is automatically started on the selected channel. Note: 8.2.4 A device Reset forces all registers to their Reset state. Thus, the ADC module is turned off and any pending conversion is terminated. ADC OPERATION DURING SLEEP A/D CONVERSION PROCEDURE 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Configure Port: • Disable pin output driver (See TRIS register) • Configure pin as analog Configure the ADC module: • Select ADC conversion clock • Configure voltage reference • Select ADC input channel • Select result format • Turn on ADC module Configure ADC interrupt (optional): • Clear ADC interrupt flag • Enable ADC interrupt • Enable peripheral interrupt • Enable global interrupt(1) Wait the required acquisition time(2). Start conversion by setting the GO/DONE bit. Wait for ADC conversion to complete by one of the following: • Polling the GO/DONE bit • Waiting for the ADC interrupt (interrupts enabled) Read ADC Result Clear the ADC interrupt flag (required if interrupt is enabled). Note 1: The global interrupt can be disabled if the user is attempting to wake-up from Sleep and resume in-line code execution. 2: See Section 8.3 Requirements”. “A/D Acquisition The ADC module can operate during Sleep. This requires the ADC clock source to be set to the FRC option. When the FRC clock source is selected, the ADC waits one additional instruction before starting the conversion. This allows the SLEEP instruction to be executed, which can reduce system noise during the conversion. If the ADC interrupt is enabled, the device will wake-up from Sleep when the conversion completes. If the ADC interrupt is disabled, the ADC module is turned off after the conversion completes, although the ADON bit remains set. When the ADC clock source is something other than FRC, a SLEEP instruction causes the present conversion to be aborted and the ADC module is turned off, although the ADON bit remains set. © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 69 PIC16F688 EXAMPLE 8-1: A/D CONVERSION ;This code block configures the ADC ;for polling, Vdd reference, Frc clock ;and AN0 input. ; ;Conversion start & polling for completion ; are included. ; BANKSEL ADCON1 ; MOVLW B’01110000’ ;ADC Frc clock MOVWF ADCON1 ; BANKSEL TRISA ; BSF TRISA,0 ;Set RA0 to input BANKSEL ANSEL ; BSF ANSEL,0 ;Set RA0 to analog BANKSEL ADCON0 ; MOVLW B’10000001’ ;Right justify, MOVWF ADCON0 ;Vdd Vref, AN0, On CALL SampleTime ;Acquisiton delay BSF ADCON0,GO ;Start conversion BTFSC ADCON0,GO ;Is conversion done? GOTO $-1 ;No, test again BANKSEL ADRESH ; MOVF ADRESH,W ;Read upper 2 bits MOVWF RESULTHI ;store in GPR space BANKSEL ADRESL ; MOVF ADRESL,W ;Read lower 8 bits MOVWF RESULTLO ;Store in GPR space DS41203D-page 70 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 8.2.6 ADC REGISTER DEFINITIONS The following registers are used to control the operation of the ADC. REGISTER 8-1: ADCON0: A/D CONTROL REGISTER 0 R/W-0 R/W-0 U-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 ADFM VCFG — CHS2 CHS1 CHS0 GO/DONE ADON bit 7 bit 0 Legend: R = Readable bit W = Writable bit U = Unimplemented bit, read as ‘0’ -n = Value at POR ‘1’ = Bit is set ‘0’ = Bit is cleared bit 7 ADFM: A/D Conversion Result Format Select bit 1 = Right justified 0 = Left justified bit 6 VCFG: Voltage Reference bit 1 = VREF pin 0 = VDD bit 5 Unimplemented: Read as ‘0’ bit 4-2 x = Bit is unknown CHS<2:0>: Analog Channel Select bits 000 = AN0 001 = AN1 010 = AN2 011 = AN3 100 = AN4 101 = AN5 110 = AN6 111 = AN7 bit 1 GO/DONE: A/D Conversion Status bit 1 = A/D Conversion cycle in progress. Setting this bit starts an A/D Conversion cycle. This bit is automatically cleared by hardware when the A/D Conversion has completed. 0 = A/D Conversion completed/not in progress bit 0 ADON: ADC Enable bit 1 = ADC is enabled 0 = ADC is disabled and consumes no operating current REGISTER 8-2: ADCON1: A/D CONTROL REGISTER 1 U-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 U-0 U-0 U-0 U-0 — ADCS2 ADCS1 ADCS0 — — — — bit 7 bit 0 Legend: R = Readable bit W = Writable bit U = Unimplemented bit, read as ‘0’ -n = Value at POR ‘1’ = Bit is set ‘0’ = Bit is cleared x = Bit is unknown bit 7 Unimplemented: Read as ‘0’ bit 6-4 ADCS<2:0>: A/D Conversion Clock Select bits 000 = FOSC/2 001 = FOSC/8 010 = FOSC/32 x11 = FRC (clock derived from a dedicated internal oscillator = 500 kHz max) 100 = FOSC/4 101 = FOSC/16 110 = FOSC/64 bit 3-0 Unimplemented: Read as ‘0’ © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 71 PIC16F688 REGISTER 8-3: ADRESH: ADC RESULT REGISTER HIGH (ADRESH) ADFM = 0 R/W-x R/W-x R/W-x R/W-x R/W-x R/W-x R/W-x R/W-x ADRES9 ADRES8 ADRES7 ADRES6 ADRES5 ADRES4 ADRES3 ADRES2 bit 7 bit 0 Legend: R = Readable bit W = Writable bit U = Unimplemented bit, read as ‘0’ -n = Value at POR ‘1’ = Bit is set ‘0’ = Bit is cleared bit 7-0 x = Bit is unknown ADRES<9:2>: ADC Result Register bits Upper 8 bits of 10-bit conversion result REGISTER 8-4: ADRESL: ADC RESULT REGISTER LOW (ADRESL) ADFM = 0 R/W-x R/W-x R/W-x R/W-x R/W-x R/W-x R/W-x R/W-x ADRES1 ADRES0 — — — — — — bit 7 bit 0 Legend: R = Readable bit W = Writable bit U = Unimplemented bit, read as ‘0’ -n = Value at POR ‘1’ = Bit is set ‘0’ = Bit is cleared bit 7-6 ADRES<1:0>: ADC Result Register bits Lower 2 bits of 10-bit conversion result bit 5-0 Reserved: Do not use. REGISTER 8-5: x = Bit is unknown ADRESH: ADC RESULT REGISTER HIGH (ADRESH) ADFM = 1 R/W-x R/W-x R/W-x R/W-x R/W-x R/W-x R/W-x R/W-x — — — — — — ADRES9 ADRES8 bit 7 bit 0 Legend: R = Readable bit W = Writable bit U = Unimplemented bit, read as ‘0’ -n = Value at POR ‘1’ = Bit is set ‘0’ = Bit is cleared bit 7-2 Reserved: Do not use. bit 1-0 ADRES<9:8>: ADC Result Register bits Upper 2 bits of 10-bit conversion result REGISTER 8-6: x = Bit is unknown ADRESL: ADC RESULT REGISTER LOW (ADRESL) ADFM = 1 R/W-x R/W-x R/W-x R/W-x R/W-x R/W-x R/W-x R/W-x ADRES7 ADRES6 ADRES5 ADRES4 ADRES3 ADRES2 ADRES1 ADRES0 bit 7 bit 0 Legend: R = Readable bit W = Writable bit U = Unimplemented bit, read as ‘0’ -n = Value at POR ‘1’ = Bit is set ‘0’ = Bit is cleared bit 7-0 x = Bit is unknown ADRES<7:0>: ADC Result Register bits Lower 8 bits of 10-bit conversion result DS41203D-page 72 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 8.3 A/D Acquisition Requirements For the ADC to meet its specified accuracy, the charge holding capacitor (CHOLD) must be allowed to fully charge to the input channel voltage level. The Analog Input model is shown in Figure 8-4. The source impedance (RS) and the internal sampling switch (RSS) impedance directly affect the time required to charge the capacitor CHOLD. The sampling switch (RSS) impedance varies over the device voltage (VDD), see Figure 8-4. The maximum recommended impedance for analog sources is 10 kΩ. As the source impedance is decreased, the acquisition time may be decreased. After the analog input channel is selected (or changed), an A/D acquisition must be done before the conversion EQUATION 8-1: can be started. To calculate the minimum acquisition time, Equation 8-1 may be used. This equation assumes that 1/2 LSb error is used (1024 steps for the ADC). The 1/2 LSb error is the maximum error allowed for the ADC to meet its specified resolution. ACQUISITION TIME EXAMPLE Temperature = 50°C and external impedance of 10k Ω 5.0V V DD Assumptions: T ACQ = Amplifier Settling Time + Hold Capacitor Charging Time + Temperature Coefficient = T AMP + T C + T COFF = 2µs + T C + [ ( Temperature - 25°C ) ( 0.05µs/°C ) ] The value for TC can be approximated with the following equations: 1 V AP PLIE D ⎛⎝ 1 – ------------⎞⎠ = V CHOLD 2047 ;[1] VCHOLD charged to within 1/2 lsb –TC ----------⎞ ⎛ RC V AP P LI ED ⎜ 1 – e ⎟ = V CHOLD ⎝ ⎠ ;[2] VCHOLD charge response to VAPPLIED – Tc ---------⎞ ⎛ 1 RC V AP P LIED ⎜ 1 – e ⎟ = V A P PLIE D ⎛⎝ 1 – ------------⎞⎠ 2047 ⎝ ⎠ ;combining [1] and [2] Solving for TC: T C = – C HOLD ( R IC + R SS + R S ) ln(1/2047) = – 10pF ( 1k Ω + 7k Ω + 10k Ω ) ln(0.0004885) = 1.37 µs Therefore: T ACQ = 2µ S + 1.37µ S + [ ( 50°C- 25°C ) ( 0.05µ S /°C ) ] = 4.67µ S Note 1: The reference voltage (VREF) has no effect on the equation, since it cancels itself out. 2: The charge holding capacitor (CHOLD) is not discharged after each conversion. 3: The maximum recommended impedance for analog sources is 10 kΩ. This is required to meet the pin leakage specification. © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 73 PIC16F688 FIGURE 8-4: ANALOG INPUT MODEL VDD ANx Rs CPIN 5 pF VA VT = 0.6V VT = 0.6V RIC ≤ 1k Sampling Switch SS Rss I LEAKAGE ± 500 nA CHOLD = 10 pF VSS/VREF- Legend: CPIN = Input Capacitance = Threshold Voltage VT I LEAKAGE = Leakage current at the pin due to various junctions RIC = Interconnect Resistance SS = Sampling Switch CHOLD = Sample/Hold Capacitance FIGURE 8-5: 6V 5V VDD 4V 3V 2V RSS 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Sampling Switch (kΩ) ADC TRANSFER FUNCTION Full-Scale Range 3FFh 3FEh ADC Output Code 3FDh 3FCh 1 LSB ideal 3FBh Full-Scale Transition 004h 003h 002h 001h 000h Analog Input Voltage 1 LSB ideal VSS/VREF- DS41203D-page 74 Zero-Scale Transition VDD/VREF+ © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 TABLE 8-2: SUMMARY OF ASSOCIATED ADC REGISTERS Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Value on POR, BOR Value on all other Resets ADCON0 ADFM VCFG — CHS2 CHS1 CHS0 GO/DONE ADON 00-0 0000 00-0 0000 — ADCS2 ADCS1 ADCS0 — — — — -000 ---- -000 ---- ANS7 ANS6 ANS5 ANS4 ANS3 ANS2 ANS1 ANS0 1111 1111 1111 1111 ADCON1 ANSEL ADRESH A/D Result Register High Byte xxxx xxxx uuuu uuuu ADRESL A/D Result Register Low Byte xxxx xxxx uuuu uuuu INTCON GIE PEIE T0IE INTE RAIE T0IF INTF RAIF 0000 000x 0000 000x PIE1 EEIE ADIE RCIE C2IE C1IE OSFIE TXIE TMR1IE 0000 0000 0000 0000 PIR1 EEIF ADIF RCIF C2IF C1IF OSFIF TXIF TMR1IF 0000 0000 0000 0000 PORTA — — RA5 RA4 RA3 RA2 RA1 RA0 --x0 x000 --x0 x000 PORTC — — RC5 RC4 RC3 RC2 RC1 RC0 --xx 0000 --xx 0000 TRISA — — TRISA5 TRISA4 TRISA3 TRISA2 TRISA1 TRISA0 --11 1111 --11 1111 — — TRISC5 TRISC4 TRISC3 TRISC2 TRISC1 TRISC0 --11 1111 --11 1111 TRISC Legend: x = unknown, u = unchanged, — = unimplemented read as ‘0’. Shaded cells are not used for ADC module. © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 75 PIC16F688 NOTES: DS41203D-page 76 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 9.0 DATA EEPROM AND FLASH PROGRAM MEMORY CONTROL Data EEPROM memory is readable and writable and the Flash program memory is readable during normal operation (full VDD range). These memories are not directly mapped in the register file space. Instead, they are indirectly addressed through the Special Function Registers. There are six SFRs used to access these memories: • • • • • • EECON1 EECON2 EEDAT EEDATH EEADR EEADRH When interfacing the data memory block, EEDAT holds the 8-bit data for read/write, and EEADR holds the address of the EE data location being accessed. This device has 256 bytes of data EEPROM with an address range from 0h to 0FFh. When interfacing the program memory block, the EEDAT and EEDATH registers form a 2-byte word that holds the 14-bit data for read/write, and the EEADR and EEADRH registers form a 2-byte word that holds the 12-bit address of the EEPROM location being accessed. This device has 4K words of program EEPROM with an address range from 0h to 0FFFh. The program memory allows one word reads. The EEPROM data memory allows byte read and write. A byte write automatically erases the location and writes the new data (erase before write). The write time is controlled by an on-chip timer. The write/erase voltages are generated by an on-chip charge pump rated to operate over the voltage range of the device for byte or word operations. When the device is code-protected, the CPU may continue to read and write the data EEPROM memory and read the program memory. When code-protected, the device programmer can no longer access data or program memory. © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. 9.1 EEADR and EEADRH Registers The EEADR and EEADRH registers can address up to a maximum of 256 bytes of data EEPROM or up to a maximum of 4K words of program EEPROM. When selecting a program address value, the MSB of the address is written to the EEADRH register and the LSB is written to the EEADR register. When selecting a data address value, only the LSB of the address is written to the EEADR register. 9.1.1 EECON1 AND EECON2 REGISTERS EECON1 is the control register for EE memory accesses. Control bit EEPGD determines if the access will be a program or data memory access. When clear, as it is when reset, any subsequent operations will operate on the data memory. When set, any subsequent operations will operate on the program memory. Program memory can only be read. Control bits RD and WR initiate read and write, respectively. These bits cannot be cleared, only set, in software. They are cleared in hardware at completion of the read or write operation. The inability to clear the WR bit in software prevents the accidental, premature termination of a write operation. The WREN bit, when set, will allow a write operation to data EEPROM. On power-up, the WREN bit is clear. The WRERR bit is set when a write operation is interrupted by a MCLR or a WDT Time-out Reset during normal operation. In these situations, following Reset, the user can check the WRERR bit and rewrite the location. The data and address will be unchanged in the EEDAT and EEADR registers. Interrupt flag bit EEIF of the PIR1 register is set when write is complete. It must be cleared in the software. EECON2 is not a physical register. Reading EECON2 will read all ‘0’s. The EECON2 register is used exclusively in the data EEPROM write sequence. DS41203D-page 77 PIC16F688 REGISTER 9-1: EEDAT: EEPROM DATA REGISTER R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 EEDAT7 EEDAT6 EEDAT5 EEDAT4 EEDAT3 EEDAT2 EEDAT1 EEDAT0 bit 7 bit 0 Legend: R = Readable bit W = Writable bit U = Unimplemented bit, read as ‘0’ -n = Value at POR ‘1’ = Bit is set ‘0’ = Bit is cleared bit 7-0 x = Bit is unknown EEDATn: Byte Value to Write to or Read from Data EEPROM bits REGISTER 9-2: EEADR: EEPROM ADDRESS REGISTER R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 EEADR7 EEADR6 EEADR5 EEADR4 EEADR3 EEADR2 EEADR1 EEADR0 bit 7 bit 0 Legend: R = Readable bit W = Writable bit U = Unimplemented bit, read as ‘0’ -n = Value at POR ‘1’ = Bit is set ‘0’ = Bit is cleared x = Bit is unknown EEADR<7:0>: 8 Least Significant Address bits for EEPROM Read/Write Operation(1) or Read from program memory bit 7-0 REGISTER 9-3: EEDATH: EEPROM DATA HIGH BYTE REGISTER U-0 U-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 — — EEDATH5 EEDATH4 EEDATH3 EEDATH2 EEDATH1 EEDATH0 bit 7 bit 0 Legend: R = Readable bit W = Writable bit U = Unimplemented bit, read as ‘0’ -n = Value at POR ‘1’ = Bit is set ‘0’ = Bit is cleared bit 7-6 Unimplemented: Read as ‘0’ bit 5-0 EEDATH<5:0>: 6 Most Significant Data bits from program memory REGISTER 9-4: x = Bit is unknown EEADRH: EEPROM ADDRESS HIGH BYTE REGISTER U-0 U-0 U-0 U-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 — — — — EEADRH3 EEADRH2 EEADRH1 EEADRH0 bit 7 bit 0 Legend: R = Readable bit W = Writable bit U = Unimplemented bit, read as ‘0’ -n = Value at POR ‘1’ = Bit is set ‘0’ = Bit is cleared x = Bit is unknown bit 7-4 Unimplemented: Read as ‘0’ bit 3-0 EEADRH<3:0>: Specifies the 4 Most Significant Address bits or high bits for program memory reads DS41203D-page 78 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 REGISTER 9-5: EECON1: EEPROM CONTROL REGISTER R/W-x U-0 U-0 U-0 R/W-x R/W-0 R/S-0 R/S-0 EEPGD — — — WRERR WREN WR RD bit 7 bit 0 Legend: S = Bit can only be set R = Readable bit W = Writable bit U = Unimplemented bit, read as ‘0’ -n = Value at POR ‘1’ = Bit is set ‘0’ = Bit is cleared x = Bit is unknown bit 7 EEPGD: Program/Data EEPROM Select bit 1 = Accesses program memory 0 = Accesses data memory bit 6-4 Unimplemented: Read as ‘0’ bit 3 WRERR: EEPROM Error Flag bit 1 = A write operation is prematurely terminated (any MCLR Reset, any WDT Reset during normal operation or BOR Reset) 0 = The write operation completed bit 2 WREN: EEPROM Write Enable bit 1 = Allows write cycles 0 = Inhibits write to the data EEPROM bit 1 WR: Write Control bit EEPGD = 1: This bit is ignored EEPGD = 0: 1 = Initiates a write cycle (The bit is cleared by hardware once write is complete. The WR bit can only be set, not cleared, in software.) 0 = Write cycle to the data EEPROM is complete bit 0 RD: Read Control bit 1 = Initiates a memory read (the RD is cleared in hardware and can only be set, not cleared, in software.) 0 = Does not initiate a memory read © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 79 PIC16F688 9.1.2 READING THE DATA EEPROM MEMORY 9.1.3 WRITING TO THE DATA EEPROM MEMORY To read a data memory location, the user must write the address to the EEADR register, clear the EEPGD control bit of the EECON1 register, and then set control bit RD of the EECON1 register. The data is available in the very next cycle, in the EEDAT register; therefore, it can be read in the next instruction. EEDAT will hold this value until another read or until it is written to by the user (during a write operation). To write an EEPROM data location, the user must first write the address to the EEADR register and the data to the EEDAT register. Then the user must follow a specific sequence to initiate the write for each byte. EXAMPLE 9-1: Additionally, the WREN bit in EECON1 must be set to enable write. This mechanism prevents accidental writes to data EEPROM due to errant (unexpected) code execution (i.e., lost programs). The user should keep the WREN bit clear at all times, except when updating EEPROM. The WREN bit is not cleared by hardware. DATA EEPROM READ BANKSEL EEADR MOVLW DATA_EE_ADDR MOVWF EEADR BCF EECON1, EEPGD BSF MOVF EECON1, RD EEDAT, W ; ; ;Data Memory ;Address to read ;Point to DATA ;memory ;EE Read ;W = EEDAT The write will not initiate if the above sequence is not followed exactly (write 55h to EECON2, write AAh to EECON2, then set WR bit) for each byte. Interrupts should be disabled during this code segment. After a write sequence has been initiated, clearing the WREN bit will not affect this write cycle. The WR bit will be inhibited from being set unless the WREN bit is set. At the completion of the write cycle, the WR bit is cleared in hardware and the EE Write Complete Interrupt Flag bit (EEIF) is set. The user can either enable this interrupt or poll this bit. EEIF must be cleared by software. Required Sequence EXAMPLE 9-2: DATA EEPROM WRITE BANKSEL MOVLW MOVWF MOVLW MOVWF BANKSEL BCF BSF EEADR DATA_EE_ADDR EEADR DATA_EE_DATA EEDAT EECON1 EECON1, EEPGD EECON1, WREN ; ; ;Data Memory Address to write ; ;Data Memory Value to write ; ;Point to DATA memory ;Enable writes BCF BTFSC GOTO MOVLW MOVWF MOVLW MOVWF BSF BSF INTCON, INTCON, $-2 55h EECON2 AAh EECON2 EECON1, INTCON, GIE GIE ;Disable INTs. ;SEE AN576 WR GIE ; ;Write 55h ; ;Write AAh ;Set WR bit to begin write ;Enable INTs. SLEEP BCF EECON1, WREN DS41203D-page 80 ;Wait for interrupt to signal write complete ;Disable writes © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 9.1.4 READING THE FLASH PROGRAM MEMORY To read a program memory location, the user must write two bytes of the address to the EEADR and EEADRH registers, set the EEPGD control bit of the EECON1 register, and then set control bit RD of the EECON1 register. Once the read control bit is set, the program memory Flash controller will use the second instruction cycle to read the data. This causes the second instruction immediately following the “BSF EECON1,RD” instruction to be ignored. The data is available in the very next cycle, in the EEDAT and EEDATH registers; therefore, it can be read as two bytes in the following instructions. Required Sequence EXAMPLE 9-3: BANKSEL MOVLW MOVWF MOVLW MOVWF BANKSEL BSF BSF EEDAT and EEDATH registers will hold this value until another read or until it is written to by the user (during a write operation). Note 1: The two instructions following a program memory read are required to be NOP’s. This prevents the user from executing a two-cycle instruction on the next instruction after the RD bit is set. 2: If the WR bit is set when EEPGD = 1, it will be immediately reset to ‘0’ and no operation will take place. FLASH PROGRAM READ EEADR MS_PROG_EE_ADDR EEADRH LS_PROG_EE_ADDR EEADR EECON1 EECON1, EEPGD EECON1, RD ; ; ;MS Byte of Program Address to read ; ;LS Byte of Program Address to read ; ;Point to PROGRAM memory ;EE Read ; ;First instruction after BSF EECON1,RD executes normally NOP NOP ;Any instructions here are ignored as program ;memory is read in second cycle after BSF EECON1,RD ; BANKSEL MOVF MOVWF MOVF MOVWF BCF EEDAT EEDAT, W LOWPMBYTE EEDATH, W HIGHPMBYTE STATUS, RP1 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. ; ;W = LS Byte of Program Memory ; ;W = MS Byte of Program EEDAT ; ;Bank 0 DS41203D-page 81 PIC16F688 FIGURE 9-1: FLASH PROGRAM MEMORY READ CYCLE EXECUTION Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 PC Flash ADDR Flash Data PC + 1 INSTR (PC) INSTR(PC - 1) executed here EEADRH,EEADR INSTR (PC + 1) BSF EECON1,RD executed here PC +3 PC+3 EEDATH,EEDAT INSTR(PC + 1) executed here PC + 5 PC + 4 INSTR (PC + 3) Forced NOP executed here INSTR (PC + 4) INSTR(PC + 3) executed here INSTR(PC + 4) executed here RD bit EEDATH EEDAT Register EERHLT TABLE 9-1: Name EECON1 EECON2 EEADR EEADRH EEDAT EEDATH INTCON SUMMARY OF REGISTERS ASSOCIATED WITH DATA EEPROM Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Value on POR, BOR Value on all other Resets EEPGD — — — WRERR WREN WR RD x--- x000 0--- q000 ---- ---- ---- ---- EEPROM Control Register 2 (not a physical register) EEADR7 EEADR6 EEADR5 EEADR4 EEADR3 EEADR2 EEADR1 EEADR0 0000 0000 0000 0000 — — — — EEADRH3 EEADRH2 EEADRH1 EEADRH0 ---- 0000 ---- 0000 EEDAT7 EEDAT6 EEDAT5 EEDAT4 EEDAT3 EEDAT2 EEDAT1 EEDAT0 0000 0000 0000 0000 — — EEDATH5 EEDATH4 EEDATH3 EEDATH2 EEDATH1 EEDATH0 --00 0000 --00 0000 GIE PEIE T0IE INTE RABIE T0IF INTF RABIF 0000 000x 0000 000x PIE1 EEIE ADIE RCIE C2IE C1IE OSFIE TXIE TMR1IE 0000 0000 0000 0000 PIR1 EEIF ADIF RCIF C2IF C1IF OSFIF TXIF TMR1IF 0000 0000 0000 0000 Legend: x = unknown, u = unchanged, — = unimplemented read as ‘0’, q = value depends upon condition. Shaded cells are not used by data EEPROM module. DS41203D-page 82 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 10.0 ENHANCED UNIVERSAL SYNCHRONOUS ASYNCHRONOUS RECEIVER TRANSMITTER (EUSART) The EUSART module includes the following capabilities: • • • • • • • • • • The Enhanced Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (EUSART) module is a serial I/O communications peripheral. It contains all the clock generators, shift registers and data buffers necessary to perform an input or output serial data transfer independent of device program execution. The EUSART, also known as a Serial Communications Interface (SCI), can be configured as a full-duplex asynchronous system or half-duplex synchronous system. Full-Duplex mode is useful for communications with peripheral systems, such as CRT terminals and personal computers. Half-Duplex Synchronous mode is intended for communications with peripheral devices, such as A/D or D/A integrated circuits, serial EEPROMs or other microcontrollers. These devices typically do not have internal clocks for baud rate generation and require the external clock signal provided by a master synchronous device. FIGURE 10-1: Full-duplex asynchronous transmit and receive Two-character input buffer One-character output buffer Programmable 8-bit or 9-bit character length Address detection in 9-bit mode Input buffer overrun error detection Received character framing error detection Half-duplex synchronous master Half-duplex synchronous slave Programmable clock polarity in synchronous modes The EUSART module implements the following additional features, making it ideally suited for use in Local Interconnect Network (LIN) bus systems: • Automatic detection and calibration of the baud rate • Wake-up on Break reception • 13-bit Break character transmit Block diagrams of the EUSART transmitter and receiver are shown in Figure 10-1 and Figure 10-2. EUSART TRANSMIT BLOCK DIAGRAM Data Bus TXIE Interrupt TXIF TXREG Register 8 TX/CK pin MSb LSb (8) 0 Pin Buffer and Control TRMT SPEN • • • Transmit Shift Register (TSR) TXEN Baud Rate Generator FOSC TX9 n BRG16 +1 SPBRGH ÷n SPBRG Multiplier x4 x16 x64 SYNC 1 X 0 0 0 BRGH X 1 1 0 0 BRG16 X 1 0 1 0 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. TX9D DS41203D-page 83 PIC16F688 FIGURE 10-2: EUSART RECEIVE BLOCK DIAGRAM SPEN CREN RX/DT pin Baud Rate Generator Data Recovery FOSC BRG16 SPBRGH SPBRG Multiplier x4 x16 x64 SYNC 1 X 0 0 0 BRGH X 1 1 0 0 BRG16 X 1 0 1 0 Stop RCIDL RSR Register MSb Pin Buffer and Control +1 OERR (8) ••• 7 1 LSb 0 START RX9 ÷n n FERR RX9D RCREG Register FIFO 8 Data Bus RCIF RCIE Interrupt The operation of the EUSART module is controlled through three registers: • Transmit Status and Control (TXSTA) • Receive Status and Control (RCSTA) • Baud Rate Control (BAUDCTL) These registers are detailed in Register 10-1, Register 10-2 and Register 10-3, respectively. DS41203D-page 84 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 10.1 EUSART Asynchronous Mode The EUSART transmits and receives data using the standard non-return-to-zero (NRZ) format. NRZ is implemented with two levels: a VOH mark state which represents a ‘1’ data bit, and a VOL space state which represents a ‘0’ data bit. NRZ refers to the fact that consecutively transmitted data bits of the same value stay at the output level of that bit without returning to a neutral level between each bit transmission. An NRZ transmission port idles in the mark state. Each character transmission consists of one Start bit followed by eight or nine data bits and is always terminated by one or more Stop bits. The Start bit is always a space and the Stop bits are always marks. The most common data format is 8 bits. Each transmitted bit persists for a period of 1/(Baud Rate). An on-chip dedicated 8-bit/16-bit Baud Rate Generator is used to derive standard baud rate frequencies from the system oscillator. See Table 10-5 for examples of baud rate configurations. The EUSART transmits and receives the LSb first. The EUSART’s transmitter and receiver are functionally independent, but share the same data format and baud rate. Parity is not supported by the hardware, but can be implemented in software and stored as the ninth data bit. 10.1.1 EUSART ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSMITTER The EUSART transmitter block diagram is shown in Figure 10-1. The heart of the transmitter is the serial Transmit Shift Register (TSR), which is not directly accessible by software. The TSR obtains its data from the transmit buffer, which is the TXREG register. 10.1.1.1 Enabling the Transmitter The EUSART transmitter is enabled for asynchronous operations by configuring the following three control bits: • TXEN = 1 • SYNC = 0 • SPEN = 1 All other EUSART control bits are assumed to be in their default state. Setting the TXEN bit of the TXSTA register enables the transmitter circuitry of the EUSART. Clearing the SYNC bit of the TXSTA register configures the EUSART for asynchronous operation. Setting the SPEN bit of the RCSTA register enables the EUSART and automatically configures the TX/CK I/O pin as an output. If the TX/CK pin is shared with an analog peripheral the analog I/O function must be disabled by clearing the corresponding ANSEL bit. © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. Note 1: When the SPEN bit is set, the RX/DT I/O pin is automatically configured as an input, regardless of the state of the corresponding TRIS bit and whether or not the EUSART receiver is enabled. The RX/DT pin data can be read via a normal PORT read but PORT latch data output is precluded. 2: The TXIF transmitter interrupt flag is set when the TXEN enable bit is set. 10.1.1.2 Transmitting Data A transmission is initiated by writing a character to the TXREG register. If this is the first character, or the previous character has been completely flushed from the TSR, the data in the TXREG is immediately transferred to the TSR register. If the TSR still contains all or part of a previous character, the new character data is held in the TXREG until the Stop bit of the previous character has been transmitted. The pending character in the TXREG is then transferred to the TSR in one TCY immediately following the Stop bit transmission. The transmission of the Start bit, data bits and Stop bit sequence commences immediately following the transfer of the data to the TSR from the TXREG. 10.1.1.3 Transmit Interrupt Flag The TXIF interrupt flag bit of the PIR1 register is set whenever the EUSART transmitter is enabled and no character is being held for transmission in the TXREG. In other words, the TXIF bit is only clear when the TSR is busy with a character and a new character has been queued for transmission in the TXREG. The TXIF flag bit is not cleared immediately upon writing TXREG. TXIF becomes valid in the second instruction cycle following the write execution. Polling TXIF immediately following the TXREG write will return invalid results. The TXIF bit is read-only, it cannot be set or cleared by software. The TXIF interrupt can be enabled by setting the TXIE interrupt enable bit of the PIE1 register. However, the TXIF flag bit will be set whenever the TXREG is empty, regardless of the state of TXIE enable bit. To use interrupts when transmitting data, set the TXIE bit only when there is more data to send. Clear the TXIE interrupt enable bit upon writing the last character of the transmission to the TXREG. DS41203D-page 85 PIC16F688 10.1.1.4 TSR Status 10.1.1.6 The TRMT bit of the TXSTA register indicates the status of the TSR register. This is a read-only bit. The TRMT bit is set when the TSR register is empty and is cleared when a character is transferred to the TSR register from the TXREG. The TRMT bit remains clear until all bits have been shifted out of the TSR register. No interrupt logic is tied to this bit, so the user has to poll this bit to determine the TSR status. Note: 10.1.1.5 1. 2. 3. The TSR register is not mapped in data memory, so it is not available to the user. 4. Transmitting 9-Bit Characters The EUSART supports 9-bit character transmissions. When the TX9 bit of the TXSTA register is set the EUSART will shift 9 bits out for each character transmitted. The TX9D bit of the TXSTA register is the ninth, and Most Significant, data bit. When transmitting 9-bit data, the TX9D data bit must be written before writing the 8 Least Significant bits into the TXREG. All nine bits of data will be transferred to the TSR shift register immediately after the TXREG is written. 5. 6. 7. Asynchronous Transmission Set-up: Initialize the SPBRGH, SPBRG register pair and the BRGH and BRG16 bits to achieve the desired baud rate (see Section 10.3 “EUSART Baud Rate Generator (BRG)”). Enable the asynchronous serial port by clearing the SYNC bit and setting the SPEN bit. If 9-bit transmission is desired, set the TX9 control bit. A set ninth data bit will indicate that the 8 Least Significant data bits are an address when the receiver is set for address detection. Enable the transmission by setting the TXEN control bit. This will cause the TXIF interrupt bit to be set. If interrupts are desired, set the TXIE interrupt enable bit. An interrupt will occur immediately provided that the GIE and PEIE bits of the INTCON register are also set. If 9-bit transmission is selected, the ninth bit should be loaded into the TX9D data bit. Load 8-bit data into the TXREG register. This will start the transmission. A special 9-bit Address mode is available for use with multiple receivers. See Section 10.1.2.7 “Address Detection” for more information on the Address mode. FIGURE 10-3: ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSMISSION Write to TXREG BRG Output (Shift Clock) Word 1 RC4/C2OUT/TX/CK pin Start bit FIGURE 10-4: bit 1 bit 7/8 Stop bit Word 1 TXIF bit (Transmit Buffer Reg. Empty Flag) TRMT bit (Transmit Shift Reg. Empty Flag) bit 0 1 TCY Word 1 Transmit Shift Reg ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSMISSION (BACK-TO-BACK) Write to TXREG BRG Output (Shift Clock) Word 1 RC4/C2OUT/TX/CK pin TXIF bit (Interrupt Reg. Flag) Word 2 Start bit bit 0 1 TCY bit 1 Word 1 bit 7/8 Stop bit Start bit bit 0 Word 2 1 TCY TRMT bit (Transmit Shift Reg. Empty Flag) Note: Word 1 Transmit Shift Reg. Word 2 Transmit Shift Reg. This timing diagram shows two consecutive transmissions. DS41203D-page 86 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 TABLE 10-1: REGISTERS ASSOCIATED WITH ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSMISSION Name Bit 7 Bit 6 BAUDCTL Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Value on POR, BOR Value on all other Resets ABDOVF RCIDL — SCKP BRG16 — WUE ABDEN 01-0 0-00 01-0 0-00 INTCON GIE PEIE T0IE INTE RAIE T0IF INTF RAIF 0000 000x 0000 000x PIE1 EEIE ADIE RCIE C2IE C1IE OSFIE TXIE TMR1IE 0000 0000 0000 0000 EEIF ADIF RCIF C2IF C1IF OSFIF TXIF TMR1IF 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 PIR1 RCREG EUSART Receive Data Register RCSTA SPEN RX9 SREN CREN ADDEN FERR OERR RX9D 0000 000x 0000 000x SPBRG BRG7 BRG6 BRG5 BRG4 BRG3 BRG2 BRG1 BRG0 0000 0000 0000 0000 SPBRGH BRG15 BRG14 BRG13 BRG12 BRG11 BRG10 BRG9 BRG8 0000 0000 0000 0000 — — TRISC5 TRISC4 TRISC3 TRISC2 TRISC1 TRISC0 --11 1111 --11 1111 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0010 0000 0010 TRISC TXREG TXSTA Legend: EUSART Transmit Data Register CSRC TX9 TXEN SYNC SENDB BRGH TRMT TX9D x = unknown, – = unimplemented read as ‘0’. Shaded cells are not used for Asynchronous Transmission. © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 87 PIC16F688 10.1.2 EUSART ASYNCHRONOUS RECEIVER The Asynchronous mode would typically be used in RS-232 systems. The receiver block diagram is shown in Figure 10-2. The data is received on the RX/DT pin and drives the data recovery block. The data recovery block is actually a high-speed shifter operating at 16 times the baud rate, whereas the serial Receive Shift Register (RSR) operates at the bit rate. When all 8 or 9 bits of the character have been shifted in, they are immediately transferred to a two character First-InFirst-Out (FIFO) memory. The FIFO buffering allows reception of two complete characters and the start of a third character before software must start servicing the EUSART receiver. The FIFO and RSR registers are not directly accessible by software. Access to the received data is via the RCREG register. 10.1.2.1 Enabling the Receiver The EUSART receiver is enabled for asynchronous operation by configuring the following three control bits: • CREN = 1 • SYNC = 0 • SPEN = 1 All other EUSART control bits are assumed to be in their default state. Setting the CREN bit of the RCSTA register enables the receiver circuitry of the EUSART. Clearing the SYNC bit of the TXSTA register configures the EUSART for asynchronous operation. Setting the SPEN bit of the RCSTA register enables the EUSART and automatically configures the RX/DT I/O pin as an input. If the RX/DT pin is shared with an analog peripheral the analog I/O function must be disabled by clearing the corresponding ANSEL bit. Note: When the SPEN bit is set the TX/CK I/O pin is automatically configured as an output, regardless of the state of the corresponding TRIS bit and whether or not the EUSART transmitter is enabled. The PORT latch is disconnected from the output driver so it is not possible to use the TX/CK pin as a general purpose output. 10.1.2.2 Receiving Data The receiver data recovery circuit initiates character reception on the falling edge of the first bit. The first bit, also known as the Start bit, is always a zero. The data recovery circuit counts one-half bit time to the center of the Start bit and verifies that the bit is still a zero. If it is not a zero then the data recovery circuit aborts character reception, without generating an error, and resumes looking for the falling edge of the Start bit. If the Start bit zero verification succeeds then the data recovery circuit counts a full bit time to the center of the next bit. The bit is then sampled by a majority detect circuit and the resulting ‘0’ or ‘1’ is shifted into the RSR. This repeats until all data bits have been sampled and shifted into the RSR. One final bit time is measured and the level sampled. This is the Stop bit, which is always a ‘1’. If the data recovery circuit samples a ‘0’ in the Stop bit position then a framing error is set for this character, otherwise the framing error is cleared for this character. See Section 10.1.2.4 “Receive Framing Error” for more information on framing errors. Immediately after all data bits and the Stop bit have been received, the character in the RSR is transferred to the EUSART receive FIFO and the RCIF interrupt flag bit of the PIR1 register is set. The top character in the FIFO is transferred out of the FIFO by reading the RCREG register. Note: 10.1.2.3 If the receive FIFO is overrun, no additional characters will be received until the overrun condition is cleared. See Section 10.1.2.5 “Receive Overrun Error” for more information on overrun errors. Receive Interrupts The RCIF interrupt flag bit of the PIR1 register is set whenever the EUSART receiver is enabled and there is an unread character in the receive FIFO. The RCIF interrupt flag bit is read-only, it cannot be set or cleared by software. RCIF interrupts are enabled by setting the following bits: • RCIE interrupt enable bit of the PIE1 register • PEIE peripheral interrupt enable bit of the INTCON register • GIE global interrupt enable bit of the INTCON register The RCIF interrupt flag bit will be set when there is an unread character in the FIFO, regardless of the state of interrupt enable bits. DS41203D-page 88 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 10.1.2.4 Receive Framing Error Each character in the receive FIFO buffer has a corresponding framing error Status bit. A framing error indicates that a Stop bit was not seen at the expected time. The framing error status is accessed via the FERR bit of the RCSTA register. The FERR bit represents the status of the top unread character in the receive FIFO. Therefore, the FERR bit must be read before reading the RCREG. The FERR bit is read-only and only applies to the top unread character in the receive FIFO. A framing error (FERR = 1) does not preclude reception of additional characters. It is not necessary to clear the FERR bit. Reading the next character from the FIFO buffer will advance the FIFO to the next character and the next corresponding framing error. The FERR bit can be forced clear by clearing the SPEN bit of the RCSTA register which resets the EUSART. Clearing the CREN bit of the RCSTA register does not affect the FERR bit. A framing error by itself does not generate an interrupt. Note: 10.1.2.5 10.1.2.7 Address Detection A special Address Detection mode is available for use when multiple receivers share the same transmission line, such as in RS-485 systems. Address detection is enabled by setting the ADDEN bit of the RCSTA register. Address detection requires 9-bit character reception. When address detection is enabled, only characters with the ninth data bit set will be transferred to the receive FIFO buffer, thereby setting the RCIF interrupt bit. All other characters will be ignored. Upon receiving an address character, user software determines if the address matches its own. Upon address match, user software must disable address detection by clearing the ADDEN bit before the next Stop bit occurs. When user software detects the end of the message, determined by the message protocol used, software places the receiver back into the Address Detection mode by setting the ADDEN bit. If all receive characters in the receive FIFO have framing errors, repeated reads of the RCREG will not clear the FERR bit. Receive Overrun Error The receive FIFO buffer can hold two characters. An overrun error will be generated If a third character, in its entirety, is received before the FIFO is accessed. When this happens the OERR bit of the RCSTA register is set. The characters already in the FIFO buffer can be read but no additional characters will be received until the error is cleared. The error must be cleared by either clearing the CREN bit of the RCSTA register or by resetting the EUSART by clearing the SPEN bit of the RCSTA register. 10.1.2.6 Receiving 9-bit Characters The EUSART supports 9-bit character reception. When the RX9 bit of the RCSTA register is set the EUSART will shift 9 bits into the RSR for each character received. The RX9D bit of the RCSTA register is the ninth and Most Significant data bit of the top unread character in the receive FIFO. When reading 9-bit data from the receive FIFO buffer, the RX9D data bit must be read before reading the 8 Least Significant bits from the RCREG. © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 89 PIC16F688 10.1.2.8 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Asynchronous Reception Set-up: 10.1.2.9 Initialize the SPBRGH, SPBRG register pair and the BRGH and BRG16 bits to achieve the desired baud rate (see Section 10.3 “EUSART Baud Rate Generator (BRG)”). Enable the serial port by setting the SPEN bit. The SYNC bit must be clear for asynchronous operation. If interrupts are desired, set the RCIE interrupt enable bit and set the GIE and PEIE bits of the INTCON register. If 9-bit reception is desired, set the RX9 bit. Enable reception by setting the CREN bit. The RCIF interrupt flag bit will be set when a character is transferred from the RSR to the receive buffer. An interrupt will be generated if the RCIE interrupt enable bit was also set. Read the RCSTA register to get the error flags and, if 9-bit data reception is enabled, the ninth data bit. Get the received 8 Least Significant data bits from the receive buffer by reading the RCREG register. If an overrun occurred, clear the OERR flag by clearing the CREN receiver enable bit. FIGURE 10-5: Rcv Shift Reg Rcv Buffer Reg RCIDL This mode would typically be used in RS-485 systems. To set up an Asynchronous Reception with Address Detect Enable: 1. Initialize the SPBRGH, SPBRG register pair and the BRGH and BRG16 bits to achieve the desired baud rate (see Section 10.3 “EUSART Baud Rate Generator (BRG)”). 2. Enable the serial port by setting the SPEN bit. The SYNC bit must be clear for asynchronous operation. 3. If interrupts are desired, set the RCIE interrupt enable bit and set the GIE and PEIE bits of the INTCON register. 4. Enable 9-bit reception by setting the RX9 bit. 5. Enable address detection by setting the ADDEN bit. 6. Enable reception by setting the CREN bit. 7. The RCIF interrupt flag bit will be set when a character with the ninth bit set is transferred from the RSR to the receive buffer. An interrupt will be generated if the RCIE interrupt enable bit was also set. 8. Read the RCSTA register to get the error flags. The ninth data bit will always be set. 9. Get the received 8 Least Significant data bits from the receive buffer by reading the RCREG register. Software determines if this is the device’s address. 10. If an overrun occurred, clear the OERR flag by clearing the CREN receiver enable bit. 11. If the device has been addressed, clear the ADDEN bit to allow all received data into the receive buffer and generate interrupts. ASYNCHRONOUS RECEPTION Start bit bit 0 RX/DT pin 9-bit Address Detection Mode Set-up bit 1 bit 7/8 Stop bit Start bit Word 1 RCREG bit 0 bit 7/8 Stop bit Start bit bit 7/8 Stop bit Word 2 RCREG Read Rcv Buffer Reg RCREG RCIF (Interrupt Flag) OERR bit CREN Note: This timing diagram shows three words appearing on the RX input. The RCREG (receive buffer) is read after the third word, causing the OERR (overrun) bit to be set. DS41203D-page 90 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 TABLE 10-2: REGISTERS ASSOCIATED WITH ASYNCHRONOUS RECEPTION Name Bit 7 Bit 6 BAUDCTL Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Value on POR, BOR Value on all other Resets ABDOVF RCIDL — SCKP BRG16 — WUE ABDEN 01-0 0-00 01-0 0-00 INTCON GIE PEIE T0IE INTE RAIE T0IF INTF RAIF 0000 000x 0000 000x PIE1 EEIE ADIE RCIE C2IE C1IE OSFIE TXIE TMR1IE 0000 0000 0000 0000 EEIF ADIF RCIF C2IF C1IF OSFIF TXIF TMR1IF 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 PIR1 RCREG EUSART Receive Data Register RCSTA SPEN RX9 SREN CREN ADDEN FERR OERR RX9D 0000 000x 0000 000x SPBRG BRG7 BRG6 BRG5 BRG4 BRG3 BRG2 BRG1 BRG0 0000 0000 0000 0000 SPBRGH BRG15 BRG14 BRG13 BRG12 BRG11 BRG10 BRG9 BRG8 0000 0000 0000 0000 — — TRISC5 TRISC4 TRISC3 TRISC2 TRISC1 TRISC0 --11 1111 --11 1111 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0010 0000 0010 TRISC TXREG TXSTA Legend: EUSART Transmit Data Register CSRC TX9 TXEN SYNC SENDB BRGH TRMT TX9D x = unknown, – = unimplemented read as ‘0’. Shaded cells are not used for Asynchronous Reception. © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 91 PIC16F688 10.2 Clock Accuracy with Asynchronous Operation The factory calibrates the internal oscillator block output (INTOSC). However, the INTOSC frequency may drift as VDD or temperature changes, and this directly affects the asynchronous baud rate. Two methods may be used to adjust the baud rate clock, but both require a reference clock source of some kind. REGISTER 10-1: The first (preferred) method uses the OSCTUNE register to adjust the INTOSC output. Adjusting the value in the OSCTUNE register allows for fine resolution changes to the system clock source. See Section 3.5 “Internal Clock Modes” for more information. The other method adjusts the value in the Baud Rate Generator. This can be done automatically with the Auto-Baud Detect feature (see Section 10.3.1 “AutoBaud Detect”). There may not be fine enough resolution when adjusting the Baud Rate Generator to compensate for a gradual change in the peripheral clock frequency. TXSTA: TRANSMIT STATUS AND CONTROL REGISTER R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R-1 R/W-0 CSRC TX9 TXEN(1) SYNC SENDB BRGH TRMT TX9D bit 7 bit 0 Legend: R = Readable bit W = Writable bit U = Unimplemented bit, read as ‘0’ -n = Value at POR ‘1’ = Bit is set ‘0’ = Bit is cleared x = Bit is unknown bit 7 CSRC: Clock Source Select bit Asynchronous mode: Don’t care Synchronous mode: 1 = Master mode (clock generated internally from BRG) 0 = Slave mode (clock from external source) bit 6 TX9: 9-bit Transmit Enable bit 1 = Selects 9-bit transmission 0 = Selects 8-bit transmission bit 5 TXEN: Transmit Enable bit(1) 1 = Transmit enabled 0 = Transmit disabled bit 4 SYNC: EUSART Mode Select bit 1 = Synchronous mode 0 = Asynchronous mode bit 3 SENDB: Send Break Character bit Asynchronous mode: 1 = Send Sync Break on next transmission (cleared by hardware upon completion) 0 = Sync Break transmission completed Synchronous mode: Don’t care bit 2 BRGH: High Baud Rate Select bit Asynchronous mode: 1 = High speed 0 = Low speed Synchronous mode: Unused in this mode bit 1 TRMT: Transmit Shift Register Status bit 1 = TSR empty 0 = TSR full bit 0 TX9D: Ninth bit of Transmit Data Can be address/data bit or a parity bit. Note 1: SREN/CREN overrides TXEN in Sync mode. DS41203D-page 92 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 REGISTER 10-2: RCSTA: RECEIVE STATUS AND CONTROL REGISTER(1) R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R-0 R-0 R-x SPEN RX9 SREN CREN ADDEN FERR OERR RX9D bit 7 bit 0 Legend: R = Readable bit W = Writable bit U = Unimplemented bit, read as ‘0’ -n = Value at POR ‘1’ = Bit is set ‘0’ = Bit is cleared x = Bit is unknown bit 7 SPEN: Serial Port Enable bit 1 = Serial port enabled (configures RX/DT and TX/CK pins as serial port pins) 0 = Serial port disabled (held in Reset) bit 6 RX9: 9-bit Receive Enable bit 1 = Selects 9-bit reception 0 = Selects 8-bit reception bit 5 SREN: Single Receive Enable bit Asynchronous mode: Don’t care Synchronous mode – Master: 1 = Enables single receive 0 = Disables single receive This bit is cleared after reception is complete. Synchronous mode – Slave Don’t care bit 4 CREN: Continuous Receive Enable bit Asynchronous mode: 1 = Enables receiver 0 = Disables receiver Synchronous mode: 1 = Enables continuous receive until enable bit CREN is cleared (CREN overrides SREN) 0 = Disables continuous receive bit 3 ADDEN: Address Detect Enable bit Asynchronous mode 9-bit (RX9 = 1): 1 = Enables address detection, enable interrupt and load the receive buffer when RSR<8> is set 0 = Disables address detection, all bytes are received and ninth bit can be used as parity bit Asynchronous mode 8-bit (RX9 = 0): Don’t care bit 2 FERR: Framing Error bit 1 = Framing error (can be updated by reading RCREG register and receive next valid byte) 0 = No framing error bit 1 OERR: Overrun Error bit 1 = Overrun error (can be cleared by clearing bit CREN) 0 = No overrun error bit 0 RX9D: Ninth bit of Received Data This can be address/data bit or a parity bit and must be calculated by user firmware. © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 93 PIC16F688 REGISTER 10-3: BAUDCTL: BAUD RATE CONTROL REGISTER R-0 R-1 U-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 U-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 ABDOVF RCIDL — SCKP BRG16 — WUE ABDEN bit 7 bit 0 Legend: R = Readable bit W = Writable bit U = Unimplemented bit, read as ‘0’ -n = Value at POR ‘1’ = Bit is set ‘0’ = Bit is cleared x = Bit is unknown bit 7 ABDOVF: Auto-Baud Detect Overflow bit Asynchronous mode: 1 = Auto-baud timer overflowed 0 = Auto-baud timer did not overflow Synchronous mode: Don’t care bit 6 RCIDL: Receive Idle Flag bit Asynchronous mode: 1 = Receiver is Idle 0 = Start bit has been received and the receiver is receiving Synchronous mode: Don’t care bit 5 Unimplemented: Read as ‘0’ bit 4 SCKP: Synchronous Clock Polarity Select bit Asynchronous mode: 1 = Transmit inverted data to the RB7/TX/CK pin 0 = Transmit non-inverted data to the RB7/TX/CK pin Synchronous mode: 1 = Data is clocked on rising edge of the clock 0 = Data is clocked on falling edge of the clock bit 3 BRG16: 16-bit Baud Rate Generator bit 1 = 16-bit Baud Rate Generator is used 0 = 8-bit Baud Rate Generator is used bit 2 Unimplemented: Read as ‘0’ bit 1 WUE: Wake-up Enable bit Asynchronous mode: 1 = Receiver is waiting for a falling edge. No character will be received byte RCIF will be set. WUE will automatically clear after RCIF is set. 0 = Receiver is operating normally Synchronous mode: Don’t care bit 0 ABDEN: Auto-Baud Detect Enable bit Asynchronous mode: 1 = Auto-Baud Detect mode is enabled (clears when auto-baud is complete) 0 = Auto-Baud Detect mode is disabled Synchronous mode: Don’t care DS41203D-page 94 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 10.3 EUSART Baud Rate Generator (BRG) The Baud Rate Generator (BRG) is an 8-bit or 16-bit timer that is dedicated to the support of both the asynchronous and synchronous EUSART operation. By default, the BRG operates in 8-bit mode. Setting the BRG16 bit of the BAUDCTL register selects 16-bit mode. If the system clock is changed during an active receive operation, a receive error or data loss may result. To avoid this problem, check the status of the RCIDL bit to make sure that the receive operation is Idle before changing the system clock. EXAMPLE 10-1: For a device with FOSC of 16 MHz, desired baud rate of 9600, Asynchronous mode, 8-bit BRG: The SPBRGH, SPBRG register pair determines the period of the free running baud rate timer. In Asynchronous mode the multiplier of the baud rate period is determined by both the BRGH bit of the TXSTA register and the BRG16 bit of the BAUDCTL register. In Synchronous mode, the BRGH bit is ignored. F OS C Desired Baud Rate = --------------------------------------------------------------------64 ( [SPBRGH:SPBRG] + 1 ) Solving for SPBRGH:SPBRG: FOSC -------------------------------------------Desired Baud Rate X = --------------------------------------------- – 1 64 Table 10-3 contains the formulas for determining the baud rate. Example 10-1 provides a sample calculation for determining the baud rate and baud rate error. Typical baud rates and error values for various asynchronous modes have been computed for your convenience and are shown in Table 10-3. It may be advantageous to use the high baud rate (BRGH = 1), or the 16-bit BRG (BRG16 = 1) to reduce the baud rate error. The 16-bit BRG mode is used to achieve slow baud rates for fast oscillator frequencies. 16000000 -----------------------9600 = ------------------------ – 1 64 = [ 25.042 ] = 25 16000000 Calculated Baud Rate = --------------------------64 ( 25 + 1 ) = 9615 Writing a new value to the SPBRGH, SPBRG register pair causes the BRG timer to be reset (or cleared). This ensures that the BRG does not wait for a timer overflow before outputting the new baud rate. TABLE 10-3: CALCULATING BAUD RATE ERROR Calc. Baud Rate – Desired Baud Rate Error = -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Desired Baud Rate ( 9615 – 9600 ) = ---------------------------------- = 0.16% 9600 BAUD RATE FORMULAS Configuration Bits BRG/EUSART Mode Baud Rate Formula 0 8-bit/Asynchronous FOSC/[64 (n+1)] 0 1 8-bit/Asynchronous 0 1 0 16-bit/Asynchronous 0 1 1 16-bit/Asynchronous 1 0 x 8-bit/Synchronous 1 x 16-bit/Synchronous SYNC BRG16 BRGH 0 0 0 FOSC/[16 (n+1)] 1 Legend: FOSC/[4 (n+1)] x = Don’t care, n = value of SPBRGH, SPBRG register pair TABLE 10-4: REGISTERS ASSOCIATED WITH THE BAUD RATE GENERATOR Name Bit 7 Bit 6 BAUDCTL Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Value on POR, BOR Value on all other Resets ABDOVF RCIDL — SCKP BRG16 — WUE ABDEN 01-0 0-00 01-0 0-00 RCSTA SPEN RX9 SREN CREN ADDEN FERR OERR RX9D 0000 000x 0000 000x SPBRG BRG7 BRG6 BRG5 BRG4 BRG3 BRG2 BRG1 BRG0 0000 0000 0000 0000 SPBRGH BRG15 BRG14 BRG13 BRG12 BRG11 BRG10 BRG9 BRG8 0000 0000 0000 0000 TXSTA CSRC TX9 TXEN SYNC SENDB BRGH TRMT TX9D 0000 0010 0000 0010 Legend: x = unknown, – = unimplemented read as ‘0’. Shaded cells are not used for the Baud Rate Generator. © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 95 PIC16F688 TABLE 10-5: BAUD RATES FOR ASYNCHRONOUS MODES SYNC = 0, BRGH = 0, BRG16 = 0 BAUD RATE FOSC = 20.000 MHz Actual Rate % Error SPBRG value (decimal) FOSC = 18.432 MHz Actual Rate % Error SPBRG value (decimal) FOSC = 11.0592 MHz Actual Rate % Error FOSC = 8.000 MHz SPBRG value (decimal) Actual Rate % Error SPBRG value (decimal) 300 — — — — — — — — — — — — 1200 1221 1.73 255 1200 0.00 239 1200 0.00 143 1202 0.16 103 2400 2404 0.16 129 2400 0.00 119 2400 0.00 71 2404 0.16 51 9600 9470 -1.36 32 9600 0.00 29 9600 0.00 17 9615 0.16 12 10417 10417 0.00 29 10286 -1.26 27 10165 -2.42 16 10417 0.00 11 19.2k 19.53k 1.73 15 19.20k 0.00 14 19.20k 0.00 8 — — — 57.6k — — — 57.60k 0.00 7 57.60k 0.00 2 — — — 115.2k — — — — — — — — — — — — SYNC = 0, BRGH = 0, BRG16 = 0 BAUD RATE FOSC = 4.000 MHz Actual Rate % Error SPBRG value (decimal) FOSC = 3.6864 MHz Actual Rate % Error SPBRG value (decimal) FOSC = 2.000 MHz Actual Rate FOSC = 1.000 MHz % Error SPBRG value (decimal) Actual Rate % Error SPBRG value (decimal) 300 300 0.16 207 300 0.00 191 300 0.16 103 300 0.16 51 1200 1202 0.16 51 1200 0.00 47 1202 0.16 25 1202 0.16 12 2400 2404 0.16 25 2400 0.00 23 2404 0.16 12 — — — 9600 — — — 9600 0.00 5 — — — — — — 10417 10417 0.00 5 — — — 10417 0.00 2 — — — 19.2k — — — 19.20k 0.00 2 — — — — — — 57.6k — — — 57.60k 0.00 0 — — — — — — 115.2k — — — — — — — — — — — — SYNC = 0, BRGH = 1, BRG16 = 0 BAUD RATE FOSC = 20.000 MHz Actual Rate % Error SPBRG value (decimal) FOSC = 18.432 MHz Actual Rate % Error SPBRG value (decimal) FOSC = 11.0592 MHz Actual Rate % Error FOSC = 8.000 MHz SPBRG value (decimal) Actual Rate % Error SPBRG value (decimal) 300 — — — — — — — — — — — — 1200 — — — — — — — — — — — — 2400 — — — — — — — — — 2404 0.16 207 9600 9615 0.16 129 9600 0.00 119 9600 0.00 71 9615 0.16 51 10417 10417 0.00 119 10378 -0.37 110 10473 0.53 65 10417 0.00 47 19.2k 19.23k 0.16 64 19.20k 0.00 59 19.20k 0.00 35 19231 0.16 25 57.6k 56.82k -1.36 21 57.60k 0.00 19 57.60k 0.00 11 55556 -3.55 8 115.2k 113.64k -1.36 10 115.2k 0.00 9 115.2k 0.00 5 — — — DS41203D-page 96 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 TABLE 10-5: BAUD RATES FOR ASYNCHRONOUS MODES (CONTINUED) SYNC = 0, BRGH = 1, BRG16 = 0 BAUD RATE FOSC = 4.000 MHz FOSC = 3.6864 MHz FOSC = 2.000 MHz FOSC = 1.000 MHz Actual Rate % Error SPBRG value (decimal) 300 1200 — 1202 — 0.16 — 207 — 1200 — 0.00 — 191 — 1202 — 0.16 — 103 300 1202 0.16 0.16 207 51 2400 2404 0.16 103 2400 0.00 95 2404 0.16 51 2404 0.16 25 — Actual Rate % Error SPBRG value (decimal) Actual Rate % Error SPBRG value (decimal) Actual Rate % Error SPBRG value (decimal) 9600 9615 0.16 25 9600 0.00 23 9615 0.16 12 — — 10417 10417 0.00 23 10473 0.53 21 10417 0.00 11 10417 0.00 5 19.2k 19.23k 0.16 12 19.2k 0.00 11 — — — — — — 57.6k — — — 57.60k 0.00 3 — — — — — — 115.2k — — — 115.2k 0.00 1 — — — — — — SYNC = 0, BRGH = 0, BRG16 = 1 BAUD RATE FOSC = 20.000 MHz Actual Rate FOSC = 18.432 MHz % Error SPBRG value (decimal) Actual Rate FOSC = 11.0592 MHz % Error SPBRG value (decimal) Actual Rate FOSC = 8.000 MHz % Error SPBRG value (decimal) Actual Rate % Error SPBRG value (decimal) 1666 300 300.0 -0.01 4166 300.0 0.00 3839 300.0 0.00 2303 299.9 -0.02 1200 1200 -0.03 1041 1200 0.00 959 1200 0.00 575 1199 -0.08 416 2400 2399 -0.03 520 2400 0.00 479 2400 0.00 287 2404 0.16 207 51 9600 9615 0.16 129 9600 0.00 119 9600 0.00 71 9615 0.16 10417 10417 0.00 119 10378 -0.37 110 10473 0.53 65 10417 0.00 47 19.2k 19.23k 0.16 64 19.20k 0.00 59 19.20k 0.00 35 19.23k 0.16 25 57.6k 56.818 -1.36 21 57.60k 0.00 19 57.60k 0.00 11 55556 -3.55 8 115.2k 113.636 -1.36 10 115.2k 0.00 9 115.2k 0.00 5 — — — SYNC = 0, BRGH = 0, BRG16 = 1 BAUD RATE FOSC = 4.000 MHz Actual Rate % Error FOSC = 3.6864 MHz SPBRG value (decimal) Actual Rate % Error FOSC = 2.000 MHz SPBRG value (decimal) Actual Rate % Error FOSC = 1.000 MHz SPBRG value (decimal) Actual Rate % Error SPBRG value (decimal) 300 300.1 0.04 832 300.0 0.00 767 299.8 -0.108 416 300.5 0.16 207 1200 1202 0.16 207 1200 0.00 191 1202 0.16 103 1202 0.16 51 2400 2404 0.16 103 2400 0.00 95 2404 0.16 51 2404 0.16 25 9600 9615 0.16 25 9600 0.00 23 9615 0.16 12 — — — 10417 10417 0.00 23 10473 0.53 21 10417 0.00 11 10417 0.00 5 19.2k 19.23k 0.16 12 19.20k 0.00 11 — — — — — — 57.6k — — — 57.60k 0.00 3 — — — — — — 115.2k — — — 115.2k 0.00 1 — — — — — — © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 97 PIC16F688 TABLE 10-5: BAUD RATES FOR ASYNCHRONOUS MODES (CONTINUED) SYNC = 0, BRGH = 1, BRG16 = 1 or SYNC = 1, BRG16 = 1 BAUD RATE FOSC = 20.000 MHz FOSC = 18.432 MHz FOSC = 11.0592 MHz FOSC = 8.000 MHz Actual Rate % Error SPBRG value (decimal) 300 1200 300.0 1200 0.00 -0.01 16665 4166 300.0 1200 0.00 0.00 15359 3839 300.0 1200 0.00 0.00 9215 2303 300.0 1200 0.00 -0.02 6666 1666 2400 2400 0.02 2082 2400 0.00 1919 2400 0.00 1151 2401 0.04 832 9600 9597 -0.03 520 9600 0.00 479 9600 0.00 287 9615 0.16 207 10417 10417 0.00 479 10425 0.08 441 10433 0.16 264 10417 0 191 Actual Rate % Error SPBRG value (decimal) Actual Rate % Error SPBRG value (decimal) Actual Rate % Error SPBRG value (decimal) 19.2k 19.23k 0.16 259 19.20k 0.00 239 19.20k 0.00 143 19.23k 0.16 103 57.6k 57.47k -0.22 86 57.60k 0.00 79 57.60k 0.00 47 57.14k -0.79 34 115.2k 116.3k 0.94 42 115.2k 0.00 39 115.2k 0.00 23 117.6k 2.12 16 SYNC = 0, BRGH = 1, BRG16 = 1 or SYNC = 1, BRG16 = 1 BAUD RATE FOSC = 4.000 MHz Actual Rate FOSC = 3.6864 MHz % Error SPBRG value (decimal) Actual Rate FOSC = 2.000 MHz % Error SPBRG value (decimal) Actual Rate FOSC = 1.000 MHz % Error SPBRG value (decimal) Actual Rate % Error SPBRG value (decimal) 832 300 300.0 0.01 3332 300.0 0.00 3071 299.9 -0.02 1666 300.1 0.04 1200 1200 0.04 832 1200 0.00 767 1199 -0.08 416 1202 0.16 207 2400 2398 0.08 416 2400 0.00 383 2404 0.16 207 2404 0.16 103 25 9600 9615 0.16 103 9600 0.00 95 9615 0.16 51 9615 0.16 10417 10417 0.00 95 10473 0.53 87 10417 0.00 47 10417 0.00 23 19.2k 19.23k 0.16 51 19.20k 0.00 47 19.23k 0.16 25 19.23k 0.16 12 57.6k 58.82k 2.12 16 57.60k 0.00 15 55.56k -3.55 8 — — — 115.2k 111.1k -3.55 8 115.2k 0.00 7 — — — — — — DS41203D-page 98 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 10.3.1 AUTO-BAUD DETECT The EUSART module supports automatic detection and calibration of the baud rate. In the Auto-Baud Detect (ABD) mode, the clock to the BRG is reversed. Rather than the BRG clocking the incoming RX signal, the RX signal is timing the BRG. The Baud Rate Generator is used to time the period of a received 55h (ASCII “U”) which is the Sync character for the LIN bus. The unique feature of this character is that it has five rising edges including the Stop bit edge. Setting the ABDEN bit of the BAUDCTL register starts the auto-boot sequence (Figure 10-6). While the ABD sequence takes place, the EUSART state machine is held in Idle. On the first rising edge of the receive line, after the Start bit, the SPBRG begins counting up using the BRG counter clock as shown in Table 10-6. The fifth rising edge will occur on the RX pin at the end of the eighth bit period. At that time, an accumulated value totaling the proper BRG period is left in SPBRGH, SPBRG register pair, the ABDEN bit is automatically cleared and the RCIF interrupt flag is set. The value in the RCREG needs to be read to clear the RCIF interrupt. RCREG content should be discarded. When calibrating for modes that do not use the SPBRGH register the user can verify that the SPBRG register did not overflow by checking for 00h in the SPBRGH register. The BRG auto-baud clock is determined by the BRG16 and BRGH bits as shown in Table 10-6. During ABD, both the SPBRGH and SPBRG registers are used as a 16-bit counter, independent of the BRG16 bit setting. While calibrating the baud rate period, the SPBRGH and SPBRG registers are clocked at 1/8th the BRG base clock rate. The resulting byte measurement is the average bit time when clocked at full speed. Note 1: If the WUE bit is set with the ABDEN bit, auto-baud detection will occur on the byte following the Break character (see Section 10.3.2 “Auto-Wake-up on Break”). 2: It is up to the user to determine that the incoming character baud rate is within the range of the selected BRG clock source. Some combinations of oscillator frequency and EUSART baud rates are not possible due to bit error rates. Overall system timing and communication baud rates must be taken into consideration when using the Auto-Baud Detect feature. 3: During the auto-baud process, the autobaud counter starts counting at 1. Upon completion of the auto-baud sequence, to achieve maximum accuracy, subtract 1 from the SPBRGH:SPBRG register pair. TABLE 10-6: BRG16 BRGH BRG Base Clock BRG ABD Clock 0 0 FOSC/64 FOSC/512 0 1 FOSC/16 FOSC/128 1 0 FOSC/16 FOSC/128 1 1 FOSC/4 FOSC/32 Note: FIGURE 10-6: During the ABD sequence, SPBRG and SPBRGH registers are both used as a 16-bit counter, independent of BRG16 setting. AUTOMATIC BAUD RATE CALCULATION XXXXh BRG Value BRG COUNTER CLOCK RATES RX pin 0000h 001Ch Start Edge #1 bit 1 bit 0 Edge #2 bit 3 bit 2 Edge #3 bit 5 bit 4 Edge #4 bit 7 bit 6 Edge #5 Stop bit BRG Clock Auto Cleared Set by User ABDEN bit RCIDL RCIF bit (Interrupt) Read RCREG SPBRG XXh 1Ch SPBRGH XXh 00h Note 1: The ABD sequence requires the EUSART module to be configured in Asynchronous mode. © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 99 PIC16F688 10.3.2 AUTO-WAKE-UP ON BREAK During Sleep mode, all clocks to the EUSART are suspended. Because of this, the Baud Rate Generator is inactive and a proper character reception cannot be performed. The Auto-Wake-up feature allows the controller to wake-up due to activity on the RX/DT line. This feature is available only in Asynchronous mode. The Auto-Wake-up feature is enabled by setting the WUE bit of the BAUDCTL register. Once set, the normal receive sequence on RX/DT is disabled, and the EUSART remains in an Idle state, monitoring for a wakeup event independent of the CPU mode. A wake-up event consists of a high-to-low transition on the RX/DT line. (This coincides with the start of a Sync Break or a wake-up signal character for the LIN protocol.) The EUSART module generates an RCIF interrupt coincident with the wake-up event. The interrupt is generated synchronously to the Q clocks in normal CPU operating modes (Figure 10-7), and asynchronously if the device is in Sleep mode (Figure 10-8). The interrupt condition is cleared by reading the RCREG register. The WUE bit is automatically cleared by the low-to-high transition on the RX line at the end of the Break. This signals to the user that the Break event is over. At this point, the EUSART module is in Idle mode waiting to receive the next character. 10.3.2.1 Special Considerations Break Character To avoid character errors or character fragments during a wake-up event, the wake-up character must be all zeros. When the wake-up is enabled the function works independent of the low time on the data stream. If the WUE bit is set and a valid non-zero character is received, the low time from the Start bit to the first rising edge will be interpreted as the wake-up event. The remaining bits in the character will be received as a fragmented character and subsequent characters can result in framing or overrun errors. Therefore, the initial character in the transmission must be all ‘0’s. This must be 10 or more bit times, 13-bit times recommended for LIN bus, or any number of bit times for standard RS-232 devices. Oscillator Start-up Time Oscillator start-up time must be considered, especially in applications using oscillators with longer start-up intervals (i.e., LP, XT or HS mode). The Sync Break (or wake-up signal) character must be of sufficient length, and be followed by a sufficient interval, to allow enough time for the selected oscillator to start and provide proper initialization of the EUSART. WUE Bit The wake-up event causes a receive interrupt by setting the RCIF bit. The WUE bit is cleared in hardware by a rising edge on RX/DT. The interrupt condition is then cleared in software by reading the RCREG register and discarding its contents. To ensure that no actual data is lost, check the RCIDL bit to verify that a receive operation is not in process before setting the WUE bit. If a receive operation is not occurring, the WUE bit may then be set just prior to entering the Sleep mode. FIGURE 10-7: AUTO-WAKE-UP BIT (WUE) TIMING DURING NORMAL OPERATION Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 OSC1 Auto Cleared Bit set by user WUE bit RX/DT Line RCIF Note 1: Cleared due to User Read of RCREG The EUSART remains in Idle while the WUE bit is set. DS41203D-page 100 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 FIGURE 10-8: AUTO-WAKE-UP BIT (WUE) TIMINGS DURING SLEEP Q1Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1Q2 Q3 Q4 OSC1 Auto Cleared Bit Set by User WUE bit RX/DT Line Note 1 RCIF Sleep Command Executed Note 1: 2: 10.3.3 If the wake-up event requires long oscillator warm-up time, the automatic clearing of the WUE bit can occur while the stposc signal is still active. This sequence should not depend on the presence of Q clocks. The EUSART remains in Idle while the WUE bit is set. BREAK CHARACTER SEQUENCE The EUSART module has the capability of sending the special Break character sequences that are required by the LIN bus standard. A Break character consists of a Start bit, followed by 12 ‘0’ bits and a Stop bit. To send a Break character, set the SENDB and TXEN bits of the TXSTA register. The Break character transmission is then initiated by a write to the TXREG. The value of data written to TXREG will be ignored and all ‘0’s will be transmitted. The SENDB bit is automatically reset by hardware after the corresponding Stop bit is sent. This allows the user to preload the transmit FIFO with the next transmit byte following the Break character (typically, the Sync character in the LIN specification). The TRMT bit of the TXSTA register indicates when the transmit operation is active or Idle, just as it does during normal transmission. See Figure 10-9 for the timing of the Break character sequence. 10.3.3.1 Break and Sync Transmit Sequence The following sequence will start a message frame header made up of a Break, followed by an auto-baud Sync byte. This sequence is typical of a LIN bus master. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Cleared due to User Read of RCREG Sleep Ends 10.3.4 RECEIVING A BREAK CHARACTER The Enhanced EUSART module can receive a Break character in two ways. The first method to detect a Break character uses the FERR bit of the RCSTA register and the Received data as indicated by RCREG. The Baud Rate Generator is assumed to have been initialized to the expected baud rate. A Break character has been received when; • RCIF bit is set • FERR bit is set • RCREG = 00h The second method uses the Auto-Wake-up feature described in Section 10.3.2 “Auto-Wake-up on Break”. By enabling this feature, the EUSART will sample the next two transitions on RX/DT, cause an RCIF interrupt, and receive the next data byte followed by another interrupt. Note that following a Break character, the user will typically want to enable the Auto-Baud Detect feature. For both methods, the user can set the ABDEN bit of the BAUDCTL register before placing the EUSART in Sleep mode. Configure the EUSART for the desired mode. Set the TXEN and SENDB bits to enable the Break sequence. Load the TXREG with a dummy character to initiate transmission (the value is ignored). Write ‘55h’ to TXREG to load the Sync character into the transmit FIFO buffer. After the Break has been sent, the SENDB bit is reset by hardware and the Sync character is then transmitted. When the TXREG becomes empty, as indicated by the TXIF, the next data byte can be written to TXREG. © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 101 PIC16F688 FIGURE 10-9: Write to TXREG SEND BREAK CHARACTER SEQUENCE Dummy Write BRG Output (Shift Clock) TX (pin) Start bit bit 0 bit 1 bit 11 Stop bit Break TXIF bit (Transmit interrupt Flag) TRMT bit (Transmit Shift Reg. Empty Flag) SENDB Sampled Here Auto Cleared SENDB (send Break control bit) DS41203D-page 102 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 10.4 EUSART Synchronous Mode Synchronous serial communications are typically used in systems with a single master and one or more slaves. The master device contains the necessary circuitry for baud rate generation and supplies the clock for all devices in the system. Slave devices can take advantage of the master clock by eliminating the internal clock generation circuitry. There are two signal lines in Synchronous mode: a bidirectional data line and a clock line. Slaves use the external clock supplied by the master to shift the serial data into and out of their respective receive and transmit shift registers. Since the data line is bidirectional, synchronous operation is half-duplex only. Half-duplex refers to the fact that master and slave devices can receive and transmit data but not both simultaneously. The EUSART can operate as either a master or slave device. Start and Stop bits are not used in synchronous transmissions. 10.4.1 SYNCHRONOUS MASTER MODE The following bits are used to configure the EUSART for Synchronous Master operation: • • • • • SYNC = 1 CSRC = 1 SREN = 0 (for transmit); SREN = 1 (for receive) CREN = 0 (for transmit); CREN = 1 (for receive) SPEN = 1 Setting the SYNC bit of the TXSTA register configures the device for synchronous operation. Setting the CSRC bit of the TXSTA register configures the device as a master. Clearing the SREN and CREN bits of the RCSTA register ensures that the device is in the Transmit mode, otherwise the device will be configured to receive. Setting the SPEN bit of the RCSTA register enables the EUSART. If the RX/DT or TX/CK pins are shared with an analog peripheral the analog I/O functions must be disabled by clearing the corresponding ANSEL bits. 10.4.1.1 10.4.1.3 Synchronous Master Transmission Data is transferred out of the device on the RX/DT pin. The RX/DT and TX/CK pin output drivers are automatically enabled when the EUSART is configured for synchronous master transmit operation. A transmission is initiated by writing a character to the TXREG register. If the TSR still contains all or part of a previous character, the new character data is held in the TXREG until the last bit of the previous character has been transmitted. If this is the first character, or the previous character has been completely flushed from the TSR, the data in the TXREG is immediately transferred to the TSR. The transmission of the character commences immediately following the transfer of the data to the TSR from the TXREG. Each data bit changes on the leading edge of the master clock and remains valid until the subsequent leading clock edge. Note: The TSR register is not mapped in data memory, so it is not available to the user. 10.4.1.4 Synchronous Master Transmission Set-up: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Master Clock Synchronous data transfers use a separate clock line, which is synchronous with the data. A device configured as a master transmits the clock on the TX/CK line. The TX/CK pin is automatically configured as an output when the EUSART is configured for synchronous transmit operation. Serial data bits change on the leading edge to ensure they are valid at the trailing edge of each clock. One clock cycle is generated for each data bit. Only as many clock cycles are generated as there are data bits. 10.4.1.2 the clock Idle state as high. When the SCKP bit is set, the data changes on the falling edge of each clock. Clearing the SCKP bit sets the Idle state as low. When the SCKP bit is cleared, the data changes on the rising edge of each clock. 7. 8. Initialize the SPBRGH, SPBRG register pair and the BRGH and BRG16 bits to achieve the desired baud rate (see Section 10.3 “EUSART Baud Rate Generator (BRG)”). Enable the synchronous master serial port by setting bits SYNC, SPEN and CSRC. Disable Receive mode by clearing bits SREN and CREN. Enable Transmit mode by setting the TXEN bit. If 9-bit transmission is desired, set the TX9 bit. If interrupts are desired, set the TXIE, GIE and PEIE interrupt enable bits. If 9-bit transmission is selected, the ninth bit should be loaded in the TX9D bit. Start transmission by loading data to the TXREG register. Clock Polarity A clock polarity option is provided for Microwire compatibility. Clock polarity is selected with the SCKP bit of the BAUDCTL register. Setting the SCKP bit sets © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 103 PIC16F688 FIGURE 10-10: SYNCHRONOUS TRANSMISSION RX/DT pin bit 0 bit 1 Word 1 bit 2 bit 7 bit 0 bit 1 Word 2 bit 7 TX/CK pin (SCKP = 0) TX/CK pin (SCKP = 1) Write to TXREG Reg Write Word 1 Write Word 2 TXIF bit (Interrupt Flag) TRMT bit TXEN bit ‘1’ Note: ‘1’ Sync Master mode, SPBRG = 0, continuous transmission of two 8-bit words. FIGURE 10-11: SYNCHRONOUS TRANSMISSION (THROUGH TXEN) RX/DT pin bit 0 bit 2 bit 1 bit 6 bit 7 TX/CK pin Write to TXREG reg TXIF bit TRMT bit TXEN bit TABLE 10-7: REGISTERS ASSOCIATED WITH SYNCHRONOUS MASTER TRANSMISSION Name Bit 7 Bit 6 BAUDCTL Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Value on POR, BOR Value on all other Resets ABDOVF RCIDL — SCKP BRG16 — WUE ABDEN 01-0 0-00 01-0 0-00 INTCON GIE PEIE T0IE INTE RAIE T0IF INTF RAIF 0000 000x 0000 000x PIE1 EEIE ADIE RCIE C2IE C1IE OSFIE TXIE TMR1IE 0000 0000 0000 0000 PIR1 EEIF ADIF RCIF C2IF C1IF OSFIF TXIF TMR1IF 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 RCREG RCSTA EUSART Receive Data Register SPEN RX9 SREN CREN ADDEN FERR OERR RX9D 0000 000x 0000 000x SPBRG BRG7 BRG6 BRG5 BRG4 BRG3 BRG2 BRG1 BRG0 0000 0000 0000 0000 SPBRGH BRG15 BRG14 BRG13 BRG12 BRG11 BRG10 BRG9 BRG8 0000 0000 0000 0000 — — TRISC5 TRISC4 TRISC3 TRISC2 TRISC1 TRISC0 --11 1111 --11 1111 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0010 0000 0010 TRISC TXREG TXSTA Legend: EUSART Transmit Data Register CSRC TX9 TXEN SYNC SENDB BRGH TRMT TX9D x = unknown, – = unimplemented read as ‘0’. Shaded cells are not used for Synchronous Master Transmission. DS41203D-page 104 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 10.4.1.5 Synchronous Master Reception Data is received at the RX/DT pin. The RX/DT and TX/ CK pin output drivers are automatically disabled when the EUSART is configured for synchronous master receive operation. In Synchronous mode, reception is enabled by setting either the Single Receive Enable bit (SREN of the RCSTA register) or the Continuous Receive Enable bit (CREN of the RCSTA register). When SREN is set and CREN is clear, only as many clock cycles are generated as there are data bits in a single character. The SREN bit is automatically cleared at the completion of one character. When CREN is set, clocks are continuously generated until CREN is cleared. If CREN is cleared in the middle of a character the CK clock stops immediately and the partial character is discarded. If SREN and CREN are both set, then SREN is cleared at the completion of the first character and CREN takes precedence. To initiate reception, set either SREN or CREN. Data is sampled at the RX/DT pin on the trailing edge of the TX/CK clock pin and is shifted into the Receive Shift Register (RSR). When a complete character is received into the RSR, the RCIF bit is set and the character is automatically transferred to the two character receive FIFO. The Least Significant eight bits of the top character in the receive FIFO are available in RCREG. The RCIF bit remains set as long as there are un-read characters in the receive FIFO. 10.4.1.6 10.4.1.8 Synchronous Master Reception Setup: 1. Initialize the SPBRGH, SPBRG register pair for the appropriate baud rate. Set or clear the BRGH and BRG16 bits, as required, to achieve the desired baud rate. 2. Enable the synchronous master serial port by setting bits SYNC, SPEN and CSRC. 3. Ensure bits CREN and SREN are clear. 4. If using interrupts, set the GIE and PEIE bits of the INTCON register and set RCIE. 5. If 9-bit reception is desired, set bit RX9. 6. Start reception by setting the SREN bit or for continuous reception, set the CREN bit. 7. Interrupt flag bit RCIF will be set when reception of a character is complete. An interrupt will be generated if the enable bit RCIE was set. 8. Read the RCSTA register to get the ninth bit (if enabled) and determine if any error occurred during reception. 9. Read the 8-bit received data by reading the RCREG register. 10. If an overrun error occurs, clear the error by either clearing the CREN bit of the RCSTA register or by clearing the SPEN bit which resets the EUSART. Receive Overrun Error The receive FIFO buffer can hold two characters. An overrun error will be generated if a third character, in its entirety, is received before RCREG is read to access the FIFO. When this happens the OERR bit of the RCSTA register is set. Previous data in the FIFO will not be overwritten. The two characters in the FIFO buffer can be read, however, no additional characters will be received until the error is cleared. The OERR bit can only be cleared by clearing the overrun condition. If the overrun error occurred when the SREN bit is set and CREN is clear then the error is cleared by reading RCREG. If the overrun occurred when the CREN bit is set then the error condition is cleared by either clearing the CREN bit of the RCSTA register or by clearing the SPEN bit which resets the EUSART. 10.4.1.7 Receiving 9-bit Characters The EUSART supports 9-bit character reception. When the RX9 bit of the RCSTA register is set the EUSART will shift 9-bits into the RSR for each character received. The RX9D bit of the RCSTA register is the ninth, and Most Significant, data bit of the top unread character in the receive FIFO. When reading 9-bit data from the receive FIFO buffer, the RX9D data bit must be read before reading the 8 Least Significant bits from the RCREG. © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 105 PIC16F688 FIGURE 10-12: SYNCHRONOUS RECEPTION (MASTER MODE, SREN) RX/DT pin bit 0 bit 1 bit 2 bit 3 bit 4 bit 5 bit 6 bit 7 TX/CK pin (SCKP = 0) TX/CK pin (SCKP = 1) Write to bit SREN SREN bit CREN bit ‘0’ ‘0’ RCIF bit (Interrupt) Read RXREG Note: Timing diagram demonstrates Sync Master mode with bit SREN = 1 and bit BRGH = 0. TABLE 10-8: REGISTERS ASSOCIATED WITH SYNCHRONOUS MASTER RECEPTION Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Value on POR, BOR Value on all other Resets BAUDCTL ABDOVF RCIDL — SCKP BRG16 — WUE ABDEN 01-0 0-00 01-0 0-00 INTCON GIE PEIE T0IE INTE RAIE T0IF INTF RAIF 0000 000x 0000 000x PIE1 EEIE ADIE RCIE C2IE C1IE OSFIE TXIE TMR1IE 0000 0000 0000 0000 PIR1 EEIF ADIF RCIF C2IF C1IF OSFIF TXIF TMR1IF 0000 0000 0000 0000 RCREG EUSART Receive Data Register FERR 0000 0000 OERR RX9D 0000 000x 0000 000x RCSTA SPEN RX9 SREN SPBRG BRG7 BRG6 BRG5 BRG4 BRG3 BRG2 BRG1 BRG0 0000 0000 0000 0000 SPBRGH BRG15 BRG14 BRG13 BRG12 BRG11 BRG10 BRG9 BRG8 0000 0000 0000 0000 — — TRISC5 TRISC4 TRISC3 TRISC2 TRISC1 TRISC0 --11 1111 --11 1111 0000 0000 0000 0000 SYNC SENDB BRGH TRMT TX9D 0000 0010 0000 0010 TRISC TXREG TXSTA Legend: CREN ADDEN 0000 0000 EUSART Transmit Data Register CSRC TX9 TXEN x = unknown, – = unimplemented read as ‘0’. Shaded cells are not used for Synchronous Master Reception. DS41203D-page 106 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 10.4.2 SYNCHRONOUS SLAVE MODE The following bits are used to configure the EUSART for Synchronous slave operation: • • • • • SYNC = 1 CSRC = 0 SREN = 0 (for transmit); SREN = 1 (for receive) CREN = 0 (for transmit); CREN = 1 (for receive) SPEN = 1 1. 2. 3. 4. Setting the SYNC bit of the TXSTA register configures the device for synchronous operation. Clearing the CSRC bit of the TXSTA register configures the device as a slave. Clearing the SREN and CREN bits of the RCSTA register ensures that the device is in the Transmit mode, otherwise the device will be configured to receive. Setting the SPEN bit of the RCSTA register enables the EUSART. If the RX/DT or TX/CK pins are shared with an analog peripheral the analog I/O functions must be disabled by clearing the corresponding ANSEL bits. 10.4.2.1 If two words are written to the TXREG and then the SLEEP instruction is executed, the following will occur: 5. 10.4.2.2 1. 2. 3. EUSART Synchronous Slave Transmit The operation of the Synchronous Master and Slave modes are identical (see Section 10.4.1.3 “Synchronous Master Transmission”), except in the case of the Sleep mode. 4. 5. 6. 7. TABLE 10-9: Synchronous Slave Transmission Set-up: Set the SYNC and SPEN bits and clear the CSRC bit. Clear the CREN and SREN bits. If using interrupts, ensure that the GIE and PEIE bits of the INTCON register are set and set the TXIE bit. If 9-bit transmission is desired, set the TX9 bit. Enable transmission by setting the TXEN bit. If 9-bit transmission is selected, insert the Most Significant bit into the TX9D bit. Start transmission by writing the Least Significant 8 bits to the TXREG register. REGISTERS ASSOCIATED WITH SYNCHRONOUS SLAVE TRANSMISSION Name Bit 7 Bit 6 BAUDCTL ABDOVF GIE INTCON The first character will immediately transfer to the TSR register and transmit. The second word will remain in TXREG register. The TXIF bit will not be set. After the first character has been shifted out of TSR, the TXREG register will transfer the second character to the TSR and the TXIF bit will now be set. If the PEIE and TXIE bits are set, the interrupt will wake the device from Sleep and execute the next instruction. If the GIE bit is also set, the program will call the Interrupt Service Routine. Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Value on POR, BOR Value on all other Resets BRG16 — WUE ABDEN 01-0 0-00 01-0 0-00 RAIE T0IF INTF RAIF 0000 000x 0000 000x 0000 0000 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 RCIDL — SCKP PEIE T0IE INTE PIE1 EEIE ADIE RCIE C2IE C1IE OSFIE TXIE TMR1IE 0000 0000 PIR1 EEIF ADIF RCIF C2IF C1IF OSFIF TXIF TMR1IF 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 RCREG EUSART Receive Data Register RCSTA SPEN RX9 SREN CREN ADDEN FERR OERR RX9D 0000 000x 0000 000x SPBRG BRG7 BRG6 BRG5 BRG4 BRG3 BRG2 BRG1 BRG0 0000 0000 0000 0000 SPBRGH BRG15 BRG14 BRG13 BRG12 BRG11 BRG10 BRG9 BRG8 0000 0000 0000 0000 --11 1111 --11 1111 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0010 0000 0010 TRISC TXREG TXSTA Legend: — — TRISC5 TRISC4 TRISC3 TRISC2 TRISC1 TRISC0 SYNC SENDB BRGH TRMT TX9D EUSART Transmit Data Register CSRC TX9 TXEN x = unknown, – = unimplemented read as ‘0’. Shaded cells are not used for Synchronous Slave Transmission. © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 107 PIC16F688 10.4.2.3 EUSART Synchronous Slave Reception 10.4.2.4 The operation of the Synchronous Master and Slave modes is identical (Section 10.4.1.5 “Synchronous Master Reception”), with the following exceptions: • Sleep • CREN bit is always set, therefore the receiver is never Idle • SREN bit, which is a “don’t care” in Slave mode A character may be received while in Sleep mode by setting the CREN bit prior to entering Sleep. Once the word is received, the RSR register will transfer the data to the RCREG register. If the RCIE enable bit is set, the interrupt generated will wake the device from Sleep and execute the next instruction. If the GIE bit is also set, the program will branch to the interrupt vector. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Synchronous Slave Reception Setup: Set the SYNC and SPEN bits and clear the CSRC bit. If using interrupts, ensure that the GIE and PEIE bits of the INTCON register are set and set the RCIE bit. If 9-bit reception is desired, set the RX9 bit. Set the CREN bit to enable reception. The RCIF bit will be set when reception is complete. An interrupt will be generated if the RCIE bit was set. If 9-bit mode is enabled, retrieve the Most Significant bit from the RX9D bit of the RCSTA register. Retrieve the 8 Least Significant bits from the receive FIFO by reading the RCREG register. If an overrun error occurs, clear the error by either clearing the CREN bit of the RCSTA register or by clearing the SPEN bit which resets the EUSART. TABLE 10-10: REGISTERS ASSOCIATED WITH SYNCHRONOUS SLAVE RECEPTION Name Bit 7 Bit 6 BAUDCTL Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Value on all other Resets Value on POR, BOR ABDOVF RCIDL — SCKP BRG16 — WUE ABDEN 01-0 0-00 01-0 0-00 INTCON GIE PEIE T0IE INTE RAIE T0IF INTF RAIF 0000 000x 0000 000x PIE1 EEIE ADIE RCIE C2IE C1IE OSFIE TXIE TMR1IE 0000 0000 0000 0000 PIR1 EEIF ADIF RCIF C2IF C1IF OSFIF TXIF TMR1IF 0000 0000 0000 0000 RCREG EUSART Receive Data Register 0000 0000 0000 0000 RCSTA SPEN RX9 SREN CREN ADDEN FERR OERR RX9D 0000 000x 0000 000x SPBRG BRG7 BRG6 BRG5 BRG4 BRG3 BRG2 BRG1 BRG0 0000 0000 0000 0000 SPBRGH BRG15 BRG14 BRG13 BRG12 BRG11 BRG10 BRG9 BRG8 0000 0000 0000 0000 — — TRISC5 TRISC4 TRISC3 TRISC2 TRISC1 TRISC0 TRISC TXREG TXSTA Legend: EUSART Transmit Data Register CSRC TX9 TXEN SYNC SENDB BRGH TRMT TX9D --11 1111 --11 1111 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0010 0000 0010 x = unknown, – = unimplemented read as ‘0’. Shaded cells are not used for Synchronous Slave Reception. DS41203D-page 108 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 11.0 SPECIAL FEATURES OF THE CPU The PIC16F688 has a host of features intended to maximize system reliability, minimize cost through elimination of external components, provide power-saving features and offer code protection. These features are: • Reset - Power-on Reset (POR) - Power-up Timer (PWRT) - Oscillator Start-up Timer (OST) - Brown-out Reset (BOR) • Interrupts • Watchdog Timer (WDT) • Oscillator Selection • Sleep • Code Protection • ID Locations • In-Circuit Serial Programming™ © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. The PIC16F688 has two timers that offer necessary delays on power-up. One is the Oscillator Start-up Timer (OST), intended to keep the chip in Reset until the crystal oscillator is stable. The other is the Power-up Timer (PWRT), which provides a fixed delay of 64 ms (nominal) on power-up only, designed to keep the part in Reset while the power supply stabilizes. There is also circuitry to reset the device if a brown-out occurs, which can use the Power-up Timer to provide at least a 64 ms Reset. With these three functions-on-chip, most applications need no external Reset circuitry. The Sleep mode is designed to offer a very low-current Power-Down mode. The user can wake-up from Sleep through: • External Reset • Watchdog Timer Wake-up • An interrupt Several oscillator options are also made available to allow the part to fit the application. The INTOSC option saves system cost while the LP crystal option saves power. A set of Configuration bits are used to select various options (see Register 11-1). DS41203D-page 109 PIC16F688 11.1 Configuration Bits The Configuration bits can be programmed (read as ‘0’), or left unprogrammed (read as ‘1’) to select various device configurations as shown in Register 11-1. These bits are mapped in program memory location 2007h. Note: Address 2007h is beyond the user program memory space. It belongs to the special configuration memory space (2000h-3FFFh), which can be accessed only during programming. See “PIC12F6XX/16F6XX Memory Programming Specification” (DS41204) for more information. DS41203D-page 110 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 REGISTER 11-1: Reserved CONFIG: CONFIGURATION WORD REGISTER Reserved Reserved Reserved FCMEN BOREN1(1) IESO BOREN0(1) bit 15 bit 8 CPD(2) CP(3) MCLRE(4) PWRTE WDTE FOSC2 FOSC1 FOSC0 bit 7 bit 0 Legend: R = Readable bit W = Writable bit P = Programmable’ U = Unimplemented bit, read as ‘0’ -n = Value at POR ‘1’ = Bit is set ‘0’ = Bit is cleared x = Bit is unknown bit 15-12 Reserved: Reserved bits. Do Not Use. bit 11 FCMEN: Fail-Safe Clock Monitor Enabled bit 1 = Fail-Safe Clock Monitor is enabled 0 = Fail-Safe Clock Monitor is disabled bit 10 IESO: Internal External Switchover bit 1 = Internal External Switchover mode is enabled 0 = Internal External Switchover mode is disabled bit 9-8 BOREN<1:0>: Brown-out Reset Selection bits(1) 11 = BOR enabled 10 = BOR enabled during operation and disabled in Sleep 01 = BOR controlled by SBOREN bit of the PCON register 00 = BOR disabled bit 7 CPD: Data Code Protection bit(2) 1 = Data memory code protection is disabled 0 = Data memory code protection is enabled bit 6 CP: Code Protection bit(2) 1 = Program memory code protection is disabled 0 = Program memory code protection is enabled bit 5 MCLRE: MCLR Pin Function Select bit(3) 1 = MCLR pin function is MCLR 0 = MCLR pin function is digital input, MCLR internally tied to VDD bit 4 PWRTE: Power-up Timer Enable bit 1 = PWRT disabled 0 = PWRT enabled bit 3 WDTE: Watchdog Timer Enable bit 1 = WDT enabled 0 = WDT disabled bit 2-0 FOSC<2:0>: Oscillator Selection bits 111 = EXTRC oscillator: External RC on RA5/OSC1/CLKIN, CLKOUT function on RA4/OSC2/CLKOUT pin 110 = EXTRCIO oscillator: External RC on RA5/OSC1/CLKIN, I/O function on RA4/OSC2/CLKOUT pin 101 = INTOSC oscillator: CLKOUT function on RA4/OSC2/CLKOUT pin, I/O function on RA5/OSC1/CLKIN 100 = INTOSCIO oscillator: I/O function on RA4/OSC2/CLKOUT pin, I/O function on RA5/OSC1/CLKIN 011 = EC: I/O function on RA4/OSC2/CLKOUT pin, CLKIN on RA5/OSC1/CLKIN 010 = HS oscillator: High-speed crystal/resonator on RA4/OSC2/CLKOUT and RA5/OSC1/CLKIN 001 = XT oscillator: Crystal/resonator on RA4/OSC2/CLKOUT and RA5/OSC1/CLKIN 000 = LP oscillator: Low-power crystal on RA4/OSC2/CLKOUT and RA5/OSC1/CLKIN Note 1: 2: 3: 4: Enabling Brown-out Reset does not automatically enable Power-up Timer. The entire data EEPROM will be erased when the code protection is turned off. The entire program memory will be erased when the code protection is turned off. When MCLR is asserted in INTOSC or RC mode, the internal clock oscillator is disabled. © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 111 PIC16F688 11.2 Reset The PIC16F688 differentiates between various kinds of Reset: a) b) c) d) e) f) Power-on Reset (POR) WDT Reset during normal operation WDT Reset during Sleep MCLR Reset during normal operation MCLR Reset during Sleep Brown-out Reset (BOR) Some registers are not affected in any Reset condition; their status is unknown on POR and unchanged in any other Reset. Most other registers are reset to a “Reset state” on: • • • • • They are not affected by a WDT wake-up since this is viewed as the resumption of normal operation. TO and PD bits are set or cleared differently in different Reset situations, as indicated in Table 11-2. These bits are used in software to determine the nature of the Reset. See Table 11-4 for a full description of Reset states of all registers. A simplified block diagram of the On-Chip Reset Circuit is shown in Figure 11-1. The MCLR Reset path has a noise filter to detect and ignore small pulses. See Section 14.0 “Electrical Specifications” for pulse width specifications. Power-on Reset MCLR Reset MCLR Reset during Sleep WDT Reset Brown-out Reset (BOR) FIGURE 11-1: SIMPLIFIED BLOCK DIAGRAM OF ON-CHIP RESET CIRCUIT External Reset MCLR/VPP pin Sleep WDT Module WDT Time-out Reset VDD Rise Detect Power-on Reset VDD Brown-out(1) Reset BOREN SBOREN S OST/PWRT OST Chip_Reset 10-bit Ripple Counter R Q OSC1/ CLKI pin PWRT LFINTOSC 11-bit Ripple Counter Enable PWRT Enable OST Note 1: Refer to the Configuration Word register (Register 11-1). DS41203D-page 112 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 11.2.1 POWER-ON RESET FIGURE 11-2: The on-chip POR circuit holds the chip in Reset until VDD has reached a high enough level for proper operation. To take advantage of the POR, simply connect the MCLR pin through a resistor to VDD. This will eliminate external RC components usually needed to create Power-on Reset. A maximum rise time for VDD is required. See Section 14.0 “Electrical Specifications” for details. If the BOR is enabled, the maximum rise time specification does not apply. The BOR circuitry will keep the device in Reset until VDD reaches VBOD (see Section 11.2.4 “Brown-Out Reset (BOR)”). Note: The POR circuit does not produce an internal Reset when VDD declines. To re-enable the POR, VDD must reach Vss for a minimum of 100 μs. When the device starts normal operation (exits the Reset condition), device operating parameters (i.e., voltage, frequency, temperature, etc.) must be met to ensure operation. If these conditions are not met, the device must be held in Reset until the operating conditions are met. For additional information, refer to Application Note AN607, “Power-up Trouble Shooting” (DS00607). 11.2.2 MCLR PIC16F688 has a noise filter in the MCLR Reset path. The filter will detect and ignore small pulses. It should be noted that a WDT Reset does not drive MCLR pin low. The behavior of the ESD protection on the MCLR pin has been altered from early devices of this family. Voltages applied to the pin that exceed its specification can result in both MCLR Resets and excessive current beyond the device specification during the ESD event. For this reason, Microchip recommends that the MCLR pin no longer be tied directly to VDD. The use of an RC network, as shown in Figure 11-2, is suggested. An internal MCLR option is enabled by clearing the MCLRE bit in the Configuration Word register. When MCLRE = 0, the Reset signal to the chip is generated internally. When the MCLRE = 1, the RA3/MCLR pin becomes an external Reset input. In this mode, the RA3/MCLR pin has a weak pull-up to VDD. © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. RECOMMENDED MCLR CIRCUIT VDD PIC16F688 R1 1 kΩ (or greater) MCLR C1 0.1 μF (optional, not critical) 11.2.3 POWER-UP TIMER (PWRT) The Power-up Timer provides a fixed 64 ms (nominal) time-out on power-up only, from POR or Brown-out Reset. The Power-up Timer operates from the 31 kHz LFINTOSC oscillator. For more information, see Section 3.5 “Internal Clock Modes”. The chip is kept in Reset as long as PWRT is active. The PWRT delay allows the VDD to rise to an acceptable level. A Configuration bit, PWRTE, can disable (if set) or enable (if cleared or programmed) the Power-up Timer. The Power-up Timer should be enabled when Brown-out Reset is enabled, although it is not required. The Power-up Timer delay will vary from chip-to-chip and vary due to: • VDD variation • Temperature variation • Process variation See DC parameters for details “Electrical Specifications”). Note: (Section 14.0 Voltage spikes below VSS at the MCLR pin, inducing currents greater than 80 mA, may cause latch-up. Thus, a series resistor of 50-100 Ω should be used when applying a “low” level to the MCLR pin, rather than pulling this pin directly to VSS. DS41203D-page 113 PIC16F688 11.2.4 BROWN-OUT RESET (BOR) This will occur regardless of VDD slew rate. A Reset is not insured to occur if VDD falls below VBOD for less than parameter (TBOD). The BOREN0 and BOREN1 bits in the Configuration Word register selects one of four BOR modes. Two modes have been added to allow software or hardware control of the BOR enable. When BOREN<1:0> = 01, the SBOREN bit of the PCON register enables/disables the BOR, allowing it to be controlled in software. By selecting BOREN<1:0>, the BOR is automatically disabled in Sleep to conserve power and enabled on wake-up. In this mode, the SBOREN bit is disabled. See Register 11-1 for the Configuration Word definition. On any Reset (Power-on, Brown-out Reset, Watchdog Timer, etc.), the chip will remain in Reset until VDD rises above VBOD (see Figure 11-3). The Power-up Timer will now be invoked, if enabled and will keep the chip in Reset an additional 64 ms. Note: If VDD drops below VBOD while the Power-up Timer is running, the chip will go back into a Brown-out Reset and the Power-up Timer will be re-initialized. Once VDD rises above VBOD, the Power-up Timer will execute a 64 ms Reset. If VDD falls below VBOD for greater than parameter (TBOD) (see Section 14.0 “Electrical Specifications”), the Brown-out situation will reset the device. FIGURE 11-3: BROWN-OUT SITUATIONS VDD Internal Reset VBOD 64 ms(1) VDD Internal Reset VBOD < 64 ms 64 ms(1) VDD Internal Reset Note 1: The Power-up Timer is enabled by the PWRTE bit in the Configuration Word register. VBOD 64 ms(1) 64 ms delay only if PWRTE bit is programmed to ‘0’. DS41203D-page 114 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 11.2.5 TIME-OUT SEQUENCE 11.2.6 On power-up, the time-out sequence is as follows: first, PWRT time-out is invoked after POR has expired, then OST is activated after the PWRT time-out has expired. The total time-out will vary based on oscillator configuration and PWRTE bit status. For example, in EC mode with PWRTE bit erased (PWRT disabled), there will be no time-out at all. Figure 11.2.1, Figure 11-5 and Figure 11-6 depict time-out sequences. The device can execute code from the INTOSC while OST is active by enabling Two-Speed Start-up or Fail-Safe Monitor (see Section 3.7.2 “Two-Speed Start-up Sequence” and Section 3.8 “Fail-Safe Clock Monitor”). The Power Control (PCON) register (address 8Eh) has two Status bits to indicate what type of Reset that last occurred. Bit 0 is BOR (Brown-out). BOR is unknown on Power-on Reset. It must then be set by the user and checked on subsequent Resets to see if BOR = 0, indicating that a Brown-out has occurred. The BOR Status bit is a “don’t care” and is not necessarily predictable if the brown-out circuit is disabled (BOREN<1:0> = 00 in the Configuration Word register). Since the time-outs occur from the POR pulse, if MCLR is kept low long enough, the time-outs will expire. Then, bringing MCLR high will begin execution immediately (see Figure 11-5). This is useful for testing purposes or to synchronize more than one PIC16F688 device operating in parallel. Bit 1 is POR (Power-on Reset). It is a ‘0’ on Power-on Reset and unaffected otherwise. The user must write a ‘1’ to this bit following a Power-on Reset. On a subsequent Reset, if POR is ‘0’, it will indicate that a Power-on Reset has occurred (i.e., VDD may have gone too low). Table 11-5 shows the Reset conditions for some special registers, while Table 11-4 shows the Reset conditions for all the registers. TABLE 11-1: POWER CONTROL (PCON) REGISTER For more information, see Section 4.2.4 “Ultra Low-Power Wake-up” and Section 11.2.4 “Brown-Out Reset (BOR)”. TIME-OUT IN VARIOUS SITUATIONS Power-up Brown-out Reset Wake-up from Sleep Oscillator Configuration XT, HS, LP PWRTE = 0 PWRTE = 1 PWRTE = 0 PWRTE = 1 TPWRT + 1024 • TOSC 1024 • TOSC TPWRT + 1024 • TOSC 1024 • TOSC 1024 • TOSC TPWRT — TPWRT — — RC, EC, INTOSC TABLE 11-2: PCON BITS AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE POR BOR TO PD 0 u 1 1 Power-on Reset 1 0 1 1 Brown-out Reset u u 0 u WDT Reset u u 0 0 WDT Wake-up u u u u MCLR Reset during normal operation u u 1 0 MCLR Reset during Sleep Condition Legend: u = unchanged, x = unknown TABLE 11-3: SUMMARY OF REGISTERS ASSOCIATED WITH BROWN-OUT RESET Name Bit 9 Bit 8 Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Value on POR, BOR Value on all other Resets(1) CONFIG(2) BOREN1 BOREN0 CPD CP MCLRE PWRTE WDTE FOSC2 FOSC1 FOSC0 — — — — POR BOR --01 --qq --0u --uu PD Z DC C 0001 1xxx 000q quuu PCON STATUS Legend: Note 1: 2: — — IRP RP1 ULPWUE SBOREN RP0 TO u = unchanged, x = unknown, – = unimplemented bit, reads as ‘0’, q = value depends on condition. Shaded cells are not used by BOR. Other (non Power-up) Resets include MCLR Reset and Watchdog Timer Reset during normal operation. See Configuration Word register (Register 11-1) for operation of all register bits. © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 115 PIC16F688 FIGURE 11-4: TIME-OUT SEQUENCE ON POWER-UP (DELAYED MCLR) VDD MCLR Internal POR TPWRT PWRT Time-out TOST OST Time-out Internal Reset FIGURE 11-5: TIME-OUT SEQUENCE ON POWER-UP (DELAYED MCLR) VDD MCLR Internal POR TPWRT PWRT Time-out TOST OST Time-out Internal Reset FIGURE 11-6: TIME-OUT SEQUENCE ON POWER-UP (MCLR WITH VDD) VDD MCLR Internal POR TPWRT PWRT Time-out TOST OST Time-out Internal Reset DS41203D-page 116 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 TABLE 11-4: INITIALIZATION CONDITION FOR REGISTERS Address Power-on Reset MCLR Reset WDT Reset Brown-out Reset(1) Wake-up from Sleep through Interrupt Wake-up from Sleep through WDT Time-out — xxxx xxxx uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu INDF 00h/80h/100h/180h xxxx xxxx uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu TMR0 01h/101h xxxx xxxx uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu PCL 02h/82h/102h/182h 0000 0000 0000 0000 PC + 1(3) STATUS 03h/83h/103h/183h 0001 1xxx 000q quuu(4) uuuq quuu(4) FSR 04h/84h/104h/184h xxxx xxxx uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu PORTA 05h/105h --x0 x000 --00 0000 --uu uuuu PORTC 07h/107h --xx 0000 --00 0000 --uu uuuu PCLATH 0Ah/8Ah/10Ah/18Ah ---0 0000 ---0 0000 ---u uuuu INTCON 0Bh/8Bh/10Bh/18Bh 0000 000x 0000 000x uuuu uuuu(2) PIR1 0Ch 0000 0000 0000 0000 uuuu uuuu(2) TMR1L 0Eh xxxx xxxx uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu TMR1H 0Fh xxxx xxxx uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu T1CON 10h 0000 0000 uuuu uuuu -uuu uuuu BAUDCTL 11h 01-0 0-00 01-0 0-00 uu-u u-uu SPBRGH 12h -000 0000 -000 0000 -uuu uuuu SPBRG 13h 0000 0000 0000 0000 uuuu uuuu RCREG 14h 0000 0000 0000 0000 uuuu uuuu TXREG 15h 0000 0000 0000 0000 uuuu uuuu TXSTA 16h 0000 0010 0000 0010 uuuu uuuu RCSTA 17h 000x 000x 000x 000x uuuu uuuu WDTCON 18h ---0 1000 ---0 1000 ---u uuuu CMCON0 19h 0000 0000 0000 0000 uuuu uuuu CMCON1 1Ah ---- --10 ---- --10 ---- --uu ADRESH 1Eh xxxx xxxx uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu ADCON0 1Fh 00-0 0000 00-0 0000 uu-u uuuu OPTION_REG 81h/181h 1111 1111 1111 1111 uuuu uuuu TRISA 85h/185h --11 1111 --11 1111 --uu uuuu TRISC 87h/187h --11 1111 --11 1111 --uu uuuu 8Ch 0000 0000 0000 0000 uuuu uuuu Register W PIE1 PCON Legend: Note 1: 2: 3: 4: 5: 8Eh --01 --0x --0u --uu(1,5) --uu --uu u = unchanged, x = unknown, – = unimplemented bit, reads as ‘0’, q = value depends on condition. If VDD goes too low, Power-on Reset will be activated and registers will be affected differently. One or more bits in INTCON and/or PIR1 will be affected (to cause wake-up). When the wake-up is due to an interrupt and the GIE bit is set, the PC is loaded with the interrupt vector (0004h). See Table 11-5 for Reset value for specific condition. If Reset was due to brown-out, then bit 0 = 0. All other Resets will cause bit 0 = u. © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 117 PIC16F688 TABLE 11-4: INITIALIZATION CONDITION FOR REGISTERS (CONTINUED) Address Power-on Reset • MCLR Reset • WDT Reset • Brown-out Reset(1) OSCCON 8Fh -110 q000 -110 q000 -uuu uuuu OSCTUNE 90h ---0 0000 ---u uuuu ---u uuuu ANSEL 91h 1111 1111 1111 1111 uuuu uuuu WPUA 95h --11 -111 --11 -111 uuuu uuuu IOCA 96h --00 0000 --00 0000 --uu uuuu EEDATH 97h --00 0000 --00 0000 --uu uuuu EEADRH 98h ---- 0000 ---- 0000 ---- uuuu VRCON 99h 0-0- 0000 0-0- 0000 u-u- uuuu EEDAT 9Ah 0000 0000 0000 0000 uuuu uuuu EEADR 9Bh 0000 0000 0000 0000 uuuu uuuu EECON1 9Ch x--- x000 u--- q000 u--- uuuu EECON2 9Dh ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ADRESL 9Eh xxxx xxxx uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu ADCON1 9Fh -000 ---- -000 ---- -uuu ---- Register Legend: Note 1: 2: 3: 4: 5: • Wake-up from Sleep through interrupt • Wake-up from Sleep through WDT time-out u = unchanged, x = unknown, – = unimplemented bit, reads as ‘0’, q = value depends on condition. If VDD goes too low, Power-on Reset will be activated and registers will be affected differently. One or more bits in INTCON and/or PIR1 will be affected (to cause wake-up). When the wake-up is due to an interrupt and the GIE bit is set, the PC is loaded with the interrupt vector (0004h). See Table 11-5 for Reset value for specific condition. If Reset was due to brown-out, then bit 0 = 0. All other Resets will cause bit 0 = u. TABLE 11-5: INITIALIZATION CONDITION FOR SPECIAL REGISTERS Program Counter Status Register PCON Register Power-on Reset 000h 0001 1xxx --01 --0x MCLR Reset during normal operation 000h 000u uuuu --0u --uu MCLR Reset during Sleep 000h 0001 0uuu --0u --uu Condition WDT Reset WDT Wake-up Brown-out Reset Interrupt Wake-up from Sleep 000h 0000 uuuu --0u --uu PC + 1 uuu0 0uuu --uu --uu 000h 0001 1uuu --01 --10 uuu1 0uuu --uu --uu PC + 1 (1) Legend: u = unchanged, x = unknown, – = unimplemented bit, reads as ‘0’. Note 1: When the wake-up is due to an interrupt and Global Interrupt Enable bit, GIE, is set, the PC is loaded with the interrupt vector (0004h) after execution of PC + 1. DS41203D-page 118 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 11.3 Interrupts The PIC16F688 has multiple sources of interrupt: • • • • • • • • • External Interrupt RA2/INT TMR0 Overflow Interrupt PORTA Change Interrupts 2 Comparator Interrupts A/D Interrupt Timer1 Overflow Interrupt EEPROM Data Write Interrupt Fail-Safe Clock Monitor Interrupt EUSART Receive and Transmit interrupts The Interrupt Control (INTCON) register and Peripheral Interrupt Request 1 (PIR1) register record individual interrupt requests in flag bits. The INTCON register also has individual and global interrupt enable bits. A Global Interrupt Enable bit, GIE bit of the INTCON register, enables (if set) all unmasked interrupts, or disables (if cleared) all interrupts. Individual interrupts can be disabled through their corresponding enable bits in the INTCON register and PIE1 register. GIE is cleared on Reset. For external interrupt events, such as the INT pin or PORTA change interrupt, the interrupt latency will be three or four instruction cycles. The exact latency depends upon when the interrupt event occurs (see Figure 11-8). The latency is the same for one or two-cycle instructions. Once in the Interrupt Service Routine, the source(s) of the interrupt can be determined by polling the interrupt flag bits. The interrupt flag bit(s) must be cleared in software before re-enabling interrupts to avoid multiple interrupt requests. Note 1: Individual interrupt flag bits are set, regardless of the status of their corresponding mask bit or the GIE bit. 2: When an instruction that clears the GIE bit is executed, any interrupts that were pending for execution in the next cycle are ignored. The interrupts, which were ignored, are still pending to be serviced when the GIE bit is set again. For additional information on Timer1, A/D or data EEPROM modules, refer to the respective peripheral section. The Return from Interrupt instruction, RETFIE, exits the interrupt routine, as well as sets the GIE bit, which re-enables unmasked interrupts. The following interrupt flags are contained in the INTCON register: • INT Pin Interrupt • PORTA Change Interrupt • TMR0 Overflow Interrupt The peripheral interrupt flags are contained in the special register, PIR1. The corresponding interrupt enable bit is contained in special register, PIE1. The following interrupt flags are contained in the PIR1 register: • • • • • • EEPROM Data Write Interrupt A/D Interrupt EUSART Receive and Transmit Interrupts 2 Comparator Interrupts Timer1 Overflow Interrupt Fail-Safe Clock Monitor Interrupt When an interrupt is serviced: • The GIE is cleared to disable any further interrupt. • The return address is pushed onto the stack. • The PC is loaded with 0004h. © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 119 PIC16F688 11.3.1 RA2/INT INTERRUPT 11.3.2 External interrupt on RA2/INT pin is edge-triggered; either rising if the INTEDG bit of the OPTION register is set, or falling if the INTEDG bit is clear. When a valid edge appears on the RA2/INT pin, the INTF bit of the INTCON register is set. This interrupt can be disabled by clearing the INTE control bit of the INTCON register. The INTF bit must be cleared in software in the Interrupt Service Routine before re-enabling this interrupt. The RA2/INT interrupt can wake-up the processor from Sleep if the INTE bit was set prior to going into Sleep. The status of the GIE bit decides whether or not the processor branches to the interrupt vector following wake-up (0004h). See Section 11.6 “Power-Down Mode (Sleep)” for details on Sleep and Figure 11-10 for timing of wake-up from Sleep through RA2/INT interrupt. Note: TIMER0 INTERRUPT An overflow (FFh → 00h) in the TMR0 register will set the T0IF of the INTCON register bit. The interrupt can be enabled/disabled by setting/clearing T0IE bit of the INTCON register. See Section 5.0 “Timer0 Module” for operation of the Timer0 module. 11.3.3 PORTA INTERRUPT An input change on PORTA change sets the RAIF bit of the INTCON register. The interrupt can be enabled/disabled by setting/clearing the RAIE bit of the INTCON register. Plus, individual pins can be configured through the IOCA register. Note: If a change on the I/O pin should occur when the read operation is being executed (start of the Q2 cycle), then the RAIF interrupt flag may not get set. The ANSEL (91h) and CMCON0 (19h) registers must be initialized to configure an analog channel as a digital input. Pins configured as analog inputs will read ‘0’. FIGURE 11-7: INTERRUPT LOGIC IOC-RA0 IOCA0 IOC-RA1 IOCA1 IOC-RA2 IOCA2 IOC-RA3 IOCA3 IOC-RA4 IOCA4 IOC-RA5 IOCA5 TXIF TXIE TMR1IF TMR1IE C1IF C1IE C2IF C2IE T0IF T0IE INTF INTE RAIF RAIE Wake-up (If in Sleep mode) Interrupt to CPU PEIE GIE ADIF ADIE EEIF EEIE OSFIF OSFIE RCIF RCIE DS41203D-page 120 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 FIGURE 11-8: INT PIN INTERRUPT TIMING Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 OSC1 CLKOUT (3) (4) INT pin (1) (1) INTF Flag (INTCON<1>) Interrupt Latency (2) (5) GIE bit (INTCON<7>) Instruction Flow PC PC Instruction Fetched Inst (PC) Instruction Executed Inst (PC - 1) Note 1: 2: 3: 4: 5: 0004h PC + 1 PC + 1 — Inst (PC + 1) Dummy Cycle Inst (PC) 0005h Inst (0004h) Inst (0005h) Dummy Cycle Inst (0004h) INTF flag is sampled here (every Q1). Asynchronous interrupt latency = 3-4 TCY. Synchronous latency = 3 TCY, where TCY = instruction cycle time. Latency is the same whether Inst (PC) is a single cycle or a two-cycle instruction. CLKOUT is available only in INTOSC and RC Oscillator modes. For minimum width of INT pulse, refer to AC specifications in Section 14.0 “Electrical Specifications”. INTF is enabled to be set any time during the Q4-Q1 cycles. TABLE 11-6: SUMMARY OF REGISTERS ASSOCIATED WITH INTERRUPTS Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Value on POR, BOR Value on all other Resets INTCON GIE PEIE T0IE INTE RAIE T0IF INTF RAIF 0000 000x 0000 000x PIE1 EEIE ADIE RCIE C2IE C1IE OSFIE TXIE TMR1IE 0000 0000 0000 0000 PIR1 EEIF ADIF RCIF C2IF C1IF OSFIF TXIF TMR1IF 0000 0000 0000 0000 Name Legend: x = unknown, u = unchanged, — = unimplemented read as ‘0’, q = value depends upon condition. Shaded cells are not used by the Interrupt module. © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 121 PIC16F688 11.4 Context Saving During Interrupts During an interrupt, only the return PC value is saved on the stack. Typically, users may wish to save key registers during an interrupt (e.g., W and Status registers). This must be implemented in software. Since the lower 16 bytes of all banks are common in the PIC16F688 (see Figure 2-2), temporary holding registers, W_TEMP and STATUS_TEMP, should be placed in here. These 16 locations do not require banking and therefore, make it easier to context save and restore. The same code shown in Example 11-1 can be used to: • • • • • Store the W register Store the Status register Execute the ISR code Restore the Status (and Bank Select Bit register) Restore the W register Note: The PIC16F688 normally does not require saving the PCLATH. However, if computed GOTO’s are used in the ISR and the main code, the PCLATH must be saved and restored in the ISR. EXAMPLE 11-1: MOVWF SWAPF SAVING STATUS AND W REGISTERS IN RAM W_TEMP STATUS,W MOVWF STATUS_TEMP : :(ISR) : SWAPF STATUS_TEMP,W MOVWF SWAPF SWAPF STATUS W_TEMP,F W_TEMP,W DS41203D-page 122 ;Copy W to TEMP ;Swap status to ;Swaps are used ;Save status to register be saved into W because they do not affect the status bits bank zero STATUS_TEMP register ;Insert user code here ;Swap STATUS_TEMP register into W ;(sets bank to original state) ;Move W into STATUS register ;Swap W_TEMP ;Swap W_TEMP into W © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 11.5 Watchdog Timer (WDT) The WDT has the following features: • • • • • Operates from the LFINTOSC (31 kHz) Contains a 16-bit prescaler Shares an 8-bit prescaler with Timer0 Time-out period is from 1 ms to 268 seconds Configuration bit and software controlled WDT is cleared under certain conditions described in Table 11-7. 11.5.1 WDT OSCILLATOR The WDT derives its time base from the 31 kHz LFINTOSC. The LTS bit does not reflect that the LFINTOSC is enabled. The value of WDTCON is ‘---0 1000’ on all Resets. This gives a nominal time base of 16 ms, which is compatible with the time base generated with previous PIC16F688 microcontroller versions. Note: A new prescaler has been added to the path between the INTRC and the multiplexers used to select the path for the WDT. This prescaler is 16 bits and can be programmed to divide the INTRC by 32 to 65536, giving the WDT a nominal range of 1 ms to 268s. 11.5.2 WDT CONTROL The WDTE bit is located in the Configuration Word register. When set, the WDT runs continuously. When the WDTE bit in the Configuration Word register is set, the SWDTEN bit of the WDTCON register has no effect. If WDTE is clear, then the SWDTEN bit can be used to enable and disable the WDT. Setting the bit will enable it and clearing the bit will disable it. The PSA and PS<2:0> bits of the OPTION register have the same function as in previous versions of the PIC16F688 family of microcontrollers. See Section 5.0 “Timer0 Module” for more information. When the Oscillator Start-up Timer (OST) is invoked, the WDT is held in Reset, because the WDT Ripple Counter is used by the OST to perform the oscillator delay count. When the OST count has expired, the WDT will begin counting (if enabled). FIGURE 11-9: WATCHDOG TIMER BLOCK DIAGRAM From TMR0 Clock Source 0 Prescaler(1) 16-bit WDT Prescaler 1 8 PSA 31 kHz LFINTOSC Clock PS<2:0> WDTPS<3:0> To TMR0 0 1 PSA WDTE from Configuration Word Register SWDTEN from WDTCON WDT Time-out Note 1: This is the shared Timer0/WDT prescaler. See Section 5.1.3 “Software Programmable Prescaler” for more information. TABLE 11-7: WDT STATUS Conditions WDTE = 0 CLRWDT Command Oscillator Fail Detected Exit Sleep + System Clock = T1OSC, EXTRC, INTRC, EXTCLK Exit Sleep + System Clock = XT, HS, LP © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. WDT Cleared Cleared until the end of OST DS41203D-page 123 PIC16F688 REGISTER 11-2: WDTCON: WATCHDOG TIMER CONTROL REGISTER U-0 U-0 U-0 R/W-0 R/W-1 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 — — — WDTPS3 WDTPS2 WDTPS1 WDTPS0 SWDTEN bit 7 bit 0 Legend: R = Readable bit W = Writable bit U = Unimplemented bit, read as ‘0’ -n = Value at POR ‘1’ = Bit is set ‘0’ = Bit is cleared bit 7-5 Unimplemented: Read as ‘0’ bit 4-1 WDTPS<3:0>: Watchdog Timer Period Select bits Bit Value = Prescale Rate 0000 = 1:32 0001 = 1:64 0010 = 1:128 0011 = 1:256 0100 = 1:512 (Reset value) 0101 = 1:1024 0110 = 1:2048 0111 = 1:4096 1000 = 1:8192 1001 = 1:16384 1010 = 1:32768 1011 = 1:65536 1100 = Reserved 1101 = Reserved 1110 = Reserved 1111 = Reserved bit 0 SWDTEN: Software Enable or Disable the Watchdog Timer(1) 1 = WDT is turned on 0 = WDT is turned off (Reset value) Note 1: If WDTE Configuration bit = 1, then WDT is always enabled, irrespective of this control bit. If WDTE Configuration bit = 0, then it is possible to turn WDT on/off with this control bit. TABLE 11-8: Name WDTCON Legend: Note 1: SUMMARY OF REGISTERS ASSOCIATED WITH WATCHDOG TIMER Bit 7 OPTION_REG CONFIG x = Bit is unknown Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 WDTPS3 WDTPS2 WSTPS1 WDTPS0 SWDTEN Value on POR, BOR Value on all other Resets — — — ---0 1000 ---0 1000 RAPU INTEDG T0CS T0SE PSA PS2 PS1 PS0 1111 1111 1111 1111 CPD CP MCLRE PWRTE WDTE FOSC2 FOSC1 FOSC0 — — Shaded cells are not used by the Watchdog Timer. See Register 11.0 for operation of all Configuration Word register bits. DS41203D-page 124 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 11.6 Power-Down Mode (Sleep) The Power-down mode is entered by executing a SLEEP instruction. If the Watchdog Timer is enabled: • • • • • WDT will be cleared but keeps running. PD bit in the Status register is cleared. TO bit is set. Oscillator driver is turned off. I/O ports maintain the status they had before SLEEP was executed (driving high, low or high-impedance). For lowest current consumption in this mode, all I/O pins should be either at VDD or VSS, with no external circuitry drawing current from the I/O pin, and the comparators and CVREF should be disabled. I/O pins that are high-impedance inputs should be pulled high or low externally to avoid switching currents caused by floating inputs. The T0CKI input should also be at VDD or VSS for lowest current consumption. The contribution from on-chip pull-ups on PORTA should be considered. The MCLR pin must be at a logic high level. Note: 11.6.1 It should be noted that a Reset generated by a WDT time-out does not drive MCLR pin low. WAKE-UP FROM SLEEP The device can wake-up from Sleep through one of the following events: 1. 2. 3. External Reset input on MCLR pin. Watchdog Timer wake-up (if WDT was enabled). Interrupt from RA2/INT pin, PORTA change or a peripheral interrupt. The first event will cause a device Reset. The two latter events are considered a continuation of program execution. The TO and PD bits in the Status register can be used to determine the cause of device Reset. The PD bit, which is set on power-up, is cleared when Sleep is invoked. TO bit is cleared if WDT wake-up occurred. The following peripheral interrupts can wake the device from Sleep: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Timer1 interrupt. Timer1 must be operating as an asynchronous counter. A/D conversion (when A/D clock source is FRC). EEPROM write operation completion. Comparator output changes state. Interrupt-on-change. External Interrupt from INT pin. EUSART Receive Interrupt. ULPWU Interrupt. © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. Other peripherals cannot generate interrupts since during Sleep, no on-chip clocks are present. When the SLEEP instruction is being executed, the next instruction (PC + 1) is prefetched. For the device to wake-up through an interrupt event, the corresponding interrupt enable bit must be set (enabled). Wake-up is regardless of the state of the GIE bit. If the GIE bit is clear (disabled), the device continues execution at the instruction after the SLEEP instruction. If the GIE bit is set (enabled), the device executes the instruction after the SLEEP instruction, then branches to the interrupt address (0004h). In cases where the execution of the instruction following SLEEP is not desirable, the user should have a NOP after the SLEEP instruction. Note: If the global interrupts are disabled (GIE is cleared), but any interrupt source has both its interrupt enable bit and the corresponding interrupt flag bits set, the device will immediately wake-up from Sleep. The SLEEP instruction is completely executed. The WDT is cleared when the device wakes up from Sleep, regardless of the source of wake-up. 11.6.2 WAKE-UP USING INTERRUPTS When global interrupts are disabled (GIE cleared) and any interrupt source has both its interrupt enable bit and interrupt flag bit set, one of the following will occur: • If the interrupt occurs before the execution of a SLEEP instruction, the SLEEP instruction will complete as a NOP. Therefore, the WDT and WDT prescaler and postscaler (if enabled) will not be cleared, the TO bit will not be set and the PD bit will not be cleared. • If the interrupt occurs during or after the execution of a SLEEP instruction, the device will immediately wake-up from Sleep. The SLEEP instruction will be completely executed before the wake-up. Therefore, the WDT and WDT prescaler and postscaler (if enabled) will be cleared, the TO bit will be set and the PD bit will be cleared. Even if the flag bits were checked before executing a SLEEP instruction, it may be possible for flag bits to become set before the SLEEP instruction completes. To determine whether a SLEEP instruction executed, test the PD bit. If the PD bit is set, the SLEEP instruction was executed as a NOP. To ensure that the WDT is cleared, a CLRWDT instruction should be executed before a SLEEP instruction. DS41203D-page 125 PIC16F688 FIGURE 11-10: WAKE-UP FROM SLEEP THROUGH INTERRUPT Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 OSC1 TOST(2) CLKOUT(4) INT pin INTF flag (INTCON<1>) Interrupt Latency (3) GIE bit (INTCON<7>) Processor in Sleep Instruction Flow PC Instruction Fetched Instruction Executed Note 11.7 1: 2: 3: 4: PC Inst(PC) = Sleep Inst(PC - 1) PC + 1 PC + 2 PC + 2 Inst(PC + 1) Inst(PC + 2) Sleep Inst(PC + 1) PC + 2 Dummy Cycle 0004h 0005h Inst(0004h) Inst(0005h) Dummy Cycle Inst(0004h) XT, HS or LP Oscillator mode assumed. TOST = 1024 TOSC (drawing not to scale). This delay does not apply to EC and RC Oscillator modes. GIE = 1 assumed. In this case after wake-up, the processor jumps to 0004h. If GIE = 0, execution will continue in-line. CLKOUT is not available in XT, HS, LP or EC Oscillator modes, but shown here for timing reference. Code Protection If the code protection bit(s) have not been programmed, the on-chip program memory can be read out using ICSP for verification purposes. Note: 11.8 The entire data EEPROM and Flash program memory will be erased when the code protection is turned off. See the “PIC12F6XX/16F6XX Memory Programming Specification” (DS41204) for more information. ID Locations Four memory locations (2000h-2003h) are designated as ID locations where the user can store checksum or other code identification numbers. These locations are not accessible during normal execution but are readable and writable during Program/Verify mode. Only the Least Significant 7 bits of the ID locations are used. DS41203D-page 126 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 11.9 In-Circuit Serial Programming This allows customers to manufacture boards with unprogrammed devices and then program the microcontroller just before shipping the product. This also allows the most recent firmware or a custom firmware to be programmed. The device is placed into a Program/Verify mode by holding the RA0 and RA1 pins low, while raising the MCLR (VPP) pin from VIL to VIHH. See the “PIC12F6XX/16F6XX Memory Programming Specification” (DS41204) for more information. RA0 becomes the programming data and RA1 becomes the programming clock. Both RA0 and RA1 are Schmitt Trigger inputs in Program/Verify mode. A typical In-Circuit Serial Programming connection is shown in Figure 11-11. FIGURE 11-11: TYPICAL IN-CIRCUIT SERIAL PROGRAMMING CONNECTION To Normal Connections External Connector Signals * 11.10 In-Circuit Debugger Since in-circuit debugging requires access to the data and MCLR pins, MPLAB® ICD 2 development with an 14-pin device is not practical. A special 20-pin PIC16F688 ICD device is used with MPLAB ICD 2 to provide separate clock, data and MCLR pins and frees all normally available pins to the user. A special debugging adapter allows the ICD device to be used in place of a PIC16F688 device. The debugging adapter is the only source of the ICD device. When the ICD pin on the PIC16F688 ICD device is held low, the In-Circuit Debugger functionality is enabled. This function allows simple debugging functions when used with MPLAB ICD 2. When the microcontroller has this feature enabled, some of the resources are not available for general use. Table 11-9 shows which features are consumed by the background debugger: TABLE 11-9: DEBUGGER RESOURCES Resource Description I/O pins ICDCLK, ICDDATA Stack 1 level Program Memory Address 0h must be NOP 700h-7FFh PIC16F688 +5V VDD 0V VSS VPP MCLR/VPP/RA3 CLK RA1 Data I/O RA0 For more information, see “MPLAB® ICD 2 In-Circuit Debugger User’s Guide” (DS51331), available on Microchip’s web site (www.microchip.com). FIGURE 11-12: 20-PIN ICD PINOUT 20-Pin PDIP In-Circuit Debug Device * * To Normal Connections * Isolation devices (as required) © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. 1 20 2 19 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 PIC16F688 -ICD * NC ICDMCLR/VPP VDD RA5 RA4 RA3 RC5 RC4 RC3 ICD 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 ICDCLK ICDDATA Vss RA0 RA1 RA2 RC0 RC1 RC2 NC DS41203D-page 127 PIC16F688 NOTES: DS41203D-page 128 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 12.0 INSTRUCTION SET SUMMARY The PIC16F688 instruction set is highly orthogonal and is comprised of three basic categories: • Byte-oriented operations • Bit-oriented operations • Literal and control operations Each PIC16 instruction is a 14-bit word divided into an opcode, which specifies the instruction type and one or more operands, which further specify the operation of the instruction. The formats for each of the categories is presented in Figure 12-1, while the various opcode fields are summarized in Table 12-1. TABLE 12-1: Field The destination designator specifies where the result of the operation is to be placed. If ‘d’ is zero, the result is placed in the W register. If ‘d’ is one, the result is placed in the file register specified in the instruction. For bit-oriented instructions, ‘b’ represents a bit field designator, which selects the bit affected by the operation, while ‘f’ represents the address of the file in which the bit is located. For literal and control operations, ‘k’ represents an 8-bit or 11-bit constant, or literal value. One instruction cycle consists of four oscillator periods; for an oscillator frequency of 4 MHz, this gives a nominal instruction execution time of 1 μs. All instructions are executed within a single instruction cycle, unless a conditional test is true, or the program counter is changed as a result of an instruction. When this occurs, the execution takes two instruction cycles, with the second cycle executed as a NOP. All instruction examples use the format ‘0xhh’ to represent a hexadecimal number, where ‘h’ signifies a hexadecimal digit. Description Register file address (0x00 to 0x7F) f W Working register (accumulator) b Bit address within an 8-bit file register k Literal field, constant data or label x Don’t care location (= 0 or 1). The assembler will generate code with x = 0. It is the recommended form of use for compatibility with all Microchip software tools. d Destination select; d = 0: store result in W, d = 1: store result in file register f. Default is d = 1. Table 12-2 lists the instructions recognized by the MPASMTM assembler. For byte-oriented instructions, ‘f’ represents a file register designator and ‘d’ represents a destination designator. The file register designator specifies which file register is to be used by the instruction. OPCODE FIELD DESCRIPTIONS PC Program Counter TO Time-out bit Carry bit C DC Digit carry bit Zero bit Z PD Power-down bit FIGURE 12-1: GENERAL FORMAT FOR INSTRUCTIONS Byte-oriented file register operations 13 8 7 6 OPCODE d f (FILE #) 0 d = 0 for destination W d = 1 for destination f f = 7-bit file register address Bit-oriented file register operations 13 10 9 7 6 OPCODE b (BIT #) f (FILE #) 0 b = 3-bit bit address f = 7-bit file register address Literal and control operations General 12.1 Read-Modify-Write Operations 13 8 7 OPCODE Any instruction that specifies a file register as part of the instruction performs a Read-Modify-Write (R-M-W) operation. The register is read, the data is modified, and the result is stored according to either the instruction, or the destination designator ‘d’. A read operation is performed on a register even if the instruction writes to that register. For example, a CLRF PORTA instruction will read PORTA, clear all the data bits, then write the result back to PORTA. This example would have the unintended consequence of clearing the condition that set the RAIF flag. © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. 0 k (literal) k = 8-bit immediate value CALL and GOTO instructions only 13 11 OPCODE 10 0 k (literal) k = 11-bit immediate value DS41203D-page 129 PIC16F688 TABLE 12-2: PIC16F684 INSTRUCTION SET Mnemonic, Operands 14-Bit Opcode Description Cycles MSb LSb Status Affected Notes BYTE-ORIENTED FILE REGISTER OPERATIONS ADDWF ANDWF CLRF CLRW COMF DECF DECFSZ INCF INCFSZ IORWF MOVF MOVWF NOP RLF RRF SUBWF SWAPF XORWF f, d f, d f – f, d f, d f, d f, d f, d f, d f, d f – f, d f, d f, d f, d f, d Add W and f AND W with f Clear f Clear W Complement f Decrement f Decrement f, Skip if 0 Increment f Increment f, Skip if 0 Inclusive OR W with f Move f Move W to f No Operation Rotate Left f through Carry Rotate Right f through Carry Subtract W from f Swap nibbles in f Exclusive OR W with f BCF BSF BTFSC BTFSS f, b f, b f, b f, b Bit Clear f Bit Set f Bit Test f, Skip if Clear Bit Test f, Skip if Set 1 1 1 1 1 1 1(2) 1 1(2) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 dfff dfff lfff 0xxx dfff dfff dfff dfff dfff dfff dfff lfff 0xx0 dfff dfff dfff dfff dfff ffff ffff ffff xxxx ffff ffff ffff ffff ffff ffff ffff ffff 0000 ffff ffff ffff ffff ffff 00bb 01bb 10bb 11bb bfff bfff bfff bfff ffff ffff ffff ffff 111x 1001 0kkk 0000 1kkk 1000 00xx 0000 01xx 0000 0000 110x 1010 kkkk kkkk kkkk 0110 kkkk kkkk kkkk 0000 kkkk 0000 0110 kkkk kkkk kkkk kkkk kkkk 0100 kkkk kkkk kkkk 1001 kkkk 1000 0011 kkkk kkkk 0111 0101 0001 0001 1001 0011 1011 1010 1111 0100 1000 0000 0000 1101 1100 0010 1110 0110 C, DC, Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z C C C, DC, Z Z 1, 2 1, 2 2 1, 2 1, 2 1, 2, 3 1, 2 1, 2, 3 1, 2 1, 2 1, 2 1, 2 1, 2 1, 2 1, 2 BIT-ORIENTED FILE REGISTER OPERATIONS 1 1 1 (2) 1 (2) 01 01 01 01 1, 2 1, 2 3 3 LITERAL AND CONTROL OPERATIONS ADDLW ANDLW CALL CLRWDT GOTO IORLW MOVLW RETFIE RETLW RETURN SLEEP SUBLW XORLW Note 1: 2: 3: k k k – k k k – k – – k k Add literal and W AND literal with W Call Subroutine Clear Watchdog Timer Go to address Inclusive OR literal with W Move literal to W Return from interrupt Return with literal in W Return from Subroutine Go into Standby mode Subtract W from literal Exclusive OR literal with W 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 11 11 10 00 10 11 11 00 11 00 00 11 11 C, DC, Z Z TO, PD Z TO, PD C, DC, Z Z When an I/O register is modified as a function of itself (e.g., MOVF GPIO, 1), the value used will be that value present on the pins themselves. For example, if the data latch is ‘1’ for a pin configured as input and is driven low by an external device, the data will be written back with a ‘0’. If this instruction is executed on the TMR0 register (and where applicable, d = 1), the prescaler will be cleared if assigned to the Timer0 module. If the Program Counter (PC) is modified, or a conditional test is true, the instruction requires two cycles. The second cycle is executed as a NOP. DS41203D-page 130 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 12.2 Instruction Descriptions ADDLW Add literal and W Syntax: [ label ] ADDLW Operands: 0 ≤ k ≤ 255 Operation: (W) + k → (W) Status Affected: C, DC, Z Description: The contents of the W register are added to the eight-bit literal ‘k’ and the result is placed in the W register. k BCF Bit Clear f Syntax: [ label ] BCF Operands: 0 ≤ f ≤ 127 0≤b≤7 Operation: 0 → (f<b>) Status Affected: None Description: Bit ‘b’ in register ‘f’ is cleared. BSF Bit Set f Syntax: [ label ] BSF f,b ADDWF Add W and f Syntax: [ label ] ADDWF Operands: 0 ≤ f ≤ 127 d ∈ [0,1] Operands: 0 ≤ f ≤ 127 0≤b≤7 Operation: (W) + (f) → (destination) Operation: 1 → (f<b>) Status Affected: C, DC, Z Status Affected: None Description: Add the contents of the W register with register ‘f’. If ‘d’ is ‘0’, the result is stored in the W register. If ‘d’ is ‘1’, the result is stored back in register ‘f’. Description: Bit ‘b’ in register ‘f’ is set. ANDLW AND literal with W BTFSC Bit Test f, Skip if Clear Syntax: [ label ] ANDLW Syntax: [ label ] BTFSC f,b Operands: 0 ≤ k ≤ 255 Operands: Operation: (W) .AND. (k) → (W) 0 ≤ f ≤ 127 0≤b≤7 Status Affected: Z Operation: skip if (f<b>) = 0 Description: The contents of W register are AND’ed with the eight-bit literal ‘k’. The result is placed in the W register. Status Affected: None Description: If bit ‘b’ in register ‘f’ is ‘1’, the next instruction is executed. If bit ‘b’, in register ‘f’, is ‘0’, the next instruction is discarded, and a NOP is executed instead, making this a two-cycle instruction. ANDWF f,d k AND W with f Syntax: [ label ] ANDWF Operands: 0 ≤ f ≤ 127 d ∈ [0,1] Operation: (W) .AND. (f) → (destination) f,d Status Affected: Z Description: AND the W register with register ‘f’. If ‘d’ is ‘0’, the result is stored in the W register. If ‘d’ is ‘1’, the result is stored back in register ‘f’. © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. f,b DS41203D-page 131 PIC16F688 BTFSS Bit Test f, Skip if Set CLRWDT Clear Watchdog Timer Syntax: [ label ] BTFSS f,b Syntax: [ label ] CLRWDT Operands: 0 ≤ f ≤ 127 0≤b<7 Operands: None Operation: 00h → WDT 0 → WDT prescaler, 1 → TO 1 → PD Status Affected: TO, PD Description: CLRWDT instruction resets the Watchdog Timer. It also resets the prescaler of the WDT. Status bits TO and PD are set. Operation: skip if (f<b>) = 1 Status Affected: None Description: If bit ‘b’ in register ‘f’ is ‘0’, the next instruction is executed. If bit ‘b’ is ‘1’, then the next instruction is discarded and a NOP is executed instead, making this a two-cycle instruction. CALL Call Subroutine COMF Complement f Syntax: [ label ] CALL k Syntax: [ label ] COMF Operands: 0 ≤ k ≤ 2047 Operands: Operation: (PC)+ 1→ TOS, k → PC<10:0>, (PCLATH<4:3>) → PC<12:11> 0 ≤ f ≤ 127 d ∈ [0,1] Operation: (f) → (destination) Status Affected: Z Description: The contents of register ‘f’ are complemented. If ‘d’ is ‘0’, the result is stored in W. If ‘d’ is ‘1’, the result is stored back in register ‘f’. DECF Decrement f Syntax: [ label ] DECF f,d f,d Status Affected: None Description: Call Subroutine. First, return address (PC + 1) is pushed onto the stack. The eleven-bit immediate address is loaded into PC bits <10:0>. The upper bits of the PC are loaded from PCLATH. CALL is a two-cycle instruction. CLRF Clear f Syntax: [ label ] CLRF Operands: 0 ≤ f ≤ 127 Operands: Operation: 00h → (f) 1→Z 0 ≤ f ≤ 127 d ∈ [0,1] Operation: (f) - 1 → (destination) Status Affected: Z Status Affected: Z Description: The contents of register ‘f’ are cleared and the Z bit is set. Description: Decrement register ‘f’. If ‘d’ is ‘0’, the result is stored in the W register. If ‘d’ is ‘1’, the result is stored back in register ‘f’. CLRW Clear W Syntax: [ label ] CLRW f Operands: None Operation: 00h → (W) 1→Z Status Affected: Z Description: W register is cleared. Zero bit (Z) is set. DS41203D-page 132 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 DECFSZ Decrement f, Skip if 0 INCFSZ Increment f, Skip if 0 Syntax: [ label ] DECFSZ f,d Syntax: [ label ] Operands: 0 ≤ f ≤ 127 d ∈ [0,1] Operands: 0 ≤ f ≤ 127 d ∈ [0,1] Operation: (f) - 1 → (destination); skip if result = 0 Operation: (f) + 1 → (destination), skip if result = 0 Status Affected: None Status Affected: None Description: The contents of register ‘f’ are decremented. If ‘d’ is ‘0’, the result is placed in the W register. If ‘d’ is ‘1’, the result is placed back in register ‘f’. If the result is ‘1’, the next instruction is executed. If the result is ‘0’, then a NOP is executed instead, making it a two-cycle instruction. Description: The contents of register ‘f’ are incremented. If ‘d’ is ‘0’, the result is placed in the W register. If ‘d’ is ‘1’, the result is placed back in register ‘f’. If the result is ‘1’, the next instruction is executed. If the result is ‘0’, a NOP is executed instead, making it a two-cycle instruction. GOTO Unconditional Branch IORLW Syntax: [ label ] Syntax: [ label ] Operands: 0 ≤ k ≤ 2047 Operands: 0 ≤ k ≤ 255 Operation: k → PC<10:0> PCLATH<4:3> → PC<12:11> Operation: (W) .OR. k → (W) Status Affected: Z Status Affected: None Description: Description: GOTO is an unconditional branch. The eleven-bit immediate value is loaded into PC bits <10:0>. The upper bits of PC are loaded from PCLATH<4:3>. GOTO is a two-cycle instruction. The contents of the W register are OR’ed with the eight-bit literal ‘k’. The result is placed in the W register. INCF Increment f IORWF Inclusive OR W with f Syntax: [ label ] Syntax: [ label ] Operands: 0 ≤ f ≤ 127 d ∈ [0,1] Operands: 0 ≤ f ≤ 127 d ∈ [0,1] Operation: (f) + 1 → (destination) Operation: (W) .OR. (f) → (destination) Status Affected: Z Status Affected: Z Description: The contents of register ‘f’ are incremented. If ‘d’ is ‘0’, the result is placed in the W register. If ‘d’ is ‘1’, the result is placed back in register ‘f’. Description: Inclusive OR the W register with register ‘f’. If ‘d’ is ‘0’, the result is placed in the W register. If ‘d’ is ‘1’, the result is placed back in register ‘f’. GOTO k INCF f,d © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. INCFSZ f,d Inclusive OR literal with W IORLW k IORWF f,d DS41203D-page 133 PIC16F688 MOVF Move f Syntax: [ label ] Operands: 0 ≤ f ≤ 127 d ∈ [0,1] MOVF f,d MOVWF Move W to f Syntax: [ label ] MOVWF Operands: 0 ≤ f ≤ 127 Operation: (W) → (f) f Operation: (f) → (dest) Status Affected: None Status Affected: Z Description: Description: The contents of register f is moved to a destination dependent upon the status of d. If d = 0, destination is W register. If d = 1, the destination is file register f itself. d = 1 is useful to test a file register since status flag Z is affected. Move data from W register to register ‘f’. Words: 1 Cycles: 1 Words: 1 Cycles: 1 Example: MOVF Example: MOVW F OPTION Before Instruction OPTION = W = After Instruction OPTION = W = FSR, 0 0xFF 0x4F 0x4F 0x4F After Instruction W = value in FSR register Z = 1 MOVLW Move literal to W NOP No Operation Syntax: [ label ] Syntax: [ label ] Operands: 0 ≤ k ≤ 255 Operands: None Operation: k → (W) Operation: No operation Status Affected: None Status Affected: None Description: The eight-bit literal ‘k’ is loaded into W register. The “don’t cares” will assemble as ‘0’s. Description: No operation. Words: 1 Cycles: 1 Words: 1 Cycles: 1 Example: MOVLW k Example: MOVLW NOP 0x5A After Instruction W = DS41203D-page 134 NOP 0x5A © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 RETFIE Return from Interrupt RETLW Return with literal in W Syntax: [ label ] Syntax: [ label ] Operands: None Operands: 0 ≤ k ≤ 255 Operation: TOS → PC, 1 → GIE Operation: k → (W); TOS → PC Status Affected: None Status Affected: None Description: Return from Interrupt. Stack is POPed and Top-of-Stack (TOS) is loaded in the PC. Interrupts are enabled by setting Global Interrupt Enable bit, GIE (INTCON<7>). This is a two-cycle instruction. Description: The W register is loaded with the eight bit literal ‘k’. The program counter is loaded from the top of the stack (the return address). This is a two-cycle instruction. Words: 1 Cycles: 2 Example: RETFIE Words: 1 Cycles: 2 Example: RETFIE After Interrupt PC = GIE = TABLE TOS 1 RETLW k CALL TABLE;W contains table ;offset value • ;W now has table value • • ADDWF PC ;W = offset RETLW k1 ;Begin table RETLW k2 ; • • • RETLW kn ; End of table Before Instruction W = 0x07 After Instruction W = value of k8 RETURN © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. Return from Subroutine Syntax: [ label ] Operands: None RETURN Operation: TOS → PC Status Affected: None Description: Return from subroutine. The stack is POPed and the top of the stack (TOS) is loaded into the program counter. This is a two-cycle instruction. DS41203D-page 135 PIC16F688 RLF Rotate Left f through Carry SLEEP Enter Sleep mode Syntax: [ label ] Syntax: [ label ] SLEEP Operands: 0 ≤ f ≤ 127 d ∈ [0,1] Operands: None Operation: Operation: See description below Status Affected: C Description: The contents of register ‘f’ are rotated one bit to the left through the Carry flag. If ‘d’ is ‘0’, the result is placed in the W register. If ‘d’ is ‘1’, the result is stored back in register ‘f’. 00h → WDT, 0 → WDT prescaler, 1 → TO, 0 → PD RLF f,d C Words: 1 Cycles: 1 Example: Status Affected: TO, PD Description: The power-down Status bit, PD is cleared. Time-out Status bit, TO is set. Watchdog Timer and its prescaler are cleared. The processor is put into Sleep mode with the oscillator stopped. Register f RLF REG1,0 Before Instruction REG1 C = = 1110 0110 0 = = = 1110 0110 1100 1100 1 After Instruction REG1 W C RRF Rotate Right f through Carry SUBLW Syntax: [ label ] Syntax: [ label ] SUBLW k Operands: 0 ≤ f ≤ 127 d ∈ [0,1] Operands: 0 ≤ k ≤ 255 Operation: k - (W) → (W) Operation: See description below Status Affected: C, DC, Z Status Affected: C Description: Description: The contents of register ‘f’ are rotated one bit to the right through the Carry flag. If ‘d’ is ‘0’, the result is placed in the W register. If ‘d’ is ‘1’, the result is placed back in register ‘f’. RRF f,d C DS41203D-page 136 Register f Subtract W from literal The W register is subtracted (2’s complement method) from the eight-bit literal ‘k’. The result is placed in the W register. C=0 W>k C=1 W≤k DC = 0 W<3:0> > k<3:0> DC = 1 W<3:0> ≤ k<3:0> © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 SUBWF Subtract W from f XORLW Exclusive OR literal with W Syntax: [ label ] SUBWF f,d Syntax: [ label ] XORLW k Operands: 0 ≤ f ≤ 127 d ∈ [0,1] Operands: 0 ≤ k ≤ 255 (f) - (W) → (destination) Operation: (W) .XOR. k → (W) Operation: Status Affected: Z Description: The contents of the W register are XOR’ed with the eight-bit literal ‘k’. The result is placed in the W register. Status Affected: C, DC, Z Description: SWAPF Subtract (2’s complement method) W register from register ‘f’. If ‘d’ is ‘0’, the result is stored in the W register. If ‘d’ is ‘1’, the result is stored back in register ‘f. C=0 W>f C=1 W≤f DC = 0 W<3:0> > f<3:0> DC = 1 W<3:0> ≤ f<3:0> Swap Nibbles in f XORWF Exclusive OR W with f Syntax: [ label ] SWAPF f,d Syntax: [ label ] XORWF Operands: 0 ≤ f ≤ 127 d ∈ [0,1] Operands: 0 ≤ f ≤ 127 d ∈ [0,1] Operation: (f<3:0>) → (destination<7:4>), (f<7:4>) → (destination<3:0>) Operation: (W) .XOR. (f) → (destination) Status Affected: Z Status Affected: None Description: Description: The upper and lower nibbles of register ‘f’ are exchanged. If ‘d’ is ‘0’, the result is placed in the W register. If ‘d’ is ‘1’, the result is placed in register ‘f’. Exclusive OR the contents of the W register with register ‘f’. If ‘d’ is ‘0’, the result is stored in the W register. If ‘d’ is ‘1’, the result is stored back in register ‘f’. © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. f,d DS41203D-page 137 PIC16F688 NOTES: DS41203D-page 138 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 13.0 DEVELOPMENT SUPPORT The PIC® microcontrollers are supported with a full range of hardware and software development tools: • Integrated Development Environment - MPLAB® IDE Software • Assemblers/Compilers/Linkers - MPASMTM Assembler - MPLAB C18 and MPLAB C30 C Compilers - MPLINKTM Object Linker/ MPLIBTM Object Librarian - MPLAB ASM30 Assembler/Linker/Library • Simulators - MPLAB SIM Software Simulator • Emulators - MPLAB ICE 2000 In-Circuit Emulator - MPLAB REAL ICE™ In-Circuit Emulator • In-Circuit Debugger - MPLAB ICD 2 • Device Programmers - PICSTART® Plus Development Programmer - MPLAB PM3 Device Programmer - PICkit™ 2 Development Programmer • Low-Cost Demonstration and Development Boards and Evaluation Kits 13.1 MPLAB Integrated Development Environment Software The MPLAB IDE software brings an ease of software development previously unseen in the 8/16-bit microcontroller market. The MPLAB IDE is a Windows® operating system-based application that contains: • A single graphical interface to all debugging tools - Simulator - Programmer (sold separately) - Emulator (sold separately) - In-Circuit Debugger (sold separately) • A full-featured editor with color-coded context • A multiple project manager • Customizable data windows with direct edit of contents • High-level source code debugging • Visual device initializer for easy register initialization • Mouse over variable inspection • Drag and drop variables from source to watch windows • Extensive on-line help • Integration of select third party tools, such as HI-TECH Software C Compilers and IAR C Compilers The MPLAB IDE allows you to: • Edit your source files (either assembly or C) • One touch assemble (or compile) and download to PIC MCU emulator and simulator tools (automatically updates all project information) • Debug using: - Source files (assembly or C) - Mixed assembly and C - Machine code MPLAB IDE supports multiple debugging tools in a single development paradigm, from the cost-effective simulators, through low-cost in-circuit debuggers, to full-featured emulators. This eliminates the learning curve when upgrading to tools with increased flexibility and power. © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 139 PIC16F688 13.2 MPASM Assembler The MPASM Assembler is a full-featured, universal macro assembler for all PIC MCUs. The MPASM Assembler generates relocatable object files for the MPLINK Object Linker, Intel® standard HEX files, MAP files to detail memory usage and symbol reference, absolute LST files that contain source lines and generated machine code and COFF files for debugging. The MPASM Assembler features include: • Integration into MPLAB IDE projects • User-defined macros to streamline assembly code • Conditional assembly for multi-purpose source files • Directives that allow complete control over the assembly process 13.5 MPLAB ASM30 Assembler produces relocatable machine code from symbolic assembly language for dsPIC30F devices. MPLAB C30 C Compiler uses the assembler to produce its object file. The assembler generates relocatable object files that can then be archived or linked with other relocatable object files and archives to create an executable file. Notable features of the assembler include: • • • • • • Support for the entire dsPIC30F instruction set Support for fixed-point and floating-point data Command line interface Rich directive set Flexible macro language MPLAB IDE compatibility 13.6 13.3 MPLAB C18 and MPLAB C30 C Compilers The MPLAB C18 and MPLAB C30 Code Development Systems are complete ANSI C compilers for Microchip’s PIC18 and PIC24 families of microcontrollers and the dsPIC30 and dsPIC33 family of digital signal controllers. These compilers provide powerful integration capabilities, superior code optimization and ease of use not found with other compilers. For easy source level debugging, the compilers provide symbol information that is optimized to the MPLAB IDE debugger. 13.4 MPLINK Object Linker/ MPLIB Object Librarian The MPLINK Object Linker combines relocatable objects created by the MPASM Assembler and the MPLAB C18 C Compiler. It can link relocatable objects from precompiled libraries, using directives from a linker script. MPLAB ASM30 Assembler, Linker and Librarian MPLAB SIM Software Simulator The MPLAB SIM Software Simulator allows code development in a PC-hosted environment by simulating the PIC MCUs and dsPIC® DSCs on an instruction level. On any given instruction, the data areas can be examined or modified and stimuli can be applied from a comprehensive stimulus controller. Registers can be logged to files for further run-time analysis. The trace buffer and logic analyzer display extend the power of the simulator to record and track program execution, actions on I/O, most peripherals and internal registers. The MPLAB SIM Software Simulator fully supports symbolic debugging using the MPLAB C18 and MPLAB C30 C Compilers, and the MPASM and MPLAB ASM30 Assemblers. The software simulator offers the flexibility to develop and debug code outside of the hardware laboratory environment, making it an excellent, economical software development tool. The MPLIB Object Librarian manages the creation and modification of library files of precompiled code. When a routine from a library is called from a source file, only the modules that contain that routine will be linked in with the application. This allows large libraries to be used efficiently in many different applications. The object linker/library features include: • Efficient linking of single libraries instead of many smaller files • Enhanced code maintainability by grouping related modules together • Flexible creation of libraries with easy module listing, replacement, deletion and extraction DS41203D-page 140 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 13.7 MPLAB ICE 2000 High-Performance In-Circuit Emulator The MPLAB ICE 2000 In-Circuit Emulator is intended to provide the product development engineer with a complete microcontroller design tool set for PIC microcontrollers. Software control of the MPLAB ICE 2000 In-Circuit Emulator is advanced by the MPLAB Integrated Development Environment, which allows editing, building, downloading and source debugging from a single environment. The MPLAB ICE 2000 is a full-featured emulator system with enhanced trace, trigger and data monitoring features. Interchangeable processor modules allow the system to be easily reconfigured for emulation of different processors. The architecture of the MPLAB ICE 2000 In-Circuit Emulator allows expansion to support new PIC microcontrollers. The MPLAB ICE 2000 In-Circuit Emulator system has been designed as a real-time emulation system with advanced features that are typically found on more expensive development tools. The PC platform and Microsoft® Windows® 32-bit operating system were chosen to best make these features available in a simple, unified application. 13.8 MPLAB REAL ICE In-Circuit Emulator System MPLAB REAL ICE In-Circuit Emulator System is Microchip’s next generation high-speed emulator for Microchip Flash DSC® and MCU devices. It debugs and programs PIC® and dsPIC® Flash microcontrollers with the easy-to-use, powerful graphical user interface of the MPLAB Integrated Development Environment (IDE), included with each kit. The MPLAB REAL ICE probe is connected to the design engineer’s PC using a high-speed USB 2.0 interface and is connected to the target with either a connector compatible with the popular MPLAB ICD 2 system (RJ11) or with the new high speed, noise tolerant, lowvoltage differential signal (LVDS) interconnection (CAT5). 13.9 MPLAB ICD 2 In-Circuit Debugger Microchip’s In-Circuit Debugger, MPLAB ICD 2, is a powerful, low-cost, run-time development tool, connecting to the host PC via an RS-232 or high-speed USB interface. This tool is based on the Flash PIC MCUs and can be used to develop for these and other PIC MCUs and dsPIC DSCs. The MPLAB ICD 2 utilizes the in-circuit debugging capability built into the Flash devices. This feature, along with Microchip’s In-Circuit Serial ProgrammingTM (ICSPTM) protocol, offers costeffective, in-circuit Flash debugging from the graphical user interface of the MPLAB Integrated Development Environment. This enables a designer to develop and debug source code by setting breakpoints, single stepping and watching variables, and CPU status and peripheral registers. Running at full speed enables testing hardware and applications in real time. MPLAB ICD 2 also serves as a development programmer for selected PIC devices. 13.10 MPLAB PM3 Device Programmer The MPLAB PM3 Device Programmer is a universal, CE compliant device programmer with programmable voltage verification at VDDMIN and VDDMAX for maximum reliability. It features a large LCD display (128 x 64) for menus and error messages and a modular, detachable socket assembly to support various package types. The ICSP™ cable assembly is included as a standard item. In Stand-Alone mode, the MPLAB PM3 Device Programmer can read, verify and program PIC devices without a PC connection. It can also set code protection in this mode. The MPLAB PM3 connects to the host PC via an RS-232 or USB cable. The MPLAB PM3 has high-speed communications and optimized algorithms for quick programming of large memory devices and incorporates an SD/MMC card for file storage and secure data applications. MPLAB REAL ICE is field upgradeable through future firmware downloads in MPLAB IDE. In upcoming releases of MPLAB IDE, new devices will be supported, and new features will be added, such as software breakpoints and assembly code trace. MPLAB REAL ICE offers significant advantages over competitive emulators including low-cost, full-speed emulation, real-time variable watches, trace analysis, complex breakpoints, a ruggedized probe interface and long (up to three meters) interconnection cables. © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 141 PIC16F688 13.11 PICSTART Plus Development Programmer 13.13 Demonstration, Development and Evaluation Boards The PICSTART Plus Development Programmer is an easy-to-use, low-cost, prototype programmer. It connects to the PC via a COM (RS-232) port. MPLAB Integrated Development Environment software makes using the programmer simple and efficient. The PICSTART Plus Development Programmer supports most PIC devices in DIP packages up to 40 pins. Larger pin count devices, such as the PIC16C92X and PIC17C76X, may be supported with an adapter socket. The PICSTART Plus Development Programmer is CE compliant. A wide variety of demonstration, development and evaluation boards for various PIC MCUs and dsPIC DSCs allows quick application development on fully functional systems. Most boards include prototyping areas for adding custom circuitry and provide application firmware and source code for examination and modification. 13.12 PICkit 2 Development Programmer The PICkit™ 2 Development Programmer is a low-cost programmer and selected Flash device debugger with an easy-to-use interface for programming many of Microchip’s baseline, mid-range and PIC18F families of Flash memory microcontrollers. The PICkit 2 Starter Kit includes a prototyping development board, twelve sequential lessons, software and HI-TECH’s PICC™ Lite C compiler, and is designed to help get up to speed quickly using PIC® microcontrollers. The kit provides everything needed to program, evaluate and develop applications using Microchip’s powerful, mid-range Flash memory family of microcontrollers. DS41203D-page 142 The boards support a variety of features, including LEDs, temperature sensors, switches, speakers, RS-232 interfaces, LCD displays, potentiometers and additional EEPROM memory. The demonstration and development boards can be used in teaching environments, for prototyping custom circuits and for learning about various microcontroller applications. In addition to the PICDEM™ and dsPICDEM™ demonstration/development board series of circuits, Microchip has a line of evaluation kits and demonstration software for analog filter design, KEELOQ® security ICs, CAN, IrDA®, PowerSmart® battery management, SEEVAL® evaluation system, Sigma-Delta ADC, flow rate sensing, plus many more. Check the Microchip web page (www.microchip.com) and the latest “Product Selector Guide” (DS00148) for the complete list of demonstration, development and evaluation kits. © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 14.0 ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATIONS Absolute Maximum Ratings(†) Ambient temperature under bias..........................................................................................................-40° to +125°C Storage temperature ........................................................................................................................ -65°C to +150°C Voltage on VDD with respect to VSS ................................................................................................... -0.3V to +6.5V Voltage on MCLR with respect to Vss ............................................................................................... -0.3V to +13.5V Voltage on all other pins with respect to VSS ........................................................................... -0.3V to (VDD + 0.3V) Total power dissipation(1) ............................................................................................................................... 800 mW Maximum current out of VSS pin ...................................................................................................................... 95 mA Maximum current into VDD pin ......................................................................................................................... 95 mA Input clamp current, IIK (VI < 0 or VI > VDD)...............................................................................................................± 20 mA Output clamp current, IOK (Vo < 0 or Vo >VDD).........................................................................................................± 20 mA Maximum output current sunk by any I/O pin.................................................................................................... 25 mA Maximum output current sourced by any I/O pin .............................................................................................. 25 mA Maximum current sunk by PORTA and PORTC (combined) ........................................................................... 90 mA Maximum current sourced PORTA and PORTC (combined) ........................................................................... 90 mA Note 1: Power dissipation is calculated as follows: PDIS = VDD x {IDD – ∑ IOH} + ∑ {(VDD – VOH) x IOH} + ∑(VOl x IOL). † NOTICE: Stresses above those listed under “Absolute Maximum Ratings” may cause permanent damage to the device. This is a stress rating only and functional operation of the device at those or any other conditions above those indicated in the operation listings of this specification is not implied. Exposure above maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability. © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 143 PIC16F688 FIGURE 14-1: PIC16F688 VOLTAGE-FREQUENCY GRAPH, -40°C ≤ TA ≤ +125°C 5.5 5.0 VDD (V) 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 0 8 10 20 Frequency (MHz) Note 1: The shaded region indicates the permissible combinations of voltage and frequency. HFINTOSC FREQUENCY ACCURACY OVER DEVICE VDD AND TEMPERATURE FIGURE 14-2: 125 ± 5% Temperature (°C) 85 ± 2% 60 ± 1% 25 0 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 VDD (V) DS41203D-page 144 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 14.1 DC Characteristics: PIC16F688 -I (Industrial) PIC16F688 -E (Extended) DC CHARACTERISTICS Standard Operating Conditions (unless otherwise stated) Operating temperature -40°C ≤ TA ≤ +85°C for industrial -40°C ≤ TA ≤ +125°C for extended Param No. Min Typ† Max Units Sym Characteristic Conditions VDD Supply Voltage 2.0 2.0 3.0 4.5 — — — — 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 V V V V FOSC < = 8 MHz: HFINTOSC, EC FOSC < = 4 MHz FOSC < = 10 MHz FOSC < = 20 MHz D002* VDR RAM Data Retention Voltage(1) 1.5 — — V Device in Sleep mode D003 VPOR VDD Start Voltage to ensure internal Power-on Reset signal — VSS — V See Section 11.2.1 “Power-On Reset” for details. D004* SVDD VDD Rise Rate to ensure internal Power-on Reset signal 0.05 — — D001 D001C D001D V/ms See Section 11.2.1 “Power-On Reset” for details. * These parameters are characterized but not tested. † Data in “Typ” column is at 5.0V, 25°C unless otherwise stated. These parameters are for design guidance only and are not tested. Note 1: This is the limit to which VDD can be lowered in Sleep mode without losing RAM data. © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 145 PIC16F688 14.2 DC Characteristics: PIC16F688 -I (Industrial) PIC16F688 -E (Extended) Standard Operating Conditions (unless otherwise stated) Operating temperature -40°C ≤ TA ≤ +85°C for industrial -40°C ≤ TA ≤ +125°C for extended DC CHARACTERISTICS Param No. D010 Conditions Device Characteristics Min Typ† Max Units VDD Supply Current (IDD) D011* D012 D013* D014 D015 D016* D017 D018 D019 (1, 2) — 16 23 μA 2.0 — 27 38 μA 3.0 — 47 75 μA 5.0 — 180 250 μA 2.0 — 290 400 μA 3.0 — 490 650 μA 5.0 — 280 380 μA 2.0 — 480 670 μA 3.0 — 0.9 1.4 mA 5.0 — 130 220 μA 2.0 — 215 360 μA 3.0 — 360 520 μA 5.0 — 220 340 μA 2.0 — 375 550 μA 3.0 — 0.65 1.0 mA 5.0 — 8 20 μA 2.0 — 16 40 μA 3.0 — 31 65 μA 5.0 — 320 400 μA 2.0 — 490 640 μA 3.0 — 0.87 1.2 mA 5.0 — 0.5 0.7 mA 2.0 — 0.78 1 mA 3.0 — 1.43 1.8 mA 5.0 — 340 580 μA 2.0 — 550 950 μA 3.0 — 0.92 1.6 mA 5.0 — 2.9 3.7 mA 4.5 — 3.1 3.8 mA 5.0 Note FOSC = 32 kHz LP Oscillator mode FOSC = 1 MHz XT Oscillator mode FOSC = 4 MHz XT Oscillator mode FOSC = 1 MHz EC Oscillator mode FOSC = 4 MHz EC Oscillator mode FOSC = 31 kHz LFINTOSC mode FOSC = 4 MHz HFINTOSC mode FOSC = 8 MHz HFINTOSC mode FOSC = 4 MHz EXTRC mode(3) FOSC = 20 MHz HS Oscillator mode * These parameters are characterized but not tested. † Data in “Typ” column is at 5.0V, 25°C unless otherwise stated. These parameters are for design guidance only and are not tested. Note 1: The test conditions for all IDD measurements in active operation mode are: OSC1 = external square wave, from rail-to-rail; all I/O pins tri-stated, pulled to VDD; MCLR = VDD; WDT disabled. 2: The supply current is mainly a function of the operating voltage and frequency. Other factors, such as I/O pin loading and switching rate, oscillator type, internal code execution pattern and temperature, also have an impact on the current consumption. 3: For RC oscillator configurations, current through REXT is not included. The current through the resistor can be extended by the formula IR = VDD/2REXT (mA) with REXT in kΩ. DS41203D-page 146 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 14.3 DC Characteristics: PIC16F688-I (Industrial) DC CHARACTERISTICS Param No. D020 Standard Operating Conditions (unless otherwise stated) Operating temperature -40°C ≤ TA ≤ +85°C for industrial Conditions Device Characteristics Power-down Base Current(IPD)(2) D021 D022 D023 D024 D025* D026 D027 Min Typ† Max Units VDD Note WDT, BOR, Comparators, VREF and T1OSC disabled — 0.05 1.2 μA 2.0 — 0.15 1.5 μA 3.0 — 0.35 1.8 μA 5.0 — 150 500 nA 3.0 -40°C ≤ TA ≤ +25°C — 1.0 2.2 μA 2.0 WDT Current(1) — 2.0 4.0 μA 3.0 — 3.0 7.0 μA 5.0 — 42 60 μA 3.0 — 85 122 μA 5.0 — 32 45 μA 2.0 — 60 78 μA 3.0 — 120 160 μA 5.0 — 30 36 μA 2.0 — 45 55 μA 3.0 — 75 95 μA 5.0 — 39 47 μA 2.0 — 59 72 μA 3.0 — 98 124 μA 5.0 — 4.5 7.0 μA 2.0 — 5.0 8.0 μA 3.0 — 6.0 12 μA 5.0 — 0.30 1.6 μA 3.0 — 0.36 1.9 μA 5.0 BOR Current(1) Comparator Current(1), both comparators enabled CVREF Current(1) (high range) CVREF Current(1) (low range) T1OSC Current(1), 32.768 kHz A/D Current(1), no conversion in progress * These parameters are characterized but not tested. † Data in “Typ” column is at 5.0V, 25°C unless otherwise stated. These parameters are for design guidance only and are not tested. Note 1: The peripheral current is the sum of the base IDD or IPD and the additional current consumed when this peripheral is enabled. The peripheral Δ current can be determined by subtracting the base IDD or IPD current from this limit. Max values should be used when calculating total current consumption. 2: The power-down current in Sleep mode does not depend on the oscillator type. Power-down current is measured with the part in Sleep mode, with all I/O pins in high-impedance state and tied to VDD. © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 147 PIC16F688 14.4 DC Characteristics: PIC16F688-E (Extended) DC CHARACTERISTICS Param No. D020E Standard Operating Conditions (unless otherwise stated) Operating temperature -40°C ≤ TA ≤ +125°C for extended Conditions Device Characteristics Power-down Base Current (IPD)(2) D021E D022E D023E D024E D025E* D026E D027E Min — Typ† 0.05 Max 9 Units μA VDD Note 2.0 WDT, BOR, Comparators, VREF and T1OSC disabled — 0.15 11 μA 3.0 — 0.35 15 μA 5.0 — 1 28 μA 2.0 — 2 30 μA 3.0 — 3 35 μA 5.0 — 42 65 μA 3.0 — 85 127 μA 5.0 — 32 45 μA 2.0 — 60 78 μA 3.0 — 120 160 μA 5.0 — 30 70 μA 2.0 — 45 90 μA 3.0 — 75 120 μA 5.0 — 39 91 μA 2.0 — 59 117 μA 3.0 — 98 156 μA 5.0 — 4.5 25 μA 2.0 — 5 30 μA 3.0 — 6 40 μA 5.0 — 0.30 12 μA 3.0 — 0.36 16 μA 5.0 WDT Current(1) BOR Current(1) Comparator Current(1), both comparators enabled CVREF Current(1) (high range) CVREF Current(1) (low range) T1OSC Current(1), 32.768 kHz A/D Current(1), no conversion in progress * These parameters are characterized but not tested. † Data in “Typ” column is at 5.0V, 25°C unless otherwise stated. These parameters are for design guidance only and are not tested. Note 1: The peripheral current is the sum of the base IDD or IPD and the additional current consumed when this peripheral is enabled. The peripheral Δ current can be determined by subtracting the base IDD or IPD current from this limit. Max values should be used when calculating total current consumption. 2: The power-down current in Sleep mode does not depend on the oscillator type. Power-down current is measured with the part in Sleep mode, with all I/O pins in high-impedance state and tied to VDD. DS41203D-page 148 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 14.5 DC Characteristics: PIC16F688 -I (Industrial) PIC16F688 -E (Extended) Standard Operating Conditions (unless otherwise stated) Operating temperature -40°C ≤ TA ≤ +85°C for industrial -40°C ≤ TA ≤ +125°C for extended DC CHARACTERISTICS Param No. Sym VIL Characteristic Min Typ† Max Units Vss Vss Conditions — 0.8 V 4.5V ≤ VDD ≤ 5.5V — 0.15 VDD V 2.0V ≤ VDD ≤ 4.5V Vss — 0.2 VDD V 2.0V ≤ VDD ≤ 5.5V Input Low Voltage I/O Port: D030 with TTL buffer D030A D031 with Schmitt Trigger buffer (1) D032 MCLR, OSC1 (RC mode) VSS — 0.2 VDD V D033 OSC1 (XT and LP modes) VSS — 0.3 V OSC1 (HS mode) VSS — 0.3 VDD V D033A VIH Input High Voltage I/O ports: D040 — with TTL buffer D040A D041 with Schmitt Trigger buffer 2.0 — VDD V 4.5V ≤ VDD ≤ 5.5V 0.25 VDD + 0.8 — VDD V 2.0V ≤ VDD ≤ 4.5V 0.8 VDD — VDD V 2.0V ≤ VDD ≤ 5.5V 0.8 VDD — VDD V 1.6 — VDD V D042 MCLR D043 OSC1 (XT and LP modes) D043A OSC1 (HS mode) 0.7 VDD — VDD V D043B OSC1 (RC mode) 0.9 VDD — VDD V (Note 1) (2) Input Leakage Current IIL D060 I/O ports — ± 0.1 ±1 μA VSS ≤ VPIN ≤ VDD, Pin at high-impedance D061 MCLR(3) — ± 0.1 ±5 μA VSS ≤ VPIN ≤ VDD D063 OSC1 — ± 0.1 ±5 μA VSS ≤ VPIN ≤ VDD, XT, HS and LP oscillator configuration IPUR PORTA Weak Pull-up Current 50 250 400 μA VDD = 5.0V, VPIN = VSS VOL Output Low Voltage(5) — — 0.6 V IOL = 8.5 mA, VDD = 4.5V (Ind.) VDD – 0.7 — — V IOH = -3.0 mA, VDD = 4.5V (Ind.) D070* D080 I/O ports VOH D090 Output High Voltage(5) I/O ports * † Note 1: 2: 3: 4: 5: These parameters are characterized but not tested. Data in “Typ” column is at 5.0V, 25°C unless otherwise stated. These parameters are for design guidance only and are not tested. In RC oscillator configuration, the OSC1/CLKIN pin is a Schmitt Trigger input. It is not recommended to use an external clock in RC mode. Negative current is defined as current sourced by the pin. The leakage current on the MCLR pin is strongly dependent on the applied voltage level. The specified levels represent normal operating conditions. Higher leakage current may be measured at different input voltages. See Section 9.0 “Data EEPROM and Flash Program Memory Control” for additional information. Including OSC2 in CLKOUT mode. © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 149 PIC16F688 14.5 DC Characteristics: PIC16F688 -I (Industrial) PIC16F688 -E (Extended) (Continued) DC CHARACTERISTICS Param No. Sym D100 IULP Characteristic Standard Operating Conditions (unless otherwise stated) Operating temperature -40°C ≤ TA ≤ +85°C for industrial -40°C ≤ TA ≤ +125°C for extended Min Typ† Max Units — 200 — nA See Application Note AN879, “Using the Microchip Ultra Low-Power Wake-up Module” (DS00879) OSC2 pin — — 15 pF In XT, HS and LP modes when external clock is used to drive OSC1 All I/O pins — — 50 pF Ultra Low-Power Wake-Up Current Conditions Capacitive Loading Specs on Output Pins D101* COSC2 D101A* CIO Data EEPROM Memory -40°C ≤ TA ≤ +85°C D120 ED Byte Endurance 100K 1M — E/W D120A ED Byte Endurance 10K 100K — E/W D121 VDRW VDD for Read/Write VMIN — 5.5 V D122 TDEW Erase/Write Cycle Time — 5 6 D123 TRETD Characteristic Retention 40 — — Year Provided no other specifications are violated D124 TREF Number of Total Erase/Write Cycles before Refresh(4) 1M 10M — E/W -40°C ≤ TA ≤ +85°C -40°C ≤ TA ≤ +85°C +85°C ≤ TA ≤ +125°C Using EECON1 to read/write VMIN = Minimum operating voltage ms Program Flash Memory D130 EP Cell Endurance 10K 100K — E/W D130A ED Cell Endurance 1K 10K — E/W D131 VPR VDD for Read VMIN — 5.5 V D132 VPEW VDD for Erase/Write 4.5 — 5.5 V D133 TPEW Erase/Write cycle time — 2 2.5 ms D134 TRETD Characteristic Retention 40 — — * † Note 1: 2: 3: 4: 5: +85°C ≤ TA ≤ +125°C VMIN = Minimum operating voltage Year Provided no other specifications are violated These parameters are characterized but not tested. Data in “Typ” column is at 5.0V, 25°C unless otherwise stated. These parameters are for design guidance only and are not tested. In RC oscillator configuration, the OSC1/CLKIN pin is a Schmitt Trigger input. It is not recommended to use an external clock in RC mode. Negative current is defined as current sourced by the pin. The leakage current on the MCLR pin is strongly dependent on the applied voltage level. The specified levels represent normal operating conditions. Higher leakage current may be measured at different input voltages. See Section 9.0 “Data EEPROM and Flash Program Memory Control” for additional information. Including OSC2 in CLKOUT mode. DS41203D-page 150 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 14.6 Thermal Considerations Standard Operating Conditions (unless otherwise stated) Operating temperature -40°C ≤ TA ≤ +125°C Param No. TH01 TH02 TH03 TH04 TH05 TH06 TH07 Note 1: 2: 3: Sym θJA Characteristic Thermal Resistance Junction to Ambient Typ Units 69.8 85.0 100.4 46.3 32.5 31.0 31.7 2.6 150 — — C/W C/W C/W C/W C/W C/W C/W C/W C W W Conditions 14-pin PDIP package 14-pin SOIC package 14-pin TSSOP package 16-pin QFN 4x0.9mm package θJC Thermal Resistance 14-pin PDIP package Junction to Case 14-pin SOIC package 14-pin TSSOP package 16-pin QFN 4x0.9mm package TJ Junction Temperature For derated power calculations PD Power Dissipation PD = PINTERNAL + PI/O PINTERNAL Internal Power Dissipation PINTERNAL = IDD x VDD (NOTE 1) PI/O I/O Power Dissipation — W PI/O = Σ (IOL * VOL) + Σ (IOH * (VDD - VOH)) PDER Derated Power — W PDER = (TJ - TA)/θJA (NOTE 2, 3) IDD is current to run the chip alone without driving any load on the output pins. TA = Ambient Temperature. Maximum allowable power dissipation is the lower value of either the absolute maximum total power dissipation or derated power (PDER). © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 151 PIC16F688 14.7 Timing Parameter Symbology The timing parameter symbols have been created with one of the following formats: 1. TppS2ppS 2. TppS T F Frequency Lowercase letters (pp) and their meanings: pp cc CCP1 ck CLKOUT cs CS di SDI do SDO dt Data in io I/O PORT mc MCLR Uppercase letters and their meanings: S F Fall H High I Invalid (High-impedance) L Low FIGURE 14-3: T Time osc rd rw sc ss t0 t1 wr OSC1 RD RD or WR SCK SS T0CKI T1CKI WR P R V Z Period Rise Valid High-impedance LOAD CONDITIONS Load Condition Pin CL VSS Legend: CL = 50 pF for all pins 15 pF for OSC2 output DS41203D-page 152 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 14.8 AC Characteristics: PIC16F688 (Industrial, Extended) FIGURE 14-4: CLOCK TIMING Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 OSC1/CLKIN OS02 OS04 OS04 OS03 OSC2/CLKOUT (LP, XT, HS Modes) OSC2/CLKOUT (CLKOUT Mode) TABLE 14-1: CLOCK OSCILLATOR TIMING REQUIREMENTS Standard Operating Conditions (unless otherwise stated) Operating temperature -40°C ≤ TA ≤ +125°C Param No. OS01 Sym FOSC Characteristic External CLKIN Frequency(1) Oscillator Frequency(1) OS02 TOSC External CLKIN Period(1) Oscillator Period(1) OS03 OS04* TCY TosH, TosL Min Typ† Max Units DC DC DC DC — 0.1 1 DC 27 250 50 50 — 250 50 250 — — — — 32.768 — — — — — — — 30.5 — — — 37 4 20 20 — 4 20 4 • • • • — 10,000 1,000 — kHz MHz MHz MHz kHz MHz MHz MHz μs ns ns ns μs ns ns ns Conditions LP Oscillator mode XT Oscillator mode HS Oscillator mode EC Oscillator mode LP Oscillator mode XT Oscillator mode HS Oscillator mode RC Oscillator mode LP Oscillator mode XT Oscillator mode HS Oscillator mode EC Oscillator mode LP Oscillator mode XT Oscillator mode HS Oscillator mode RC Oscillator mode Instruction Cycle Time(1) External CLKIN High, External CLKIN Low 200 TCY DC ns TCY = 4/FOSC 2 — — μs LP oscillator 100 — — ns XT oscillator 20 — — ns HS oscillator OS05* TosR, External CLKIN Rise, 0 — • ns LP oscillator TosF External CLKIN Fall 0 — • ns XT oscillator 0 — • ns HS oscillator * These parameters are characterized but not tested. † Data in “Typ” column is at 5V, 25°C unless otherwise stated. These parameters are for design guidance only and are not tested. Note 1: Instruction cycle period (TCY) equals four times the input oscillator time base period. All specified values are based on characterization data for that particular oscillator type under standard operating conditions with the device executing code. Exceeding these specified limits may result in an unstable oscillator operation and/or higher than expected current consumption. All devices are tested to operate at “min” values with an external clock applied to OSC1 pin. When an external clock input is used, the “max” cycle time limit is “DC” (no clock) for all devices. © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 153 PIC16F688 TABLE 14-2: OSCILLATOR PARAMETERS Standard Operating Conditions (unless otherwise stated) Operating Temperature -40°C ≤ TA ≤ +125°C Param No. Sym Characteristic Freq Tolerance Min Typ† Max Units Conditions OS06 TWARM Internal Oscillator Switch when running(3) — — — 2 TOSC Slowest clock OS07 TSC Fail-Safe Sample Clock Period(1) — — 21 — ms LFINTOSC/64 OS08 HFOSC Internal Calibrated HFINTOSC Frequency(2) ±1% 7.92 8.0 8.08 MHz VDD = 3.5V, 25°C ±2% 7.84 8.0 8.16 MHz 2.5V ≤ VDD ≤ 5.5V, 0°C ≤ TA ≤ +85°C ±5% 7.60 8.0 8.40 MHz 2.0V ≤ VDD ≤ 5.5V, -40°C ≤ TA ≤ +85°C (Ind.), -40°C ≤ TA ≤ +125°C (Ext.) — 15 31 45 kHz OS09* OS10* LFOSC Internal Uncalibrated LFINTOSC Frequency TIOSC HFINTOSC Oscillator Wake-up from Sleep Start-up Time ST — 5.5 12 24 μs VDD = 2.0V, -40°C to +85°C — 3.5 7 14 μs VDD = 3.0V, -40°C to +85°C — 3 6 11 μs VDD = 5.0V, -40°C to +85°C * These parameters are characterized but not tested. † Data in “Typ” column is at 5.0V, 25°C unless otherwise stated. These parameters are for design guidance only and are not tested. Note 1: Instruction cycle period (TCY) equals four times the input oscillator time base period. All specified values are based on characterization data for that particular oscillator type under standard operating conditions with the device executing code. Exceeding these specified limits may result in an unstable oscillator operation and/or higher than expected current consumption. All devices are tested to operate at “min” values with an external clock applied to the OSC1 pin. When an external clock input is used, the “max” cycle time limit is “DC” (no clock) for all devices. 2: To ensure these oscillator frequency tolerances, VDD and VSS must be capacitively decoupled as close to the device as possible. 0.1 μF and 0.01 μF values in parallel are recommended. 3: By design. DS41203D-page 154 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 FIGURE 14-5: CLKOUT AND I/O TIMING Cycle Write Fetch Read Execute Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 FOSC OS12 OS11 OS20 OS21 CLKOUT OS19 OS18 OS16 OS13 OS17 I/O pin (Input) OS14 OS15 I/O pin (Output) New Value Old Value OS18, OS19 TABLE 14-3: CLKOUT AND I/O TIMING PARAMETERS Standard Operating Conditions (unless otherwise stated) Operating Temperature -40°C ≤ TA ≤ +125°C Param No. Sym Characteristic TOSH2CKL FOSC↑ to CLKOUT↓ (1) OS12 TOSH2CKH FOSC↑ to CLKOUT↑ (1) OS13 TCKL2IOV CLKOUT↓ to Port out valid(1) OS14 TIOV2CKH Port input valid before CLKOUT↑(1) OS15* TOSH2IOV OS16 OS11 Min Typ† Max Units Conditions — — 70 ns VDD = 5.0V VDD = 5.0V — — 72 ns — — 20 ns TOSC + 200 ns — — ns FOSC↑ (Q1 cycle) to Port out valid — 50 70 ns VDD = 5.0V TOSH2IOI FOSC↑ (Q2 cycle) to Port input invalid (I/O in hold time) 50 — — ns VDD = 5.0V OS17 TIOV2OSH Port input valid to FOSC↑ (Q2 cycle) (I/O in setup time) 20 — — ns OS18 TIOR Port output rise time(2) — — 15 40 72 32 ns VDD = 2.0V VDD = 5.0V OS19 TIOF Port output fall time(2) — — 28 15 55 30 ns VDD = 2.0V VDD = 5.0V OS20* TINP INT pin input high or low time 25 — — ns OS21* TRAP PORTA interrupt-on-change new input level time TCY — — ns * † Note 1: 2: These parameters are characterized but not tested. Data in “Typ” column is at 5.0V, 25°C unless otherwise stated. Measurements are taken in RC mode where CLKOUT output is 4 x TOSC. Includes OSC2 in CLKOUT mode. © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 155 PIC16F688 FIGURE 14-6: RESET, WATCHDOG TIMER, OSCILLATOR START-UP TIMER AND POWER-UP TIMER TIMING VDD MCLR 30 Internal POR 33 PWRT Time-out 32 OSC Start-Up Time Internal Reset(1) Watchdog Timer Reset(1) 31 34 34 I/O pins Note 1: Asserted low. FIGURE 14-7: BROWN-OUT RESET TIMING AND CHARACTERISTICS VDD VBOR + VHYST VBOR (Device in Brown-out Reset) (Device not in Brown-out Reset) 37 Reset (due to BOR) * 33* 64 ms delay only if PWRTE bit in the Configuration Word register is programmed to ‘0’. DS41203D-page 156 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 TABLE 14-4: RESET, WATCHDOG TIMER, OSCILLATOR START-UP TIMER, POWER-UP TIMER AND BROWN-OUT RESET PARAMETERS Standard Operating Conditions (unless otherwise stated) Operating Temperature -40°C ≤ TA ≤ +125°C Param No. Sym Characteristic Min Typ† Max Units Conditions 30 TMCL MCLR Pulse Width (low) 2 5 — — — — μs μs VDD = 5V, -40°C to +85°C VDD = 5V 31 TWDT Watchdog Timer Time-out Period (No Prescaler) 10 10 16 16 29 31 ms ms VDD = 5V, -40°C to +85°C VDD = 5V 32 TOST Oscillation Start-up Timer Period(1, 2) — 1024 — 33* TPWRT Power-up Timer Period 40 65 140 ms 34* TIOZ I/O High-impedance from MCLR Low or Watchdog Timer Reset — — 2.0 μs 35 VBOR Brown-out Reset Voltage 2.0 — 2.2 V 36* VHYST Brown-out Reset Hysteresis — 50 — mV 37* TBOR Brown-out Reset Minimum Detection Period 100 — — μs TOSC (NOTE 3) (NOTE 4) VDD ≤ VBOR * These parameters are characterized but not tested. † Data in “Typ” column is at 5V, 25°C unless otherwise stated. These parameters are for design guidance only and are not tested. Note 1: Instruction cycle period (TCY) equals four times the input oscillator time base period. All specified values are based on characterization data for that particular oscillator type under standard operating conditions with the device executing code. Exceeding these specified limits may result in an unstable oscillator operation and/or higher than expected current consumption. All devices are tested to operate at “min” values with an external clock applied to the OSC1 pin. When an external clock input is used, the “max” cycle time limit is “DC” (no clock) for all devices. 2: By design. 3: Period of the slower clock. 4: To ensure these voltage tolerances, VDD and VSS must be capacitively decoupled as close to the device as possible. 0.1 μF and 0.01 μF values in parallel are recommended. © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 157 PIC16F688 FIGURE 14-8: TIMER0 AND TIMER1 EXTERNAL CLOCK TIMINGS T0CKI 40 41 42 T1CKI 45 46 49 47 TMR0 or TMR1 TABLE 14-5: TIMER0 AND TIMER1 EXTERNAL CLOCK REQUIREMENTS Standard Operating Conditions (unless otherwise stated) Operating Temperature -40°C ≤ TA ≤ +125°C Param No. 40* Sym TT0H Characteristic T0CKI High Pulse Width No Prescaler With Prescaler 41* TT0L T0CKI Low Pulse Width No Prescaler 42* TT0P T0CKI Period 45* TT1H T1CKI High Synchronous, No Prescaler Time Synchronous, with Prescaler With Prescaler Asynchronous 46* TT1L T1CKI Low Time Synchronous, No Prescaler Synchronous, with Prescaler Asynchronous 47* TT1P T1CKI Input Synchronous Period 48 FT1 Timer1 Oscillator Input Frequency Range (oscillator enabled by setting bit T1OSCEN) 49* TCKEZTMR1 Delay from External Clock Edge to Timer Increment Asynchronous * † Min Typ† Max Units 0.5 TCY + 20 — — ns 10 — — ns 0.5 TCY + 20 — — ns 10 — — ns Greater of: 20 or TCY + 40 N — — ns 0.5 TCY + 20 — — ns 15 — — ns 30 — — ns 0.5 TCY + 20 — — ns 15 — — ns 30 — — ns Greater of: 30 or TCY + 40 N — — ns 60 — — ns — 32.768 — kHz 2 TOSC — 7 TOSC — Conditions N = prescale value (2, 4, ..., 256) N = prescale value (1, 2, 4, 8) Timers in Sync mode These parameters are characterized but not tested. Data in “Typ” column is at 5V, 25°C unless otherwise stated. These parameters are for design guidance only and are not tested. DS41203D-page 158 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 TABLE 14-6: COMPARATOR SPECIFICATIONS Standard Operating Conditions (unless otherwise stated) Operating Temperature -40°C ≤ TA ≤ +125°C Param No. Sym Characteristics CM01 VOS Input Offset Voltage CM02 VCM Input Common Mode Voltage CM03* CMRR Common Mode Rejection Ratio CM04* TRT Response Time Min Typ† Max Units — ± 5.0 ± 10 mV 0 — VDD – 1.5 V +55 — — dB Falling — 150 600 ns Rising — 200 1000 ns — — 10 μs CM05* TMC2COV Comparator Mode Change to Output Valid Comments (VDD - 1.5)/2 (NOTE 1) * These parameters are characterized but not tested. † Data in “Typ” column is at 5V, 25°C unless otherwise stated. These parameters are for design guidance only and are not tested. Note 1: Response time is measured with one comparator input at (VDD - 1.5)/2 - 100 mV to (VDD - 1.5)/2 + 20 mV. TABLE 14-7: COMPARATOR VOLTAGE REFERENCE (CVREF) SPECIFICATIONS Standard Operating Conditions (unless otherwise stated) Operating temperature -40°C ≤ TA ≤ +125°C Param No. Sym Characteristics Min Typ† Max Units Comments CV01* CLSB Step Size(2) — — VDD/24 VDD/32 — — V V Low Range (VRR = 1) High Range (VRR = 0) CV02* CACC Absolute Accuracy — — — — ± 1/2 ± 1/2 LSb LSb Low Range (VRR = 1) High Range (VRR = 0) CV03* CR Unit Resistor Value (R) — 2k — Ω CV04* CST Settling Time(1) — — 10 μs * These parameters are characterized but not tested. † Data in “Typ” column is at 5V, 25°C unless otherwise stated. These parameters are for design guidance only and are not tested. Note 1: Settling time measured while VRR = 1 and VR<3:0> transitions from ‘0000’ to ‘1111’. 2: See Section 7.10 “Comparator Voltage Reference” for more information. © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 159 PIC16F688 TABLE 14-8: PIC16F688 A/D CONVERTER (ADC) CHARACTERISTICS Standard Operating Conditions (unless otherwise stated) Operating temperature -40°C ≤ TA ≤ +125°C Param Sym No. Characteristic Min Typ† Max Units Conditions AD01 NR Resolution — — 10 bits AD02 EIL Integral Error — — ±1 LSb VREF = 5.12V AD03 EDL Differential Error — — ±1 LSb No missing codes to 10 bits VREF = 5.12V AD04 EOFF Offset Error — — ±1 LSb VREF = 5.12V AD07 EGN LSb VREF = 5.12V bit Gain Error — — ±1 AD06 VREF AD06A Reference Voltage(1) 2.2 2.7 — — VDD V AD07 VAIN Full-Scale Range VSS — VREF V AD08 ZAIN Recommended Impedance of Analog Voltage Source — — 10 kΩ AD09* IREF VREF Input Current(1) 10 — 1000 μA During VAIN acquisition. Based on differential of VHOLD to VAIN. — — 50 μA During A/D conversion cycle. Absolute minimum to ensure 1 LSb accuracy * These parameters are characterized but not tested. † Data in “Typ” column is at 5.0V, 25°C unless otherwise stated. These parameters are for design guidance only and are not tested. Note 1: ADC VREF is from external VREF or VDD pin, whichever is selected as reference input. DS41203D-page 160 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 TABLE 14-9: PIC16F688 A/D CONVERSION REQUIREMENTS Standard Operating Conditions (unless otherwise stated) Operating temperature -40°C ≤ TA ≤ +125°C Param No. Sym AD130* TAD Characteristic A/D Clock Period A/D Internal RC Oscillator Period AD131 TCNV Conversion Time (not including Acquisition Time)(1) Min Typ† 1.6 — 9.0 μs TOSC-based, VREF ≥ 3.0V 3.0 — 9.0 μs TOSC-based, VREF full range 3.0 6.0 9.0 μs ADCS<1:0> = 11 (ADRC mode) At VDD = 2.5V 1.6 4.0 6.0 μs At VDD = 5.0V — 11 — TAD Set GO/DONE bit to new data in A/D Result register 11.5 — μs Amplifier Settling Time — — 5 μs Q4 to A/D Clock Start — TOSC/2 — — — TOSC/2 + TCY — — AD132* TACQ Acquisition Time AD133* TAMP AD134 TGO Max Units Conditions If the A/D clock source is selected as RC, a time of TCY is added before the A/D clock starts. This allows the SLEEP instruction to be executed. * These parameters are characterized but not tested. † Data in “Typ” column is at 5.0V, 25°C unless otherwise stated. These parameters are for design guidance only and are not tested. Note 1: ADRESH and ADRESL registers may be read on the following TCY cycle. 2: See Section 8.3 “A/D Acquisition Requirements” for minimum conditions. © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 161 PIC16F688 FIGURE 14-9: PIC16F688 A/D CONVERSION TIMING (NORMAL MODE) BSF ADCON0, GO AD134 1 TCY (TOSC/2(1)) AD131 Q4 AD130 A/D CLK 9 A/D Data 8 7 6 3 2 1 0 NEW_DATA OLD_DATA ADRES 1 TCY ADIF GO DONE Note 1: Sampling Stopped AD132 Sample If the A/D clock source is selected as RC, a time of TCY is added before the A/D clock starts. This allows the SLEEP instruction to be executed. FIGURE 14-10: PIC16F688 A/D CONVERSION TIMING (SLEEP MODE) BSF ADCON0, GO AD134 (TOSC/2 + TCY(1)) 1 TCY AD131 Q4 AD130 A/D CLK 9 A/D Data 8 7 6 OLD_DATA ADRES 3 2 1 0 NEW_DATA ADIF 1 TCY GO DONE Sample Note 1: AD132 Sampling Stopped If the A/D clock source is selected as RC, a time of TCY is added before the A/D clock starts. This allows the SLEEP instruction to be executed. DS41203D-page 162 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 15.0 DC AND AC CHARACTERISTICS GRAPHS AND TABLES The graphs and tables provided in this section are for design guidance and are not tested. In some graphs or tables, the data presented are outside specified operating range (i.e., outside specified VDD range). This is for information only and devices are ensured to operate properly only within the specified range. Note: The graphs and tables provided following this note are a statistical summary based on a limited number of samples and are provided for informational purposes only. The performance characteristics listed herein are not tested or guaranteed. In some graphs or tables, the data presented may be outside the specified operating range (e.g., outside specified power supply range) and therefore, outside the warranted range. “Typical” represents the mean of the distribution at 25°C. “Maximum” or “minimum” represents (mean + 3σ) or (mean - 3σ) respectively, where σ is a standard deviation, over each temperature range. FIGURE 15-1: TYPICAL IDD vs. FOSC OVER VDD (EC MODE) 3.5 3.0 Typical: Statistical Mean @25°C Maximum: Mean (Worst-case Temp) + 3σ (-40°C to 125°C) 5.5V 5.0V IDD (mA) 2.5 2.0 4.0V 1.5 3.0V 1.0 2.0V 0.5 0.0 1 MHz 2 MHz 4 MHz 6 MHz 8 MHz 10 MHz 12 MHz 14 MHz 16 MHz 18 MHz 20 MHz FOSC © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 163 PIC16F688 FIGURE 15-2: MAXIMUM IDD vs. FOSC OVER VDD (EC MODE) EC Mode 4.0 3.5 Typical: Statistical Mean @25°C Maximum: Mean (Worst-case Temp) + 3σ (-40°C to 125°C) 5.5V 5.0V 3.0 IDD (mA) 2.5 4.0V 2.0 3.0V 1.5 2.0V 1.0 0.5 0.0 1 MHz 2 MHz 4 MHz 6 MHz 8 MHz 10 MHz 12 MHz 14 MHz 16 MHz 18 MHz 20 MHz FOSC FIGURE 15-3: TYPICAL IDD vs. FOSC OVER VDD (HS MODE) HS Mode 4.0 3.5 Typical: Statistical Mean @25°C Maximum: Mean (Worst-case Temp) + 3σ (-40°C to 125°C) Temp)+ 5.5V 5,0V 3.0 4.5V IDD (mA) 2.5 2.0 1.5 4.0V 3.5V 3.0V 1.0 0.5 0.0 4 MHz 10 MHz 16 MHz 20 MHz FOSC © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 164 PIC16F688 FIGURE 15-4: MAXIMUM IDD vs. FOSC OVER VDD (HS MODE) HS Mode 5.0 4.5 Typical: Typical: Statistical Statistical Mean Mean @25°C @25×C Maximum: Maximum: Mean Mean (Worst-case (Worst CaseTemp) + 3σ (-40°C Temp)+to 3 125°C) 4.0 5.5V 5.0V IDD (mA) 3.5 4.5V 3.0 2.5 2.0 4.0V 3.5V 3.0V 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 4 MHz 10 MHz 16 MHz 20 MHz FOSC OSC (XT MODE) TYPICAL IDD vs. VDD OVER XTFMode FIGURE 15-5: 1200 @25°C Typical: Statistical Mean @25×C Maximum: Mean (Worst Case Temp) Temp) ++ 3σ (Worst-case 1000 IDD (uA) 800 600 4 MHz 400 1 MHz 200 0 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 VDD (V) © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 165 PIC16F688 FIGURE 15-6: MAXIMUM IDD vs. VDD OVER FOSC (XT MODE) XT Mode 1,800 1,600 1,400 Typical: Statistical Mean @25°C Maximum: Mean (Worst-case Temp) + 3σ (-40°C to 125°C) IDD (uA) 1,200 1,000 4 MHz 800 600 400 1 MHz 200 0 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 VDD (V) FIGURE 15-7: TYPICAL IDD vs. VDD OVER FOSC (EXTRC MODE) 1,200 1,000 Typical: Mean @25×C Typical:Statistical Statistical Mean @25°C Maximum: Mean (Worst Case Temp) + Maximum: Mean (Worst-case Temp) + 3σ 3 125°C) ((-40°C 40×Ct to 125×C) 4 MHz IDD (uA) 800 600 1 MHz 400 200 0 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 VDD (V) © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 166 PIC16F688 FIGURE 15-8: MAXIMUM IDD vs. VDD (EXTRC MODE) EXTRC Mode 2,000 Typical: Statistical Mean @25°C Maximum: Maximum:Mean Mean(Worst-case (Worst CaseTemp) Temp)+ +3s3 (-40×Ctoto125°C) 125×C) (-40°C 1,800 1,600 1,400 4 MHz IDD (uA) 1,200 1,000 800 1 MHz 600 400 200 0 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 VDD (V) FIGURE 15-9: IDD vs. VDD OVER FOSC (LFINTOSC MODE, 31 kHz) LFINTOSC Mode, 31KHZ 80 70 Typical: Statistical Mean @25°C Maximum: Mean (Worst-case Temp) + 3σ (-40°C to 125°C) 60 IDD (μA) 50 Maximum 40 30 Typical 20 10 0 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 VDD (V) © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 167 PIC16F688 FIGURE 15-10: IDD vs. VDD (LP MODE) LP Mode 90 Typical: Statistical Mean @25°C Maximum: Mean (Worst-case Temp) + 3σ (-40°C to 125°C) 80 70 IDD (uA) 60 32 kHz Maximum 50 40 30 32 kHz Typical 20 10 0 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 VDD (V) FIGURE 15-11: TYPICAL IDD vs. FOSC OVER VDD (HFINTOSC MODE) HFINTOSC 1,800 1,600 Typical: Statistical Mean @25°C Maximum: Mean (Worst-case Temp) + 3σ (-40°C to 125°C) 5.5V 5.0V 1,400 1,200 IDD (uA) 4.0V 1,000 3.0V 800 600 2.0V 400 200 0 125 kHz 250 kHz 500 kHz 1 MHz 2 MHz 4 MHz 8 MHz VDD (V) © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 168 PIC16F688 FIGURE 15-12: MAXIMUM IDD vs. FOSC OVER VDD (HFINTOSC MODE) 2,500 2,000 Typical: Statistical Mean @ 25°C Maximum: Mean (Worst-case Temp) +3σ (-40°C to 125°C) 5.5V 5.0V IDD (uA) 1,500 4.0V 3.0V 1,000 2.0V 500 0 125 kHz 250 kHz 500 kHz 1 MHz 2 MHz 4 MHz 8 MHz VDD (V) FIGURE 15-13: TYPICAL IPD vs. VDD (SLEEP MODE, ALL PERIPHERALS DISABLED) Typical (Sleep Mode all Peripherals Disabled) 0.45 0.40 Typical: Statistical Mean @25°C Maximum: Mean (Worst-case Temp) + 3σ (-40°C to 125°C) 0.35 IPD (μA) 0.30 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.0 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 VDD (V) © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 169 PIC16F688 FIGURE 15-14: MAXIMUM IPD vs. VDD (SLEEP MODE, ALL PERIPHERALS DISABLED) Maximum (Sleep Mode all Peripherals Disabled) 18.0 16.0 Typical: Statistical Mean @25°C Maximum: Mean + 3σ Maximum: Mean (Worst-case Temp) + 3σ (-40°C to 125°C) 14.0 Max. 125°C IPD (μA) 12.0 10.0 8.0 6.0 4.0 Max. 85°C 2.0 0.0 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 VDD (V) FIGURE 15-15: COMPARATOR IPD vs. VDD (BOTH COMPARATORS ENABLED) 180 160 140 Typical: Statistical Mean @25°C Maximum: Mean (Worst-case Temp) + 3σ (-40°C to 125°C) IPD (μA) 120 Maximum 100 Typical 80 60 40 20 0 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 VDD (V) © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 170 PIC16F688 FIGURE 15-16: BOR IPD vs. VDD OVER TEMPERATURE 160 140 Typical: Statistical Mean @25°C Maximum: Mean (Worst-case Temp) + 3σ (-40°C to 125°C) 120 IPD (μA) 100 Maximum 80 Typical 60 40 20 0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 VDD (V) FIGURE 15-17: TYPICAL WDT IPD vs. VDD (25°C) 3.0 2.5 IPD (uA) 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 2.0V 2.5V 3.0V 3.5V 4.0V 4.5V 5.0V 5.5V VDD (V) © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 171 PIC16F688 FIGURE 15-18: MAXIMUM WDT IPD vs. VDD OVER TEMPERATURE 40.0 35.0 Max. 125°C 30.0 IPD (uA) 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 Max. 85°C 5.0 0.0 2.0V 2.5V 3.0V 3.5V 4.0V 4.5V 5.0V 4.5 5.0 5.5V VDD (V) FIGURE 15-19: WDT PERIOD vs. VDD OVER TEMPERATURE 30 28 Typical: Statistical Mean @25°C Maximum: Mean + 3σ (-40°C to 125°C) Maximum: Mean + 3σ Max. (125°C) 26 Max. (85°C) 24 Time (ms) 22 20 Typical 18 16 14 Minimum 12 10 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.5 VDD (V) © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 172 PIC16F688 FIGURE 15-20: WDT PERIOD vs. TEMPERATURE Vdd = 5V 30 28 Typical: Statistical Mean @25°C Maximum: Mean + 3σ 26 Maximum 24 Time (ms) 22 20 Typical 18 16 Minimum 14 12 10 -40°C 25°C 85°C 125°C Temperature (°C) FIGURE 15-21: CVREF IPD vs. VDD OVER TEMPERATURE (HIGH RANGE) High Range 140 120 Typical: Statistical Mean @25°C Maximum: Mean + 3σ (-40°C to 125°C) 100 IPD (μA) Max. 125°C 80 Max. 85°C 60 Typical 40 20 0 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 VDD (V) © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 173 PIC16F688 FIGURE 15-22: CVREF IPD vs. VDD OVER TEMPERATURE (LOW RANGE) 180 Typical: Statistical Mean @25°C Maximum: Mean (Worst-case Temp) + 3σ (-40°C to 125°C) 160 140 120 IPD (μA) Max. 125°C 100 Max. 85°C 80 Typical 60 40 20 0 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 VDD (V) FIGURE 15-23: VOL vs. IOL OVER TEMPERATURE (VDD = 3.0V) (VDD = 3V, -40×C TO 125×C) 0.8 0.7 Typical: Statistical Mean @25°C Maximum: Mean + 3σ Max. 125°C 0.6 VOL (V) 0.5 Max. 85°C 0.4 Typical 25°C 0.3 0.2 Min. -40°C 0.1 0.0 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 IOL (mA) © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 174 PIC16F688 FIGURE 15-24: VOL vs. IOL OVER TEMPERATURE (VDD = 5.0V) 0.45 Typical: Statistical Mean @25°C Typical: Statistical Maximum: Mean + 3σ Mean Maximum: Means + 3 0.40 Max. 125°C 0.35 Max. 85°C VOL (V) 0.30 0.25 Typ. 25°C 0.20 0.15 Min. -40°C 0.10 0.05 0.00 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 IOL (mA) FIGURE 15-25: VOH vs. IOH OVER TEMPERATURE (VDD = 3.0V) 3.5 3.0 Max. -40°C Typ. 25°C 2.5 Min. 125°C VOH (V) 2.0 1.5 1.0 Typical: Statistical Mean @25°C Maximum: Mean (Worst-case Temp) + 3σ (-40°C to 125°C) 0.5 0.0 0.0 -0.5 -1.0 -1.5 -2.0 -2.5 -3.0 -3.5 -4.0 IOH (mA) © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 175 PIC16F688 FIGURE 15-26: VOH vs. IOH OVER TEMPERATURE (VDD = 5.0V) (VDD = 5V, -40×C TO 125×C) 5.5 5.0 Max. -40°C Typ. 25°C VOH (V) 4.5 Min. 125°C 4.0 3.5 Typical: Statistical Mean @25°C Maximum: Mean (Worst-case Temp) + 3σ (-40°C to 125°C) 3.0 0.0 -0.5 -1.0 -1.5 -2.0 -2.5 -3.0 -3.5 -4.0 -4.5 -5.0 IOH (mA) FIGURE 15-27: TTL INPUT THRESHOLD VIN vs. VDD OVER TEMPERATURE (TTL Input, -40×C TO 125×C) 1.7 1.5 Typical: Statistical Mean @25°C Maximum: Mean (Worst-case Temp) + 3σ (-40°C to 125°C) Max. -40°C VIN (V) 1.3 Typ. 25°C 1.1 Min. 125°C 0.9 0.7 0.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 VDD (V) © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 176 PIC16F688 FIGURE 15-28: SCHMITT TRIGGER INPUT THRESHOLD VIN vs. VDD OVER TEMPERATURE (ST Input, -40×C TO 125×C) 4.0 VIH Max. 125°C 3.5 Typical: Statistical Mean @25°C Maximum: Mean (Worst-case Temp) + 3σ (-40°C to 125°C) VIH Min. -40°C VIN (V) 3.0 2.5 2.0 VIL Max. -40°C 1.5 VIL Min. 125°C 1.0 0.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 VDD (V) FIGURE 15-29: T1OSC IPD vs. VDD OVER TEMPERATURE (32 kHz) 45.0 40.0 Typical: Statistical Mean @25°C Maximum: Mean Mean (Worst-case Temp) + 3σ Maximum: (-40×C + 3 to 125×C) (-40°C to 125°C) 35.0 Max. 125°C IPD (mA) 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 Max. 85°C 10.0 5.0 Typ. 25°C 0.0 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 VDD (V) © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 177 PIC16F688 FIGURE 15-30: COMPARATOR RESPONSE TIME (RISING EDGE) 531 806 1000 900 Max. 125°C Response Time (nS) 800 700 600 Note: 500 VCM = VDD - 1.5V)/2 V+ input = VCM V- input = Transition from VCM + 100MV to VCM - 20MV Max. 85°C 400 300 Typ. 25°C 200 Min. -40°C 100 0 2.0 2.5 4.0 5.5 VDD (V) FIGURE 15-31: COMPARATOR RESPONSE TIME (FALLING EDGE) 1000 900 Max. 125°C 800 Response Time (nS) 700 600 500 Note: VCM = VDD - 1.5V)/2 V+ input = VCM V- input = Transition from VCM - 100MV to VCM + 20MV Max. 85°C 400 300 Typ. 25°C 200 Min. -40°C 100 0 2.0 2.5 4.0 5.5 VDD (V) © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 178 PIC16F688 FIGURE 15-32: LFINTOSC FREQUENCY vs. VDD OVER TEMPERATURE (31 kHz) LFINTOSC 31Khz 45,000 40,000 Max. -40°C 35,000 Typ. 25°C Frequency (Hz) 30,000 25,000 20,000 Min. 85°C Min. 125°C 15,000 10,000 Typical: Statistical Mean @25°C Maximum: Mean (Worst-case Temp) + 3σ (-40°C to 125°C) 5,000 0 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 VDD (V) FIGURE 15-33: ADC CLOCK PERIOD vs. VDD OVER TEMPERATURE 8 Typical: Statistical Mean @25°C Maximum: Mean (Worst-case Temp) + 3σ (-40°C to 125°C) 125°C 6 Time (μs) 85°C 4 25°C -40°C 2 0 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 VDD (V) © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 179 PIC16F688 FIGURE 15-34: TYPICAL HFINTOSC START-UP TIMES vs. VDD OVER TEMPERATURE 16 Typical: Statistical Mean @25°C Maximum: Mean (Worst-case Temp) + 3σ (-40°C to 125°C) 14 85°C 12 25°C Time (μs) 10 -40°C 8 6 4 2 0 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 VDD (V) FIGURE 15-35: MAXIMUM HFINTOSC START-UP TIMES vs. VDD OVER TEMPERATURE -40C to +85C 25 Typical: Statistical Mean @25°C Maximum: Mean (Worst-case Temp) + 3σ (-40°C to 125°C) Time (μs) 20 15 85°C 25°C 10 -40°C 5 0 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 VDD (V) © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 180 PIC16F688 FIGURE 15-36: MINIMUM HFINTOSC START-UP TIMES vs. VDD OVER TEMPERATURE -40C to +85C 10 9 Typical: Statistical Mean @25°C Maximum: Mean (Worst-case Temp) + 3σ (-40°C to 125°C) 8 7 Time (μs) 85°C 6 25°C 5 -40°C 4 3 2 1 0 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 VDD (V) FIGURE 15-37: TYPICAL HFINTOSC FREQUENCY CHANGE vs. VDD (25°C) 5 4 Change from Calibration (%) 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 VDD (V) © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 181 PIC16F688 FIGURE 15-38: TYPICAL HFINTOSC FREQUENCY CHANGE OVER DEVICE VDD (85°C) 5 4 Change from Calibration (%) 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 VDD (V) FIGURE 15-39: TYPICAL HFINTOSC FREQUENCY CHANGE vs. VDD (125°C) 5 4 Change from Calibration (%) 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 VDD (V) © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 182 PIC16F688 FIGURE 15-40: TYPICAL HFINTOSC FREQUENCY CHANGE vs. VDD (-40°C) 5 4 Change from Calibration (%) 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 VDD (V) © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 183 PIC16F688 NOTES: © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 184 PIC16F688 16.0 PACKAGING INFORMATION 16.1 Package Marking Information 14-Lead PDIP (Skinny DIP) XXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX YYWWNNN 14-Lead SOIC (3.90 mm) XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX YYWWNNN 14-Lead TSSOP XXXXXXXX YYWW NNN 16-Lead QFN Legend: XX...X Y YY WW NNN e3 * * PIC16F688 -I/P e3 0510017 Example PIC16C688 -I/SL e3 0510017 Example 688/ST e3 0510 017 Example XXXXXX XXXXXX YWWNNN Note: Example 16F688 -I/ML e3 510017 Customer-specific information Year code (last digit of calendar year) Year code (last 2 digits of calendar year) Week code (week of January 1 is week ‘01’) Alphanumeric traceability code Pb-free JEDEC designator for Matte Tin (Sn) This package is Pb-free. The Pb-free JEDEC designator ( e3 ) can be found on the outer packaging for this package. In the event the full Microchip part number cannot be marked on one line, it will be carried over to the next line, thus limiting the number of available characters for customer-specific information. Standard PIC® device marking consists of Microchip part number, year code, week code, and traceability code. For PIC device marking beyond this, certain price adders apply. Please check with your Microchip Sales Office. For QTP devices, any special marking adders are included in QTP price. © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 185 PIC16F688 16.2 Package Details The following sections give the technical details of the packages. 14-Lead Plastic Dual In-Line (P) – 300 mil Body [PDIP] Note: For the most current package drawings, please see the Microchip Packaging Specification located at http://www.microchip.com/packaging N NOTE 1 E1 1 3 2 D E A2 A L A1 c b1 b e eB Units Dimension Limits Number of Pins INCHES MIN N NOM MAX 14 Pitch e Top to Seating Plane A – – .210 Molded Package Thickness A2 .115 .130 .195 Base to Seating Plane A1 .015 – – Shoulder to Shoulder Width E .290 .310 .325 Molded Package Width E1 .240 .250 .280 Overall Length D .735 .750 .775 Tip to Seating Plane L .115 .130 .150 Lead Thickness c .008 .010 .015 b1 .045 .060 .070 b .014 .018 .022 eB – – Upper Lead Width Lower Lead Width Overall Row Spacing § .100 BSC .430 Notes: 1. Pin 1 visual index feature may vary, but must be located with the hatched area. 2. § Significant Characteristic. 3. Dimensions D and E1 do not include mold flash or protrusions. Mold flash or protrusions shall not exceed .010" per side. 4. Dimensioning and tolerancing per ASME Y14.5M. BSC: Basic Dimension. Theoretically exact value shown without tolerances. Microchip Technology Drawing C04-005B DS41203D-page 186 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 14-Lead Plastic Small Outline (SL) – Narrow, 3.90 mm Body [SOIC] Note: For the most current package drawings, please see the Microchip Packaging Specification located at http://www.microchip.com/packaging D N E E1 NOTE 1 1 2 3 e h b A A2 c φ L A1 β L1 Units Dimension Limits Number of Pins α h MILLMETERS MIN N NOM MAX 14 Pitch e Overall Height A – 1.27 BSC – Molded Package Thickness A2 1.25 – – Standoff § A1 0.10 – 0.25 Overall Width E Molded Package Width E1 3.90 BSC Overall Length D 8.65 BSC 1.75 6.00 BSC Chamfer (optional) h 0.25 – 0.50 Foot Length L 0.40 – 1.27 Footprint L1 1.04 REF Foot Angle φ 0° – 8° Lead Thickness c 0.17 – 0.25 Lead Width b 0.31 – 0.51 Mold Draft Angle Top α 5° – 15° Mold Draft Angle Bottom β 5° – 15° Notes: 1. Pin 1 visual index feature may vary, but must be located within the hatched area. 2. § Significant Characteristic. 3. Dimensions D and E1 do not include mold flash or protrusions. Mold flash or protrusions shall not exceed 0.15 mm per side. 4. Dimensioning and tolerancing per ASME Y14.5M. BSC: Basic Dimension. Theoretically exact value shown without tolerances. REF: Reference Dimension, usually without tolerance, for information purposes only. Microchip Technology Drawing C04-065B © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 187 PIC16F688 14-Lead Plastic Thin Shrink Small Outline (ST) – 4.4 mm Body [TSSOP] Note: For the most current package drawings, please see the Microchip Packaging Specification located at http://www.microchip.com/packaging D N E E1 NOTE 1 1 2 e b A2 A c A1 φ Units Dimension Limits Number of Pins L L1 MILLIMETERS MIN N NOM MAX 14 Pitch e Overall Height A – 0.65 BSC – Molded Package Thickness A2 0.80 1.00 1.05 Standoff A1 0.05 – 0.15 1.20 Overall Width E Molded Package Width E1 4.30 6.40 BSC 4.40 Molded Package Length D 4.90 5.00 5.10 Foot Length L 0.45 0.60 0.75 Footprint L1 4.50 1.00 REF Foot Angle φ 0° – 8° Lead Thickness c 0.09 – 0.20 Lead Width b 0.19 – 0.30 Notes: 1. Pin 1 visual index feature may vary, but must be located within the hatched area. 2. Dimensions D and E1 do not include mold flash or protrusions. Mold flash or protrusions shall not exceed 0.15 mm per side. 3. Dimensioning and tolerancing per ASME Y14.5M. BSC: Basic Dimension. Theoretically exact value shown without tolerances. REF: Reference Dimension, usually without tolerance, for information purposes only. Microchip Technology Drawing C04-087B DS41203D-page 188 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 16-Lead Plastic Quad Flat, No Lead Package (ML) – 4x4x0.9 mm Body [QFN] Note: For the most current package drawings, please see the Microchip Packaging Specification located at http://www.microchip.com/packaging D2 D EXPOSED PAD e E E2 2 2 1 b 1 TOP VIEW K N N NOTE 1 L BOTTOM VIEW A3 A A1 Units Dimension Limits Number of Pins MILLIMETERS MIN N NOM MAX 16 Pitch e Overall Height A 0.80 0.65 BSC 0.90 1.00 Standoff A1 0.00 0.02 0.05 Contact Thickness A3 0.20 REF Overall Width E Exposed Pad Width E2 Overall Length D Exposed Pad Length D2 2.50 2.65 2.80 b 0.25 0.30 0.35 Contact Length L 0.30 0.40 0.50 Contact-to-Exposed Pad K 0.20 – – Contact Width 4.00 BSC 2.50 2.65 2.80 4.00 BSC Notes: 1. Pin 1 visual index feature may vary, but must be located within the hatched area. 2. Package is saw singulated. 3. Dimensioning and tolerancing per ASME Y14.5M. BSC: Basic Dimension. Theoretically exact value shown without tolerances. REF: Reference Dimension, usually without tolerance, for information purposes only. Microchip Technology Drawing C04-127B © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 189 PIC16F688 NOTES: DS41203D-page 190 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 APPENDIX A: DATA SHEET REVISION HISTORY Revision A APPENDIX B: MIGRATING FROM OTHER PIC® DEVICES This is a new data sheet. This discusses some of the issues in migrating from other PIC devices to the PIC16F6XX family of devices. Revision B B.1 Rewrites of the Oscillator and Special Features of the CPU Sections. General corrections to Figures and formatting. TABLE B-1: Revision C Revised Electrical Section and added Char Data. Added Golden Chapters. PIC16F676 to PIC16F688 FEATURE COMPARISON Feature PIC16F676 PIC16F688 Max Operating Speed 20 MHz 20 MHz Max Program Memory (Words) 1024 4K SRAM (Bytes) 64 256 A/D Resolution 10-bit 10-bit Revision D Data EEPROM (bytes) 128 256 Replaced Package Drawings; Revised Product ID (SL Package to 3.90 mm); Replaced PICmicro with PIC; Replaced Dev. Tool Section. Timers (8/16-bit) 1/1 1/1 Oscillator Modes 8 8 Brown-out Reset Y Y Internal Pull-ups RA0/1/2/4/5 RA0/1/2/4/5, MCLR RA0/1/2/3 /4/5 RA0/1/2/3/4/5 Interrupt-on-change Comparator 1 2 EUSART N Y Ultra Low-Power Wake-up N Y Extended WDT N Y Software Control Option of WDT/BOR N Y INTOSC Frequencies 4 MHz 32 kHz 8 MHz N Y Clock Switching Note: © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. This device has been designed to perform to the parameters of its data sheet. It has been tested to an electrical specification designed to determine its conformance with these parameters. Due to process differences in the manufacture of this device, this device may have different performance characteristics than its earlier version. These differences may cause this device to perform differently in your application than the earlier version of this device. DS41203D-page 191 PIC16F688 NOTES: DS41203D-page 192 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 INDEX A A/D Specifications.................................................... 160, 161 Absolute Maximum Ratings .............................................. 143 AC Characteristics Industrial and Extended ............................................ 153 Load Conditions ........................................................ 152 ADC .................................................................................... 65 Acquisition Requirements ........................................... 73 Associated registers.................................................... 75 Block Diagram............................................................. 65 Calculating Acquisition Time....................................... 73 Channel Selection....................................................... 66 Configuration............................................................... 66 Configuring Interrupt ................................................... 69 Conversion Clock........................................................ 66 Conversion Procedure ................................................ 69 Internal Sampling Switch (RSS) Impedance................ 73 Interrupts..................................................................... 68 Operation .................................................................... 69 Operation During Sleep .............................................. 69 Port Configuration ....................................................... 66 Reference Voltage (VREF)........................................... 66 Result Formatting........................................................ 68 Source Impedance...................................................... 73 Starting an A/D Conversion ........................................ 68 ADCON0 Register............................................................... 71 ADCON1 Register............................................................... 71 ADRESH Register (ADFM = 0) ........................................... 72 ADRESH Register (ADFM = 1) ........................................... 72 ADRESL Register (ADFM = 0)............................................ 72 ADRESL Register (ADFM = 1)............................................ 72 Analog Front-end (AFE) Power-On Reset ....................................................... 113 Analog Input Connection Considerations............................ 55 Analog-to-Digital Converter. See ADC ANSEL Register .................................................................. 34 Assembler MPASM Assembler................................................... 140 B BAUDCTL Register ............................................................. 94 Block Diagrams ADC ............................................................................ 65 ADC Transfer Function ............................................... 74 Analog Input Model ............................................... 55, 74 Clock Source............................................................... 21 Comparator 1 .............................................................. 54 Comparator 2 .............................................................. 54 Comparator Modes ..................................................... 57 Crystal Operation ........................................................ 24 EUSART Receive ....................................................... 84 EUSART Transmit ...................................................... 83 External RC Mode....................................................... 25 Fail-Safe Clock Monitor (FSCM) ................................. 31 In-Circuit Serial Programming Connections.............. 127 Interrupt Logic ........................................................... 120 MCLR Circuit............................................................. 113 On-Chip Reset Circuit ............................................... 112 PIC16F688.................................................................... 5 RA1 Pins ..................................................................... 38 RA2 Pin....................................................................... 38 RA3 Pin....................................................................... 39 RA4 Pin....................................................................... 39 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. RA5 Pin ...................................................................... 40 RC0 and RC1 Pins ..................................................... 43 RC2 and RC3 Pins ..................................................... 43 RC4 Pin ...................................................................... 44 RC5 Pin ...................................................................... 44 Resonator Operation .................................................. 24 Timer1 ........................................................................ 48 TMR0/WDT Prescaler ................................................ 45 Watchdog Timer (WDT)............................................ 123 Break Character (12-bit) Transmit and Receive ............... 101 Brown-out Reset (BOR).................................................... 114 Associated ................................................................ 115 Specifications ........................................................... 157 Timing and Characteristics ....................................... 156 C C Compilers MPLAB C18.............................................................. 140 MPLAB C30.............................................................. 140 Clock Accuracy with Asynchronous Operation ................... 92 Clock Sources External Modes........................................................... 23 EC ...................................................................... 23 HS ...................................................................... 24 LP ....................................................................... 24 OST .................................................................... 23 RC ...................................................................... 25 XT ....................................................................... 24 Internal Modes............................................................ 25 Frequency Selection........................................... 27 HFINTOSC ......................................................... 25 INTOSC .............................................................. 25 INTOSCIO .......................................................... 25 LFINTOSC.......................................................... 27 Clock Switching .................................................................. 29 CMCON0 Register.............................................................. 61 CMCON1 Register.............................................................. 62 Code Examples A/D Conversion .......................................................... 70 Assigning Prescaler to Timer0.................................... 46 Assigning Prescaler to WDT....................................... 46 Indirect Addressing..................................................... 20 Initializing PORTA ...................................................... 33 Initializing PORTC ...................................................... 42 Saving Status and W Registers in RAM ................... 122 Ultra Low-Power Wake-up Initialization...................... 36 Code Protection ................................................................ 126 Comparator......................................................................... 53 C2OUT as T1 Gate..................................................... 62 Configurations ............................................................ 56 Interrupts .................................................................... 59 Operation.............................................................. 53, 58 Operation During Sleep .............................................. 60 Response Time .......................................................... 59 Synchronizing COUT w/Timer1 .................................. 62 Comparator Module Associated registers ................................................... 64 Comparator Voltage Reference (CVREF) Response Time .......................................................... 59 Comparator Voltage Reference (CVREF)............................ 63 Effects of a Reset ....................................................... 60 Specifications ........................................................... 159 Comparators C2OUT as T1 Gate..................................................... 49 DS41203D-page 193 PIC16F688 Effects of a Reset........................................................ 60 Specifications ............................................................ 159 CONFIG Register.............................................................. 111 Configuration Bits.............................................................. 110 CPU Features ................................................................... 109 Customer Change Notification Service ............................. 197 Customer Notification Service........................................... 197 Customer Support ............................................................. 197 D Data EEPROM Memory ...................................................... 77 Associated Registers .................................................. 82 Reading....................................................................... 80 Writing ......................................................................... 80 Data Memory......................................................................... 7 DC and AC Characteristics Graphs and Tables ................................................... 163 DC Characteristics Extended and Industrial ............................................ 149 Industrial and Extended ............................................ 145 Development Support ....................................................... 139 Device Overview ................................................................... 5 E EEADR Register ................................................................. 78 EEADR Registers................................................................ 77 EEADRH Registers ............................................................. 77 EECON1 Register ......................................................... 77, 79 EECON2 Register ............................................................... 77 EEDAT Register.................................................................. 78 EEDATH Register ............................................................... 78 Electrical Specifications .................................................... 143 Enhanced Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (EUSART) ................................................ 83 Errata .................................................................................... 4 EUSART.............................................................................. 83 Associated Registers Baud Rate Generator.......................................... 95 Asynchronous Mode ................................................... 85 12-bit Break Transmit and Receive................... 101 Associated Registers Receive ....................................................... 91 Transmit ...................................................... 87 Auto-Wake-up on Break.................................... 100 Baud Rate Generator (BRG)............................... 95 Clock Accuracy ................................................... 92 Receiver.............................................................. 88 Setting up 9-bit Mode with Address Detect......... 90 Transmitter.......................................................... 85 Baud Rate Generator (BRG) Auto Baud Rate Detect ....................................... 99 Baud Rate Error, Calculating .............................. 95 Baud Rates, Asynchronous Modes..................... 96 Formulas ............................................................. 95 High Baud Rate Select (BRGH Bit)..................... 95 Synchronous Master Mode ............................... 103, 107 Associated Registers Receive ..................................................... 106 Transmit .................................................... 104 Reception.......................................................... 105 Transmission..................................................... 103 Synchronous Slave Mode Associated Registers Receive ..................................................... 108 Transmit .................................................... 107 Reception.......................................................... 108 DS41203D-page 194 Transmission .................................................... 107 F Fail-Safe Clock Monitor ...................................................... 31 Fail-Safe Condition Clearing....................................... 31 Fail-Safe Detection ..................................................... 31 Fail-Safe Operation..................................................... 31 Reset or Wake-up from Sleep .................................... 31 Firmware Instructions ....................................................... 129 Flash Program Memory ...................................................... 77 Fuses. See Configuration Bits G General Purpose Register File ............................................. 7 I I/O Ports.............................................................................. 33 ID Locations...................................................................... 126 In-Circuit Debugger........................................................... 127 In-Circuit Serial Programming (ICSP)............................... 127 Indirect Addressing, INDF and FSR Registers ................... 20 Instruction Format............................................................. 129 Instruction Set................................................................... 129 ADDLW..................................................................... 131 ADDWF..................................................................... 131 ANDLW..................................................................... 131 ANDWF..................................................................... 131 BCF .......................................................................... 131 BSF........................................................................... 131 BTFSC ...................................................................... 131 BTFSS ...................................................................... 132 CALL......................................................................... 132 CLRF ........................................................................ 132 CLRW ....................................................................... 132 CLRWDT .................................................................. 132 COMF ....................................................................... 132 DECF ........................................................................ 132 DECFSZ ................................................................... 133 GOTO ....................................................................... 133 INCF ......................................................................... 133 INCFSZ..................................................................... 133 IORLW ...................................................................... 133 IORWF...................................................................... 133 MOVF ....................................................................... 134 MOVLW .................................................................... 134 MOVWF .................................................................... 134 NOP .......................................................................... 134 RETFIE ..................................................................... 135 RETLW ..................................................................... 135 RETURN................................................................... 135 RLF ........................................................................... 136 RRF .......................................................................... 136 SLEEP ...................................................................... 136 SUBLW ..................................................................... 136 SUBWF..................................................................... 137 SWAPF ..................................................................... 137 XORLW .................................................................... 137 XORWF .................................................................... 137 Summary Table ........................................................ 130 INTCON Register................................................................ 15 Internal Oscillator Block INTOSC Specifications ........................................... 154, 155 Internal Sampling Switch (RSS) Impedance........................ 73 Internet Address ............................................................... 197 Interrupts........................................................................... 119 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 ADC ............................................................................ 69 Associated Registers ................................................ 121 Comparator ................................................................. 59 Context Saving.......................................................... 122 Interrupt-on-Change.................................................... 34 PORTA Interrupt-on-Change .................................... 120 RA2/INT .................................................................... 120 Timer0....................................................................... 120 TMR1 .......................................................................... 50 INTOSC Specifications ............................................. 154, 155 IOCA Register ..................................................................... 35 L Load Conditions ................................................................ 152 M MCLR ................................................................................ 113 Internal ...................................................................... 113 Memory Organization............................................................ 7 Data .............................................................................. 7 Program ........................................................................ 7 Microchip Internet Web Site .............................................. 197 Migrating from other PIC Devices ..................................... 191 MPLAB ASM30 Assembler, Linker, Librarian ................... 140 MPLAB ICD 2 In-Circuit Debugger ................................... 141 MPLAB ICE 2000 High-Performance Universal In-Circuit Emulator .................................................... 141 MPLAB ICE 4000 High-Performance Universal In-Circuit Emulator .................................................... 141 MPLAB Integrated Development Environment Software .. 139 MPLAB PM3 Device Programmer .................................... 141 MPLINK Object Linker/MPLIB Object Librarian ................ 140 O OPCODE Field Descriptions ............................................. 129 OPTION Register ................................................................ 14 OPTION_REG Register ...................................................... 47 OSCCON Register ........................................................ 10, 22 Oscillator Associated registers.............................................. 32, 52 Oscillator Module ................................................................ 21 EC ............................................................................... 21 HFINTOSC.................................................................. 21 HS ............................................................................... 21 INTOSC ...................................................................... 21 INTOSCIO................................................................... 21 LFINTOSC .................................................................. 21 LP................................................................................ 21 RC............................................................................... 21 RCIO ........................................................................... 21 XT ............................................................................... 21 Oscillator Parameters ....................................................... 154 Oscillator Specifications .................................................... 153 Oscillator Start-up Timer (OST) Specifications............................................................ 157 Oscillator Switching Fail-Safe Clock Monitor............................................... 31 Two-Speed Clock Start-up.......................................... 29 OSCTUNE Register ............................................................ 26 P Packaging ......................................................................... 185 Marking ..................................................................... 185 PDIP Details.............................................................. 186 PCL and PCLATH ............................................................... 19 Computed GOTO........................................................ 19 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. Stack........................................................................... 19 PCON Register ........................................................... 18, 115 PICSTART Plus Development Programmer..................... 142 PIE1 Register ..................................................................... 16 Pin Diagram ...................................................................... 2, 3 Pinout Description PIC16F688 ................................................................... 6 PIR1 Register ..................................................................... 17 PORTA ............................................................................... 33 Additional Pin Functions ............................................. 34 ANSEL Register ................................................. 34 Interrupt-on-Change ........................................... 34 Ultra Low-Power Wake-up............................ 34, 36 Weak Pull-up ...................................................... 34 Associated registers ................................................... 41 Pin Descriptions and Diagrams .................................. 37 RA0............................................................................. 37 RA1............................................................................. 38 RA2............................................................................. 38 RA4............................................................................. 39 RA5............................................................................. 40 Specifications ........................................................... 155 PORTA Register ................................................................. 33 PORTC ............................................................................... 42 Associated registers ................................................... 44 PA/PB/PC/PD.See Enhanced Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (EUSART) 42 Specifications ........................................................... 155 PORTC Register................................................................. 42 Power-Down Mode (Sleep)............................................... 125 Power-up Timer (PWRT) .................................................. 113 Specifications ........................................................... 157 Precision Internal Oscillator Parameters .......................... 155 Prescaler Shared WDT/Timer0................................................... 46 Switching Prescaler Assignment ................................ 46 Product Identification System ........................................... 199 Program Memory .................................................................. 7 Map and Stack.............................................................. 7 Programming, Device Instructions.................................... 129 R RA3/MCLR/VPP .................................................................. 39 RCREG............................................................................... 90 RCSTA Register ................................................................. 93 Reader Response............................................................. 198 Read-Modify-Write Operations ......................................... 129 Register RCREG Register ........................................................ 99 Registers ADCON0 (ADC Control 0) .......................................... 71 ADCON1 (ADC Control 1) .......................................... 71 ADRESH (ADC Result High) with ADFM = 0) ............ 72 ADRESH (ADC Result High) with ADFM = 1) ............ 72 ADRESL (ADC Result Low) with ADFM = 0).............. 72 ADRESL (ADC Result Low) with ADFM = 1).............. 72 ANSEL (Analog Select) .............................................. 34 BAUDCTL (Baud Rate Control).................................. 94 CMCON0 (Comparator Control 0) .............................. 61 CMCON1 (Comparator Control 1) .............................. 62 CONFIG (Configuration Word) ................................. 111 EEADR (EEPROM Address) ...................................... 78 EECON1 (EEPROM Control 1) .................................. 79 EEDAT (EEPROM Data) ............................................ 78 EEDATH (EEPROM Data High Byte) ......................... 78 INTCON (Interrupt Control) ........................................ 15 DS41203D-page 195 PIC16F688 IOCA (Interrupt-on-Change PORTA) .......................... 35 OPTION_REG (OPTION) ........................................... 14 OPTION_REG (Option) .............................................. 47 OSCCON (Oscillator Control) ..................................... 22 OSCTUNE (Oscillator Tuning) .................................... 26 PCON (Power Control Register) ................................. 18 PCON (Power Control) ............................................. 115 PIE1 (Peripheral Interrupt Enable 1) ........................... 16 PIR1 (Peripheral Interrupt Register 1) ........................ 17 PORTA........................................................................ 33 PORTC ....................................................................... 42 RCSTA (Receive Status and Control)......................... 93 Reset Values............................................................. 117 Reset Values (Special Registers) ............................. 118 Special Function Register Map ..................................... 8 Special Register Summary ........................................... 9 STATUS ...................................................................... 13 T1CON ........................................................................ 51 TRISA (Tri-State PORTA) ........................................... 33 TRISC (Tri-State PORTC) .......................................... 42 TXSTA (Transmit Status and Control) ........................ 92 VRCON (Voltage Reference Control) ......................... 63 WDTCON (Watchdog Timer Control)........................ 124 WPUA (Weak Pull-Up PORTA) .................................. 35 Reset................................................................................. 112 Revision History ................................................................ 191 S Software Simulator (MPLAB SIM)..................................... 140 SPBRG................................................................................ 95 SPBRGH ............................................................................. 95 Special Function Registers ................................................... 7 STATUS Register................................................................ 13 T T1CON Register.................................................................. 51 Thermal Considerations .................................................... 151 Time-out Sequence........................................................... 115 Timer0 ................................................................................. 45 Associated Registers .................................................. 47 External Clock ............................................................. 46 Interrupt....................................................................... 47 Operation .............................................................. 45, 48 Specifications ............................................................ 158 T0CKI .......................................................................... 46 Timer1 ................................................................................. 48 Associated registers.................................................... 52 Asynchronous Counter Mode ..................................... 49 Reading and Writing ........................................... 49 Interrupt....................................................................... 50 Modes of Operation .................................................... 48 Operation During Sleep .............................................. 50 Oscillator ..................................................................... 49 Prescaler ..................................................................... 49 Specifications ............................................................ 158 Timer1 Gate Inverting Gate ..................................................... 49 Selecting Source........................................... 49, 62 Synchronizing COUT w/Timer1 .......................... 62 TMR1H Register ......................................................... 48 TMR1L Register .......................................................... 48 Timers Timer1 T1CON................................................................ 51 Timing Diagrams A/D Conversion ......................................................... 162 DS41203D-page 196 A/D Conversion (Sleep Mode) .................................. 162 Asynchronous Reception............................................ 90 Asynchronous Transmission....................................... 86 Asynchronous Transmission (Back to Back) .............. 86 Auto Wake-up Bit (WUE) During Normal Operation . 100 Auto Wake-up Bit (WUE) During Sleep .................... 101 Automatic Baud Rate Calculator................................. 99 Brown-out Reset (BOR)............................................ 156 Brown-out Reset Situations ...................................... 114 CLKOUT and I/O ...................................................... 155 Clock Timing ............................................................. 153 Comparator Output ..................................................... 53 Fail-Safe Clock Monitor (FSCM)................................. 32 INT Pin Interrupt ....................................................... 121 Internal Oscillator Switch Timing ................................ 28 Reset, WDT, OST and Power-up Timer ................... 156 Send Break Character Sequence ............................. 102 Synchronous Reception (Master Mode, SREN) ....... 106 Synchronous Transmission ...................................... 104 Synchronous Transmission (Through TXEN) ........... 104 Time-out Sequence .................................................. 116 Case 3 .............................................................. 116 Timer0 and Timer1 External Clock ........................... 158 Timer1 Incrementing Edge ......................................... 50 Two Speed Start-up.................................................... 30 Wake-up from Interrupt............................................. 126 Timing Parameter Symbology .......................................... 152 TRISA ................................................................................. 33 TRISA Register................................................................... 33 TRISC Register................................................................... 42 Two-Speed Clock Start-up Mode........................................ 29 TXREG ............................................................................... 85 TXSTA Register.................................................................. 92 BRGH Bit .................................................................... 95 U Ultra Low-Power Wake-up........................................ 6, 34, 36 V Voltage Reference. See Comparator Voltage Reference (CVREF) Voltage References Associated registers ................................................... 64 VREF. SEE ADC Reference Voltage W Wake-up on Break ............................................................ 100 Wake-up Using Interrupts ................................................. 125 Watchdog Timer (WDT).................................................... 123 Associated Registers ................................................ 124 Clock Source ............................................................ 123 Modes ....................................................................... 123 Period ....................................................................... 123 Specifications ........................................................... 157 WDTCON Register ....................................................... 9, 124 WPUA Register................................................................... 35 WWW Address ................................................................. 197 WWW, On-Line Support ....................................................... 4 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 THE MICROCHIP WEB SITE CUSTOMER SUPPORT Microchip provides online support via our WWW site at www.microchip.com. This web site is used as a means to make files and information easily available to customers. Accessible by using your favorite Internet browser, the web site contains the following information: Users of Microchip products can receive assistance through several channels: • Product Support – Data sheets and errata, application notes and sample programs, design resources, user’s guides and hardware support documents, latest software releases and archived software • General Technical Support – Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ), technical support requests, online discussion groups, Microchip consultant program member listing • Business of Microchip – Product selector and ordering guides, latest Microchip press releases, listing of seminars and events, listings of Microchip sales offices, distributors and factory representatives • • • • • Distributor or Representative Local Sales Office Field Application Engineer (FAE) Technical Support Development Systems Information Line Customers should contact their distributor, representative or field application engineer (FAE) for support. Local sales offices are also available to help customers. A listing of sales offices and locations is included in the back of this document. Technical support is available through the web site at: http://support.microchip.com CUSTOMER CHANGE NOTIFICATION SERVICE Microchip’s customer notification service helps keep customers current on Microchip products. Subscribers will receive e-mail notification whenever there are changes, updates, revisions or errata related to a specified product family or development tool of interest. To register, access the Microchip web site at www.microchip.com, click on Customer Change Notification and follow the registration instructions. © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. DS41203D-page 197 PIC16F688 READER RESPONSE It is our intention to provide you with the best documentation possible to ensure successful use of your Microchip product. If you wish to provide your comments on organization, clarity, subject matter, and ways in which our documentation can better serve you, please FAX your comments to the Technical Publications Manager at (480) 792-4150. Please list the following information, and use this outline to provide us with your comments about this document. To: Technical Publications Manager RE: Reader Response Total Pages Sent ________ From: Name Company Address City / State / ZIP / Country Telephone: (_______) _________ - _________ FAX: (______) _________ - _________ Application (optional): Would you like a reply? Device: PIC16F688 Y N Literature Number: DS41203D Questions: 1. What are the best features of this document? 2. How does this document meet your hardware and software development needs? 3. Do you find the organization of this document easy to follow? If not, why? 4. What additions to the document do you think would enhance the structure and subject? 5. What deletions from the document could be made without affecting the overall usefulness? 6. Is there any incorrect or misleading information (what and where)? 7. How would you improve this document? DS41203D-page 198 © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F688 PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM To order or obtain information, e.g., on pricing or delivery, refer to the factory or the listed sales office. PART NO. X /XX XXX Device Temperature Range Package Pattern Examples: a) b) Device: PIC16F688, PIC16F688T(1) VDD range 2.0V to 5.5V Temperature Range: I E Package: ML P SL ST Pattern: QTP, SQTPSM or ROM Code; Special Requirements (blank otherwise) = -40°C to +85°C = -40°C to +125°C = = = = PIC16F688-E/P 301 = Extended Temp., PDIP package, 20 MHz, QTP pattern #301 PIC16F688-I/SO = Industrial Temp., SOIC package, 20 MHz (Industrial) (Extended) Quad Flat No Leads (QFN) Plastic DIP 16-lead Small Outline (3.90 mm) Thin Shrink Small Outline (4.4 mm) Note 1: © 2007 Microchip Technology Inc. T = In tape and reel TSSOP, SOIC and QFN packages only. 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