DM132 Version Issue Date File Name Total Pages : : : : A.014 2007/02/26 SP-DM132-A.014.doc 24 16-Channel PWM-Controlled Constant Current Driver for LED Displays 新竹市科學園區展業一路 9 號 7 樓之 1 SILICON TOUCH TECHNOLOGY INC. 9-7F-1, Prosperity Road I, Science Based Industrial Pard, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan 300, R.O.C Tel:886-3-5645656 Fax:886-3-5645626 點晶科技股份有限公司 DM132 SILICON TOUCH TECHNOLOGY INC. DM132 16-Channel PWM-Controlled Constant Current Driver for LED Displays General Description The DM132 is a LED driver incorporating shift registers, data latches, 16-channel constant current circuitry with current value set by an external resistor, 1024 gray level PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) functional unit and time division capability. Each channel can provide a maximum current of 60 mA. Time division operation allows driving up to 1 or 2 LEDs with a single output channel (mode-1 and mode-2 respectively). Features ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ Constant current outputs with current value settings by an external resistor Maximum output current: 60 mA Time division output allows the driving of 1 or 2 LEDs with a single output Maximum / minimum output voltage: 20V / 1.1V 10 bits luminance data with PWM current outputs Serial shift-in architecture for luminance data in time division Mode 1 and Mode 2 DM132 Version:A.014 Page: 1 點晶科技股份有限公司 DM132 SILICON TOUCH TECHNOLOGY INC. Block Diagram. IOUT0 Rext GCLK CMD[2:0] …… Voltage Reference Driver (16-Channel) PWM Counter Comparator (16-Channel) Operation Control IOUT15 Shift Register and Latch (10 Bit x 16-Channel x 2LED) DCLK DIN Figure 1. Functional block diagram DM132 Version:A.014 Page: 2 DOUT 點晶科技股份有限公司 DM132 SILICON TOUCH TECHNOLOGY INC. Pin Connection (SDIP28 / SOP28 / SSOP28 Top View) Pin Assignment (SDIP28 / SOP28) DM132 Pin No. NAME Pin No. NAME 1 IOUT2 15 IOUT14 2 IOUT3 16 IOUT15 3 IOUT4 17 GND 4 IOUT5 18 DOUT 5 IOUT6 19 GCLK 6 IOUT7 20 DCLK 7 IGND 21 REXT 8 IGND 22 CMD[2] 9 IOUT8 23 CMD[1] 10 IOUT9 24 CMD[0] 11 IOUT10 25 DIN 12 IOUT11 26 VDD 13 IOUT12 27 IOUT0 14 IOUT13 28 IOUT1 Version:A.014 Page: 3 點晶科技股份有限公司 DM132 SILICON TOUCH TECHNOLOGY INC. Pin Connection (QFN32 Bottom View) 28 29 30 31 CMD[0] IGND 27 CMD[1] IGND 26 CMD[2] REXT 25 24 DCLK GCLK DOUT 32 1 DIN GND 23 2 VDD IOUT15 22 3 IOUT0 IOUT14 21 4 IOUT1 IOUT13 20 5 IOUT2 IOUT12 19 6 IOUT3 IOUT11 18 7 IOUT4 IOUT10 17 16 8 IOUT5 15 14 13 12 IOUT9 IOUT8 IGND IGND IGND Thermal PAD 11 10 9 IOUT6 IOUT7 IGND Pin Assignment (QFN32) Pin No. NAME Pin No. NAME Pin No. NAME 1 DIN 12 IGND 23 GND 2 VDD 13 IGND 24 DOUT 3 IOUT0 14 IGND 25 GCLK 4 IOUT1 15 IOUT8 26 DCLK 5 IOUT2 16 IOUT9 27 REXT 6 IOUT3 17 IOUT10 28 IGND 7 IOUT4 18 IOUT11 29 IGND 8 IOUT5 19 IOUT12 30 CMD[2] 9 IOUT6 20 IOUT13 31 CMD[1] 10 IOUT7 21 IOUT14 32 CMD[0] 11 IGND 22 IOUT15 Thermal PAD IGND DM132 Version:A.014 Page: 4 點晶科技股份有限公司 DM132 SILICON TOUCH TECHNOLOGY INC. Pin Description NAME PIN NO. CMD[2:0] SDIP/SOP: 22, 23, 24 QFN: 30, 31, 32 DIN DOUT DCLK SDIP/SOP: 25 QFN: 1 SDIP/SOP: 18 QFN: 24 SDIP/SOP: 20 QFN: 26 GCLK I/O DESCRIPTION I Encoded commands for data transfer, time division operation and PWM display: CMD[2:0] Command [000]: Mode-1 time division operation / No operation for display [001]: Mode-2 time division operation / No operation for display [010]: Data transfer enable (Shift-In) [011]: Data latch strobe (Capture) [100]: First LED emitting [101]: Second LED emitting [110]: LED emitting disable / IOUT disable (Stop) [111]: Test mode CMD commands are latched at the rising edges of DCLK. I Serial input for luminance data (time division mode-1/2) O Serial output for luminance data (time division mode-1/2) I Synchronous clock input for command and serial data transfer. The data input of DIN is synchronous to rising edges of DCLK. I Clock input for PWM operation SDIP/SOP: 19 QFN: 25 IOUT0-15 SDIP/SOP: O LED driver outputs 27, 28, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 QFN: 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 REXT SDIP/SOP: 21 O Driver current setting. LED current is set to a current QFN: 27 value by connecting an external resistor between REXT and GND. VDD SDIP/SOP: 26 - Power supply QFN: 2 GND SDIP/SOP: 17 - Analog and digital ground QFN: 23 IGND SDIP/SOP: 7, 8 - Ground-pin for driver outputs QFN: 11, 12, 13, 14, 28, 29, Thermal pad DM132 Version:A.014 Page: 5 點晶科技股份有限公司 DM132 SILICON TOUCH TECHNOLOGY INC. Maximum Ratings (Ta = 25°C) CHARACTERISTIC Supply Voltage Input Voltage Range Driver Output Voltage Range Driver Output Current Ground Thermal Current SYMBOL VDD VIN VOUT IOUT IGND Power Dissipation PD Thermal Resistance Θja Operating temperature range Storage temperature range Top Tstg RATING -0.3 ~ 7 -0.3 ~ DVDD+0.3 -0.3 ~ 20 0 ~ 60 960 2.50, SDIP28 1.32, SOP28 0.88, SSOP28 2.92, QFN32 (Ta = 50 ℃or less) 40.0, SDIP28 75.9, SOP28 113.3, SSOP28 34.2, QFN32 -40 ~ 85 -55 ~ 150 UNIT V V V mA mA W ℃/W ℃ ℃ Recommended Operating Conditions DC Characteristics (Ta = 25°C) PARAMETER SYMBOL Supply voltage VDD Driver output voltage when driver on VOUT Driver output voltage when driver off1 VOUT Driver output current IOUT High-level output current IOH Low-level output current IOL High-level input voltage VIH Low-level input voltag VIL Operating free-air temperature2 Top CONDITIONS OUTn SERIAL-OUT SERIAL-OUT - MIN 2.7 1.1 0 5 0.8VDD -0.2 -20 NOM 5 - MAX 5.5 5 20 60 -1 1 VDD+0.2 0.2 DVDD 80 UNIT V V V mA mA mA V V ℃ MIN 20 15 25 25 25 25 25 25 NOM - MAX 20 40 20 20 UNIT MHz ns ns MHz ns ns - - ns - - ns AC Characteristics (VDD = 5.0 V, Ta = 25°C) PARAMETER DCLK clock frequency DCLK pulse duration DCLK rise/fall time GCLK clock frequency GCLK pulse duration GCLK rise/fall time Setup time Hold time SYMBOL CONDITIONS fDCLK twh / twl High or low level tr / tf fGCLK twh / twl High or low level tr /tf CMD to DCLK tsu DIN to DCLK DCLK to CMD CMD to DCLK th / twh DIN to DCLK DCLK to CMD 1. The driver output voltage including any overshoot stress has to be compliant with the maximum voltage (17V). 2. Recommended junction temperature range is from –20 to 150 ℃. DM132 Version:A.014 Page: 6 點晶科技股份有限公司 DM132 SILICON TOUCH TECHNOLOGY INC. Electrical Characteristics (VDD = 5.0V, Ta = 25°C) PARAMETER High-level digital output voltage Low-level digital output voltage Input current SYMBOL VOH VOL II Supply current (Digital) IDD(digital) Supply current (Analog) IDD(analog) Voltage reference VRext Driver output leakage current IOL Driver current skew between IOL1 channels Driver current skew between IOL2 chips Supply Voltage Regulation % / VDD CONDITIONS DCLK = 1MHz GCLK = 1MHz REXT = 3K Rext = 2KΩ VOH = 17V MIN VDD-0.5 - NOM - MAX 0.5 ±1 UNIT V V μA - 1 1.5 mA 1.200 - 10.4 1.228 - 11.2 1.255 1 mA V μA VOUT = 1V, I = 5mA - ±2 ±4 % VOUT = 1V, I = 5mA - ±5 ±7 % Rext = 3KΩ - - 2 %/V MIN. TYP. MAX. UNIT - 12 14 ns - 9 11 ns - 22 23 ns - 21 22 ns - 23 25 ns - 22 24 ns - 17 19 ns - 17 19 ns MIN. TYP. MAX. UNIT - 12 14 ns - 9 11 ns - 25 26 ns - 23 24 ns - 41 43 ns - 24 26 ns - 20 22 ns - 24 26 ns Switching Characteristics (VDD = 5.0V, Ta = 25°C) CHARACTERISTIC DOUT Rise time DOUT Fall time DOUT Propagation delay (L to H) DOUT Propagation delay (H to L) IOUT Rise time IOUT Fall time IOUT Propagation delay After GCLK (L to H / OFF to ON) IOUT Propagation delay After GCLK (H to L / ON to OFF) SYMBOL tr tf tpLH tpHL tr tf tpLH tpHL CONDITIONS VIH=VDD VIL=GND REXT=3KΩ CL=13pF VIH=VDD VIL=GND REXT=3KΩ VLED=5.0V RL=120Ω CL=33pF Switching Characteristics (VDD = 3.3V, Ta = 25°C) CHARACTERISTIC DOUT Rise time DOUT Fall time DOUT Propagation delay (L to H) DOUT Propagation delay (H to L) IOUT Rise time IOUT Fall time IOUT Propagation delay After GCLK (L to H / OFF to ON) IOUT Propagation delay After GCLK (H to L / ON to OFF) DM132 SYMBOL tr tf tpLH tpHL tr tf tpLH tpHL CONDITIONS VIH=VDD VIL=GND REXT=3KΩ CL=13pF VIH=VDD VIL=GND REXT=3KΩ VLED=5.0V RL=120Ω CL=33pF Version:A.014 Page: 7 點晶科技股份有限公司 DM132 SILICON TOUCH TECHNOLOGY INC. Typical Control Method 1) Command Sequence To manipulate DM132, we should properly control the CMD, DIN, DCLK, and GCLK as following steps: 1. Issue command “Shift-in”, and then enter luminance data DIN. Note that DM132 starts to shift-in data at the DCLK rising edge next to the edge which latched Shift-in command. 2. After data are completely entered, send command “Capture” to save data in registers. 3. Issue command “Emitting” or ”Disable”. Note that: A. DM132 generates its output in one-shot fashion, i.e. the output after (1024) x TGCLK is always zero. B. There are 3 GCLK latencies between the latched LED Emitting/Disable command and PWM start/stop. This is shown in Figure 2. 4. Repeat step 1~4. In the same frame, the luminance data doesn’t have to be changed, just repeat step 3~4. Note that the second command “Emitting” will be omitted if the last (1024) x TGCLK PWM has not finished, unless the “Disable” command is sent in advance. The process discussed above could be summarized in the following table. At the same time, DCLK and GCLK remain free running. Table 1. Example of Command Sequence 3 Shift-In Emitting / Disable NOP … … NOP Capture … … Shift-in Data Don’t care. Don’t care. … … Don’t care. Don’t care. … … Shift-In Shift-in Data … … … … Shift-In Shift-in Data Shift-In Shift-In Shift-in Data. Shift-in Data Emitting / Disable Don’t care. Shift-In Capture Don’t care. Shift-in Data. NOP3 Don’t care. Emitting / Disable … … Frame N+1 Don’t care … Frame N … DIN CMD Frame N-1 We used the NOPs (No operation) to wait for the next frame data (at 60Hz) ready. DM132 Version:A.014 Page: 8 點晶科技股份有限公司 DM132 SILICON TOUCH TECHNOLOGY INC. 2) LED Emitting Time and Current DM132 adjusts the LED luminance using PWM (pulse width modulation) technique. The luminance data (DV) has a resolution of 10 bits (1024steps) and can be set independently for each LED. The relationship between Iout, luminance data, and emitting time is shown in Figure 2. Current DV x TGCLK Iout Time 3 x GCLK 1024 x TGCLK “LED Emitting” command issued Figure 2. PWM Current Output DM132 Version:A.014 Page: 9 點晶科技股份有限公司 DM132 SILICON TOUCH TECHNOLOGY INC. Application Diagrams DM132 Version:A.014 Page: 10 點晶科技股份有限公司 DM132 SILICON TOUCH TECHNOLOGY INC. Timing Diagrams The timing diagram is an example of DM132 control and response. If DM132 has been set to MODE-1, users should issue the command and data in the sequence: shift-in data ,latch data, and LED1 emitting. DCK GCK DIN DOUT CMD[2:0] 010 CMD[2] CMD[1] CMD[0] IOUT[15:0] DM132 Version:A.014 Page: 11 點晶科技股份有限公司 DM132 SILICON TOUCH TECHNOLOGY INC. Detailed Description 1) Time Division Operation Since each DM132 output could drive 1 LED or 2 LEDs, the users can choose either MODE1 luminance data or MODE2 luminance data. After the luminance data is given, a command should be issued so that the driver can operate in MODE1 or in MODE2. Figure 3 shows the route of data shift-in in MODE2. Later we will explain the data structure of MODE1 and MODE2 in more details. DOUT DIN Ch0 LED1 Ch1 LED1 Ch15 LED1 Ch0 LED2 Ch1 LED2 Ch15 LED2 Figure 3. Block Diagram for Primary Bus. Figure 4 shows how to switch between 2 LEDs. When “LED1 Emitting” command is sent, LED1 PWM output will start 3 GCLK later. At the same time, the switch of LED1 should be turned on. On the other hand, LED2 switch should be turned on when LED2 PWM output starts. Again, “Disable” command must be sent before “LED1/LED2 Emitting”. By periodically switching the emitting commands and LED switches, we could drive 2 LEDs per channel. System Turn on one of the switches LED1 Emitting or LED2 Emitting One of Iout ST2226A Figure 4. System Configuration for MODE 2 Operation DM132 Version:A.014 Page: 12 點晶科技股份有限公司 DM132 SILICON TOUCH TECHNOLOGY INC. 2) Serial Shift-In Luminance Data In the MODE1 operation, the data for shift registers and latches is set as {16(channel) x 10 bit (luminance) x 1(led)} whereas in MODE2 operation, the data is set as {16(channel) x 10 bit (luminance) x 2(led)} configuration. The driver IC can remember both 2 sets of luminance data. The serial shift architecture assumes a FIFO (first-in firs-out) discipline, hence in the MODE1 operation, the most significant bit (MSB, Bit 9, Channel 15) luminance data is the first data shifted in, whereas the least significant bit (LSB, Bit 0, Channel 0) is the last data bit in a data set. The data structure for the MODE1 and MODE2 is shown in the Figure 5 and Figure 6 respectively. Din Channe l Bit Position for Lumina -nce Data 0 1 2 … 15 0 (LSB) 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 (MSB) Dout Figure 5. Luminance Data Structure in MODE 1 DM132 Version:A.014 Page: 13 點晶科技股份有限公司 DM132 SILICON TOUCH TECHNOLOGY INC. Din Channe l LED1 Bit Position for Lumina -nce Data Channe l LED2 Bit Position for Lumina -nce Data 0 1 2 … 15 0 (LSB) 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 0 1 2 … 15 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 (MSB) Dout Figure 6. Luminance Data Structure in MODE 2 DM132 Version:A.014 Page: 14 點晶科技股份有限公司 DM132 SILICON TOUCH TECHNOLOGY INC. 3) Driver Current Output The drive current is set by an external resistor, Rext, connected between the REXT pin and GND. Varying the resistor value could adjust the current scale ranging from 5mA to the maximum 60 mA. Note that the REXT pin voltage is designed to be independent of supply voltage, temperature, and process variation, and is approximately 1.228V. The output current could be calculated roughly by the following equation: Iout = (1.228 / Rext) x 48 The full-scale current IOUT vs. Rext is shown in Figure 7. Rext - Iout 70 60 Iout (mA) 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Rext (Kohm) Figure 7. Driver current as a function of REXT DM132 Version:A.014 Page: 15 點晶科技股份有限公司 DM132 SILICON TOUCH TECHNOLOGY INC. 4) Output Current Performance vs. Output Voltage In order to obtain a good constant current output, a suitable output voltage is necessary. Users can get related information about the minimum output voltage from Figure 8. 70 60 Iout (mA) 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 1 2 3 Vout (V) 4 5 6 Figure 8. Iout vs. Vout (VDD=5V) DM132 Version:A.014 Page: 16 點晶科技股份有限公司 DM132 SILICON TOUCH TECHNOLOGY INC. 5) Power Rating For the relationship between power dissipation and operating temperature, please refer to Figure 9. 4 Pd (total Power Dissipation) - W 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 50 100 150 200 T a (F ree-A ir T em perature) - C S D IP SO P SSO P Q FN Figure 9. Power Dissipation vs. Operating Temperature 6) Advantages for application To understand what the advantages over ON-OFF type drivers, we assume that in MODE 1 operation, the frame rate is 60Hz, DCLK & GCLK both run at 10MHz. We can shift in (1/60Hz)/(1/10MHz)=167K bits per frame. One channel takes 10 bits, thus 167K/10=16.7K channels (single color pixels). For two dimension display, we take the square root of 16.7K pixels, which equals 129. The resolution, in this case is 129*129. We can round the data a little bit, and we can construct a 128*128 image by DM132 Version:A.014 Page: 17 點晶科技股份有限公司 DM132 SILICON TOUCH TECHNOLOGY INC. connecting 1024 driver ICs. (1,024 EA drivers*16 channels≒16,384 bit). Within a frame, there are 1024*16*10=163K DCLK & GCLK cycles, and we know that the PWM takes 1024 GCLK cycles and is one-shot. So we can issue up to 163K/1024=160 PWM cycles within a frame. This can be used as an 160-level total brightness control in addition to the 1024-level pixel-dependent luminance control. These 160- “LED1 Emitting” shall be issued periodically within a frame. Each time when issuing the “LED1 Emitting” command, the shift-in process will be pended for a few cycles; however, we can resume feeding the data right after the “LED1 Emitting” command is issued. To make the total brightness at full scale, all 160 “LED1 Emitting” commands should be issued. To make the total brightness half of the full scale, we can issue 80-“LED1 Emitting” commands in companion with 80-“LED Disable” commands, so that all the 128*128 LEDs are half of their brightness. A comparison table for PWM LED driver vs. ON-OFF type is provided for reference. Table 2. Comparison between PWM and ON-OFF Free Running Frame rate No. shift-in pixels Grayscale for each pixel Grayscale for overall panel Clocks needed per frame Clock rate PWM 60 128 x 128 1024 160 ON-OFF 60 128 x 128 1024 1 167k 10 MHz 16.8Meg 1.0 GHz4 4 Surely out of spec. Can’t realize in this configuration. System designs for ON-OFF type drivers thus need to reduce frame rate or the no. shift-in pixels or grayscale level for each pixel. DM132 Version:A.014 Page: 18 點晶科技股份有限公司 DM132 SILICON TOUCH TECHNOLOGY INC. Package Outline Dimension SDIP28 B e E A A2 E1 Θ D L A1 SEATING PLANE 0.018typ. 0.060typ. 0.100typ. SYMBOLS A A1 A2 D E1 E L e B θ DIMENSION IN MIN. NOM. 0.015 0.125 0.130 1.385 1.390 0.283 0.288 0.31 BSC 0.115 0.130 0.330 0.350 0 7 INCH MAX. 0.210 0.135 1.400 0.293 0.150 0.370 15 Note: 1. JEDEC OUTLINE : N/A DM132 Version:A.014 Page: 19 點晶科技股份有限公司 DM132 SILICON TOUCH TECHNOLOGY INC. SOP28 DM132 Version:A.014 Page: 20 點晶科技股份有限公司 DM132 SILICON TOUCH TECHNOLOGY INC. SSOP28 D h x 45 E E1 DETAIL A C ZD θ2 0.25 MM A C e R1 R A1 GAUGE PLANE 0.1MM θ1 B L DETAIL A SEATING PLANE NOTES: DIMENSION D DOES NOT INCLUDE MODE PROTRUSIONS OR GATE BURRS. MOLD PROTRUSIONS AND GATE BURRS SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.006 INCH PER SIDE SYMBOL A A1 A2 B C e D E E1 L h ZD R1 R θ θ1 θ2 JEDEC DM132 DIMENSION IN MM DIMENSION IN INCH MIN. NOM. MAX. MIN. NOM. MAX. 1.35 1.63 1.75 0.053 0.064 0.069 0.1 0.15 0.25 0.004 0.006 0.01 1.5 0.059 0.2 0.3 0.008 0.012 0.18 0.25 0.007 0.01 0.635 BASIC 0.025 BASIC 9.80 9.91 10.01 0.386 0.39 0.394 5.79 5.99 6.20 0.228 0.236 0.244 3.81 3.91 3.99 0.150 0.154 0.157 0.41 0.635 1.27 0.016 0.025 0.05 0.25 0.5 0.01 0.02 0.838 REF 0.033 REF 0.2 0.33 0.008 0.013 0.2 0.008 0 8 0 8 0 0 5 10 15 5 10 15 MO - 137 (AF) Version:A.014 Page: 21 θ 點晶科技股份有限公司 DM132 SILICON TOUCH TECHNOLOGY INC. QFN32 TOP VIEW BOTTOM VIEW 0.25 C D2 D 25 32 25 24 8 17 24 1 17 8 L E E2 e 1 32 0.25 C 9 16 16 9 e b 0.10 M C AB A 0.10 C SEATING PLANE A3 A1 yC SYMBOL A A1 A3 b D D2 E E2 e L y MIN. 0.70 0 0.18 1.25 1.25 0.30 DIMENSION (mm) NOM. 0.75 0.02 0.25 REF 0.23 5.00 BSC 2.70 5.00 BSC 2.70 0.50 BSC 0.40 0.10 MAX. 0.80 0.05 MIN. 27.6 0 0.30 7.09 3.25 49.21 3.25 49.21 0.50 11.81 DIMENSION (MIL) NOM. 29.5 0.79 9.84 REF 9.06 196.85 BSC 106.30 196.85 BSC 106.30 19.69 BSC 15.75 3.94 MAX. 31.5 1.97 11.81 127.95 127.95 19.69 Note: 1.DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING CONFORM TO ASME Y145.5M-1994. 2. REFER TO JEDEC STD. MO-220 WHHD-2 ISSUE A DM132 Version:A.014 Page: 22 點晶科技股份有限公司 DM132 SILICON TOUCH TECHNOLOGY INC. The products listed herein are designed for ordinary electronic applications, such as electrical appliances, audio-visual equipment, communications devices and so on. Hence, it is advisable that the devices should not be used in medical instruments, surgical implants, aerospace machinery, nuclear power control systems, disaster/crime-prevention equipment and the like. Misusing those products may directly or indirectly endanger human life, or cause injury and property loss. Silicon Touch Technology, Inc. will not take any responsibilities regarding the misusage of the products mentioned above. Anyone who purchases any products described herein with the above-mentioned intention or with such misused applications should accept full responsibility and indemnify. Silicon Touch Technology, Inc. and its distributors and all their officers and employees shall defend jointly and severally against any and all claims and litigation and all damages, cost and expenses associated with such intention and manipulation. DM132 Version:A.014 Page: 23