Phototubes PHOTOTUBES ■FEATURES AND APPLICATIONS FEATURES High sensitivity and high stability make phototubes very useful in chemical and medical analytical instruments which require high reliability. Phototubes feature a wide dynamic range from several picoamperes to several microamperes, providing signal Wide dynamic range output with excellent linearity. Superior temperature stability Phototubes show virtually no fluctuation with changes in the ambient temperature. Compared to semiconductor sensors, phototubes offer larger photosensitive area. Large photosensitive area Phototubes are designed to operate at a low voltage. Low voltage operation High sensitivity and high stability SPECTRAL RESPONSE RANGE AND APPLICATIONS Spectral Range Photocathode Spectral response in vacuum UV region only Cs-I Vacuum UV region only Diamond Solar blind spectral response Au (single metal) Wide spectral response from UV to infrared Cs-Te Sb-Cs Window Material MgF2 Quartz MgF2 Quartz Quartz Quartz UV glass UV glass Borosilicate Spectral Response 115 nm to 200 nm 160 nm to 200 nm 115 nm to 220 nm 160 nm to 220 nm 160 nm to 240 nm 160 nm to 350 nm 185 nm to 350 nm 185 nm to 650 nm 300 nm to 650 nm Applicable Phototube Type No. Typical Applications q w e r t y u i o R1187 R5764 172 nm monitor for excimer lamp R6800U-26 185 nm monitor for sterilizing mercury lamp R6800U-16 185 nm monitor for sterilizing mercury lamp R4044 Monitor for 185 nm, 254 nm mercury line spectrum R765, R6800U-11 Ozone monitor R1107, R1228, R6800U-01 Spectrophotometer R840, R727 Blood analyzer R414 Vacuum UV spectrophotometer ■GLOSSARY OF TERMS ●Spectral response characteristic: When light (photons) enters the photocathode, it is converted into electrons emitting from the photocathode at a certain ratio. This ratio depends on the wavelength of incident light. The relationship between the ratio and the wavelength is called spectral response characteristic. ●Peak wavelength: The wavelength gives the maximum sensitivity to the photocathode. In this catalog, the peak wavelength for radiant sensitivity (A/W) is listed. ●Absolute maximum ratings: The limiting values of the operating and environmental conditions applied to a phototube. Any conditions shall not exceed these ratings even instantaneously. ●Anode supply voltage: The voltage applied across the anode and the cathode. Normally, the cathode is used at ground potential, so the anode supply voltage equals the potential difference between the anode and ground. ●Peak cathode current: The peak current that can be allowed from the cathode when it is of pulse waveform. ●Average cathode current: The average current that can be allowed from the cathode. Normally, it is the average for 30 seconds. ●Average cathode current density: The average cathode current per unit surface area on the photocathode. 1 ●Luminous sensitivity: The ratio of photocurrent in amperes (A) flowing in the photocathode to the incident luminous flux in lumens (lm). Current (A) Luminous sensitivity (A/lm) = Luminous flux (lm) ●Radiant sensitivity: The ratio of photocurrent in amperes (A) flowing in the photocathode to the intensity of the incident light in watts (W). Radiant sensitivity (A/W) = Current (A) Light intensity (W) ●Dark Current: The current flowing between the anode and the cathode when light is removed. ●Interelectrode capacitance: The electrostatic capacitance between the anode and the cathode. ●Recommended operating voltage: The lifetime of a phototube tends to become shortened as the supply voltage increases. The supply voltage should be made as low as possible as compared to the maximum ratings, in order to lengthen useful life. However, if the supply voltage is too low, the voltagecurrent characteristics fall outside the saturation region, and undersirable phenomena such as hysteresis (Note 1) may occur. Considering these effects, the recommended operating voltage for each type of phototube is listed in this catalog. (Note 1) Hysteresis: The temporary instability in output signal when light is applied to a phototube, showing "overshoot" or "undershoot" without being proportional to light input. ■SPECTRAL RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS 102 TPT B0001ED 8 9 CATHODE RADIANT SENSITIVITY (mA/W) 6 7 101 1 3 100 2 4 10-1 5 1Cs-I_MgF2 2Cs-I_Quartz 3Diamond_MgF2 4Diamond_Quartz 5Au_Quartz 6Cs-Te_Quartz 7Cs-Te_UV glass 8Sb-Cs_UV glass 9Sb-Cs_Borosilicate 10-2 10-3 100 200 300 400 500 600 800 1000 WAVELENGTH (nm) 2 PHOTOTUBES ■CHARACTERISTICS A Type No. Spectral Response Peak Wavelength (nm) (nm) Outline Tube Photocathode Diagram Diameter Area No. Min. (nm) (mm) Input Window Material Absolute Maximum Ratings B C Average Anode Peak Cathode Average Ambient Supply Cathode Current Cathode Temperature Voltage Current Density Current (V) (µA) (µA/cm2) (µA) (°C) ●GLASS BULB TYPE For Vacuum UV (Cs-I Photocathode) R1187 115 to 200 130 e 15 8 MgF2 100 1 0.5 0.1 -80 to +50 R5764 160 to 200 161 e 15 8 Quartz 100 1 0.5 0.1 -80 to +50 Quartz 100 1.2 5 0.4 -80 to +50 UV glass 100 0.5 5 0.15 -80 to +50 For UV / High Power (Au Single Metal Photocathode) R4044 160 to 240 e 185 15 8 For UV / General Purpose (Cs-Te Photocathode) R1107 185 to 350 240 q 10 6 R765 160 to 350 240 w 15 8 Quartz 100 1.2 5 0.4 -80 to +50 R1228 185 to 350 240 w 15 8 UV glass 100 1.2 5 0.4 -80 to +50 For UV to Visible (Sb-Cs Photocathode) R414 300 to 650 400 q 10 6 Borosilicate glass 100 1 5 0.3 -80 to +50 R840 185 to 650 340 w 15 8 UV glass 100 2 5 0.5 -80 to +50 R727 185 to 650 340 r 20 15 UV glass 100 6 5 2 -80 to +50 ●METAL PACKAGE TYPE For Vacuum UV (Diamond Photocathode) R6800U-26 115 to 220 135 t 16 6 MgF2 30 1.2 5 0.4 -80 to +50 R6800U-16 160 to 220 161 t 16 6 Quartz 30 10 50 4 -80 to +50 For UV / General Purpose (Cs-Te Photocathode) R6800U-11 160 to 350 240 y 16 8 Quartz 30 1.2 5 0.4 -80 to +50 R6800U-01 185 to 350 240 u 16 8 UV glass 30 1.2 5 0.4 -80 to +50 NOTE: ASee spectral response characteristics on page 2. BOutput current averaged over 1 second time interval. The whole photocathode is uniformly illuminated. CWhen a tube is operated below -35 °C see page 6, "Caution". ■DIMENSIONAL OUTLINES (Unit: mm) q R414, R1107 w R765, R1228, R840 e R5764, R4044, R1187 r R727 21 MAX. 15 MIN. PHOTOCATHODE FLEXIBLE LEAD CATHODE (GREEN) FLEXIBLE LEAD 5 MAX. 38 MAX. 32 MAX. 7±1 ANODE (RED) CATHODE (GREEN) 40 MIN. ANODE (RED) 14.5 MAX. 8 MIN. 5 MAX. 7±1 CATHODE (GREEN) FLEXIBLE LEAD CATHODE (GREEN) 5 MAX. FLEXIBLE LEAD ANODE (RED) PHOTOCATHODE 40 MIN. 14.5 MAX. 8 MIN. 30 MAX. 20 MAX. 3 40 MIN. PHOTOCATHODE 40 MIN. 10 MAX. 6 MIN. 5 MAX. PHOTOCATHODE ANODE (RED) TPT A0002EA 3 TPT A0003EB TPT A0014EC TPT A0006EB Characteristics at 25 °C D Radiant Sensitivity E Luminous Sensitivity Typ. (µA/lm) Min. (µA/lm) 122 nm 254 nm Typ. Min. Typ. Min. Typ. Min. (mA/W) (mA/W) (mA/W) (mA/W) (mA/W) (mA/W) — 8 2 — Recommended Operating Voltage Interelectrode Capacitance Max. (pA) (V) (pF) Dark Current Pt Peak — Type No. 2 15 2.4 R1187 — — — 5 1 2 15 2.4 R5764 — — — 0.1 0.02 1 15 2.4 R4044 — — 15 10 — 2 15 2.0 R1107 — — 20 10 — 1 15 2.4 R765 — — 20 10 — 1 15 2.4 R1228 80 40 — — — 5 15 2.0 R414 80 40 — — — 2 15 2.4 R840 110 40 — — — 2 15 2.0 R727 — — 1 15 3 R6800U-26 1 15 3 R6800U-16 — 3 1 — — — 3 1 — — 20 10 — 1 15 3 R6800U-11 — — 20 10 — 1 15 3 R6800U-01 DThe photocurrent from the photocathode per incident light flux (10-5 to 10-2 lumens) from a tungsten filament lamp operated at a distribution temperature of 2856 K. ESee peak wavelength. y R6800U-11 8 MIN. u R6800U-01 8 MIN. 12- 0.45 0.5 ± 0.2 11.5 ± 0.4 12- 0.45 SHORT PIN Bottom View GUIDE MARK ANODE SHORT PIN SHORT PIN 5.08 10.16 10.16 TPT A0026EB 5.0 ± 0.7 Side View CATHODE INSULATION COVER (Polyoxymethylene) 4.0 ± 0.3 5.4 ± 0.3 5.08 10.16 5±1 12.8 ± 0.5 INSULATION COVER (Polyoxymethylene) GUIDE MARK ANODE SHORT PIN SHORT PIN PHOTOCATHODE 5.08 CATHODE 15.9 ± 0.4 WINDOW 9.4 ± 0.4 4.0 ± 0.3 Side View 5.08 Bottom View 5±1 5.4 ± 0.3 10.16 5.08 12- 0.45 0.3 ± 0.2 INSULATION COVER (Polyoxymethylene) GUIDE MARK ANODE SHORT PIN 7.7 ± 0.3 PHOTOCATHODE 5.08 Side View CATHODE Top View INSULATION COVER (Teflon) 10.16 5±1 5.4 ± 0.3 WINDOW 11.0 ± 0.4 4.0 ± 0.3 PHOTOCATHODE 15.9 ± 0.4 INSULATION COVER (Teflon) 7.7 ± 0.3 WINDOW 11.0 ± 0.4 EFFECTIVE AREA Top View 12.8 ± 0.5 15.9 ± 0.4 EFFECTIVE AREA 6 MIN. Top View 0.3 ± 0.2 EFFECTIVE AREA 10.16 t R6800U-16, -26 Bottom View TPT A0045EB TPT A0022EC NOTE: Don't use pins excepting ANODE and CATHODE pins. 4 PHOTOTUBES ■EXAMPLE OF OPERATING CIRCUITS OPERATING CIRCUITS FOR PHOTOTUBES Figure 1 shows an operating circuit example using the phototube bias voltage also for the power to an operational amplifier. The feedback resistance Rf should be chosen so that the output voltage becomes 0.1 V to 1 V. Cf must be placed for stable operation and should be between 10 pF and 100 pF. It is recommended to use a low-bias, low-offset-current FET input operational amplifier. For the input terminal (pin 2), a guard pattern should be provided on the printed circuit board or a stand-off terminal made of Teflon should be used. Figure 2 shows an operating circuit in which a low-impedance voltage is output from an operation amplifier after the signal current has been converted into a voltage through the road resistance RL. The operational amplifier should be a low-bias, low-offset-current type which can be operated on a single power. Figure 2: Operating Circuit Operating on Signal Power +15 V Figure 1: When Pulse / Minus Powers Are Available ANODE Cf SIGNAL CURRENT PHOTOTUBE Ip Rf SIGNAL CURRENT Ip CATHODE 2 7 – 6 OUTPUT VOLTAGE OP AMP GUARD +15 V PATTERN 3 Eo=RL•Ip + 4 7 2 – RL 6 OP AMP CATHODE ANODE 3 PHOTOTUBE OUTPUT VOLTAGE Eo=-Rf•Ip + GND 4 GND (Impedance conversion circuit) -15 V TPT C0002EC (Inverting current-voltage conversion circuit) TPT C0001EC NOTE: The operational amplifiers that can be used in these circuits differ in such factors as operating temperature range, bias current, phase compensation, and offset adjustment method, depending on the type used. Please refer to the catalog or data sheet available from the manufacturer. Sample circuits listed in this catalog introduce typical applications and do not cover any guarantee of the circuit design. No patent rights are granted to any of the circuits described herein. 5 ■ CAUTIONS ● Maximum ratings Always operate the phototube within the maximum rating listed in this catalog. ● The light input surface area should be as large as possible The output current available from a phototube is determined by the maximum average cathode current and maximum average cathode current density. If the light input surface area is small, even if the output current is below the maximum average cathode current, the maximum average cathode current density may be exceeded. Therefore, the light input surface area should be as large as possible to decrease the cathode current per unit surface area. This is important also, from the standpoint of photocathode uniformity (i.e., variation in sensitivity with respect to incident light position). ● Handle tubes with extreme care Phototubes have evacuated glass envelopes. Allowing the glass to be scratched or to be subjected to shock can cause cracks. Extreme care should be taken in handling, especially for tubes with graded sealing of synthetic silica. ● Avoid mechanical vibration Mechanical vibration can cause microphonic noise (sensitivity fluctuation caused by vibration of the electrode.) and variation in sensitivity caused by displacement of the incident light position. ● keep faceplate and base clean Do not touch the faceplate and base with bare hands. Dirt and fingerprints on the faceplate cause loss of transmittance and dirt on the base may cause ohmic leakage. Should they become soiled, wipe it clean using alcohol. ● Avoid direct sunlight and other high-intensity light Avoid subjecting the phototube to direct sunlight or other high-intensity light, as this can adversely affect the photocathode, causing not only loss of sensitivity but instability as well. ● Handling of tubes with a glass base A glass base (also called button stem) is weak, so care should be taken in handling this type of tube. ● Cooling of tubes When cooling a phototube, the photocathode section is usually cooled. However, if you suppose that the base is also cooled down to -35 °C or below, please consult our sales office in advance. ● Helium permeation through silica bulb Helium will permeate through the silica bulb, leading to an increase in noise. Avoid operating or storing tubes in an environment where helium is present. Data and specifications listed in this catalog are subject to change due to product improvement and other factors. Before specifying any of the types in your production equipment, please consult our sales office. ■WARRANTY In general, Hamamatsu products listed in this catalog are warranted for a period of one year from time of delivery. This warranty is limited to replacement for the defective product. Note, however, that this warranty will not apply to failures caused by natural calamity or misuse. ■CE MARKING This catalog contains products which are subject to CE Marking of European Union Directives. For further details, please consult Hamamatsu sales offices. 6 PHOTOTUBES Subject to local technical requirements and regulations, availability of products included in this promotional material may vary. Please consult with our sales office. Information furnished by HAMAMATSU is believed to be reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed for possible inaccuracies or omissions. Specifications are subject to change without notice. No patent rights are granted to any of the circuits described herein. ©2011 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. HAMAMATSU PHOTONICS K.K. www.hamamatsu.com HAMAMATSU PHOTONICS K.K., Electron Tube Division 314-5, Shimokanzo, Iwata City, Shizuoka Pref., 438-0193, Japan, Telephone: (81)539/62-5248, Fax: (81)539/62-2205 U.S.A.: Hamamatsu Corporation: 360 Foothill Road, P. O. Box 6910, Bridgewater. N.J. 08807-0910, U.S.A., Telephone: (1)908-231-0960, Fax: (1)908-231-1218 E-mail: [email protected] Germany: Hamamatsu Photonics Deutschland GmbH: Arzbergerstr. 10, D-82211 Herrsching am Ammersee, Germany, Telephone: (49)8152-375-0, Fax: (49)8152-2658 E-mail: [email protected] France: Hamamatsu Photonics France S.A.R.L.: 19, Rue du Saule Trapu, Parc du Moulin de Massy, 91882 Massy Cedex, France, Telephone: (33)1 69 53 71 00, Fax: (33)1 69 53 71 10 E-mail: [email protected] United Kingdom: Hamamatsu Photonics UK Limited: 2 Howard Court, 10 Tewin Road Welwyn Garden City Hertfordshire AL7 1BW, United Kingdom, Telephone: 44-(0)1707-294888, Fax: 44(0)1707-325777 E-mail: [email protected] North Europe: Hamamatsu Photonics Norden AB: Smidesvägen 12, SE-171-41 SOLNA, Sweden, Telephone: (46)8-509-031-00, Fax: (46)8-509-031-01 E-mail: [email protected] TPT 1001E09 Italy: Hamamatsu Photonics Italia: S.R.L.: Strada della Moia, 1/E, 20020 Arese, (Milano), Italy, Telephone: (39)02-935 81 733, Fax: (39)02-935 81 741 E-mail: [email protected] SEPT. 2011 IP