MP5022A - Monolithic Power Systems

AN083
Hot Swap Device
MP5022A Design Notes
Application Note
AN083-Hot Swap Device
MP5022A Design Notes
Application Note
Prepared by Li Liu, Nancy Sun
April 23, 2014
AN083 Rev. 1.0
5/12/2014
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AN083
Hot Swap Device
MP5022A Design Notes
Application Note
ABSTRACT
MP5022A is an update version of MP5022. It is a hot-swap protection device designed to protect
circuitry on its output from transients on its input. It also protects its input from undesired shorts and
transients coming from its output.
At start up, in-rush current is limited by the slew rate at the output. The maximum load at the output is
current limited through a sense FET topology. The magnitude of the current limit is controlled by a
resistor from the ISET pin to ground. The MP5022A on resistance is 3mΩ.It includes an IMON option
that produces a voltage proportional to current through the power device set by a resistor from this pin
to ground.
The MP5022A includes an optional discharge function that provides a discharge path for the external
output capacitor when the part is disabled. Fault protection includes current limit, thermal shutdown and
damaged power FET detection. The device also features over-voltage protection and under-voltage
protection.
The MP5022A can be latched off by below conditions:
(a) Timer ramps up to 1.24V when OC and SC occur
(b) Trigger thermal shutdown
(c) EN and LOADEN Lower than its falling threshold
(d) Input voltage is lower than UVLO
Figure 1 shows the typical application circuit.
VIN
12V
Optional RCD Clamp Circuit
R1
1K
D1
B330
21-22,
Exposed Pad
CIN
TVS
C1
22uF
Enable
1
LOADEN
2
EN
VOUT
13-20
VIN
OUT
3
LOADEN
RPD
ENTM
CENTM
PD
MP5022A
4
FB
TIMER
PG
CT
5
D2
B330
12
COUT
3.3V
R2
11 PG Feedback
R3
10
Power Good
9
Fault Bar
R4
ISET
FLTB
RSET
IMON
8
Output Current Monitor
GND
SS
6
CSS
R1
7
CMON
RMON
10nF
Figure 1—MP5022A Typical Application Circuit
AN083 Rev. 1.0
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AN083 – HOT SWAP DEVICE MP5022A DESIGN NOTES APPLICATION NOTE
INDEX
Abstract ................................................................................................................................................. 2
1.
Protection Design Notes ................................................................................................................. 4
1.1 Short Circuit Protection ............................................................................................................. 4
1.2 VIN Line Transient or Voltage Spike Protection ........................................................................ 4
1.3 Over Current Protection ............................................................................................................ 5
a) Current Limit lower than 7A ................................................................................................. 6
b) Current Limit higher than 7A ................................................................................................ 8
1.4 Need VIN RCD Circuit if Hard Short Happens........................................................................... 8
1.5 Input and Output Transient Protection ...................................................................................... 9
1.6 Damaged MOSFET Detection .................................................................................................. 9
2.
Normal Operation Design Notes ................................................................................................... 10
2.1 EN Design Note ...................................................................................................................... 10
2.2 LOADEN Function Introduction ............................................................................................... 10
a) LOADEN Design Notes ..................................................................................................... 10
b) LOADEN Blanking Time .................................................................................................... 11
c) How to Disable LOADEN Function..................................................................................... 11
2.3 IMON Pin Design Note............................................................................................................ 12
2.4 Soft-Start Time Design............................................................................................................ 12
2.5 Fault Timer Design.................................................................................................................. 13
3.
Layout design guide...................................................................................................................... 14
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AN083 – HOT SWAP DEVICE MP5022A DESIGN NOTES APPLICATION NOTE
1. PROTECTION DESIGN NOTES
The MP5022A includes several protection functions. Short Circuit Protection, Over Current Protection,
Thermal Protection, Damaged MOSFET Detection, Input voltage line Transient or spike protection, the
design notes will be introduced in this section.
1.1 Short Circuit Protection
If the load current increases rapidly due to a short circuit, the current may exceed the current limit
threshold by a lot before the control loop can respond. If the current reaches a 36A secondary current
limit level, a fast turn-off circuit activates to turn off the power FET using a 100mA pull-down gate
discharge current, as shown in Figure 2. This limits the peak current through the switch to limit the input
voltage drop. The total short circuit response time is about 200ns. When the chip triggers short-circuit
protection, it will restart once more which used to check whether the over load condition exists or not. If
real short circuit happens, the part will latch off absolutely after hitting current limit and TIMER ramping
up to 1.24V. Details see Figure 2-a.
FLTB switches low once it reaches a 36A current limit, and keeps low until the short circuit is removed.
Figure 2-b shows the bench test result.
Vin
Vout
Test Condition: VIN=12V, Current Limit=19A
36A
Trips absolute
current protection
Current Limit
Iout
Latch off here
TSC
~0.2us
VGSTH
VGS
Fast
pulldown
125uA
TIMER
1.24V
Fault Timeout Period
FLTB
SS
t
a)—Short Circuit Protection
b)—Short Circuit Tested Waveform
Figure 2—Short Circuit Protection and Tested Waveform
1.2 VIN Line Transient or Voltage Spike Protection
Actually, VIN line transient or voltage spike protection is the same with short circuit protection function.
If input voltage has a rapid slew rate line transient, the MP5022A should operate normally and can’t be
latched off as shown in Figure 3. For example, if VIN ramps up higher rapidly, the output voltage tries to
follow VIN and large current will flow from the internal power FET to charge the output capacitor. If the
load current increases rapidly, the current may exceed the current limit threshold by a lot before the
control loop can respond.
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AN083 –HOT SWAP DEVICE MP5022A DESIGN NOTES APPLICATION NOTE
If the current reaches a 36A secondary current limit level, the same with short circuit protection, a fast
turn-off circuit activates to turn off the power FET using a 100mA pull down gate discharge current, the
total response time is about 200ns. When the chip triggers secondary current limit, it will restart once
more. When the power FET gate-to-source voltage VGS is pulled low, the 100mA pull down discharging
current is disabled and the MP5022A internal charge pump charges the power FET gate voltage higher.
When the VGS reaches VGSTH, the power FET is turned on again. Soft start voltage SS keeps high
during this period, the output voltage ramping slew rate depends on the gate charge current and output
capacitor.
Vin Line
Transient
Vin
Vout
Test Condition: VIN=12V, Current Limit=19A
36A
Trips absolute
current protection
Operate normally
Iout
TSC
~0.2us
VGSTH
VGS
Fast
pulldown
TIMER
0V
Fault Timeout Period
FLTB
Keeps high
SS
t
a)—VIN line transient Protection
b)—Line Transient Tested Waveform
Figure 3—VIN Line Transient and Tested Waveform
1.3 Over Current Protection
The MP5022A provides a constant current limit that can be programmed by an external resistor from
ISET pin. Once the device reaches its current limit threshold, the internal circuit regulates the gate
voltage to hold the current in the power FET constant. In order to limit the current, the gate to source
voltage needs to be regulated from 4V to around 1V. The typical response time is about 20µs and the
output current may have a small overshoot during this time period.
When the current limit triggers, the fault timer starts. If the output current falls below the current limit
threshold before the end of the fault timeout period, the MP5022A resumes normal operation.
Otherwise, if current limit duration exceeds the fault timeout period, the power FET is latched off.
The MP5022A Current Limit value should be higher than the normal maximum load current, allowing
the tolerances in the current sense value. The current limit can be set by below equation:
ILIMIT =
AN083 Rev. 0.1
5/12/2014
1.3(V)
× 105 (A)
RSET
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AN083 – HOT SWAP DEVICE MP5022A DESIGN NOTES APPLICATION NOTE
a) Current Limit lower than 7A
Figure 4 shows the current limit values vs. RSET resistor when current limit is lower than 7A based on
bench test results.
Figure 4—Current Limit vs. RSET Value (Current Limit < 7A)
The MP5022A current limit control loop gain increases when the current limit sets lower than 7A.
Special design should be taken into condensation.
If over current happens, the internal power FET works in saturation region. From the relationship
between the drain current ID of power FET and gate-to-source voltage VGS, the lower current limit, the
lower VGS voltage, that is, the power FET VGS is close to VGSTH when current limit is set lower.
ID = K n ⋅ (VGS − VGSTH )
2
μnCox W
, which is the power FET constant parameters.
2 L
If VGS closes to VGSTH, tiny VGS changes will induce much change of drain current. For example, if
MP5022A hits current limit, the power FET VGS voltage is discharged and VGS is pulling down. Drain
current drops much as VGS decrease, the over current condition may disappear. When lose over current
condition, VGS pulling down doesn’t work and the power FET gate is charged up higher again by
internal charge pump, drain current may increase a lot as VGS ramps up. Therefore the load current
may ring and current limit control loop is unstable. The ringed control loop cannot give stable current
limit signal to TIMER controller, so the TIMER voltage can’t to ramp up higher.
Where Kn=
To decrease the current limit control loop gain when current limit is set lower, it’s recommended to add
an R/C circuit to parallel with RSET resistor as shown in Figure 5. Generally, choose R=20kΩ, C=560pF.
ISET
C
RSET
R
Figure 5—R/C circuit for RSET When Current Limit <7A
Figure 6 shows the bench test results when start up through EN @ short circuit condition. When no
paralleled RC with RSET, the load current rings, when adds R/C circuit, the part operates normally.
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AN083 – HOT SWAP DEVICE MP5022A DESIGN NOTES APPLICATION NOTE
Test Condition: VIN=12V, Current limit =2.6A
a) Performance NG w/o R/C Circuit
b) Performance OK w/ R/C Circuit
Figure 6—Waveforms of EN Start up @ Short Circuit, Current Limit=2.6A
As shown in the waveform of Figure 7, when the MP5022A start up through EN @ short circuit
condition, there is some time delay for TIMER ramping up when hit current limit. The delay is caused by
internal control logic.
Figure 7—EN start up @ Short Circuit, TIMER has Delay
There are 2 conditions to control TIMER ramping up in MP5022A as shown in Figure 8.
a. Power FET gate-to-source voltage VGS<2V
b. The Current limit control loop gate pulling down current reaches to 8uA.
During start up @ short circuit, the power FET VGS voltage is always lower than 2V, the first condition
for TIMER ramping up is met.
For the second condition, during short circuit start up, SS ramps up higher from zero, the soft start
control loop will induce discharging current for VGS. That is, even through the part has hit current limit,
but the ISET current limit loop pulling down current is lower than 8uA.
The SS control loop loses control gradually when SS voltage is much higher than Vout, all the 8uA
current flows from current limit control loop, then TIMER voltage begins rising. Therefore, there exists
some time delay for TIMER ramping up and the delay is ok.
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AN083 – HOT SWAP DEVICE MP5022A DESIGN NOTES APPLICATION NOTE
Charge
pump
VIN
8uA
GATE
Soft start
control loop
ISET Current
limit control loop
VOUT
Figure 8—MP5022A Gate Control
b) Current Limit higher than 7A
When the current limit is higher than 7A, the MP5022A current limit control loop is much more stable
and there is no need to add additional the RC circuit to RSET resistor. Figure 9 gives the relationship
between current limit value and RSET resistor when current limit ≥7A.
The maximum normal operation current for MP5022A is about 20A, so the maximum current limit can
be set to 120% of normal current (about 24A).
Figure 9—Current Limit vs. RSET Value (Current Limit ≥ 7A)
1.4 Need VIN RCD Circuit if Hard Short Happens
The typically input decoupling capacitor for MP5022A application is around 0.1μF or no input capacitor.
When hard short circuit happens, the input voltage may be pulled low rapidly because of the input line
trace parasitic impendence from the power supply.
When VIN falls below VULO threshold, the GATE fast turning off control logic will out of control and the
internal power FET can’t be turned off immediately; the load current may run away.
Therefore, additional RCD circuit is required if the MP5022A chip location is a little far away from the
power supply. As shown in Figure 10, the RCD circuit can prevent input voltage from dropping below its
UVLO threshold. A 22μF ceramic capacitor is enough to hold the line voltage and turn off the power
FET in time for MP5022A if short circuit happens. During normal start up, the capacitor is not involved
in the circuit and it’s unable to produce inrush current. Put the RCD circuit near the hot swap input
leads.
If the chip location is near the power supply, eg, there is bulk capacitor on the backplane board’s output
terminal, which is used for the MP5022A input. The RCD circuit is unnecessary and can be removed, in
this condition, the input voltage won’t be pulled much lower.
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AN083 – HOT SWAP DEVICE MP5022A DESIGN NOTES APPLICATION NOTE
Optional RCD Clamp Circuit
Optional D2
VIN
D1
B330
R1
1K
OUT
MP5022A
TVS
CIN
GND
C1
22uF
D2
B330
COUT
Figure 10—RCD Clamp Circuit in MP5022A Hot Swap System
1.5 Input and Output Transient Protection
Hot swap system experience positive transient on the input during hot plug or rapid turnoff with high
current due to parasitic inductance in the input circuit.
For Input transient protection, a TVS diode (transient voltage suppressor, a type of Zener diode), may
be required on the input to limit transient voltages below the absolute maximum ratings as shown in
Figure 10.
The output may experience negative transient during rapid turnoff with high current due to parasitic
inductance in the output circuit. An output voltage clamp diode may be required on the output to limit
negative transients as shown in Figure 10. Select a schottky diode with low forward voltage at the
anticipated current during an output short. By doing that the negative voltage spike at the output
terminal can be clamped at less than -0.7V thus the IC can be protected during short output. If the
output circuit parasitic inductance is tiny, the output voltage clamp diode can be optional.
1.6 Damaged MOSFET Detection
The MP5022A can detect a shorted pass FET during power up by treating an output voltage that
exceeds VIN-1V during power-up as a short on the power FET. The detail operation can be seen in
Figure 11 and Figure 12. The FLTB# pin will be pulled low to indicate a fault condition and the power
switch is held off, PG signal keeps low.
Once remove short and VOUT≤VIN-1, the part starts up normally. During this period, PG signal keeps low
until the following three conditions are met. 1) VFB>1.245V, 2) VGS>3V, 3) VOUT> VIN-1V.
VOUT>VIN-1V
VOUT<VIN-1V
1V
VIN
MP5022A
UVLO
VOUT
Test Condition: VIN=12V, Iload=0A
8uA gate charge
VGS
SS<VO/6
SS
40uA
TIMER
Insertion delay
FLTB
PG
t
Figure 11: Damaged MOSFET Detection
AN083 Rev. 1.0
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Figure 12: Damaged MOSFET Tested Waveform
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AN083 – HOT SWAP DEVICE MP5022A DESIGN NOTES APPLICATION NOTE
2. NORMAL OPERATION DESIGN NOTES
This section mainly introduces EN, LOADEN and IMON design notes.
The Soft-Start, Fault Timer and LOADEN Blanking Timer are also introduced briefly, these items set is
similar with MP5022.
2.1 EN Design Note
EN can be connected to external power supply to control the on/off of the part, also EN can be
connected to VIN by a resistor divider for an automatic start up. If EN is connected to VIN by a resistor
divider or directly pulled high to VIN, please make sure add a 10nF capacitor from EN pin to ground.
VIN
VIN
Rup
Rdown
Rup
EN
EN
CEN
10nF
CEN
10nF
a)—EN Connected to VIN by a Resistor Divider
b)—EN pin Connection if EN Pulled to VIN
Figure 13—EN Connected to VIN by a Resistor Divider
2.2 LOADEN Function Introduction
LOADEN is used to control the ON/OFF of the MP5022A together with EN pin as below table shows.
LOADEN is used to shut down the power switch after LOADEN blanking time but can’t turn it on by
recycle LOADEN only.
Table 1—Output Enable Table
Enable blanking
time is over?
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
EN
LOADEN
Status
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
OFF
OFF
ON
ON
OFF
OFF
OFF
ON
a) LOADEN Design Notes
LOADEN can be connected to external power supply to
control the on/off of the part, if LOADEN connected to VIN
by a resistor divider for an automatic start up, the LOADEN
divider ratio should be set to among 1/2 to 1/4 to avoid
abnormal shut down. A small capacitor about 10nF is also
recommended to connect from LOADEN to GND as shown
in Figure 14.
VIN
Rup
Rdown
LOADEN
C1
10nF
Figure 14—LOADEN pin Connection
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AN083 – HOT SWAP DEVICE MP5022A DESIGN NOTES APPLICATION NOTE
b) LOADEN Blanking Time
LOADEN has a programmable blanking time that prevents LOADEN from de-asserting during the
blanking time. All fault functionality is operative during the start-up so that the power switch shuts down
if a fault was detected; however, LOADEN pulling low during this blanking time won’t turn off the switch.
After LOADEN blanking time is over, LOADEN behaves as normal and can turn off the power switch.
The blanking time can be set by a capacitor connected to the ENTM pin by:
CENTM =
t LDNB ⋅ 10 −6
1.24
Where: tLDNB = LOADEN blanking time, CENTM = LOADEN blanking time capacitor on ENTM pin. Below
table shows the typical LOADEN blanking time when different CENTM are adopted.
Table 2—LOADEN Blanking Time vs. CENTM
CENTM
0.1μF
0.33μF
1μF
LOADEN Blanking Time
124ms
409ms
1.24s
Floating the ENTM pin generates a fast ramp-up voltage on the ENTM pin. The blanking time during
this period is negligible.
5V
c) How to Disable LOADEN Function
If customers don’t want to use LOADEN, short ENTM
to GND will disable the LOADEN function.
If short ENTM to GND, the LOADEN blanking time
equivalents to be stretched to infinity, so the high or low
of LOADEN signal has no influence to the part as
shown in Figure 16. In this condition, the LOADEN
signal can be connected to high/low or float optionally.
It’s recommended to connect to ground.
Figure 17 shows the bench test results when short
ENTM to GND, the part works normally when LOADEN
becomes low.
high
100k
LOADEN
float
MP5022A
low
ENTM
Figure 15—Connect ENTM to
Ground to Disable LOADEN
EN
1. 24 V
TIMER
t1
Insertion delay
LOADEN
ENTM
0V
VOUT
t2
LOADEN Blanking time
Figure 16—LOADEN Blanking Time
AN083 Rev. 1.0
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t
Figure 17—Bench Results @ ENTM short to GND
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AN083 – HOT SWAP DEVICE MP5022A DESIGN NOTES APPLICATION NOTE
2.3 IMON Pin Design Note
The MP5022A IMON pin is the output of an accurate current-sense amplifier and provides a source
current proportional to the load current flowing into the main switch. The current sense gain is set to
10µA/A. To make sure IMON signal stable, more than 10nF capacitor should be paralleled with RMON
resistor. To get best accuracy, it’s recommended to use resisters within 1% accuracy.
Placing 10k resistor to ground creates a 0V to 2V voltage when power FET current ranges from 0A to
20A. The voltage compliance for IMON pin is from 0V to 3V.
VMON = RMON (KΩ ) × 10 × IPOWER_FET (mV)
Where IPOWER_FET is the current flowing from power FET
IMON
VMON
RMON
CMON
1% Accuracy
10nF~100nF
Figure 18—IMON Pin Connection
2.4 Soft-Start Time Design
The MP5022A limits inrush current by controlling the ramp-up slew rate of output voltage. The output
voltage rises at a similar slew rate to the voltage at SS pin. A capacitor connected to the SS pin
determines the charging slew rate and the soft-start time. When the insertion delay time ends, a
constant current source that is proportional to input voltage charges up the voltage on the SS pin. Float
the SS pin to generate a fast ramp-up voltage. An 8μA current source pulls up the gate of the power
FET. The gate charge current controls the output voltage rise time. The approximate soft start time is
then 1ms and is the minimum soft-start time.
The SS capacitor value is given by below equation.
C SS (nF ) =
6 × t SS (ms )
R SS (MΩ )
Where: tSS=soft start time, RSS=1.1MΩ.
Table 3 gives the typical soft start time when different CSS are adopted.
Table 3—Soft Start Time vs. CSS
SS Cap CSS
47nF
100nF
220nF
Soft Start Time TSS
8.6ms
18.3ms
40.3ms
The soft-start time should be chosen carefully when the load capacitance is extremely large. It should
be long enough charge up the output capacitor without hitting the current limit. For worst case: the
continuous current load is less than and close to the current limit, the minimum soft-start time to charge
up the output capacitor without tripping current limit can be estimated by:
t SS >
AN083 Rev. 1.0
5/12/2014
COUT × VOUT
ILIMIT − ILOAD
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AN083 – HOT SWAP DEVICE MP5022A DESIGN NOTES APPLICATION NOTE
However, the soft-start time can’t be chosen too long. The MP5022A has over temperature shutdown
function. Once the die temperature exceeds approximately 145°C, the internal power FET will be turned
off. During soft-start time, instantaneous power consumption is much higher since the power FET is not
fully enhanced, which will increase the die temperature. The power consumption should keep in the
SOA rating of the power FET. Figure 19 shows the maximum load current vs. soft-start time without
over temperature protection trips. No load capacitors are applied during this test.
Maximum Load Current vs. Soft Start Time
VIN=12V, No COUT
Maximum Load Current (A)
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Soft Start Time (ms)
Figure 19—Maximum Load Current vs. Soft-Start Time of MP5022A
From the description above, to support a 2200uF output capacitor, 15A constant-current load with 18A
current limit, the soft-start time should be between 8.8ms and 11ms.
2.5 Fault Timer Design
When the current reaches its limit threshold, a 215μA internal constant current source charges the
external TIMER pin capacitor CT. If the over current limit state ceases before the TIMER voltage
reaches 1.24V, the MP5022A returns to normal operation mode and it will release timer immediately
when over current fault removed. If the over current limit state lasts beyond the TIMER pin voltage
reaches 1.24V, the power FET switches off. The fault time is given by below:
t FLT (s) =
1.24 ⋅ C T (μF )
215(μA )
When the CT is chosen, the insertion delay during power up sequence is determined as well since they
share the TIMER pin capacitor but the charging current during hot-plug insertion delay is 43μA. So the
insertion delay is:
215
t DELAY (s) =
×t FLT
43
Table 4 shows the typical LOADEN blanking time when different CENTM are adopted.
Table 4—Fault and Delay Time vs. TIMER capacitor CT
AN083 Rev. 1.0
5/12/2014
TIMER Cap
CT
Fault Time
tFLT
0.1μF
0.33μF
1μF
0.58ms
1.9ms
2.7ms
Insertion Delay
Time
tDELAY
2.9ms
9.5ms
13.6ms
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AN083 – HOT SWAP DEVICE MP5022A DESIGN NOTES APPLICATION NOTE
3. LAYOUT DESIGN GUIDE
1) The high current path from the board’s input to output, and the return path, should be parallel and
close to each other to minimize loop inductance.
2) Connect MP5022A GND pin and signal GND together at first, and then Kelvin connect to its PGND
or internal GND layers.
3) Input decoupling capacitors on VIN pin should have minimal trace length to the VIN pins and to
GND.
4) Place a transient voltage suppressor diode (TVS) to the VIN, the TVS can absorb the input voltage
spike when load current decreased sharply.
5) Place the schottky diode close to the OUT pin and GND to absorb negative voltage spike when the
power FET is shut off
6) Place output capacitors as close to the part as possible to minimize the effect of PCB parasitic
inductance.
COUT
OUT
+
GND
Clamp
diode
RPD
R1
PD
R3
R4
RMON
CSS
R2
PG
10
FLTB 9
6
SS
FB
OUT
VIN
VIN
11
12
13
IMON 8
OUT
OUT
14
15
GND 7
EXPOSED PAD
16
OUT
OUT
17
VIN
TIMER 4
ISET 5
RSET
OUT
VIN
ENTM 3
CTIMER
1
EN
LOADEN 2
CENTM
VIN
18
OUT
19
20
21
VIN
22
CIN
VIN
VIN
RCD
OUT
TVS
3.3V
Signal GND
Figure 20—Recommended Layout
NOTICE: The information in this document is subject to change without notice. Please contact MPS for current specifications.
Users should warrant and guarantee that third party Intellectual Property rights are not infringed upon when integrating MPS
products into any application. MPS will not assume any legal responsibility for any said applications.
AN083 Rev. 1.0
5/12/2014
www.MonolithicPower.com
MPS Proprietary Information. Unauthorized Photocopy and Duplication Prohibited.
© 2014 MPS. All Rights Reserved.
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