SC4524B 16V 2A Step-Down Switching Regulator POWER MANAGEMENT Features Description Wide input range: 3V to 16V 2A Output Current 200kHz to 2MHz Programmable Frequency Precision 1V Feedback Voltage Peak Current-Mode Control Cycle-by-Cycle Current Limiting Hiccup Overload Protection with Frequency Foldback Soft-Start and Enable Thermal Shutdown Thermally Enhanced 8-pin SOIC Package Fully RoHS and WEEE compliant Applications XDSL and Cable Modems Set Top Boxes Point of Load Applications CPE Equipment DSP Power Supplies LCD and Plasma TVs The SC4524B is a constant frequency peak current-mode step-down switching regulator capable of producing 2A output current from an input ranging from 3V to 16V. The switching frequency of the SC4524B is programmable up to 2MHz, allowing the use of small inductors and ceramic capacitors for miniaturization, and high input/ output conversion ratio. The SC4524B is suitable for next generation XDSL modems, high-definition TVs and various point of load applications. Peak current-mode PWM control employed in the SC4524B achieves fast transient response with simple loop compensation. Cycle-by-cycle current limiting and hiccup overload protection reduces power dissipation during output overload. Soft-start function reduces input startup current and prevents the output from overshooting during power-up. The SC4524B is available in SOIC-8 EDP package. SS270 REV 4 Typical Application Circuit Efficiency IN 10V – 16V C4 2.2mF SW 6.8mH SC4524B SS/EN 85 1N4148 C1 0.1mF L1 BST IN 90 R4 102k 5V/2A FB COMP C7 10nF C8 10pF ROSC R7 30.1k GND R5 18.2k D2 20BQ030 80 OUT R6 25.5k C5 1nF C2 22mF Efficiency (%) V D1 VIN = 12V 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 L1: Wurth 744 778 9006 C2: Murata GRM31CR60J226K C4: Murata GRM31CR61E225K 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 Load Current (A) Figure 1. 1MHz 10V-16V to 5V/2A Step-down Converter November 1, 2007 SC4524B Pin Configuration Ordering Information SW 1 8 BST IN 2 7 FB ROSC 3 6 COMP GND 4 5 SS/EN 9 Device Package SC4524BSETRT(1)(2) SOIC-8 EDP SC4524BEVB Evaluation Board Notes: (1) Available in tape and reel only. A reel contains 2,500 devices. (2) Available in lead-free package only. Device is fully WEEE and RoHS compliant. (8 - Pin SOIC - EDP) Marking Information yyww=Date code (Example: 0752) xxxxx=Semtech Lot No. (Example: E9010) SC4524B Absolute Maximum Ratings Thermal Information VIN Supply Voltage ……………………………… -0.3 to 24V Junction to Ambient (1) ……………………………… 36°C/W BST Voltage ……………………………………………… 40V Junction to Case (1) ………………………………… BST Voltage above SW …………………………………… 24V Maximum Junction Temperature……………………… 150°C Storage Temperature ………………………… -65 to +150°C SS Voltage ……………………………………………-0.3 to 3V FB Voltage …………………………………………… -0.3 to VIN SW Voltage ………………………………………… -0.6 to VIN Lead Temperature (Soldering) 10 sec ………………… 300°C Recommended Operating Conditions SW Transient Spikes (10ns Duration)……… -2.5V to VIN +1.5V Peak IR Reflow Temperature …………………………. 5.5°C/W Input Voltage Range ……………………………… 3V to 16V 260°C ESD Protection Level(2) ………………………………… 2000V Maximum Output Current ……………………………… 2A Exceeding the above specifications may result in permanent damage to the device or device malfunction. Operation outside of the parameters specified in the Electrical Characteristics section is not recommended. NOTES(1) Calculated from package in still air, mounted to 3” x 4.5”, 4 layer FR4 PCB with thermal vias under the exposed pad per JESD51 standards. (2) Tested according to JEDEC standard JESD22-A114-B. Electrical Characteristics Unless otherwise noted, VIN = 12V, VBST = 15V, VSS = 2.2V, -40°C < TA = TJ < 125°C, ROSC = 12.1kΩ. Parameter Conditions Min Typ Max Units 16 V 2.95 V Input Supply Input Voltage Range VIN Start Voltage 3 VIN Rising 2.70 VIN Start Hysteresis VIN Quiescent Current VIN Quiescent Current in Shutdown 2.82 225 mV VCOMP = 0 (Not Switching) 2 2.6 mA VSS/EN = 0, VIN = 12V 40 50 µA 1.000 1.020 V Error Amplifier Feedback Voltage Feedback Voltage Line Regulation FB Pin Input Bias Current 0.980 VIN = 3V to 16V 0.005 VFB = 1V, VCOMP = 0.8V -170 %/V -340 nA Error Amplifier Transconductance 280 µΩ-1 Error Amplifier Open-loop Gain 60 dB COMP Pin to Switch Current Gain 8 A/V VFB = 0.9V 2.4 V COMP Source Current VFB = 0.8V, VCOMP = 0.8V 17 COMP Sink Current VFB = 1.2V, VCOMP = 0.8V 25 COMP Maximum Voltage µA Internal Power Switch Switch Current Limit Switch Saturation Voltage (Note 1) ISW = -2.6A 2.6 3.3 4.3 A 250 400 mV SC4524B Electrical Characteristics (Cont.) Unless otherwise noted, VIN = 12V, VBST = 15V, VSS = 2.2V, -40°C < TA = TJ < 125°C, ROSC = 12.1kΩ. Parameter Conditions Min Typ Minimum Switch On-time 135 Minimum Switch Off-time 100 Switch Leakage Current Max Units ns 150 ns 10 µA Minimum Bootstrap Voltage ISW = -2.6A 1.8 2.3 V BST Pin Current ISW = -2.6A 60 95 mA Oscillator Switching Frequency Foldback Frequency ROSC = 12.1kΩ 1.04 1.3 1.56 MHz ROSC = 93.1kΩ 240 300 360 kHz ROSC = 12.1kΩ, VFB = 0 110 230 350 ROSC = 93.1kΩ, VFB = 0 50 100 170 0.2 0.3 0.4 V 1.0 1.13 1.3 V kHz Soft Start and Overload Protection SS/EN Shutdown Threshold SS/EN Switching Threshold Soft-start Charging Current VFB = 0 V VSS/EN = 0 V VSS/EN = 1.5 V 1.7 1.2 Soft-start Discharging Current 2.0 2.8 µA 1.5 µA Hiccup Arming SS/EN Voltage VSS/EN Rising 2.15 V Hiccup SS/EN Overload Threshold VSS/EN Falling 1.9 V Hiccup Retry SS/EN Voltage VSS/EN Falling 0.6 1.0 1.2 V Over Temperature Protection Thermal Shutdown Temperature 165 °C Thermal Shutdown Hysteresis 10 °C Note 1: Switch current limit does not vary with duty cycle. SC4524B Pin Descriptions SO-8 Pin Name Pin Function 1 SW Emitter of the internal NPN power transistor. Connect this pin to the inductor, the freewheeling diode and the bootstrap capacitor. 2 IN Power supply to the regulator. It is also the collector of the internal NPN power transistor. It must be closely bypassed to the ground plane. 3 ROSC An external resistor from this pin to ground sets the oscillator frequency. 4 GND Ground pin 5 SS/EN Soft-start and regulator enable pin. A capacitor from this pin to ground provides soft-start and overload hiccup functions. Hiccup can be disabled by overcoming the internal soft-start discharging current with an external pullup resistor connected between the SS/EN and the IN pins. Pulling the SS/EN pin below 0.2V completely shuts off the regulator to low current state. 6 COMP The output of the internal error amplifier. The voltage at this pin controls the peak switch current. A RC compensation network at this pin stabilizes the regulator. 7 FB The inverting input of the error amplifier. If VFB falls below 0.8V, then the switching frequency will be reduced to improve short-circuit robustness (see Applications Information for details). 8 BST Supply pin to the power transistor driver. Tie to an external diode-capacitor bootstrap circuit to generate drive voltage higher than VIN in order to fully enhance the internal NPN power transistor. 9 Exposed Pad The exposed pad serves as a thermal contact to the circuit board. It is to be soldered to the ground plane of the PC board. SC4524B Block Diagram IN SLOPE COMP COMP 6 + 2 S + + ISEN 6.1mW FB + EA + 7 + ILIM - OC 20mV BST V1 8 + PWM - S R FREQUENCY FOLDBACK ROSC Q POWER TRANSISTOR CLK OSCILLATOR 3 1 R R SW OVERLOAD - PWM A1 1.23V + 1 SS/EN 5 1V 1.9V REFERENCE & THERMAL SHUTDOWN FAULT SOFT-START AND OVERLOAD HICCUP CONTROL GND 4 Figure 2. SC4524B Block Diagram 1.9V SS/EN IC 2mA B4 + Q B1 OVERLOAD R 1V/2.15V FAULT S ID 3.5mA B2 _ Q S OC R PWM B3 Figure 3. Soft-start and Overload Hiccup Control Circuit (2) (3) Typical Characteristics SC4524A/B SC4524A/B SS270 REV 6-7 60 55 V O=1.5V 70 65 VO=1.0V 60 55 1MHz, VIN =12V D 2 =20BQ030 (5) 45 50 1.01 VFB (V) V O=1.5V 65 75 Efficiency (%) 70 V IN =12V V O=2.5V 80 V O=2.5V 75 V O=3.3V 85 V O=3.3V 80 1.02 90 V O=5V 85 Feedback Voltage vs Temperature Efficiency Efficiency 90 Efficiency (%) SC4524B (6) 45 1MHz, VIN=5V D2 =20BQ030 50 0 0.5 1 1.5 0.97 0 2 0.5 1 1.5 2 -50 -25 Load Current (A) Load Current (A) SS270 REV 6-7 0.99 0.98 40 40 1.00 0 25 50 75 100 125 o Temperature ( C) SS270 REV 6-7 Frequency Setting Resistor vs Frequency 1.25 V IN =12V Normalized Frequency R OSC=93.1k ROSC (k) 100 10 (8) 1 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 1.1 1.0 R OSC=12.1k 0.9 (9) 2.5 ROSC=93.1k 0.75 0.5 TA =25oC 0.25 R OSC=12.1k -50 -25 0 25 50 75 0.0 100 125 0.2 0.4 Temperature (o C) SS270 REV 6-7 SS270 REV 6-7 1 0 0.8 Frequency (MHz) Switch Saturation Voltage vs Switch Current 300 Foldback Frequency vs VFB Frequency vs Temperature 1.2 Normalized Frequency 1000 0.6 0.8 1.0 VFB (V) SS270 REV 6-7 Switch Current Limit vs Temperature BST Pin Current vs Switch Current 100.0 4.5 V IN =12V -40oC 125oC 150 25oC 100 4.0 BST Pin Current (mA) 200 Current Limit (A) V CESAT (mV) 250 3.5 3.0 2.5 50 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 Switch Current (A) 2.0 2.5 V BST =15V 75.0 50.0 -40oC 125oC 25.0 0.0 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 o Temperature ( C) 100 125 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 Switch Current (A) SC4524B (12) (11) Typical Characteristics (Cont.) SS270 REV 6-7 SS270 REV 6-7 SS270 REV 6-7 VIN Supply Current vs Soft-Start Voltage VIN Thresholds vs Temperature 2.5 Start 2.8 2.7 2.6 (14) 2.5 V SS = 0 125oC 2.0 Current (mA) VIN Threshold (V) 2.9 40 -40oC 1.5 1.0 UVLO (15) -25 0 25 50 75 0 100 125 0.5 Temperature (o C) 1 1.5 0 2 2 4 6 VIN Quiescent Current vs VIN 10 12 14 16 SS270 REV 6-7 Soft-Start Charging Current vs Soft-Start Voltage SS Shutdown Threshold vs Temperature 0.40 2.5 8 VIN (V) V SS (V) SS270 REV 6-7 SS270 REV 6-7 125oC 20 0 0.0 -50 -40oC 30 10 0.5 2.4 VIN Shutdown Current vs VIN 50 Current (uA) 3.0 0.0 125oC -0.5 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.35 Current (uA) -40oC SS Threshold (V) Current (mA) 2.0 0.30 6 8 V IN (V) 10 12 14 -2.0 -3.0 0.20 4 -40oC -1.5 -2.5 0.0 2 125oC 0.25 VCOMP = 0 0 -1.0 16 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 o Temperature ( C) 100 125 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 V SS (V) SC4524B Applications Information Operation The SC4524B is a constant-frequency, peak current-mode, step-down switching regulator with an integrated 16V, 2.6A power NPN transistor. Programmable switching frequency makes the regulator design more flexible. With the peak current-mode control, the double reactive poles of the output LC filter are reduced to a single real pole by the inner current loop. This simplifies loop compensation and achieves fast transient response with a simple Type-2 compensation network. As shown in Figure 2, the switch collector current is sensed with an integrated 6.1mW sense resistor. The sensed current is summed with a slope-compensating ramp before it is compared with the transconductance error amplifier (EA) output. The PWM comparator trip point determines the switch turn-on pulse width. The current-limit comparator ILIM turns off the power switch when the sensed signal exceeds the 20mV current-limit threshold. Driving the base of the power transistor above the input power supply rail minimizes the power transistor saturation voltage and maximizes efficiency. An external bootstrap circuit (formed by the capacitor C1 and the diode D1 in Figure 1) generates such a voltage at the BST pin for driving the power transistor. Shutdown and Soft-Start Table 1: SS/EN operation modes Mode <0.2V SS/EN 0.4V to 1.23V <0.2V 1.23V to 2.1V 0.4V to 1.23V >2.1V Supply Current Shutdown 18uA @ 5Vin Mode Supply Current Not switching 2mA Shutdown& hiccup disabled 18uA @ 5Vin Switching Load dependent Not switching 2mA Switching & hiccup armed 1.23V to 2.1V Switching & hiccup disabled >2.1V Switching & hiccup armed The error amplifier EA in Figure 2 has two non-inverting inputs. The non-inverting input with the lower voltage predominates. One of the non-inverting inputs is biased to a precision 1V reference and the other non-inverting input is tied to the output of the amplifier A1. Amplifier A1 produces an output V1 = 2(VSS/EN -1.23V). V1 is zero and COMP is forced low when VSS/EN is below 1.23V. During start up, the effective non-inverting input of EA stays at zero until the soft-start capacitor is charged above 1.23V. Once VSS/EN exceeds 1.23V, COMP is released. The regulator starts to switch when VCOMP rises above 0.4V. If the soft-start interval is made sufficiently long, then the FB voltage (hence the output voltage) will track V1 during start up. VSS/EN must be at least 1.83V for the output to achieve regulation. Proper soft-start prevents output overshoot. Current drawn from the input supply is also well controlled. Overload / Short-Circuit Protection Table 2 lists various fault conditions and their corresponding protection schemes in the SC4524B. Condition The SS/EN pin is a multiple-function pin. An external capacitor (4.7nF to 22nF) connected from the SS pin to ground sets the soft-start and overload shutoff times of the regulator (Figure 3). The effect of VSS/EN on the SC4524B is summarized in Table 1. SS/EN When the SS/EN pin is released, the soft-start capacitor is charged with an internal 1.6µA current source (not shown in Figure 3). As the SS/EN voltage exceeds 0.4V, the internal bias circuit of the SC4524B turns on and the SC4524B draws 2mA from VIN. The 1.6µA charging current turns off and the 2µA current source IC in Figure 3 slowly charges the soft-start capacitor. Load dependent Pulling the SS/EN pin below 0.2V shuts off the regulator and reduces the input supply current to 18µA (VIN = 5V). Fault Protective Action Table 2: Fault conditions and protections Cycle-by-cycle limit at IL>ILimit, VFB>0.8V Condition Over current Fault IL>ILimit,IL>ILimit, VFB>0.8V Over current VFB<0.8V Over current Protective Action frequency programmed Cycle-by-cycle limit at limit with Cycle-by-cycle programmed frequency frequency foldback Cycle-by-cycle limit with VSS/EN Falling Persistent over current Shutdown, then retry IL>ILimit, VFB<0.8V Over current SS/EN<1.9V or short circuit frequency foldback (Hiccup) VSS/EN Falling Persistent over current Shutdown, then retry Tj>160C Over temperature Shutdown SS/EN<1.9V or short circuit (Hiccup) Tj>160C Over temperature Shutdown As summarized in Table 1, overload shutdown is disabled during soft-start (VSS/EN<2.1V). In Figure 3, the reset input of the overload latch B2 will remain high if the SS/EN voltage is below 2.1V. Once the soft-start capacitor is charged above 2.1V, the output of the Schmitt trigger B1 goes high, the reset input of B2 goes low and hiccup becomes armed. SC4524B AC = Applications Information (Cont.) As the load draws more current from the regulator, the current-limit comparator ILIM (Figure 2) will eventually limit the switch current on a cycle-by-cycle basis. The over-current signal OC goes high, setting the latch B3. The soft-start capacitor is discharged with (ID - IC) (Figure 3). If the inductor current falls below the current limit and the PWM comparator instead turns off the switch, then latch B3 will be reset and IC will recharge the soft-start capacitor. If over-current condition persists or OC becomes asserted more often than PWM over a period of time, then the soft-start capacitor will be discharged below 1.9V. At this juncture, comparator B4 sets the overload latch B2. The soft-start capacitor will be continuously discharged with (ID - IC). The COMP pin is immediately pulled to ground. The switching regulator is shut off until the soft-start capacitor is discharged below 1.0V. At this moment, the overload latch is reset. The soft-start capacitor is recharged and the converter again undergoes soft-start. The regulator will go through soft-start, overload shutdown and restart until it is no longer overloaded. Fig.4 If the FB voltage falls below 0.8V because of output overload, then the switching frequency will be reduced. Frequency foldback helps to limit the inductor current when the output is hard shorted to ground. V R4 = R6 O − 1 down switching in continuous-conduction 1.0 Vregulator mode (CCM) is given by VO + VD D= VIN + VD − VCESAT Closed-loop measurement shows that the SC4524B is about 135ns 1 minimum at room temperature DVO on = Dtime IL ⋅ ESR + 8switch ⋅ FSW ⋅ Con (Figure 4). If the required O time is shorter than the minimum on time, the regulator will either skip cycles or it will jitter. (1) VO + VD Frequency SettingDthe = Switching VIN + VD − VCESAT The switching frequency of the SC4524B is set with an external resistor from the ROSC pin to ground. ( VO + VD ) ⋅ (1 − D) DIL =On Time Minimum FSWConsideration ⋅ L1 The operating duty cycle of a non-synchronous step( V + VD ) ⋅ (1 − D) L1 = O 20% ⋅ IO ⋅ FSW R7 = C5 = C8 = Vo = Vc GPWM R7 = SS270 REV 6-7 C IN > IO Minimum 4⋅D VIN ⋅ FSWOn Time vs Temperature C5 = 200 190 V O =1.5V 1MHz 180 C8 = TON(MIN) (ns) 170 Setting the Output Voltage V R4 = R6 O − 1 1.0 V (2) where VCESAT is the switch saturation voltage and VD is voltage drop across the rectifying diode. ( V + VD ) ⋅ (1 − D) DIL = O FSW ⋅ L 1 control, the PWM modulating In peak current-mode ramp is the sensed current ramp of the power switch. This current( Vramp + VD is ) ⋅ (absent 1 − D) unless the switch is turned L = O on. The1intersection of this ramp with the output of the 20% ⋅ IO ⋅ FSW voltage feedback error amplifier determines the switch pulse width. The propagation delay time required to immediately the IRMS _ CINturn = IO off ⋅ D ⋅ (1switch − D) after it is turned on is the minimum controllable switch on time (TON(MIN)). During normal operation, the soft-start capacitor is charged to 2.4V. The regulator output voltage is set with an external resistive divider (Figure 1) with its center tap tied to the FB pin. For a given R6 value, R4 can be found by AC = 160 150 140 130 120 1 V 1 A C = − 20 ⋅ log ⋅ ⋅ FB 110 G CA R S 2πFC C O VO 100 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 1 Temperature (OC) 1 1.0 A C = − 20 ⋅ log ⋅ ⋅ = 15 −3 3 −6 3 .3 2π ⋅ 80 ⋅ 10 ⋅ 22 ⋅ 10 28 ⋅ 6.1 ⋅ 10 Figure 4. Variation of Minimum On Time with Ambient Temperature 15.9 10 20 R7 = = 22.3k −3 0.28for ⋅ 10 To allow transient headroom, the minimum operating switch on time should be at least 20% to 30% higher than 1 C5 = = 0.45nF 3 the worst-case minimum on3time. 2π ⋅ 16 ⋅ 10 ⋅ 22.1 ⋅ 10 C8 = 1 = 12pF 2 π⋅ 600 ⋅ 10 3 ⋅ 22.1 ⋅ 10 3 10 L1 = O D 20% ⋅ IO ⋅ FSW SC4524B IRMS _ CIN = IO ⋅ D ⋅ (1 − D) Applications Information (Cont.) Minimum Off Time Limitation The PWM latch in Figure 2 is reset every cycle by the clock. The clock also turns off the power transistor to refresh the bootstrap capacitor. This minimum off time limits the attainable duty cycle of the regulator at a given switching frequency. The measured minimum off time is 100ns typically. If the required duty cycle is higher than the attainable maximum, then the output voltage will not VOits set value in continuous-conduction be able R4 to = Rreach −1 6 1.0 V mode. Inductor Selection VO + VD D= VIN + VD − VCESAT The inductor ripple current for a non-synchronous stepdown converter in continuous-conduction mode is (V V + V ) ⋅ (1 − D) RD4IL==R6 O O D − 1 FSW V ⋅ L 1 1.0 (3) where FSW is the switching frequency and L1 is the ( V V+ V+ )V⋅ (1 − D) inductance. LD1== O O D D FSW VIN 20 + V%D ⋅−IOV⋅CESAT An inductor ripple current between 20% to 50% of the maximum load current gives a good compromise among IRMS _ cost ⋅ )D ⋅ (1 Re-arranging − D) CIN OV efficiency, and size. Equation (3) and ( VO= I+ D ⋅ (1 − D) D I = L 35% inductor ripple current, the inductor is assuming FSW ⋅ L 1 given by ( V + V D ) ⋅ (1 − D) 1 LD1VO= = DOIL ⋅ ESR + (4) 35V% ⋅ IO ⋅ FSW8 ⋅ FSW ⋅ C O O R4 = R6 −1 If the input voltage 1.0 V varies over a wide range, then choose L1 based on the nominal input voltage. Always verify IRMS _ CIN = IO ⋅ D ⋅ (1 − D) converter operation VO I+ VDat the input voltage extremes. O D => C IN V + V − V IN 4 ⋅ DVDIN ⋅ FCESAT The peak current limitSWof SC4524B power transistor is at least 2.6A. The maximum deliverable load current for the 1 D V = D I ⋅ ESR + O L SC4524B is 2.6A minus one half of the inductor ripple 8 ⋅ F ⋅ C SW O ( V + VD ) ⋅ (1 − D) current. DIL = O FSW ⋅ L 1 Input Decoupling Capacitor ( V + V ) ⋅ (1 − D) LC1 => O IOD IN capacitor The input 420 ⋅ D% VIN⋅ IO⋅should F⋅ FSWSW be chosen to handle the RMS ripple current of a buck converter. This value is given by IRMS _ CIN = IO ⋅ D ⋅ (1 − D) DV = DI ⋅ ESR + 1 (5) 1 DVOcapacitance = DIL ⋅ ESRmust + The input also be high enough to keep 8 ⋅ FSW ⋅ C O input ripple voltage within specification. This is important in reducing the conductive EMI from the regulator. The input capacitance can be estimated from Vo = Vc GPWM R7 = AC = V IO (6) C5 = RC4IN=>R6 O − 1 4⋅1D.V 0INV ⋅ FSW AC = 1inputVripple DV is the 1 allowable Awhere ⋅ ⋅ FB voltage. C = − 20 ⋅INlog C8 = GOCA+RVSD 2πFC C O VO V D= Multi-layerVceramic capacitors, which have very low ESR IN + VD − VCESAT 1 handle high RMS1 ripple current, 1.0 (a few mW) and can easily A C = − 20 ⋅ log ⋅ ⋅ = R=715 −3 3 −6 are the ideal choice 3.3 28 ⋅ 6.1for ⋅ 10input2πfiltering. ⋅ 80 ⋅ 10 A ⋅ single 22 ⋅ 10 4.7µF X5R ceramic( Vcapacitor is adequate for 500kHz or higher O + VD ) ⋅ (1 − D) DIL =frequency switching applications, and 10µF is adequate C 5 = 15.9 FSW ⋅ L 1 for 200kHz 500kHz switching For high 10 20 to = V frequency. 122.3k 1 R7 = Avoltage −.28 20applications, ⋅⋅ 10 log−3 ⋅ FB (1µF or 2.2µF) can be a⋅ small ceramic C =0 C8 = R 2πDF)C C O VO ( VO G +CA Vwith D )S⋅ (1a−low placedLin parallel ESR electrolytic capacitor to = 1 1 203ESR % ⋅ IOand ⋅ FSWbulk Csatisfy = 0.45nF 5 = both the 3 capacitance requirements. 2π ⋅ 16 ⋅ 10 ⋅ 22 . 1 ⋅ 10 1 1 1.0 A C = − 20 ⋅ log ⋅ ⋅ = 15 −3 3 −6 3.3 Vo 28 ⋅ 6 . 1 ⋅ 10 2 π ⋅ 80 ⋅ 10 ⋅ 22 ⋅ 10 1 Output Capacitor = C8 = I = IO3 ⋅⋅ 22 D.⋅1(1⋅ 10 − D3) = 12pF Vc _ CIN⋅ 10 2 πRMS ⋅ 600 The output15.9ripple voltage DVO of a buck converter can be 10 20as Rexpressed = 22.3k 7 = − 3 (1 + sR GPWM Vo 0.28 ⋅ 10 ESR C O ) GPWM = 21 2 D V = D I ⋅ ESR + V ( 1 + s / ω ) ( 1 + s / ω Q + s / ω ) (7) O c p L1 n n 8 ⋅3FSW C5 = = 0⋅.C 45 O nF 3 2π ⋅ 16 ⋅ 10 ⋅ 22.1 ⋅ 10 where CO is the output capacitance. R7 = R 1V 1 1 G ≈ 20 ⋅ log, 31 ⋅ ωp1≈ 3 =⋅ 12 ,FBpF ωZ = , C =− 8 APWM = C ⋅R RC O V DI increases R ESRasC OD ⋅CA 600 ⋅ 22.2 1π⋅ F10Ccurrent S⋅10 Since2 πG the inductor C O O L G CAIOR S ripple C IN >(Equation (3)), the output ripple voltage is C 5 = decreases AC 4 ⋅ DVIN ⋅ FSW therefore 10 20 the highest 1when VIN is at its maximum. 1 1.0 RAV7oC = − 20 ⋅ log GPWM ⋅ (1 + sRESR C−O3) ⋅ = 15 3 −6 = gm 3 .3 28 ⋅ 6.1 ⋅ 10 2 2π ⋅280 ⋅ 10 ⋅ 22 ⋅ 10 VAc 10µF (1 +to s /47µF ωp)(1X5R + s ceramic / ωn Q + scapacitor / ωn ) is found adequate C 8 = 1 output filtering in most applications. Ripple current Cfor 5 = 15 2 πFoutput R.97 capacitor is not a concern because the Z1 20 in the 10 R 1 1 Rinductor = of 22a.3kbuck G ωp ≈ converter , ωZ =feeds C ,, 7 = ≈ −,3 current directly PWM 1 0 . 28 ⋅ 10 GCA ⋅ RS RC O R ESRC OO Cresulting 8 = in very low ripple current. Avoid using Z5U 2 πFP1 R7 1 Cand = = 0 . 45 nF Y5V ceramic capacitors for output filtering because A C 5 3 3 20 2π ⋅ 16 ⋅of 10capacitors ⋅ 22.1 ⋅ 10 10 types have high temperature and high Rthese = 7 g m coefficients. voltage 1 C8 = = 12pF 2 π⋅ 600 ⋅ 10 3 ⋅ 22.1 ⋅ 10 3 1 Diode CFreewheeling 5 = 2 πFZ1 R7 G (1 + sR diodes C O ) as freewheeling rectifiers VUse of Schottky o 1 PWM barrierESR == CVreduces recovery current spikes, 8 (21π+Fsdiode / ωp )(1reverse + s / ωn Q + s 2 / ωn2input ) c P1 R 7 easing high-side current sensing in the SC4524B. These GPWM ≈ R , GCA ⋅ RS ωp ≈ 1 , RC O ωZ = 1 11 , R ESRC O SC4524B Fig.5 Applications Information (Cont.) SS270 REV 6-7 The freewheeling diode should be placed close to the SW pin of the SC4524B to minimize ringing due to trace inductance. 10BQ015, 20BQ030 (International Rectifier), B220A (Diodes Inc.), SS13, SS22 (Vishay), CMSH1-20M, CMSH1-20ML and CMSH2-20M (Central-Semi.) are all suitable. Minimum Bootstrap Voltage vs Temperature 2.2 2.1 Voltage (V) diodes should have an average forward current rating at least 2A and a reverse blocking voltage of at least a few volts higher than the input voltage. For switching regulators operating at low duty cycles (i.e. low output voltage to input voltage conversion ratios), it is beneficial to use freewheeling diodes with somewhat higher average current ratings (thus lower forward voltages). This is because the diode conduction interval is much longer than that of the transistor. Converter efficiency will be improved if the voltage drop across the diode is lower. 2.0 1.9 1.8 ISW = -2.6A 1.7 1.6 -50 -25 25 100 125 Figure 5. Typical Minimum Bootstrap Voltage required to Saturate Transistor (ISW= -2.6A). D1 BST C1 VOUT SW IN SC4524B The minimum BST-SW voltage required to fully saturate the power transistor is shown in Figure 5, which is about 1.96V at room temperature. VIN D 2 GND (a) D1 D1 BST VIN C1 VOUT SW IN SC4524B D 2 GND (a) For the bootstrap circuit, a fast switching PN diode (such as 1N4148 or 1N914) and a small (0.1µF – 0.47µF) ceramic capacitor is sufficient for most applications. When bootstrapping from 2.5V to 3.0V output voltages, use a low forward drop Schottky diode (BAT-54 or similar) for D1. 75 Temperature ( C) VIN The BST-SW voltage is supplied by a bootstrap circuit powered from either the input or the output of the BST converter (Figure 6). To maximize efficiency,C1 tie the bootstrap diode toVINthe converter output if VO>2.5V. VOUT SW IN Since the bootstrap supply current is proportional to the SC4524B D to power converter load current, using a lower voltage 2 GND the bootstrap circuit reduces driving loss and improves efficiency. 50 o The freewheeling diode should be placed close to the SW pin of the SC4524B on the PCB to minimize ringing due to trace inductance. Bootstrapping the Power Transistor 0 (b) Figure 6. Methods of Bootstrapping the SC4524B Loop Compensation The goal of compensation is to shape the frequency response of the converter so as to achieve high DC accuracy and fast transient response while maintaining loop stability. 12 Applications Information (Cont.) CONTROLLER AND SCHOTTKY DIODE CA REF Including the voltage divider (R4 and R6), the control to feedback transfer function is found and plotted in Figure 8 as the converter gain. Io + EA FB Rs - Vc PWM MODULATOR SW Vramp L1 Vo COMP Co C5 C8 R7 Resr R4 R6 Figure 7. Block diagram of control loops VFB 1 1 1 1 FB AC = =diagram − 20 20 ⋅⋅ log log ⋅shows ⋅V The block in Figure 7 the control loops of a A − ⋅ ⋅ C G G CA R RS 2 2π πFFC C CO V VO CA S C O O buck converter with the SC4524B. The innerloop (current loop) consists of a current sensing resistor (Rs=6.1mW) 1 gain (G =28). The 1 outer 1 1 amplifier AC = =− − 20 20 log (CA) with ⋅ CA VFB and a current A ⋅⋅ log ⋅ − 3 −6 C 28 ⋅⋅ 6 6..1 1of⋅⋅ 10 10 2π π amplifier 80 ⋅⋅ 10 10 33 (EA), 22 ⋅⋅ 10 loop (voltage loop) consists ⋅ 2 ⋅⋅ 80 ⋅⋅ 22 28 an− 3error a10 −6 VO PWM modulator, and a LC filter. 15.9 15 20.9 20 1 1.0 internally closed, the remaining 10 loop 10 ⋅ 1Since3 the ⋅ −3is= 15 R71= =current 22.9 3dB k V R − 6 FB 7 ⋅ 10 3.3−3 = 22.3k is to design the voltage 2π⋅ 80task ⋅ 10⋅for ⋅ 22 0loop 28 10 ⋅ log ⋅ ⋅⋅ 10 the0 compensation ..28 R S 2πFC C O VO G CAcompensator 1 C8). (C5, R7, and 1 C5 = = =0 0..45 45nF nF C = 3 5 2π π ⋅⋅ 16 16 ⋅⋅ 10 10 3 ⋅⋅ 22 22..1 1 ⋅⋅ 10 10 33 2 1 1 1.0 F , output with switching frequency ⋅ log For a converter ⋅ ⋅ = 15 SW.9dB −3 3 −6 1 .12 3 pF ⋅ 6.1 ⋅ 10 2, πoutput ⋅ 80 ⋅ 10 1 ⋅ 22 ⋅ 10 C =3 28inductance L capacitance and loading R, the C = C 88 = 1 3 3O = 12pF 3 3 2 π ⋅ 600 ⋅ 10 ⋅ 22 . 1 ⋅ 10 2 π ⋅ 600 ⋅ 10 ⋅ 22 . 1 ⋅ 10 control (VC) to output (VO) transfer function in Figure 7 is = 0.45nF given by: 15.9 0 20 = 22.3kV GPWM ((1 1+ + ssR RESR C C O )) −3 G Voo = ⋅ 10 PWM ESR O (8) = 12 pF = 3 Vc ((1 1+ + ss // ω ωp ))((1 1+ + ss // ω ωn Q Q+ + ss22 // ω ωn22 )) V 1 c p n n = 0.45nF 16 ⋅ 10 3 ⋅This 22.1transfer ⋅ 10 3 function has a finite DC gain R 1 GPWM ≈ ≈= 12RpF ,, G PWM 2 2 3 GCA ⋅⋅ R RS /ω 600 ⋅ 10 ⋅ 22.1 ⋅ 10 3 G CA S n) 1 ωp ≈ ≈ 1 ,, ω p RC CO R O AC an ESR zero FZ at AC 20 10 20 10 R7C= =) 1 1GPWM (1 + sRESR R , ω7Z =O g m , R/CωOp )(1 + s / ωn Q + sR2gESR /mωCn2O) 1 1 C5 = = low-frequency C a dominant pole FP at 5 2π πFFZ1 R R7 2 Z1 7 R 1 1 , ωp ≈ ωZ = , 1, 1 C = ⋅ R R C R C 88 = 2 πOF R A S ESRC O 2 πFPP11 R77 and double poles at half the switching frequency. V R4 = R6 O − 1 1.0 V Since the converter gain has only one dominant pole at low frequency, a simple Type-2 compensation network is sufficient for voltage loop compensation. As shown in Figure 8, the voltage compensator has a low frequency integrator pole, a zero at FZ1, and a high frequency pole at FP1. The integrator is used to boost the gain at low frequency. The zero is introduced to compensate the excessive phase lag at the loop gain crossover due to the integrator pole (-90deg) and the dominant pole (-90deg). The high frequency pole nulls the ESR zero and attenuates high frequency noise. 1..0 060 1 = 15 15..9 9dB dB ⋅⋅ 3.3 = 3.3 30 GAIN (dB) O SC4524B Fz1 Fp 0 Fp1 Fc CO NV ER TER GA IN CO MP EN SA TO RG AIN LO OP GA IN -30 -60 1K 10K Fz Fsw/2 100K FREQUENCY (Hz) 1M 10M Figure 8. Bode plots for voltage loop design Therefore, the procedure of the voltage loop design for 1 the SC4524B can be summarized as: ωZ = = 1 ,, ω Z R ESRC CO R ESR (1) O Plot the converter gain, i.e. control to feedback transfer function. (2) Select the open loop crossover frequency, FC, between 10% and 20% of the switching frequency. At FC, find the required compensator gain, AC. In typical applications with ceramic output capacitors, the ESR zero is neglected and the required compensator gain at FC can be estimated by 1 V 1 A C = − 20 ⋅ log ⋅ ⋅ FB G CA R S 2πFC C O VO (9) 1 1 1.0 13 A C = − 20 ⋅ log ⋅ ⋅ −3 3 −6 3. 2π ⋅ 80 ⋅ 10 ⋅ 22 ⋅ 10 28 ⋅ 6.1 ⋅ 10 C5 = C8 = 1 3 2π ⋅ 16 ⋅ 10 ⋅ 22.1 ⋅ 10 3 = 0.45nF SC4524B 1 = 12pF 2 π⋅ 600 ⋅ 10 3 ⋅ 22.1 ⋅ 10 3 Applications Information (Cont.) GPWM (1 + sRESR C O ) Vo capacitor, the main power switch and the freewheeling (3) Place =the compensator zero, FZ1,2between 10% and Vc (1 + s / ωp )(1 + s / ωn Q + s / ωn2 ) diode carry pulse current (Figure 9). For jitter-free 20% of the crossover frequency, FC. operation, the size of the loop formed by these components (4) Use the compensator pole, FP1, to cancel the ESR zero, FZ. R 1 1 should be minimized. Since the power switch is already GPWM ≈ , ωp ≈ , ωZ = , (5) Then, the parameters of the compensation networkR Cintegrated within the SC4524B, connecting the anode of GCA ⋅ RS RC O ESR O the freewheeling diode close to the negative terminal of can be calculated by AC the input bypass capacitor minimizes size of the switched 10 20 current loop. The input bypass capacitor should be placed R7 = gm close to the IN pin. Shortening the traces of the SW and BST nodes reduces the parasitic trace inductance at these 1 C5 = nodes. This not only reduces EMI but also decreases 2 πFZ1 R7 switching voltage spikes at these nodes. 1 C8 = 2 πFP1 R7 The exposed pad should be soldered to a large ground plane as the ground copper acts as a heat sink for the where gm=0.28mA/V is the EA gain of the SC4524B. device. To ensure proper adhesion to the ground plane, avoid using vias directly under the device. Example: Determine the voltage compensator for an 800kHz, 12V to 3.3V/2A converter with 22uF ceramic output capacitor. V IN Choose a loop gain crossover frequency of 80kHz, and place voltage compensator 1 zero 1and pole VFB at FZ1=16kHz A = − 20 ⋅ log ⋅ ⋅ C (20% of FC), and F 1=600kHz. (9), the V From Equation 1 G CA R A C = − 20 ⋅ log ⋅ P1 ⋅ SFB 2πFC C O VO C O Vat required compensator O F is G CA R S 2πFCgain C VOUT 1 1 1 1.0 1 A C = −A 20 ⋅ log 20 ⋅ log − 3 ⋅ ⋅ = 315.9dB 3− 3 ⋅ −6 C = − 2 π ⋅ 80 ⋅ 10 ⋅ 22 ⋅ 10 28 ⋅ 6.1 ⋅ 10 2π ⋅ 803.⋅310 ⋅ 22 ⋅ 10 −6 28 ⋅ 6.1 ⋅ 10 ⋅ 1.0 = 15.9dB 3 .3 ZL Then the compensator parameters are 15.9 10 20 = 2215.3.9k 0.28 ⋅ 10 −3 10 20 R7 = 1 = 22.3k 0.28 ⋅ 10 −3 3 = 0.45nF C5 = 3 2π ⋅ 16 ⋅ 10 ⋅ 22.1 ⋅ 10 R7 = C8 = 1 1 = 0.45nF 33 = 12pF 3 3 2 π ⋅ 16 ⋅ 10 2 π⋅ 600 ⋅ 10 ⋅ 22.1 ⋅ 10 ⋅ 22.1 ⋅ 10 C5 = 1 C 8 =G (1 + sR C )3 Vo PWM O 2 π⋅ 600ESR⋅ 10 ⋅ 22.1 ⋅ 10 3 = Vc (1 + s / ωp )(1 + s / ωn Q + s 2 / ωn2 ) Figure 9. Heavy lines indicate the critical pulse current loop. The inductance of this loop should be minimized. = 12pF Select R7=22.1k, C5=0.47nF, and C8=10pF for the design. 1 1 GPWM ωp ≈(1 + ,sRESR C Oω)Z = , R C R parameters for various typical ESR 2C O applications Vc (1 + s / ωp )(1 + Os / ωn Q + s 2 / ω ) n are listed in Table 4. A MathCAD program is also available 10 upon R7 = request for detailed calculation of the compensator gm parameters. R 1 1 GPWM , ωp ≈ , ωZ = , 1 ≈ C5 = RC O R ESRC O 2 πFZ1 R7 GCA ⋅ RS PCB Layout Considerations R GPWM ≈ Vo = , G Compensator CA ⋅ RS AC 20 C8 = Cu Vin 1 AC 2 πFP1 R710 20 In a step-down switching regulator, the input bypass R7 = gm 1 C5 = 2 πF R + 14 SC4524B Recommended Component Parameters in Typical Applications Table 4 lists the recommended inductance (L1) and compensation network (R7, C5, C8) for common input and output voltages. The inductance is determined by assuming that the ripple current is 35% of load current IO. The compensator parameters are calculated by assuming a 22mF low ESR ceramic output capacitor and a loop gain crossover frequency of FSW/10. Table 4. Recommended inductance (L1) and compensator (R7, C5, C8) Vin(V) 3.3 5 12 Typical Applications Vo(V) Io(A) Fsw(kHz) 500 1 1000 1.5 500 2 1000 500 1 1000 2.5 500 2 1000 500 1 1000 1.5 500 2 1000 500 1 1000 2.5 500 2 1000 500 1 1000 3.3 500 2 1000 1 500 1.5 2 500 500 1 1000 2.5 500 2 1000 500 1 1000 3.3 500 2 1000 500 1 1000 5 500 2 1000 500 1 1000 7.5 500 2 1000 500 1 1000 10 500 2 1000 C2(uF) 22 Recommended Parameters L1(uH) R7(k) C5(nF) C8(pF) 6.8 6.65 2.2 3.3 12.4 0.68 3.3 6.65 2.2 1.5 12.4 0.68 4.7 22.1 0.68 2.2 35.7 0.47 2.2 18.2 0.68 1.5 35.7 0.47 6.8 6.65 2.2 3.3 12.7 0.68 3.3 6.65 2.2 2.2 12.7 0.68 8.2 11.3 1.5 4.7 23.7 0.47 4.7 11.3 1 2.2 20 0.47 6.8 15 0.82 3.3 26.7 0.47 3.3 15 0.82 2.2 29.4 0.47 8.2 7.15 2.2 10 4.7 7.15 2.2 15 11.3 1 6.8 20 0.68 6.8 11.3 1 3.3 20 0.47 15 15 0.82 8.2 30.9 0.47 8.2 15 0.82 4.7 30.9 0.47 15 23.7 0.68 10 41.2 0.47 8.2 23.7 0.68 4.7 45.3 0.47 15 35.7 0.68 8.2 63.4 0.47 8.2 35.7 0.68 4.7 63.4 0.47 10 42.2 0.68 4.7 84.5 0.47 4.7 42.2 0.68 2.2 84.5 0.47 15 SC4524B Typical Application Schematics V IN D1 5V C4 4.7mF 1N4148 C1 0.1mF L1 BST IN SW 2.2mH SC4524B SS/EN OUT R4 33.2k 3.3V/2A FB COMP C7 10nF ROSC R7 29.4k C8 10pF GND D2 20BQ030 R5 18.2k R6 14.3k C2 22mF C5 0.47nF L1: Coiltronics LD1-2R2 C2: Murata GRM31CR60J226K C4: Murata GRM31CR60J475K Figure 10. 1MHz 5V to 3.3V/2A Step-down Converter V IN D1 10V – 16V 1N4148 C4 4.7mF C1 0.33mF L1 BST IN SW 4.7mH SC4524B SS/EN OUT EVB #a R4 33.2k 1.5V/2A FB COMP C7 10nF C8 10pF ROSC R7 7.15k GND R5 47.3k D2 20BQ030 R6 66.5k C2 22mF C5 2.2nF L1: Coiltronics DR73-4R7 C2: Murata GRM31CR60J226K C4: Murata GRM31CR60J475K Figure 11. 500kHz 10V-16V to 1.5V/2A Step-down Converter EVB #b 16 SC4524B SS Typical Performance Characteristics (For A 12V to 5V/2A Step-down Converter with 1MHz Switching Frequency) SS270 REV 6-7 Load Characteristic 6 Output Voltage (V) 5 12V Input (5V/DIV) 4 3 5V Output (2V/DIV) 2 1 SS Voltage (1V/DIV) 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 10ms/DIV Load Current (A) OCP Figure 12(a). Load Characteristic Figure 12(b). VIN Start up Transient (IO=2A) 5V Output Short (5V/DIV) 5V Output Response (500mV/DIV, AC Coupling) Inductor Current (1A/DIV) Retry Inductor Current (2A/DIV) SS Voltage (2V/DIV) 40us/DIV Figure 12(c). Load Transient Response (IO= 0.3A to 2A) 20ms/DIV Figure 12(d). Output Short Circuit (Hiccup) 17 SC4524B SO-8 EDP2 Outline Outline Drawing - SOIC-8 EDP A D e N DIM A A1 A2 b c D E1 E e F H h L L1 N 01 aaa bbb ccc 2X E/2 E1 E 1 2 ccc C 2X N/2 TIPS e/2 B D aaa C SEATING PLANE A2 A C bxN bbb A1 DIMENSIONS INCHES MILLIMETERS MIN NOM MAX MIN NOM MAX .053 .069 .000 .005 .049 .065 .012 .020 .007 .010 .189 .193 .197 .150 .154 .157 .236 BSC .050 BSC .116 .120 .130 .085 .095 .099 .010 .020 .016 .028 .041 (.041) 8 0° 8° .004 .010 .008 C A-B D 1.35 1.75 0.00 0.13 1.25 1.65 0.31 0.51 0.17 0.25 4.80 4.90 5.00 3.80 3.90 4.00 6.00 BSC 1.27 BSC 2.95 3.05 3.30 2.15 2.41 2.51 0.25 0.50 0.40 0.72 1.04 (1.05) 8 0° 8° 0.10 0.25 0.20 h F EXPOSED PAD h H H c GAGE PLANE 0.25 L (L1) SEE DETAIL SIDE VIEW A DETAIL 01 A NOTES: 1. CONTROLLING DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS (ANGLES IN DEGREES). 2. DATUMS -A- AND -B- TO BE DETERMINED AT DATUM PLANE -H3. DIMENSIONS "E1" AND "D" DO NOT INCLUDE MOLD FLASH, PROTRUSIONS OR GATE BURRS. 4. REFERENCE JEDEC STD MS-012, VARIATION BA. Land Pattern - SOIC-8 EDP SO-8 EDP2 Landing Pattern E SOLDER MASK D DIM (C) F G Z Y THERMAL VIA Ø 0.36mm P X C D E F G P X Y Z DIMENSIONS INCHES MILLIMETERS (.205) .134 .201 .101 .118 .050 .024 .087 .291 (5.20) 3.40 5.10 2.56 3.00 1.27 0.60 2.20 7.40 NOTES: 1. THIS LAND PATTERN IS FOR REFERENCE PURPOSES ONLY. CONSULT YOUR MANUFACTURING GROUP TO ENSURE YOUR COMPANY'S MANUFACTURING GUIDELINES ARE MET. 2. REFERENCE IPC-SM-782A, RLP NO. 300A. 3. THERMAL VIAS IN THE LAND PATTERN OF THE EXPOSED PAD SHALL BE CONNECTED TO A SYSTEM GROUND PLANE. FAILURE TO DO SO MAY COMPROMISE THE THERMAL AND/OR FUNCTIONAL PERFORMANCE OF THE DEVICE. Contact Information Semtech Corporation Power Mangement Products Division 200 Flynn Road, Camarillo, CA 93012 Phone: (805) 498-2111 Fax: (805) 498-3804 18