VTM® Current Multiplier VTM48MP010x107AA1 S ® US C C NRTL US Sine Amplitude Converter™ (SAC™) Features Product Ratings • 45.6 Vdc to 0.95 Vdc 107 A current multiplier n Operating from standard 48 V or 24 V PRM® regulators n Up to 60 Volts DC input n K of 1/48 provides up to 107 A DC output current • High efficiency (>94%) reduces system power consumption • High density (1119 A/in3) • Vicor’s 1323 ChiP package enables low impedance interconnect to system board • Provides enable / disable control, internal temperature monitoring, internal current monitoring • ZVS / ZCS resonant Sine Amplitude Converter topology • Parallel up to 10 modules Typical Applications • Computing and Telecom Systems n Optimized for the Intel VR12.0 Processor Specification • Automated Test Equipment VIN = 0 to 60 V IOUT = 107 A (nom) VOUT = 0 to 1.25 V (no load) K = 1/48 Product Description The Vicor’s 1323 ChiP VTM current multiplier is a high efficiency (>94%) Sine Amplitude Converter™ (SAC™) operating from a 0 to 60 Vdc primary bus to deliver a 0 to 1.25 Vdc low voltage output. The Sine Amplitude Converter offers a low AC impedance beyond the bandwidth of most downstream regulators; therefore capacitance normally at the load can be located at the input to the Sine Amplitude Converter. Since the K factor of the VTM48MP010x107AA1 is 1/48, the capacitance value can be reduced by a factor of 2304, resulting in savings of board area, materials and total system cost. The VTM48MP010x107AA1 is provided in Vicor’s 1323 ChiP package compatible with standard pick-and-place assembly processes. The co-molded ChiP package provides enhanced thermal management due to a large thermal interface area and superior thermal conductivity. The high conversion efficiency of the VTM48MP010x107AA1 increases overall system efficiency and lowers operating costs compared to conventional approaches. The VTM48MP010x107AA1 enables the utilization of Factorized Power Architecture™ which provides efficiency and size benefits by lowering conversion and distribution losses and promoting high density point of load conversion. • High Density Power Supplies • Communications Systems VTM® Current Multiplier Rev 1.4 vicorpower.com Page 1 of 24 08/2015 800 927.9474 VTM48MP010x107AA1 Typical Application LEXT VIN 38 V – 60 V 5V +IN +OUT +IN VCC +OUT PI3751 -IN ENABLE VOUT VTM -OUT FLT EAO VDIFF -IN Application -OUT TM 10K ENABLE IMON SYSTEM ENABLE VR12.5 EA Controller Typical Application: Diagram for use within a Factorized Power, VR12.0 Design Part Ordering Information Device Input Voltage Range Package Type Output Voltage Temperature Grade Output Current Revision Version VTM 48M P 010 x 107 A A1 VTM = VTM 48M = 0 to 60 V P = Through hole, 18 pin 010 = 1 V T = -40 to 125°C 107 = 107 A A A1 All products shipped in JEDEC standard high profile (0.400” thick) trays (JEDEC Publication 95, Design Guide 4.10). Standard Models Part Number VIN Package Type VOUT Temperature Current Version VTM48MP010T107AA1 0 to 60 V Through hole, 18 pin 1V (0 to 1.25 V) -40 to 125°C 107 A A1 VTM® Current Multiplier Rev 1.4 vicorpower.com Page 2 of 24 08/2015 800 927.9474 VTM48MP010x107AA1 Pin Configuration TOP VIEW 1 2 +OUT A A +OUT -OUT B B -OUT +OUT C C +OUT -OUT D D -OUT +OUT E E +OUT -OUT F F EN G G TM VCC H H CM +IN I I -OUT -IN 1323 device Pin Numbering and Descriptions Pin Number Signal Name Type A1, A2 C1, C2 E1, E2 +OUT OUTPUT POWER Positive output terminal B1, B2 D1, D2 F1, F2 -OUT OUTPUT POWER RETURN Negative output terminal G1 EN INPUT To disable VTM in system G2 TM OUTPUT H1 VCC INPUT H2 CM OUTPUT Current monitor I1 +IN INPUT POWER Positive input terminal I2 -IN INPUT POWER RETURN Negative input terminal Function Temperature monitor and Power Good Flag Power train controller supply VTM® Current Multiplier Rev 1.4 vicorpower.com Page 3 of 24 08/2015 800 927.9474 VTM48MP010x107AA1 Absolute Maximum Ratings The absolute maximum ratings below are stress ratings only. Operation at or beyond these maximum ratings can cause permanent damage to the device. Min Max Unit +IN to –IN Parameter -1.0 75 VDC EN to - IN -0.3 5.5 VDC TM to -IN -0.3 5.5 VDC VCC to - IN -0.3 5.5 VDC CM to - IN 0 5.5 VDC N/A VDC 0.2 VDC -1.0 4 VDC + IN / - IN to + OUT / - OUT (hipot) Comments Non-isolated VTM + IN / - IN to + OUT / - OUT (working) + OUT to - OUT Internal Operating Temperature T Grade -40 125 °C Storage Temperature T Grade -40 125 °C Electrical Specifications Specifications apply over all line and load conditions unless otherwise noted; Boldface specifications apply over the temperature range of -40°C ≤ TINT ≤ 125°C (T-Grade); All other specifications are at TINT = 25ºC unless otherwise noted. Attribute Symbol Conditions / Notes Min Typ Max Unit 60 Vdc 1000 V/ms N/A V Powertrain Input voltage range VIN VCC applied VIN slew rate dVIN/dt VIN UV turn off VIN_UV Total No Load power dissipation PNL 0 This protection is disabled for this product N/A VIN = 45.6 V 1.3 VIN = 0 V to 60 V 2.5 VIN = 45.6 V, TC = 25ºC 0.98 VIN = 0 V to 60 V, TC = 25ºC W 1.2 2.0 VCC enable, VIN = 45.6 V, COUT = 64400 µF, Inrush current peak IINRP RLOAD = 8.10 mΩ (See start up operation VCC DC input current IIN_DC N/A N/A A 2.35 A applied after input voltage) Transfer ratio Output voltage K Steady state K = VOUT/VIN, IOUT = 0 A VOUT 1/48 VOUT = VIN • K - IOUT • ROUT, IOUT = 0 A 0 V/V 1.25 V Output current (average) IOUT_AVG Steady state (See safe operating area) 107 A Output current (peak) IOUT_PK TPEAK ≤ 2 ms, IOUT_AVG < 107 A, transient, duty cycle = 25% 140 A 122 W Output power (average) POUT_AVG IOUT_AVG ≤ 107 A VIN = 45.6 V, IOUT = 107 A Efficiency (ambient) hAMB 86.5 VIN = 26 V to 60 V, IOUT = 107 A 76.9 VIN = 45.6 V, IOUT = 53.5 A 91.3 VTM® Current Multiplier Rev 1.4 vicorpower.com Page 4 of 24 08/2015 800 927.9474 88.9 % 93.1 VTM48MP010x107AA1 Electrical Specifications (Cont.) Specifications apply over all line and load conditions unless otherwise noted; Boldface specifications apply over the temperature range of -40°C ≤ TINT ≤ 125°C (T-Grade); All other specifications are at TINT = 25ºC unless otherwise noted. Attribute Symbol Conditions / Notes Efficiency (hot) hHOT Powertrain (Cont.) VIN = 45.6 V, TC = 100°C, IOUT = 107 A Efficiency (over load range) h20% 21.4 A < IOUT < 107 A Min Typ 84.7 86.9 Max Unit % 74 % Output resistance (cold) ROUT_COLD TC = -40°C, IOUT = 107 A 0.51 0.64 0.78 mΩ Output resistance (ambient) ROUT_AMB TC = 25°C, IOUT = 107 A 0.58 0.78 0.97 mΩ Output resistance (hot) ROUT_HOT TC = 100°C, IOUT = 107 A 0.78 0.96 1.13 mΩ 1.38 1.47 1.56 MHz 2.76 2.94 3.12 MHz 10 20 mV Switching frequency Output ripple frequency Output voltage ripple Output inductance (parasitic) FSW FSW_RP VOUT_PP LOUT_PAR Output capacitance (internal) COUT_INT Output capacitance (external) COUT Overvoltage lockout Overvoltage lockout response time constant VIN_OVLO+ TOVLO COUT = 10000 µF, IOUT = 107 A, VIN = 45.6 V, 20 MHz BW Frequency up to 30 MHz, Effective Value at 0.95 VOUT Protection This protection is disabled for this product IOCP Short circuit protection trip current ISCP VTM latches after fault TOCP Effective internal RC filter (Integrative). response time constant Short circuit protection response time Thermal shutdown setpoint Reverse inrush current protection N/A Effective internal RC filter Output overcurrent trip Output overcurrent pH 300 µF N/A 64400 µF N/A V N/A N/A TSCP 270 Simulated leads model N/A µs N/A 260 From detection to cessation A A N/A ms 1 µs of switching (Instantaneous) TINT_OTP 125 Reverse Inrush protection is enabled for this product VTM® Current Multiplier Rev 1.4 vicorpower.com Page 5 of 24 08/2015 800 927.9474 130 135 ºC VTM48MP010x107AA1 125 Output Current (A) 107 A continuous Output Current 100 75 50 25 0 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95 105 115 125 Temperature (°C) Top only at temperature Top and leads at temperature Leads only at temperature Figure 1 — Safe thermal operating area 160 160 140 140 Output Current (A) Output Power (W) < 2 ms, 140 A Maximum Peak Current Region 120 100 80 60 40 120 107 A Maximum Average Current Region, case temperature < 100 °C 100 95 A Maximum Average Current Region, case temperature < 100 °C 80 60 40 20 20 0 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 0 60 5 10 15 20 Input Voltage (V) P (ave_60V) 25 30 35 P (ave), t < 2ms P (ave_60 V) P (ave_55V) P (ave), t < 2ms Figure 2 — Safe electrical operating area Output Current (A) 140 120 < 2 ms, 140 A Peak Current Region 107 A Average Current Region, case temperature < 100 °C 100 80 40 45 50 55 Input Voltage (V) 95 A Average Current Region, case temperature <100 °C Limited by ROUT 60 40 20 0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Output Voltage (V) I (ave_60V) I (pk), t < 2ms I (ave_55V) Figure 3 — Safe electrical operating area VTM® Current Multiplier Rev 1.4 vicorpower.com Page 6 of 24 08/2015 800 927.9474 P (ave_55 V) 60 VTM48MP010x107AA1 Signal Characteristics Specifications apply over all line and load conditions unless otherwise noted; Boldface specifications apply over the temperature range of -40°C ≤ TINT ≤ 125°C (T-Grade); All other specifications are at TINT = 25ºC unless otherwise noted. VTM VCC Supply: VCC • PRM® can be used as valid wake-up signal source. • VCC voltage must be continuously applied with the limit specified. • Used to wake up powertrain circuit. • A minimum of 4.85 V must be applied indefinitely for entire input voltage range to ensure normal operation. SIGNAL TYPE STATE ATTRIBUTE External VCC voltage SYMBOL VVCC_EXT Steady ANALOG INPUT Start Up VCC current draw IVCC VCC inrush current IINR_VCC VCC to VOUT turn-on delay Transitional TON CONDITIONS / NOTES Required for start up, and steady state operation. MIN TYP 4.85 VCC = 4.85 V, Vin = 0 V 88 Fault mode. VCC > 4.85 V 25 VCC = 5.35 V, dVCC/dt = 1000 V/ms VIN pre-applied, EN floating, VCC enable, CEN = 0 µF, COUT = COUT_EXT(MAX) VCC to EN delay TVCC_EN VCC = 4.85 V to EN high, VIN = 0 V, dVCC/dt = 1000 V/ms Internal VCC capacitance CVCC_INT VCC = 0 V 23 MAX UNIT 5.35 V 115 mA 1 A 28 34 ms 0.2 0.3 ms 1 µF ENABLE: EN • The EN pin disables the VTM module. When held below 0.9 V, the VTM module will be disabled. • EN pin outputs 4.7 V minimum during normal operation. EN pin is equal to 4.7 V minimum during fault mode given VCC > 4.85 V and floating EN pin. SIGNAL TYPE STATE ANALOG OUTPUT Steady Start Up Enable DIGITAL INPUT/ OUTPUT Disable Transitional ATTRIBUTE EN voltage SYMBOL • Module will shutdown when pulled low with an impedance less than 400 Ω. CONDITIONS / NOTES VEN EN source current MIN 4.7 IEN_OP EN source current IEN_EN EN voltage VEN_EN EN voltage (disable) VEN_DIS TYP MAX 5 5.3 50 EN resistance (external) REN_EXT Connected to -IN. Min value to guarantee startup (open circuit OK), EN >1.5 V EN disable time TEN_DIS_T From EN pulled low to VTM stops switching VTM® Current Multiplier Rev 1.4 vicorpower.com Page 7 of 24 08/2015 800 927.9474 1 30 V µA 50 0.9 UNIT µA 1.1 V 0.9 V kΩ 1.2 µs VTM48MP010x107AA1 Signal Characteristics (Cont.) Specifications apply over all line and load conditions unless otherwise noted; Boldface specifications apply over the temperature range of -40°C ≤ TINT ≤ 125°C (T-Grade); All other specifications are at TINT = 25ºC unless otherwise noted. Current Monitor: CM • The CM pin voltage varies between 0 V and 3.03 V representing the output current within ±20% under all operating line temperature conditions between 0% and 100% load. SIGNAL TYPE STATE ATTRIBUTE CM Voltage (No Load) ANALOG OUTPUT CM Voltage (50%) Steady CM Voltage (Full Load) CM Gain the output current of the VTM module. SYMBOL VCM_NL CONDITIONS / NOTES TINT = 25ºC, VIN = 45.6 V, IOUT = 0 A MIN TYP MAX UNIT 0 0.03 0.05 V VCM_50% TINT = 25ºC, VIN = 45.6 V, IOUT = 53.5 A 1.57 VCM_FL TINT = 25ºC, VIN = 45.6 V, IOUT = 107 A 3.03 V 30 mV/A ACM CM Resistance (External) • The CM pin provides a DC analog voltage proportional to TINT = 25ºC, VIN = 45.6 V, 0% ≤ IOUT ≤ 100% RCM_EXT V 2.5 MΩ Temperature Monitor: TM • The TM pin monitors the internal temperature of the VTM controller IC within an accuracy of ±5 °C. • Can be used as a "Power Good" flag to verify that the VTM module is operating. SIGNAL TYPE STATE ATTRIBUTE TM voltage ANALOG OUTPUT DIGITAL OUTPUT (FAULT FLAG) Steady Steady Transitional • The TM pin has a room temperature setpoint of 3 V and approximate gain of 10 mV/K. • Output drives Temperature Shutdown comparator SYMBOL VTM_AMB TM source current ITM TM gain ATM CONDITIONS / NOTES MIN TYP MAX UNIT TINT controller = 27°C, ITM <100 µA 2.85 3 3.15 V 100 10 TM voltage ripple VTM_PP CTM = 0 F, VIN = 45.6 V, IOUT = 107 A 150 TM disable voltage VTM_DIS PGOOD deasserted 0.2 TM Enable Source Current ITM_EN TM Fault Sink Current ITM_FAULT TM capacitance (external) CTM_EXT TM fault response time TFR_TM TM > 1 V 20 TM ≤ 0.1 V, Fault state 1 350 VTM® Current Multiplier Rev 1.4 vicorpower.com Page 8 of 24 08/2015 800 927.9474 mV V mA mA 100 From fault detection to TM driven low µA mV/K 0.02 pF µs VTM® Current Multiplier Rev 1.4 vicorpower.com Page 9 of 24 08/2015 800 927.9474 Output Voltage Input Voltage TM TINT_OTP CM ENABLE VEN VVCC_EXT VCC UV C A TON VC PP L D IE N VI A L PP D IE W D SE LE D A C E Y LL ELE C U E R P R N N EN E VI LO D LE VE LT ON C O Y U I M FA DIT EC E R R N TM ON N VI VI C VC C R O EM D VE VTM48MP010x107AA1 Timing Diagram VTM48MP010x107AA1 Application Characteristics The following values, typical of an application environment, are collected at TC = 25 ºC unless otherwise noted. See associated figures for general trend data. ATTRIBUTE SYMBOL Total No load power dissipation CONDITIONS / NOTES TYP UNIT PNL VIN = 45.6 V, VTM enabled 1.0 W Efficiency (ambient) hAMB VIN = 45.6 V, IOUT = 107 A 88.2 % Efficiency (hot) hHOT VIN = 45.6 V, IOUT = 107 A, TC = 100ºC 86.0 % Output resistance (cold) ROUT_COLD VIN = 45.6 V, IOUT = 107 A, TC = -40ºC 0.72 mΩ Output resistance (ambient) ROUT_AMB VIN = 45.6 V, IOUT = 107 A 0.85 mΩ Output resistance (hot) ROUT_HOT VIN = 45.6 V, IOUT = 107 A, TC = 100ºC 1.04 mΩ Output voltage ripple VOUT_PP COUT = 0 F, IOUT = 107 A, VIN = 45.6 V, 20 MHz BW 130 mV VOUT transient (positive) VOUT_TRAN+ IOUT_STEP = 0 A to 107 A, VIN = 45.6 V, ISLEW = 25 A/µs 20 mV VOUT transient (negative) VOUT_TRAN- IOUT_STEP = 107 A to 0 A, VIN = 45.6 V, ISLEW = 25 A/µs 20 mV 92 Full Load Efficiency (%) 1 88 84 80 76 0 72 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 -40 -20 0 Input Voltage (V) TCASE: -40°C 25°C 100°C VIN: 60 80 100 26 V 45.6 V 60 V 36 96 36 92 32 92 32 88 28 88 28 84 24 84 24 80 20 80 20 76 16 76 16 72 12 PD 68 8 Efficiency (%) 96 Power Dissipation (W) Efficiency (%) 40 Figure 5 — Full load efficiency vs. case temperature Figure 4 — Total no load power dissipation vs. input voltage 72 4 64 60 0 60 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 45.6 V 60 V 26 V 8 4 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 Load Current (A) Load Current (A) 26 V 12 PD 68 64 0 VIN: 20 Case Temperature (°C) Power Dissipation (W) Total No Load Power Dissipation (W) 2 45.6 V Figure 6 — Efficiency and power dissipation at –40°C case temperature 60 V VIN: 26 V 45.6 V 60 V 26 V 45.6 V Figure 7 — Efficiency and power dissipation at 25°C case temperature VTM® Current Multiplier Rev 1.4 vicorpower.com Page 10 of 24 08/2015 800 927.9474 60 V VTM48MP010x107AA1 Application Characteristics (Cont.) 36 92 32 88 28 84 24 80 20 76 16 72 12 PD 68 1.2 8 64 1.1 ROUT (mW) 96 Power Dissipation (W) Efficiency (%) The following values, typical of an application environment, are collected at TC = 25 ºC unless otherwise noted. See associated figures for general trend data. 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 4 60 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0.6 100 110 -40 -20 Load Current (A) VIN: 26 V 45.6 V 60 V 26 V 45.6 V 0 20 40 60 80 100 Case Temperature (°C) 60 V IOUT: 107 A Figure 9 — Output resistance (ROUT) vs. case temperature at 45.6 V nominal input voltage Figure 8 — Efficiency and power dissipation at 100°C case temperature 150 VRIPPLE (mVPK-PK) 125 100 75 50 25 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 Load Current (A) VIN: 26 V 45.6 V 60 V Figure 10 — Output voltage ripple (VRIPPLE) vs. Load (IOUT); No external COUT. Figure 11 — Full load ripple, 100 µF CIN; No external COUT. Figure 12 — Start up from application of VIN ; VCC pre-applied COUT = 10000 µF Figure 13 — Start up from application of VCC; VIN pre-applied COUT = 10000 µF VTM® Current Multiplier Rev 1.4 vicorpower.com Page 11 of 24 08/2015 800 927.9474 VTM48MP010x107AA1 Application Characteristics (Cont.) The following values, typical of an application environment, are collected at TC = 25 ºC unless otherwise noted. See associated figures for general trend data. Figure 15 — 107 A – 0 A transient response: C IN = 100 µF, no external COUT 3.5 3.5 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.5 CM (V) CM (V) Figure 14 — 0 A – 107 A transient response: C IN = 100 µF, no external COUT 2.0 1.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 0 10 20 TCASE: -40°C 25°C VIN: 100°C Figure 16 — CM voltage vs. load current at 45.6 V nominal input voltage 3.0 CM (V) 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 TCASE (°C) VIN: 26 V 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 45.6 V 26 V 45.6 V 60 V Figure 17 — CM voltage vs. load current at 25°C case temperature 3.5 -40 30 Load Current (A) Load Current (A) 60 V Figure 18 — 107 A Full load CM voltage vs. case temperature (TCASE) VTM® Current Multiplier Rev 1.4 vicorpower.com Page 12 of 24 08/2015 800 927.9474 VTM48MP010x107AA1 General Characteristics Specifications apply over all line and load conditions unless otherwise noted; Boldface specifications apply over the temperature range of -40°C ≤ TINT ≤ 125°C (T-Grade); All other specifications are at TINT = 25ºC unless otherwise noted. Attribute Symbol Conditions / Notes Min Typ Max Unit Mechanical Length L 22.37 / [0.881] 22.50 / [0.886] 22.63 / [0.891] mm/[in] Width W 15.09 / [0.594] 15.47 / [0.609] 15.85 / [0.624] mm/[in] Height H Volume Vol Weight W 4.45 / [0.175] 4.50 / [0.177] No heat sink 4.55 / [0.179] 5.8 / [0.205] Nickel Lead finish 0.51 mm/[in] cm3/[in3] 1.57 / [0.096] g/[oz] 2.03 Palladium 0.02 0.15 Gold 0.003 0.051 -40 125 µm Thermal Operating temperature Thermal resistance top side TINT fINT-TOP Thermal resistance leads fINT-LEADS Thermal resistance bottom side fINT-BELLY T-Grade Estimated thermal resistance to maximum temperature internal component from isothermal top Estimated thermal resistance to maximum temperature internal component from isothermal leads Estimated thermal resistance to maximum temperature internal component from isothermal bottom Thermal capacity °C 3.7 °C/W 2.5 °C/W 3.3 °C/W 4.25 Ws/°C Assembly Peak compressive force Supported by leads only applied to case (Z-axis) Storage temperature TST T-Grade -40 ESDHBM Human Body Model, "JEDEC JESD 22-A114C.01" 2000 ESDCDM Charge Device Model, "JEDEC JESD 22-C101-C" 500 ESD withstand 5 lbs 9.27 lbs/in2 125 °C Vdc Soldering Peak temperature during reflow MSL TBD 245 VTM® Current Multiplier Rev 1.4 vicorpower.com Page 13 of 24 08/2015 800 927.9474 °C VTM48MP010x107AA1 General Characteristics (Cont.) Specifications apply over all line and load conditions unless otherwise noted; Boldface specifications apply over the temperature range of -40°C ≤ TINT ≤ 125°C (T-Grade); All other specifications are at TINT = 25ºC unless otherwise noted. Attribute Symbol Conditions / Notes Min Typ Max Unit Safety Isolation voltage (hipot) VHIPOT Non isolated VTM Isolation capacitance CIN_OUT Unpowered unit Isolation resistance RIN_OUT MTBF N/A 0.22 µF 1 Ω MIL-HDBK-217 Plus Parts Count; 25ºC Ground Benign, Stationary, Indoors / Computer Profile 3.79 MHrs Telcordia Issue 2 - Method I Case III; Ground Benign, Controlled 8.82 MHrs cTUVus Agency approvals / standards cURus CE Marked for Low Voltage Directive and RoHS Recast Directive, as applicable VTM® Current Multiplier Rev 1.4 vicorpower.com Page 14 of 24 08/2015 800 927.9474 VTM48MP010x107AA1 Using the Control Signals VCC, EN, TM, CM Start Up Behavior VCC: The VTM VCC Supply This pin is an input pin which powers the internal VCC circuit within the specified voltage range of 4.85 V to 5.35 V. This voltage is required for VTM current multiplier start up and must be applied for entire input voltage range. Depending on the sequencing of the VCC with respect to the input voltage, the behavior during start-up will vary as follows: in presence of VCC is required in order to restart the unit, provided the EN pin is floating. TM: Temperature Monitor This pin provides a voltage proportional to the absolute temperature of the converter control IC. It can be used to accomplish the following functions: n Monitor the control IC temperature: The temperature in Kelvin is equal to the voltage on the TM pin scaled by 100. (i.e. 3.0 V = 300 K = 27ºC). If a heat sink is applied, TM can be used to thermally protect the system. n Fault detection flag: The TM voltage source is internally recommended to start up the VTM in this order): In this case the VTM module output will begin to rise upon the application of the VCC voltage (See Figure 13). However, the Adaptive Soft Start Circuit is disabled internal to VTM and start-up current will be unlimited. When VCC applied, EN and CM signal appear after VCC crosses its under-voltage point. TM and output voltage signal appear after delay of TON time with respect to EN signal. In this mode of start-up, input voltage is applied prior to VCC. So input capacitance is already charged prior to VCC applied. When VCC applied, VTM powertrain generates the output voltage and charges the output capacitance. In this mode of operation inrush is due to the output capacitance. The following diagram shows the power up sequence for such mode of operation. This product requires an external soft start circuit to limit inrush current in this mode of operation. This product does not support the auto-restart feature in fault conditions. V IN This pin provides a voltage proportional to the output current of the VTM module. The nominal voltage will vary between 0.03 V and 3.03 V over the output current range of the VTM module (See Figures 16 - 18). The accuracy of the CM pin will be within (±20%) under all line and temperature conditions between 0% and 100% load. LI PP A C CM: Current Monitor VC A PP LI ED ED turned off as soon as a fault is detected. For system monitoring purposes (microcontroller interface) faults are detected on falling edges of TM signal. ED n EN pulled low of VTM module is latching. Recycle of input voltage n Start up operation (VCC applied after Input voltage. It is not D to disable the module. Pull down impedance shall be lower than 400 Ω. LI This pin can be used to accomplish the following functions: n Output disable: EN pin can be actively pulled down in order VE EN: ENABLE PP Recycle of input voltage in presence of VCC is required in order to restart the unit, provided the EN pin is floating. A n The fault response of the VTM module is latching. C continuous operation for entire input voltage range of VTM. VC n The VCC voltage must be applied indefinitely allowing for In this case the controller is active prior to ramping the input voltage. In this mode of operation, EN signal and CM signal appear when VCC crosses its under-voltage point. TM signal appearance is delayed by about TON time from EN signal. CM signal goes to 0 V when TM signal appears with no input voltage applied. It is recommended to apply the input voltage after TM signal appearance. When the input voltage is applied, the VTM module output voltage will track the input (See Figure 12). The inrush current is determined by the input voltage rate of rise, input and output capacitance. If the VCC voltage is removed prior to the input reaching 0 V, the VTM may shut down. This mode of operation is recommended when this VTM operates with upstream regulator such as PRM. Timing diagram shows the power up sequence for such mode of operation. TM VC FA C UL R T EM O Some additional notes on the using the VCC pin: n Normal start up operation (VCC applied prior to Input voltage): VVCC_EXT VCC UV VEN ENABLE CM TINT_OTP TON TM Input Voltage Output Voltage Figure 19 — VCC applied after Input Voltage VTM® Current Multiplier Rev 1.4 vicorpower.com Page 15 of 24 08/2015 800 927.9474 TON VTM® Current Multiplier Rev 1.4 vicorpower.com Page 16 of 24 08/2015 800 927.9474 CM TM EN VCC -IN +IN Input Over Voltage Protection +VIN Current Monitor Input Under Voltage Protection +VIN Under Temperature Protection Over Temperature Protection Temperature Monitor Bias Voltage EN Enable, Startup and Fault Logic Soft-Start Logic Modulator (Gate Drive Timing) Primary Gate Drivers C2 C1 Cr Primary Side: Half Bridge -IN Slow Current Limit (Output Current Limit) Fast Current Limit (Short-Circuit Current Limit) -IN 1 OHM 0.22 uF Power Transformer Enable Secondary Gate Drivers Differential Current Sensing Q2 Q1 Reverse Current Protection Secondary Gate Drivers and gate drive level -OUT Q6 Q5 Secondary Side: Center tape with Synchronous Rectification COUT -OUT +OUT VTM48MP010x107AA1 VTM Module Block Diagram VTM48MP010x107AA1 Sine Amplitude Converter™ Point of Load Conversion 83 pH IOUT IOUT LIN = 0.27 nH + VININ V OUT RROUT LOUT = 270 pH 0.78 mΩ R RCIN CIN 9 mΩ CCININ 0.1 Ω V•I 1/48 • IOUT + + 0.25 µF IIQQ – 17 mA RRCOUT COUT + 120 µΩ 1/48 • VIN COUT COUT 300 µF – VOUT V OUT K – – Figure 20 — VI Chip® product AC model The Sine Amplitude Converter (SAC™) uses a high frequency resonant tank to move energy from input to output. (The resonant tank is formed by Cr and leakage inductance Lr in the power transformer windings as shown in the VTM Module Block Diagram). The resonant LC tank, operated at high frequency, is amplitude modulated as a function of input voltage and output current. A small amount of capacitance embedded in the input and output stages of the module is sufficient for full functionality and is key to achieving power density. The VTM48MP010x107AA1 SAC can be simplified into the following model: The use of DC voltage transformation provides additional interesting attributes. Assuming that ROUT = 0 Ω and IQ = 0 A, Eq. (3) now becomes Eq. (1) and is essentially load independent, resistor R is now placed in series with VIN as shown in Figure 21. R R VIN Vin + – SAC™ SAC K= = 1/32 1/48 K VOUT Vout At no load: VOUT = VIN • K (1) Figure 21 — K = 1/48 Sine Amplitude Converter with series input resistor K represents the “turns ratio” of the SAC. Rearranging Eq (1): K= The relationship between VIN and VOUT becomes: VOUT VIN (2) VOUT = (VIN – IIN • RIN) • K In the presence of load, VOUT is represented by: Substituting the simplified version of Eq. (4) (IQ is assumed = 0 A) into Eq. (5) yields: VOUT = VIN • K – IOUT • ROUT (3) VOUT = VIN • K – IOUT • RIN • K2 and IOUT is represented by: IOUT = (5) IIN – IQ K (4) ROUT represents the impedance of the SAC, and is a function of the RDSON of the input and output MOSFETs and the winding resistance of the power transformer. IQ represents the quiescent current of the SAC control and gate drive circuitry. VTM® Current Multiplier Rev 1.4 vicorpower.com Page 17 of 24 08/2015 800 927.9474 (6) VTM48MP010x107AA1 This is similar in form to Eq. (3), where ROUT is used to represent the characteristic impedance of the SAC™. However, in this case a real R on the input side of the SAC is effectively scaled by K2 with respect to the output. Assuming that R = 1 Ω, the effective R as seen from the secondary side is 0.43 mΩ, with K = 1/48 as shown in Figure 21. A similar exercise should be performed with the addition of a capacitor or shunt impedance at the input to the SAC. A switch in series with Vin is added to the circuit. This is depicted in Figure 22. A solution for keeping the impedance of the SAC low involves switching at a high frequency. This enables small magnetic components because magnetizing currents remain low. Small magnetics mean small path lengths for turns. Use of low loss core material at high frequencies also reduces core losses. SS VVin IN + – Low impedance is a key requirement for powering a high-current, low voltage load efficiently. A switching regulation stage should have minimal impedance while simultaneously providing appropriate filtering for any switched current. The use of a SAC between the regulation stage and the point of load provides a dual benefit of scaling down series impedance leading back to the source and scaling up shunt capacitance or energy storage as a function of its K factor squared. However, the benefits are not useful if the series impedance of the SAC is too high. The impedance of the SAC must be low, i.e. well beyond the crossover frequency of the system. C C SAC™ SAC K = 1/48 K = 1/32 VVout OUT Figure 22 — Sine Amplitude Converter™ with input capacitor The two main terms of power loss in the VTM module are: - No load power dissipation (PNL): defined as the power used to power up the module with an enabled powertrain at no load. It includes the components due to input voltage and VCC voltage. - Resistive loss (ROUT): refers to the power loss across the VTM module modeled as pure resistive impedance. PDISSIPATED = PNL + PROUT A change in VIN with the switch closed would result in a change in capacitor current according to the following equation: IC(t) = C dVIN dt Therefore, (7) Assume that with the capacitor charged to VIN, the switch is opened and the capacitor is discharged through the idealized SAC. In this case, IC= IOUT • K (10) POUT = PIN – PDISSIPATED = PIN – PNL – PROUT The above relations can be combined to calculate the overall module efficiency: (8) h = (9) = POUT = PIN – PNL – PROUT PIN PIN Substituting Eq. (1) and (8) into Eq. (7) reveals: IOUT = C • dVOUT K2 dt The equation in terms of the output has yielded a K2 scaling factor for C, specified in the denominator of the equation. A K factor less than unity, results in an effectively larger capacitance on the output when expressed in terms of the input. With a K = 1/48 as shown in Figure 22, C = 1 μF would appear as C = 2304 μF when viewed from the output. (11) VIN • IIN – PNL – (IOUT)2 • ROUT VIN • IIN = 1– ( ) PNL + (IOUT)2 • ROUT VIN • IIN VTM® Current Multiplier Rev 1.4 vicorpower.com Page 18 of 24 08/2015 800 927.9474 (12) VTM48MP010x107AA1 Input and Output Filter Design Capacitive Filtering Considerations for a Sine Amplitude Converter™ A major advantage of a SAC™ system versus a conventional PWM converter is that the former does not require large functional filters. The resonant LC tank, operated at extreme high frequency, is amplitude modulated as a function of input voltage and output current and efficiently transfers charge through the isolation transformer. A small amount of capacitance embedded in the input and output stages of the module is sufficient for full functionality and is key to achieving high power density. This paradigm shift requires system design to carefully evaluate external filters in order to: n Guarantee low source impedance: To take full advantage of the VTM current multiplier dynamic response, the impedance presented to its input terminals must be low from DC to approximately 5 MHz. Input capacitance may be added to improve transient performance or compensate for high source impedance. n Further reduce input and/or output voltage ripple without sacrificing dynamic response: Given the wide bandwidth of the VTM module, the source response is generally the limiting factor in the overall system response. Anomalies in the response of the source will appear at the output of the VTM module multiplied by its K factor. n Protect the module from overvoltage transients imposed by the system that would exceed maximum ratings and cause failures: The module input/output voltage ranges shall not be exceeded. An internal overvoltage lockout function prevents operation outside of the normal operating input range. Even when disabled, the powertrain is exposed to the applied voltage and power MOSFETs must withstand it. The VI Chip® module input/output voltage ranges must not be exceeded. An internal overvoltage lockout function prevents operation outside of the normal operating input range. Even during this condition, the powertrain is exposed to the applied voltage and power MOSFETs must withstand it. It is important to consider the impact of adding input and output capacitance to a Sine Amplitude Converter on the system as a whole. Both the capacitance value and the effective impedance of the capacitor must be considered. A Sine Amplitude Converter has a DC Rout value which has already been discussed. The AC Rout of the SAC contains several terms: n Resonant tank impedance n Input lead inductance and internal capacitance n Output lead inductance and internal capacitance The values of these terms are shown in the behavioral mode. It is important to note on which side of the transformer these impedances appear and how they reflect across the transformer given the K factor. The overall AC impedance varies from model to model. For most models it is dominated by DC Rout value from DC to beyond 500 KHz. The behavioral model should be used to approximate the AC impedance of the specific model. Any capacitors placed at the output of the VTM reflect back to the input of the VTM module by the square of the K factor (Eq. 9) with the impedance of the VTM module appearing in series. It is very important to keep this in mind when using a PRM® regulator to power the VTM module. Most PRM modules have a limit on the maximum amount of capacitance that can be applied to the output. This capacitance includes both the PRM output capacitance and the VTM module output capacitance reflected back to the input. In PRM remote sense applications, it is important to consider the reflected value of VTM module output capacitance when designing and compensating the PRM control loop. Capacitance placed at the input of the VTM module appear to the load reflected by the K factor with the impedance of the VTM module in series. In step-down ratios, the effective capacitance is increased by the K factor. The effective ESR of the capacitor is decreased by the square of the K factor, but the impedance of the module appears in series. Still, in most step-down VTM modules an electrolytic capacitor placed at the input of the module will have a lower effective impedance compared to an electrolytic capacitor placed at the output. This is important to consider when placing capacitors at the output of the module. Even though the capacitor may be placed at the output, the majority of the AC current will be sourced from the lower impedance, which in most cases will be the module. This should be studied carefully in any system design using a module. In most cases, it should be clear that electrolytic output capacitors are not necessary to design a stable, well-bypassed system. VTM® Current Multiplier Rev 1.4 vicorpower.com Page 19 of 24 08/2015 800 927.9474 VTM48MP010x107AA1 Current Sharing Reverse Inrush Current Protection The SAC™ topology bases its performance on efficient transfer of energy through a transformer without the need of closed loop control. For this reason, the transfer characteristic can be approximated by an ideal current multiplier with some resistive drop and positive temperature coefficient. The VTM48MP010x107AA1 provides reverse inrush protection which prevents reverse current flow until the input voltage is high enough to first establish current flow in the forward direction. In the event that there is a DC voltage present on the output before the VTM module is powered up, this feature protects sensitive loads from excessive dV/dT during power up as shown in Figure 24. This type of characteristic is close to the impedance characteristic of a DC power distribution system, both in behavior (AC dynamic) and absolute value (DC dynamic). When connected in an array with the same K factor, the VTM module will inherently share the load current (typically 5%) with parallel units according to the equivalent impedance divider that the system implements from the power source to the point of load. Some general recommendations to achieve matched array impedances: If a voltage is present at the output of the VTM module which satisfies the condition Vout > Vin • K after a successful power up the energy will be transferred from secondary to primary. The input to output ratio of the VTM module will be maintained. The VTM module will continue to operate in reverse as long as the input and output voltages are within the specified range. The VTM48MP010x107AA1 has not been qualified for continuous reverse operation. n Dedicate common copper planes within the PCB Current Multiplier to deliver and return the current to the modules. TM VCC EN CM n Provide the PCB layout as symmetric as possible. n Apply same input / output filters (if present) to each unit. For further details see AN:016 Using in High Power Arrays. ZIN_EQ1 VIN BCM® R Bus Converters VIN VTM®1 ZOUT_EQ1 R VTM® A VOUT B +In +Out -In -Out CD + _ E F G Supply H RO_1 VCC ZIN_EQ2 + – VTM®2 VIN ZOUT_EQ2 RO_2 Supply DC Load VIN VOUT ZIN_EQn VTM®n ZOUT_EQn RO_n VOUT Supply TM Figure 23 — VTM current multiplier array EN Fuse Selection In order to provide flexibility in configuring power systems VI Chip® products are not internally fused. Input line fusing of VI Chip products is recommended at system level to provide thermal protection in case of catastrophic failure. A: VOUT supply > 0 V B: VCC to -IN > 4.85 V controller wakes-up, EN pulled high, reverse inrush protection blocks VOUT supplying VIN C: VIN supply ramps up D: VIN > VOUT /K, powertrain starts in normal mode The fuse shall be selected by closely matching system requirements with the following characteristics: E: VIN supply ramps down n Current rating (usually greater than maximum current F: VIN > VOUT /K, powertrain transfers reverse energy G: VOUT ramps down, VIN follows of VTM module) n Maximum voltage rating (usually greater than the maximum possible input voltage) H: VCC turns off Figure 24 — Reverse inrush protection n Ambient temperature n Nominal melting I2t VTM® Current Multiplier Rev 1.4 vicorpower.com Page 20 of 24 08/2015 800 927.9474 VTM48MP010x107AA1 Thermal Considerations The ChiP package provides a high degree of flexibility in that it presents three pathways to remove heat from internal power dissipating components. Heat may be removed from the top surface, the bottom surface and the leads. The extent to which these three surfaces are cooled is a key component for determining the maximum power that is available from a ChiP. Since the ChiP has a maximum internal temperature rating, it is necessary to estimate this internal temperature based on a real thermal solution. Given that there are three pathways to remove heat from the ChiP, it is helpful to simplify the thermal solution into a roughly equivalent circuit where power dissipation is modeled as a current source, isothermal surface temperatures are represented as voltage sources and the thermal resistances are represented as resistors. Figure 25 shows the “thermal circuit” for a 1323 ChiP VTM in an application where the top, bottom, and leads are cooled. In this case, the VTM power dissipation is PDTOTAL and the three surface temperatures are represented as TCASE_TOP, TCASE_BOTTOM, and TLEADS. This thermal system can now be very easily analyzed using a SPICE simulator with simple resistors, voltage sources, and a current source. The results of the simulation would provide an estimate of heat flow through the various pathways as well as internal temperature. Thermal Resistance Top Figure 26 shows a scenario where there is no bottom side cooling. In this case, the heat flow path to the bottom is left open and the equations now simplify to: TINT – PD1 • 3.7 = TCASE_TOP TINT – PD3 • 2.5 = TLEADS PDTOTAL = PD1 + PD3 Thermal Resistance Top Thermal Resistance Bottom Power Dissipation (W) TCASE_BOTTOM(°C) MAX INTERNAL TEMP Thermal Resistance Leads TLEADS(°C) TCASE_TOP(°C) + – Figure 27 — One side cooling thermal model Figure 27 shows a scenario where there is no bottom side and leads cooling. In this case, the heat flow path to the bottom is left open and the equations now simplify to: TINT – PD1 • 3.7 = TCASE_TOP MAX INTERNAL TEMP PDTOTAL = PD1 Thermal Resistance Bottom Power Dissipation (W) TCASE_BOTTOM(°C) Thermal Resistance Leads + – TLEADS(°C) + – TCASE_TOP(°C) + – Please note that Vicor has a suite of online tools, including a simulator and thermal estimator which greatly simplify the task of determining whether or not a VTM thermal configuration is valid for a given condition. These tools can be found at: http://www.vicorpower.com/powerbench. Figure 25 — Double side cooling and leads thermal model Alternatively, equations can be written around this circuit and analyzed algebraically: TINT – PD1 • 3.7 = TCASE_TOP TINT – PD2 • 3.3 = TCASE_BOTTOM TINT – PD3 • 2.5 = TLEADS PDTOTAL = PD1+ PD2+ PD3 Where TINT represents the internal temperature and PD1, PD2, and PD3 represent the heat flow through the top side, bottom side, and leads respectively. Thermal Resistance Top Thermal Resistance Bottom Power Dissipation (W) TCASE_BOTTOM(°C) MAX INTERNAL TEMP Thermal Resistance Leads TLEADS(°C) + – TCASE_TOP(°C) + – Figure 26 — One side cooling and leads thermal model VTM® Current Multiplier Rev 1.4 vicorpower.com Page 21 of 24 08/2015 800 927.9474 VTM48MP010x107AA1 Product Outline Drawing and Recommended Land Pattern - Through Hole 7.74 .305 7.10 .280 0 0 1.14 .045 (10) PL. 7.80 .307 7.10 .280 15.47±.38 .609±.015 9.66 .380 (2) PL. 11.25 .443 0 0 .51 .020 (4) PL. 22.50±.13 .886±.005 0 0 0 10.32 .406 (2) PL. 1.47 .058 (2) PL. 3.98 .157 (2) PL. 6.18 .243 (2) PL. .89 .035 (2) PL. TOP VIEW (COMPONENT SIDE) 8.19 .323 (2) PL. BOTTOM VIEW .05 [.002] SEATING PLANE 1.26 .050 (2) PL. 0 1.02 .040 (2) PL. 6.93 .273 (2) PL. 4.20 .165 (2) PL. NOTES: 4.50±.05 .177±.002 1- RoHS COMPLIANT, LEAD FREE PER CST-0001 LATEST REVISION. 2- SEE SHEET 2 FOR RECOMMENDED HOLE PATTERN. .30 .012 (18) PL. 7.10±.08 .280±.003 1.50 .059 PLATED THRU .25 [.010] ANNULAR RING (2) PL., MARKED 'A' 0 7.10±.08 .280±.003 3.30 .130 (18) PL. 1.50 .059 PLATED THRU .25 [.010] ANNULAR RING (8) PL. MARKED 'B' 9.66±.08 .380±.003 (2) PL. A B B 1.75 .069 (8) PL. MARKED 'B' B +OUT +OUT -OUT -OUT +OUT +OUT -OUT -OUT A B 6.93±.08 .273±.003 (2) PL. B 4.20±.08 .165±.003 (2) PL. .86 .034 PLATED THRU .25 [.010] ANNULAR RING (4) PL. MARKED 'D' 0 1.26±.08 .050±.003 (2) PL. B 3.98±.08 .157±.003 (2) PL. C D D 10.32±.08 .406±.003 (2) PL. E +OUT +OUT -OUT -OUT EN TM VCC CM +IN -IN B 1.37 .054 PLATED THRU .25 [.010] (2) PL. MARKED 'C' C D 6.18±.08 .243±.003 (2) PL. D 8.19±.08 .323±.003 (2) PL. E RECOMMENDED HOLE PATTERN (COMPONENT SIDE) 1.63 .064 (2) PL. MARKED 'C' 1.63 .064 (2) PL. MARKED 'E' 0 1.12 .044 (4) PL. MARKED 'D' 1.47±.08 .058±.003 (2) PL. B 0 1.88 .074 (2) PL. MARKED 'A' 1.24 .049 PLATED THRU .25 [.010] ANNULAR RING (2) PL. MARKED 'E' VTM® Current Multiplier Rev 1.4 vicorpower.com Page 22 of 24 08/2015 800 927.9474 VTM48MP010x107AA1 Revision History Revision Date Description Page Number(s) 1.0 04/25/14 Initial Release 1.1 08/29/14 Typical Application and Timing Diagram 1.2 10/24/14 Updated standard product model 1.3 05/18/15 Updated Figure 1 6 1.4 08/12/15 Absolute Max Rating; +IN to IN; Max 4 n/a 2&9 1, 2, 3, 13, 23 VTM® Current Multiplier Rev 1.4 vicorpower.com Page 23 of 24 08/2015 800 927.9474 VTM48MP010x107AA1 Vicor’s comprehensive line of power solutions includes high density AC-DC and DC-DC modules and accessory components, fully configurable AC-DC and DC-DC power supplies, and complete custom power systems. Information furnished by Vicor is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed by Vicor for its use. Vicor makes no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this publication. Vicor reserves the right to make changes to any products, specifications, and product descriptions at any time without notice. Information published by Vicor has been checked and is believed to be accurate at the time it was printed; however, Vicor assumes no responsibility for inaccuracies. Testing and other quality controls are used to the extent Vicor deems necessary to support Vicor’s product warranty. Except where mandated by government requirements, testing of all parameters of each product is not necessarily performed. Specifications are subject to change without notice. Vicor’s Standard Terms and Conditions All sales are subject to Vicor’s Standard Terms and Conditions of Sale, which are available on Vicor’s webpage or upon request. Product Warranty In Vicor’s standard terms and conditions of sale, Vicor warrants that its products are free from non-conformity to its Standard Specifications (the “Express Limited Warranty”). This warranty is extended only to the original Buyer for the period expiring two (2) years after the date of shipment and is not transferable. UNLESS OTHERWISE EXPRESSLY STATED IN A WRITTEN SALES AGREEMENT SIGNED BY A DULY AUTHORIZED VICOR SIGNATORY, VICOR DISCLAIMS ALL REPRESENTATIONS, LIABILITIES, AND WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND (WHETHER ARISING BY IMPLICATION OR BY OPERATION OF LAW) WITH RESPECT TO THE PRODUCTS, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY WARRANTIES OR REPRESENTATIONS AS TO MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR PARTICULAR PURPOSE, INFRINGEMENT OF ANY PATENT, COPYRIGHT, OR OTHER INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT, OR ANY OTHER MATTER. This warranty does not extend to products subjected to misuse, accident, or improper application, maintenance, or storage. 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Life Support Policy VICOR’S PRODUCTS ARE NOT AUTHORIZED FOR USE AS CRITICAL COMPONENTS IN LIFE SUPPORT DEVICES OR SYSTEMS WITHOUT THE EXPRESS PRIOR WRITTEN APPROVAL OF THE CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER AND GENERAL COUNSEL OF VICOR CORPORATION. As used herein, life support devices or systems are devices which (a) are intended for surgical implant into the body, or (b) support or sustain life and whose failure to perform when properly used in accordance with instructions for use provided in the labeling can be reasonably expected to result in a significant injury to the user. A critical component is any component in a life support device or system whose failure to perform can be reasonably expected to cause the failure of the life support device or system or to affect its safety or effectiveness. Per Vicor Terms and Conditions of Sale, the user of Vicor products and components in life support applications assumes all risks of such use and indemnifies Vicor against all liability and damages. Intellectual Property Notice Vicor and its subsidiaries own Intellectual Property (including issued U.S. and Foreign Patents and pending patent applications) relating to the products described in this data sheet. No license, whether express, implied, or arising by estoppel or otherwise, to any intellectual property rights is granted by this document. Interested parties should contact Vicor's Intellectual Property Department. The products described on this data sheet are protected by the following U.S. Patents Numbers: 5,945,130; 6,403,009; 6,710,257; 6,911,848; 6,930,893; 6,934,166; 6,940,013; 6,969,909; 7,038,917; 7,145,186; 7,166,898; 7,187,263; 7,202,646; 7,361,844; D496,906; D505,114; D506,438; D509,472; and for use under 6,975,098 and 6,984,965. Vicor Corporation 25 Frontage Road Andover, MA, USA 01810 Tel: 800-735-6200 Fax: 978-475-6715 email Customer Service: [email protected] Technical Support: [email protected] VTM® Current Multiplier Rev 1.4 vicorpower.com Page 24 of 24 08/2015 800 927.9474