INTERSIL EL4095CN

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August 1996, Rev D
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8-INT
1-88
EL4095
®
Video Gain Control/Fader/Multiplexer
Features
The EL4095 is a versatile variable-gain
building block. At its core is a fader
which can variably blend two inputs
together and an output amplifier that can drive heavy loads.
Each input appears as the input of a current-feedback
amplifier and with external resistors can separately provide
any gain desired. The output is defined as:
• Full function video fader
VOUT = A*VINA (0. 5V + VGAIN) + B*VINB (0.5V–VGAIN),
• ±5V to ±15V operation
where A and B are the fed-back gains of each channel.
Additionally, two logic inputs are provided which each
override the analog VGAIN control and force 100% gain for
one input and 0% for the other. The logic inputs switch in
only 25ns and provide high attenuation to the off channel,
while generating very small glitches.
Signal bandwidth is 60MHz, and gain-control bandwidth
20MHz. The gain control recovers from overdrive in only
70ns.
The EL4095 operates from ±5V to ±15V power supplies, and
is available in both 14-pin DIP and narrow surface mount
packages.
Pinout
• 0.02%/0.02° differential gain/phase @ 100% gain
• 25ns multiplexer included
• Output amplifier included
• Calibrated linear gain control
• 60MHz bandwidth
• Low thermal errors
Applications
• Video faders/wipers
• Gain control
• Graphics overlay
• Video text insertion
• Level adjust
• Modulation
Ordering Information
PART
NUMBER
EL4095
(14-PIN PDIP, SO)
TOP VIEW
FN7161
TEMP. RANGE
PACKAGE
PKG. NO.
EL4095CN
-40°C to +85°C
14-Pin PDIP
MDP0031
EL4095CS
-40°C to +85°C
14-Pin SO
MDP0027
Manufactured under U.S. Patent No. 5,321,371, 5,374,898
1
CAUTION: These devices are sensitive to electrostatic discharge; follow proper IC Handling Procedures.
1-888-INTERSIL or 321-724-7143 | Intersil (and design) is a registered trademark of Intersil Americas Inc.
Copyright © Intersil Americas Inc. 2003. All Rights Reserved. Elantec is a registered trademark of Elantec Semiconductor, Inc.
All other trademarks mentioned are the property of their respective owners.
EL4095
Absolute Maximum Ratings (TA = 25°C)
VS+ Supply Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+18V
VS
Voltage between VS+ and VS- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+33V
+VINA,Input Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (VS-) -0.3V
+VINB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to (VS+) +0.3V
IIN
Current Into -VINA, -VINB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5mA
VGAIN Input Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VGAIN ±5V
VGAIN Input Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VS- to VS+
VFORCEInput Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -1V to +6V
IOUT Output Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ±35mA
TA
Operating Temperature Range . . . . . . . . . . . .-40°C to +85°C
TJ
Operating Junction Temperature. . . . . . . . . . . 0°C to +150°C
TST Storage Temperature Range. . . . . . . . . . . . .-65°C to +150°C
Internal Power Dissipation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . See Curves
CAUTION: Stresses above those listed in “Absolute Maximum Ratings” may cause permanent damage to the device. This is a stress only rating and operation of the
device at these or any other conditions above those indicated in the operational sections of this specification is not implied.
IMPORTANT NOTE: All parameters having Min/Max specifications are guaranteed. Typical values are for information purposes only. Unless otherwise noted, all tests
are at the specified temperature and are pulsed tests, therefore: TJ = TC = TA
Open-Loop DC Electrical Specifications
VS = ±15V, TA = 25°C, VGAIN ground unless otherwise specified
LIMITS
PARAMETER
DESCRIPTION
MIN
TYP
MAX
UNITS
1.5
5
mV
VOS
Input Offset Voltage
IB+
+VIN Input Bias Current
5
10
µA
IB-
-VIN Input Bias Current
10
50
µA
CMRR
Common Mode Rejection
-CMRR
-VIN Input Bias Current Common Mode Rejection
PSRR
Power Supply Rejection Ratio
-IPSR
-VIN Input Current Power Supply Rejection Ratio
ROL
Transimpedance
RIN-
-VIN Input Resistance
VIN
+VIN Range
VO
Output Voltage Swing
ISC
Output Short-Circuit Current
VIH
Input High Threshold at Force A or Force B Inputs
VIL
Input Low Threshold at Force A or Force B Inputs
IFORCE, High
Input Current of Force A or Force B, VFORCE = 5V
IFORCE, Low
Input Current of Force A or Force B, VFORCE = 0V
Feedthrough,
Forced
Feedthrough of Deselected Input to Output,
Deselected Input at 100% Gain Control
60
75
VGAIN, 100%
Minimum Voltage at VGAIN for 100% Gain
0.45
0.5
0.55
V
VGAIN, 0%
Maximum Voltage at VGAIN for 0% Gain
-0.55
-0.5
-0.45
V
NL, Gain
Gain Control Non-linearity, VIN = ±0.5V
2
4
%
RIN, VG
Impedance between VGAIN and VGAIN
5.5
6.5
kΩ
NL, AV = 1
AV = 0.5
AV = 0.25
Signal Non-linearity, VIN = ±1V, VGAIN = 0.55V
Signal Non-linearity, VIN = ±1V, VGAIN = 0V
Signal Non-linearity, VIN = ±1V, VGAIN = -0.25V
IS
Supply Current
2
65
80
0.5
65
1.5
95
0.2
0.2
dB
µA/V
dB
2
µA/V
0.4
MΩ
80
Ω
(V-) + 3.5
(V+) -3.5
V
(V-) +2
(V+) -2
V
160
mA
2.0
V
80
125
0.8
V
-440
4.5
-50
µA
-650
µA
dB
%
%
<0.01
0.03
0.07
0.4
17
21
%
mA
EL4095
Closed-Loop AC Electrical Specifications
VS = ±15V, AV = +1, RF = RIN = 1kΩ, RL = 500Ω, CL = 15pF, CIN- = 2pF, TA = 25°C,
AV = 100% unless otherwise noted
LIMITS
PARAMETER
DESCRIPTION
SR
Slew Rate; VOUT from -3V to +3V
Measured at -2V and +2V
BW
Bandwidth
dG
dθ
TS
MIN
Settling Time to 0.2%; VOUT from -2V to +2V
MAX
UNITS
330
V/µs
-3dB
60
MHz
-1dB
30
MHz
-0.1dB
6
MHz
0.02
%
0.07
%
AV = 25%
0.07
%
AV = 100%
0.02
°
AV = 50%
0.05
°
AV = 25%
0.15
°
AV = 100%
100
ns
AV = 25%
100
ns
Differential Gain; AC Amplitude of 286mVP-P at 3.58MHz AV = 100%
on DC Offset of -0.7V, 0V and +0.7V
AV = 50%
Differential Phase; AC Amplitude of 286mVP-P at
3.58MHz on DC Offset of -0.7V, 0V and +0.7V
TYP
TFORCE
Propagation Delay from VFORCE = 1.4V to 50%
Output Signal Enabled or Disabled Amplitude
25
ns
BW, Gain
-3dB Gain Control Bandwidth,
VGAIN Amplitude 0.5 VP-P
20
MHz
TREC, Gain
Gain Control Recovery from Overload; VGAIN from -0.7V
to 0V
70
ns
3
EL4095
Typical Performance Curves
Large-Signal Pulse
Response Gain = +1
Small-Signal Pulse Response
for Various Gains
Frequency Response with Different
Values of RF - Gain = +1
4
Large-Signal Pulse
Response Gain = -1
Frequency Response for Different
Gains-AV = +1
Frequency Response with Different
Values of RF - Gain = -1
EL4095
Typical Performance Curves
(Continued)
Frequency Response with Different
Values of RF - Gain = -1
Frequency Response with Various
Values of Parasitic CIN-
Change in Bandwidth and Slewrate with
Supply Voltage - Gain = +1
5
Frequency Response with Various
Load Capacitances and Resistances
Input Noise Voltage and
Current vs Frequency
Change in Bandwidth and Slewrate with
Supply Voltage - Gain = -1
EL4095
Typical Performance Curves
(Continued)
Change in Bandwidth and Slewrate
with Temperature - Gain = +1
DC Nonlinearity vs Input Voltage Gain = +1
Differential Gain and Phase Errors vs
Gain Control Setting - Gain = +1
6
Change in Bandwidth and Slewrate
with Temperature - Gain = -1
Change in VOS and IB- vs die
Temperature
Differential Gain and Phase Errors vs
Gain Control Setting - Gain = -1
EL4095
Typical Performance Curves
(Continued)
Differential Phase Error vs
DC Offset - Gain = +1
Differential Phase Error vs
DC Offset - Gain = +1
Differential Phase Error vs
DC Offset - Gain = -1
Differential Phase Error vs
DC Offset - Gain = -1
Attenuation over
Frequency - Gain = +1
Attenuation over
Frequency - Gain = -1
7
EL4095
Typical Performance Curves
(Continued)
Gain vs VG (1 VDC at VINA)
Gain Control Response to a Non-Overloading
Step, Constant Sinewave at VINA
VGAIN Overload Recovery
Response—No AC Input
8
Gain Control Gain vs Frequency
VGAIN Overload Recovery Delay
Cross-Fade Balance -0V on
AIN and BIN; Gain = +1
EL4095
Typical Performance Curves
(Continued)
Change in V100% and
V0% of Gain Control
vs Supply Voltage
Force Response
Supply Current vs Supply Voltage
9
Change in V100% and
V0% of Gain Control
vs VGAIN Offset
Change in V100% and
V0% of Gain Control
vs Die Temperature
Force-Induced Output Transient
Package Power Dissipation
vs Ambient Temperature
EL4095
Test Circuit, AV = +1
Applications Information
The EL4095 is a general-purpose two-channel fader whose
input channels each act as a current-feedback amplifier
(CFA) input. Each input can have its own gain factor as
established by external resistors. For instance, the Test
Circuit shows two channels each arranged as +1 gain, with
the traditional single feedback resistor RF connected from
VOUT to the -VIN of each channel.
The EL4095 can be connected as an inverting amplifier in
the same manner as any CFA.
Frequency Response
Like other CFAs, there is a recommended feedback resistor,
which for this circuit is 1kΩ. The value of RF sets the closedloop -3dB bandwidth, and has only a small range of practical
variation. The user should consult the typical performance
curves to find the optional value of RF for a given circuit gain.
In general, the bandwidth will decrease slightly as closedloop gain is increased; RF can be reduced to make up for
bandwidth loss. Too small a value of RF will cause frequency
response peaking and ringing during transients. On the other
hand, increasing RF will reduce bandwidth but improve
stability.
10
EL4095
FIGURE 1. EL4095 IN INVERTING CONNECTION
Stray capacitance at each -VIN terminal should absolutely be
minimized, especially in a positive-gain mode, or peaking will
occur. Similarly, the load capacitance should be minimized. If
more than 25pF of load capacitance must be driven, a load
resistor from 100Ω to 400Ω can be added in parallel with the
output to reduce peaking, but some bandwidth degradation
may occur. A “snubber” load can alternatively be used. This
is a resistor in series with a capacitor to ground, 150Ω and
100pF being typical values. The advantage of a snubber is
that it does not draw DC load current. A small series resistor,
low tens of ohms, can also be used to isolate reactive loads.
Here are a few idealized examples, based on a gain of +1 for
channels A and B and RF = 1kΩ for different gain settings:
Gain
VINA
VINB
I (-VINA)
I (-VINB)
VOUT
100%
1V
0
0
1mA
1V
75%
1V
0
-250µA
750µA
0.75V
50%
1V
0
-500µA
500µA
0.5V
25%
1V
0
-750µA
250µA
0.25V
0%
1V
0
-1mA
0
0V
Distortion
The signal voltage range of the +VIN terminals is within 3.5V
of either supply rail.
One must also consider the range of error currents that will
be handled by the -VIN terminals. Since the -VIN of a CFA is
the output of a buffer which replicates the voltage at +VIN,
error currents will flow into the -VIN terminal. When an input
channel has 100% gain assigned to it, only a small error
current flows into its negative input; when low gain is
assigned to the channel the output does not respond to the
channel’s signal and large error currents flow.
11
Thus, either -VIN can receive up to 1mA error current for 1V
of input signal and 1kΩ feedback resistors. The maximum
error current is 3mA for the EL4095, but 2mA is more
realistic. The major contributor of distortion is the magnitude
of error currents, even more important than loading effects.
The performance curves show distortion versus input
amplitude for different gains.
If maximum bandwidth is not required, distortion can be
reduced greatly (and signal voltage range enlarged) by
increasing the value of RF and any associated gain-setting
resistor.
EL4095
100% Accuracies
When a channel gain is set to 100%, static and gain errors
are similar to those of a simple CFA. The DC output error is
expressed by
VOUT, Offset = VOS* AV + (IB-)*RF.
The input offset voltage scales with fed-back gain, but the
bias current into the negative input, IB-, adds an error not
dependent on gain. Generally, IB- dominates up to gains of
about seven.
The fractional gain error is given by
EGAIN = (RF + AV*RIN -) RF + AV RIN)/ROL
The gain error is about 0.3% for a gain of one, and increases
only slowly for increasing gain. RIN- is the input impedance
of the input stage buffer, and ROL is the transimpedance of
the amplifier, 80kΩ and 350kΩ respectively.
Gain Control Inputs
The gain control inputs are differential and may be biased at
any voltage as long as VGAIN is less than 2.5V below V+ and
3V above V-. The differential input impedance is 5.5kΩ, and
a common-mode impedance is more than 500kΩ. With zero
differential voltage on the gain inputs, both signal inputs
have a 50% gain factor. Nominal calibration sets the 100%
gain of VINA input at +0.5V of gain control voltage, and 0% at
-0.5V of gain control. VINB’s gain is complementary to that of
VINA; +0.5V of gain control sets 0% gain at VINB and
-0.5V gain control sets 100% VINB gain. The gain control
does not have a completely abrupt transition at the 0% and
100% points. There is about 10mV of “soft” transfer at the
gain endpoints. To obtain the most accurate 100% gain
factor or best attenuation of 0% gain, it is necessary to
overdrive the gain control input by about 30mV. This would
set the gain control voltage range as -0.565mV to +0.565V,
or 30mV beyond the maximum guaranteed 0% to 100%
range.
In fact, the gain control internal circuitry is very complex.
Here is a representation of the terminals:
FIGURE 2. REPRESENTATION OF GAIN CONTROL
INPUTS VG AND VG
For gain control inputs between ±0.5V (±90µA), the diode
bridge is a low impedance and all of the current into VG flows
12
back out through VG. When gain control inputs exceed this
amount, the bridge becomes a high impedance as some of
the diodes shut off, and the VG impedance rises sharply
from the nominal 5.5kΩ to over 500kΩ. This is the condition
of gain control overdrive. The actual circuit produces a much
sharper overdrive characteristics than does the simple diode
bridge of this representation.
The gain input has a 20MHz -3dB bandwidth and 17ns
risetime for inputs to ±0.45V. When the gain control voltage
exceeds the 0% or 100% values, a 70ns overdrive recovery
transient will occur when it is brought back to linear range. If
quicker gain overdrive response is required, the Force
control inputs of the EL4095 can be used.
Force Inputs
The Force inputs completely override the VGAIN setting and
establish maximum attainable 0% and 100% gains for the
two input channels. They are activated by a TTL logic low on
either of the FORCE pins, and perform the analog switching
very quickly and cleanly. FORCEA causes 100% gain on the
A channel and 0% on the B channel. FORCEB does the
reverse, but there is no defined output state when FORCEA
and FORCEB are simultaneously asserted.
The Force inputs do not incur recovery time penalties, and
make ideal multiplexing controls. A typical use would be text
overlay, where the A channel is a video input and the B
channel is digitally created text data. The FORCEA input is
set low normally to pass the video signal, but released to
display overlay data. The gain control can be used to set the
intensity of the digital overlay.
Other Applications Circuits
The EL4095 can also be used as a variable-gain single input
amplifier. If a 0% lower gain extreme is required, one
channel’s input should simply be grounded. Feedback
resistors must be connected to both -VIN terminals; the
EL4095 will not give the expected gain range when a
channel is left unconnected.
This circuit gives +0.5 to +2.0 gain range, and is useful as a
signal leveller, where a constant output level is regulated
from a range of input amplitudes:
EL4095
FIGURE 3. LEVELING CIRCUIT WITH 0.5 ≤ AV ≤ 2
Here the A input channel is configured for a gain of +2 and
the B channel for a gain of +1 with its input attenuated by
1/2. The connection is virtuous because the distortions do
not increase monotonically with reducing gain as would the
simple single-input connection.
For video levels, however, these constants can give fairly
high differential gain error. The problem occurs for large
inputs. Assume that a “twice-size” video input occurs. The Aside stage sees the full amplitude, but the gain would be set
to 100% B-input gain to yield an overall gain of 1/2 to
produce a standard video output. The -VIN of the A side is a
buffer output that reproduces the input signal, and drives
RGA and RFA. Into the two resistors 2.1mA of error current
flows for a typical 1.4V of input DC offset, creating distortion
in a A-side input stage. RGA and RFA could be increased
together in value to reduce the error current and distortions,
but increasing RFA would lower bandwidth. A solution would
be to simply attenuate the input signal magnitude and
restore the EL4095 output level to standard level with
another amplifier so:
13
EL4095
FIGURE 4. REDUCED-GAIN LEVELER FOR VIDEO INPUTS AND DIFFERENTIAL GAIN
AND PHASE PERFORMANCE (SEE TEXT)
Although another amplifier is needed to gain the output back
to standard level, the reduced error currents bring the
differential phase error to less than 0.1 over the entire input
range.
A useful technique to reduce video distortion is to DCrestore the video level going into the EL4095, and offsetting
black level to -0.35V so that the entire video span
encompasses ±0.35V rather than the unrestored possible
span of ±0.7V (for standard-sized signals). For the preceding
leveler circuit, the black level should be set more toward
-0.7V to accommodate the largest input, or made to vary
14
with the gain control itself (large gain, small offset; small
gain, larger offset).
The EL4095 can be wired as a four quadrant multiplier:
EL4095
FIGURE 5. EL4095 CONNECTED AS A FOUR-QUADRANT MULTIPLIER
The A channel gains the input by +1 and the B channel by
-1. Feedthrough suppression of the Y input can be optimized
by introducing an offset between channel A and B. This is
easily done by injecting an adjustable current into the
summing junction (-VIN terminal) of the B input channel.
The two input channels can be connected to a common input
through two dissimilar filters to create a DC-controlled
variable filter. This circuit provides a controlled range of
peaking through rolloff characteristics:
15
EL4095
FIGURE 6. VARIABLE PEAKING FILTER
The EL4095 is connected as a unity-gain fader, with an LRC
peaking network connected to the A-input and an RC rolloff
network connected to the B-input. The plot shows the range
of peaking controlled by the VGAIN input. This circuit would
be useful for flattening the frequency response of a system,
or for providing equalization ahead of a lossy transmission
line.
where AV is the fed-back gain of the EL4095. Here is a plot
of input-referred noise vs AV:
Noise
The electrical noise of the EL4095 has two components: the
voltage noise in series with +VIN is 5nV√Hz wideband, and
there is a current noise injected into -VIN of 35pA√Hz. The
output noise will be
V n, out =
2
( A V × V n, input ) + ( I n, input × R F )
2
,
FIGURE 7. INPUT-REFERRED NOISE VS
CLOSED-LOOP GAIN
and the input-referred noise is
V n, input – referred =
2
( V n, input ) + ( I n, input × R F ⁄ A V )
16
2
EL4095
Thus, for a gain of three or more the fader has a noise as
good as an op-amp. The only trade-off is that the dynamic
range of the input is reduced by the gain due to the
nonlinearity caused by gained-up output signals.
Power Dissipation
Peak die temperature must not exceed 150°C. This allows
75°C internal temperature rise for a 75°C ambient. The
EL4095 in the 14-pin PDIP package has a thermal
resistance of 65°C/W, and can thus dissipate 1.15W at a
75°C ambient temperature. The device draws 20mA
maximum supply current, only 600mW at ±15V supplies, and
the circuit has no dissipation problems in this package.
The SO-14 surface-mount package has a 105°C/W thermal
resistance with the EL4095, and only 714mW can be
dissipated at 75°C ambient temperature. The EL4095 thus
can be operated with ±15V supplies at 75°C, but additional
dissipation caused by heavy loads must be considered. If
this is a problem, the supplies should be reduced to ±5V to
±12V levels.
The output will survive momentary short-circuits to ground,
but the large available current will overheat the die and also
potentially destroy the circuit’s metal traces. The EL4095 is
reliable within its maximum average output currents and
operating temperatures.
EL4095 Macromodel
This macromodel is offered to allow simulation of general
EL4095 behavior. We have included these characteristics:
Small-signal frequency response Signal path DC distortions
Output loading effects
VGAIN I-V characteristics
Input impedance
VGAIN overdrive recovery delay
Off-channel feedthrough
100% gain error
Output impedance over
frequency
FORCE operation
-VIN characteristics and
sensitivity to parasitic
capacitance
These will give a good range of results of various operating
conditions, but the macromodel does not behave identically
as the circuit in these areas:
Temperature effects
Manufacturing tolerances
Signal overload effects
Supply voltage effects
Signal and VG operating range
Slewrate limitations
Current-limit
Noise
Video and high-frequency distortions Power supply interactions
Glitch and delay from FORCE inputs
17
EL4095
FIGURE 8. THE EL4095 MACROMODEL SCHEMATIC
18
EL4095
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Intersil Corporation’s quality certifications can be viewed at www.intersil.com/design/quality
Intersil products are sold by description only. Intersil Corporation reserves the right to make changes in circuit design, software and/or specifications at any time without
notice. Accordingly, the reader is cautioned to verify that data sheets are current before placing orders. Information furnished by Intersil is believed to be accurate and
reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed by Intersil or its subsidiaries for its use; nor for any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties which may result
from its use. No license is granted by implication or otherwise under any patent or patent rights of Intersil or its subsidiaries.
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