Technical Guide Conductive Polymer Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors 2015.11 http://industrial.panasonic.com/ww/products/capacitors/polymer-capacitors/sp-cap TECHNICAL GUIDE Conductive Polymer Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors Contents 1．Features of SP-Cap ・・・・・・・・・・1 2．Features of application circuit ・・・・・・・・・・7 3．Structure ・・・・・・・・・10 4. Transient Response Simulation ・・・・・・・・・11 5. Example of Simulation ・・・・・・・・・16 6. Safety and Reliability ・・・・・・・・・19 7. Reliability Test Data ・・・・・・・・・23 TECHNICAL GUIDE Conductive Polymer Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors 1. Features of SP-Cap ●Super low ESR (Equivalent Series Resistance) characteristics SP-Cap has super low ESR characteristics which allows it to have rapid current discharge or charge capability： This makes the SP-Cap an excellent choice as a bulk capacitor in CPU applications. ●Very low impedance characteristics ●Stable capacitance characteristics SP-Cap has stable capacitance characteristics versus changes in the operating frequency and applied voltage, unlike MLCC. ●Stable temperature and applied voltage characteristics SP-Cap has stable characteristics versus changes in the operating temperature and applied voltage. ●Benign Failure Mode full advantage of the material More difficult to ignite and "smoke" than a tantalum electrolytic capacitor. ●Surface mounting and low profile With the adoption of our exclusive new structure, surface mounting and a reduction in height have been achieved. Design and specifications are each subject to change without notice. Ask factory for the current technical specifications before purchase and/or use. Should a safety concern arise regarding this product, please be sure to contact us immediately. 1 TECHNICAL GUIDE Conductive Polymer Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors Comparison with other types of capacitors ■ Super low ESR and large capacitance ESR: Approx. 1/10 or less that of a tantalum capacitor Capacitance: Approx. 5 times or more that of a ceramic capacitor 1000 800 Low ESR Tantalum ESR (m) at 100kHz 330 300 170 100 60 60 30 25 15 SP-Cap 15 10 50 Polymer Tantalum 40 22 22 15 15 10 5 60 50 9 Ceramic Capacitor 12 9 9 9 6 12 6 6 5 6 5 3 3 5 1 10 100 1000 Capacitance (F) at 120Hz ■ Very low impedance Lowest impedance among electrolytic capacitors (2) Polymer Tantalum capacitor 4V100F (7.3 x4.3 x2.8) (4) Low ESR Tantalum capacitor 10V100F (7.3 x4.3 x2.8) (1) SP-Cap (SX series) 4V100F (7.3 x4.3 x1.9) (3) Ceramic capacitor 6.3V100F (4.5 x3.2 x3.2) 100 10 Z, ESR () Z 1 (4) ESR 0.1 (2) 0.01 (1) (3) 0.001 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 Frequency (kHz) Design and specifications are each subject to change without notice. Ask factory for the current technical specifications before purchase and/or use. Should a safety concern arise regarding this product, please be sure to contact us immediately. 2 TECHNICAL GUIDE Conductive Polymer Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors ■ Stable capacitance MLCC reduction capacity in the "voltage application" + “Low Temp.-High Temp." Capacitance Change () SP-Cap：25V22μF (CX series) MLCC：25V22μF,X5R,3216 -80% DC bias（V） Capacitance change (%) Capacitance Change () SP-Cap：25V22μF (CX series) -10% -10% MLCC：25V22μF,X5R,3216 Temperature （ºC） Design and specifications are each subject to change without notice. Ask factory for the current technical specifications before purchase and/or use. Should a safety concern arise regarding this product, please be sure to contact us immediately. 3 TECHNICAL GUIDE Conductive Polymer Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors ■ Stable temperature and applied voltage characteristics Ceramic capacitor (MLCC 0805 X5R) 6.3V22F ESR (Ohm) Capacitance Change () SP-Cap (SX series) 2.5V180F Design and specifications are each subject to change without notice. Ask factory for the current technical specifications before purchase and/or use. Should a safety concern arise regarding this product, please be sure to contact us immediately. 4 TECHNICAL GUIDE Conductive Polymer Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors ■ Very low impedance at high frequency by low ESL 3 Terminal SP-Cap (L* series) has very low impedance equivalent to MLCC at high frequency. 0.1 Z (OHM) MLCC 0603 X5R 6.3V22uF SP-Cap LS series 2.5V180uF 0.01 SP-Cap SX series 2.5V180uF 0.001 0.01 1 Frequency (MHz) 100 2 Inductance (nH) MLCC 0603 X5R 6.3V22uF SP-Cap LS series 2.5V180uF 1 SP-Cap SX series 2.5V180uF 0 0.01 1 Frequency (MHz) 100 Design and specifications are each subject to change without notice. Ask factory for the current technical specifications before purchase and/or use. Should a safety concern arise regarding this product, please be sure to contact us immediately. 5 TECHNICAL GUIDE Conductive Polymer Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors ■ Large capacitance & Low profile Z (OHM) 0.1 LS series LS0D221R Height:1.1mm LT0D331R Height:1.4mm 0.01 H: 1.1mm LX0D471R Height:1.9mm 0.001 0.01 1 Frequency (MHz) LT series 100 0.1 ESR (OHM) LS0D221R Height:1.1mm H: 1.4mm LT0D331R Height:1.4mm 0.01 LX series LX0D471R Height:1.9mm 0.001 0.01 1 Frequency (MHz) H: 1.9mm 100 600 2 400 LT0D331R Height:1.4mm 200 LS0D221R Height:1.1mm Inductance (nH) Cap (uF) LS0D221R Height:1.1mm LT0D331R Height:1.4mm 1 LX0D471R Height:1.9mm LX0D471R Height:1.9mm 0 0 0.1 10 Frequency (kHz) 1000 0.1 1 10 Frequency (MHz) 100 Design and specifications are each subject to change without notice. Ask factory for the current technical specifications before purchase and/or use. Should a safety concern arise regarding this product, please be sure to contact us immediately. 6 TECHNICAL GUIDE Conductive Polymer Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors 2. Features of application circuit Excellent noise reduction An evaluation of noise reduction compared with that of other types of capacitors is shown below. Test Circuit Input voltage ： 8Vp-p Frequency ： 1MHz Signal generator Oscilloscope 50 Cx Comparison of noise reduction capability Output waveform Input waveform (1MHz) 8V p-p Aluminum capacitor Tantalum capacitor 1000F×4 100F×3 47F×1 40mV p-p 30mV p-p 54mV p-p SP-Cap SP-Cap has excellent noise reduction performance. SP-Cap can realize the quantity reduction and space saving. Design and specifications are each subject to change without notice. Ask factory for the current technical specifications before purchase and/or use. Should a safety concern arise regarding this product, please be sure to contact us immediately. 7 TECHNICAL GUIDE Conductive Polymer Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors Excellent ripple voltage reduction An evaluation of voltage smoothing capability on the switching power output side compared with that of other types of capacitors is shown below. Test Circuit Switching frequency: 250kHz Step Down 1.1H SW Reg Feed Back Comparison of ripple reduction capability SP-Cap Polymer tantalum Low ESR tantalum 2.5V 220µF 2.5V 220µF 6.3V 220µF ESR=10mΩ at 100kHz ESR=25mΩ at 100kHz ESR=50mΩ at 100kHz Ripple voltage:50mVp-p Ripple voltage:125mVp-p Ripple voltage:265mVp-p To reduce ripple voltage, SP-Cap with a super low ESR is more suitable. For the same capacitance, SP-Cap allows the ripple voltage to be reduced to approximately 1/3 that of a polymer tantalum capacitor and approximately 1/5 that of a low ESR tantalum capacitor. Design and specifications are each subject to change without notice. Ask factory for the current technical specifications before purchase and/or use. Should a safety concern arise regarding this product, please be sure to contact us immediately. 8 TECHNICAL GUIDE Conductive Polymer Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors Excellent transient response An evaluation of the transient response as the load varies in a high speed condition compared with those of the other types of capacitors is shown below. Test Circuit Step Down 19Vin 1.0H Load conditions： Load time ：100µs Slew rate ：60A/µs Vout ：1.3V Frequency ：610kHz/2phase Load current ：30A SW Reg. Pulse load circuit A Feed Back Comparison of transient response capability Conductive Polymer Aluminum (SP-Cap) Conductive Polymer Tantalum 2V 270µF x5 pcs 2V 220µF x8 pcs 4V 470µF x5 pcs 2.5V 330µF x8 pcs Total Cap. =1350µF at 120Hz Total Cap. =1760µF at 120Hz Total Cap. =2350µF at 120Hz Total Cap. =2640µF at 120Hz ESR=3mΩmax.at 100kHz ESR=1.9mΩmax.at 100kHz ESR=3mΩmax.at 100kHz ESR=1.9mΩmax.at 100kHz Because SP-Cap provides a super low ESR, the same transient response can be obtained with less capacitance. To obtain the same transient response with polymer tantalum, higher capacitance is required than with the polymer aluminum. Design and specifications are each subject to change without notice. Ask factory for the current technical specifications before purchase and/or use. Should a safety concern arise regarding this product, please be sure to contact us immediately. 9 TECHNICAL GUIDE Conductive Polymer Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors 3. Structure Super low ESR ●In order to reduce ESR, the electrical conductivity of the electrolyte (cathode material) must be increased. ●The Conductive polymer electrolyte has a conductivity higher than that of conventional electrolytes *Approx. 10,000 times that of an aluminum capacitor (electrolyte ： liquid) *Approx. 1,000 times that of a tantalum capacitor (manganese dioxide ： solid) Basic configuration of an electrolytic capacitor Conductivity of various types of electrolytes Conductivity(S/cm) 1000 Silver Oxid film + Conductive Polymer - Aluminum Aluminum Electrolyte MnO２ Silver Oxid film Oxid film + Tantalum + Aluminum SP-Cap - Electrolyte (cathode material) - 100 Conductive polymer SP-Cap 10 1 TCNQ base 0.1 Manganese dioxide 0.01 Electrolyte Organic semiconductive capacitor Tantalum capacitor Aluminum capacitor Product structure With the adoption of our exclusive structure, suface Mounting and reduced height have been achieved. Cross-section of internal element (One sheet) (1) Mold resin ● (6) Terminal (2) Silver paste (3) Carbon (4) Conductive polymer No. Component (1) Mold resin (2) Silver past (3) Carbon (4) Conductive polymer (5) Aluminum foil (6) Terminal (5) Aluminum foil Design and specifications are each subject to change without notice. Ask factory for the current technical specifications before purchase and/or use. Should a safety concern arise regarding this product, please be sure to contact us immediately. 10 TECHNICAL GUIDE Conductive Polymer Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors 4. Transient Response Simulation Application Example (CPU) Trend of CPU (Central Processing Unit) used in personal computers *CPUs continue to follow Moore’s Law of doubling operating frequency every 18 months. Today’ CPUs are operating above Ghz frequencies. The Ghz- plus CPUs are characterized by increased power, high operating DC current and current slew rate requirements, and a challenging voltage margin. *To reduce energy consumption: CPU stop clock operation is used. CPU drive voltage is lowered. ●In order to reduce power consumption, a switching operation (ON and OFF) is repeated frequently by the CPU stop clock operation. → A large voltage fluctuation occurs in the CPU drive power line. ●Load current when CPU is operated (ON) is increased. → As the CPU computing and operational demand vary, the current demands for the CPU can change very rapidly and require current slew rates of hundreds of amps within a few seconds. Current CPU current Load current is increased. Current slew rate (di/dt) is high. Time ●Reduction in CPU drive voltage → The allowable voltage fluctuation range for CPU operation becomes tighter. Voltage CPU voltage Upper limit of operating voltage When the voltage is lowered, the allowable range is reduced. Lower limit of operating voltage Time Today’s CPUs can require current slew rates of hundreds of amps per micro second. The resulting current surge can create unacceptable spikes in the voltage which must be suppressed within the operating voltage margin before any damage is done to the CPU. Design and specifications are each subject to change without notice. Ask factory for the current technical specifications before purchase and/or use. Should a safety concern arise regarding this product, please be sure to contact us immediately. 11 TECHNICAL GUIDE Conductive Polymer Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors The performance requirement for bulk capacitors have increased due to the increase in the transient response and power requirements of the CPU. A capacitor functions as a buffer to supply an instantaneous current at a stable voltage. ICPU=ISW+IC Current V ICPU ISW ISW IC IC Voltage CPU SWPS C Limit of operation V Personal computer will freeze. This transient response simulation presents the optimum idea of capacitor pick up for power supply design. Spice circuit model SWPS CPU Design and specifications are each subject to change without notice. Ask factory for the current technical specifications before purchase and/or use. Should a safety concern arise regarding this product, please be sure to contact us immediately. 12 TECHNICAL GUIDE Conductive Polymer Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors Simulating method For the simulation of CPU transient response characteristics, a capacitor equivalent circuit model must be created and the circuit conditions must be set up. In order to simulate the transient response characteristics of a capacitor, An equivalent circuit model capable of indicating The variation in ESR ٭and the reduction in capacity and inductance in the high frequency ٭ESR ： Equivalent Series Resistance Selection of equivalent circuit model 〈Typical equivalent circuit model〉 Ladder model (20-elements) 7-elements 3-elements R2 C R L2 L1 L R1 C1 R6 R1 R2 R3 C2 C3 R7 R8 R4 C4 R9 R5 C5 R10 R3 L1 C2 C1 L2 L3 L4 L5 〈Comparison graph of measured value and simulated value by equivalent circuit model〉 Impedance Capacitance ESR ESL 〈Approximation degree by equivalent circuit model〉 Equivalent circuit Impedance ESR Capacitance ESL 3 elements No good No good No good No good 7 elements Good No good Good Good Ladder model Good Good Good Good model Because of its approximation degree to the measured value ladder model is adopted for the simulation. Design and specifications are each subject to change without notice. Ask factory for the current technical specifications before purchase and/or use. Should a safety concern arise regarding this product, please be sure to contact us immediately. 13 TECHNICAL GUIDE Conductive Polymer Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors Setting of circuit conditions Circuit condition: Put capacitors in parallel between power supply and CPU as described below. SWPS CPU The number of capacitors is calculated using a P Spice circuit simulator under the following conditions of the application. When CPU voltage varies and current is managed, CPU performance is optimized. Operating current and ramp up time (di/dt) CPU of CPU conditions. Operating voltage (Vout) and range of CPU (Vp-p) Switching frequency and phase of SW power supply Inductance of PCC (Power Choke Coil) (L) of SW power supply Min. input voltage (Vin) of SW power supply Operating current CPU current (di/dt) CPU Current supplied from SW power supply ( di )SW=( –Vout) /(L /phase) dt di ( )SW=(Vin – Vout) /L dt time 1 / (SW frequency x phase) CPU voltage Upper limit of operating voltage Undershoot Overshoot Vp-p Lower limit of operating voltage time It takes time for the SW power supply to respond to the CPU when it turns on → Capacitors are necessary to smoothly transfer the voltage from the CPU start-up. Design and specifications are each subject to change without notice. Ask factory for the current technical specifications before purchase and/or use. Should a safety concern arise regarding this product, please be sure to contact us immediately. 14 TECHNICAL GUIDE Conductive Polymer Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors Estimation of capacitance-frequency characteristics Using the Ladder model LCR meters are unable to measure capacitance at the resonance point frequencies and above. Using an LCR 20-element ladder model, we propose estimating the behavior of the measured capacitance-frequency characteristics around the point of resonance. Z,ESR(mOHM) - Frequency(kHz) Ref. Low ESR Tantalum (D-size 10V100uF) 100 10 Creation of the capacitance-frequency characteristics excluding the effects of inductance 1 0.1 0.01 0.001 R1 R2 C1 C2 R3 C3 R4 C4 R5 0.1 Z(data) 1 10 ESR (data) 100 1000 10000 Z(sim) ESR(sim) Capacitance(uF) - Frequency(kHz) C5 250 200 R6 R7 L1 L2 R8 L3 R9 L4 R10 150 100 L5 50 0 0.1 * data: measured sim: ladder model 1 Cap (data) 10 100 1000 Cap(sim) 10000 Resonance Point Z,ESR(mOHM) - Frequency(kHz) 100 Removal of the R-L circuit 10 1 0.1 R1 R2 R3 R4 0.01 R5 0.001 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 0.1 1 Z(sim) 10 100 1000 ESR(sim) 10000 Capacitance(uF) - Frequency(kHz) 250 200 150 Estimation of capacitance characteristics at high frequency 100 50 0 0.1 1 10 100 Cap(sim) 1000 10000 Design and specifications are each subject to change without notice. Ask factory for the current technical specifications before purchase and/or use. Should a safety concern arise regarding this product, please be sure to contact us immediately. 15 TECHNICAL GUIDE Conductive Polymer Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors 5. Example of simulation Example of simulation (1) Current behavior of CPU and Power Supply Circuit conditions 150 CPU Power Supply 19V Vout 1.8V Load Line Z 2.4mohm Ipeak (leak) 55A (10A) CPU Slew Rate 300 A/us Switching Freq. 800kHz Phase 2 Inductance 0.15uH 100 Current (A) Vin 50 0 -50 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Time (us) 40 Transient response simulation results Undershoot Droop Overshoot Overshoot SP-Cap proposal for CPU Vcore Design and specifications are each subject to change without notice. Ask factory for the current technical specifications before purchase and/or use. Should a safety concern arise regarding this product, please be sure to contact us immediately. 16 TECHNICAL GUIDE Conductive Polymer Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors Example of simulation (2) Current behavior of CPU and Power Circuit conditions 150 CPU 19V Vout 1.85V Ipeak (leak) 100A (20A) CPU Slew Rate 533A /us Switching Freq. 400kHz Phase 3 Inductance 0.36uH 100 Current (A) Vin Power Supply 50 0 -50 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Time (us) 40 Transient response simulation results Undershoot Droop Overshoot Overshoot SP-Cap proposal for CPU Vcore Design and specifications are each subject to change without notice. Ask factory for the current technical specifications before purchase and/or use. Should a safety concern arise regarding this product, please be sure to contact us immediately. 17 TECHNICAL GUIDE Conductive Polymer Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors Example of simulation (3) Current behavior of CPU and Power Circuit conditions 250 CPU 12V 1.8V Load Line Z 0.3mΩ Ipeak (leak) 220A (40A) CPU Slew Rate 200 A /us Switching Freq. 400kHz Phase 6 Inductance 0.17uH 200 150 Current (A) Vin Vout Power Supply 100 50 0 -50 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Time (us) 40 Transient response simulation results Undershoot Droop Overshoot Overshoot SP-Cap proposal for CPU Vcore Design and specifications are each subject to change without notice. Ask factory for the current technical specifications before purchase and/or use. Should a safety concern arise regarding this product, please be sure to contact us immediately. 18 TECHNICAL GUIDE Conductive Polymer Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors 6. Safety and Reliability Safety The Conductive polymer aluminum electrolytic capacitor (SP-Cap) is a capacitor more difficult to"smoke" and ignite than a tantalum capacitor. The capacitor will not "red-heat" or ignite even if 10A current is applied, even in case of short circuit. Safety test A constant current was passed through a short-circuited product, and the product was observed to check for smoking and ignition. ● Test conditions To short-circuit, an overvoltage of 30 V DC was applied to a capacitor at room temperature, and then a constant current was applied to the capacitor for two minutes. ● Test results The presence or absence of smoke and the number of capacitors that red-heated and ignited are shown below (unit: piece) Conductive polymer aluminum electrolytic capacitor 6.3V 100µF (7.3 x 4.3 x 1.9) Current (A) Test quantity Not smoked Smoked Red-heated and ignited 1 2 5 7 10 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 35 8 2 0 0 15 42 48 0 0 0 0 0 In the conditions shown above, red-heating and ignition were not identified. The smoke emitted in the tests above was analyzed. As a result, harmful substances were not detected. (Detail: carbon dioxide <0.34mg, carbon monoxide <0.53mg, methane gas < 0.19mg/piece) Tantalum electrolytic capacitor 6.3V150µF (7.3 x 4.3 x 2.8) Current (A) Test quantity Not smoked Smoked Ｒｅｄ-heated and ignited 1 2 3 4 5 50 50 50 50 50 50 25 8 N/A N/A 0 25 8 N/A M/A 0 0 34 50 50 This test data is simply the results obtained from the reference tests and actual data may vary on actual application. Design and specifications are each subject to change without notice. Ask factory for the current technical specifications before purchase and/or use. Should a safety concern arise regarding this product, please be sure to contact us immediately. 19 TECHNICAL GUIDE Conductive Polymer Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors The Conductive Polymer capacitor is difficult to “smoke” and ignite It is because: * Aluminum is more difficult to burn than tantalum. * Conductive polymer emits less oxygen than manganese dioxide. Three elements of combustion Oxygen For substances to burn, the three elements of combustion - heat, fuel, oxygen - are mandatory. If one of them is not present, burning will not occur. (Air) Fuel Heat (Aluminum, Tantalum) (Short-circuit) Aluminum is more difficult to burn than tantalum. Burning reaction Reaction start temperature Activation energy SP-Cap Tantalum capacitor Al + O2 400ºC ~ 600ºC Ta + O2 250ºC ~ 450ºC 170kJ/mol 115kJ/mol Reaction becomes easier when the activation energy is lower. →Tantalum is more readily bound to oxygen (O2), and burns at low temperatures than aluminum. Conductive polymer does not produce oxygen. Conductive polymer Ｈ Ｈ Ｃ Ｃ Ｃ Ｃ Ｎ Ｈ Manganese dioxide MnO2 Ｈ Ｎ Ｃ Ｃ Ｈ Example of the oxygen release reaction of manganese dioxide Ｃ Ｃ Ｈ 4MnO2 → 2Mn2O3+O2 ｎ → Manganese dioxide releases oxygen to cause combustion. Aluminum is more difficult to bind with oxygen than tantalum, and conductive polymer will release less oxygen than manganese dioxide. As a result, the SP-Cap is more difficult to “smoke” and ignite than a tantalum capacitor. Design and specifications are each subject to change without notice. Ask factory for the current technical specifications before purchase and/or use. Should a safety concern arise regarding this product, please be sure to contact us immediately. 20 TECHNICAL GUIDE Conductive Polymer Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors Reliability The Conductive Polymer Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitor (SP-Cap) is a capacitor more difficult to short-circuit than a tantalum capacitor. Reliability test Capacitors weretested for possible short-circuiting or burnout when voltage is applied in a high temperature environment. ● Test conditions ： 85 to 145°C Test temperature Applied voltage ： Rated voltage (W.V.) x (0.8 to 1.25) Test time ： 1,000 hours (without protective resistance) Quantity of specimens ： n = 20 for each condition ● Test results The number of capacitors short-circuited or burned out are shown below. Conductive polymer aluminum electrolytic capacitor 6.3V 100µF(7.3 x 4.3 x 1.9) 0.8 x R.V. R.V. 1.1 x R.V. 1.25 x R.V. 85℃ 0 0 0 0 105℃ 0 0 0 0 125℃ 0 0 0 0 145℃ 0 0 0 0 During the test, short-circuits did not occur under each of all the conditions. Tantalum capacitor 6.3V 220µF(7.3 x 4.3 x 2.8) 0.8 x R.V. R.V. 1.1 x R.V. 1.25 x R.V. 85℃ 0 0 0 0 105℃ 0 0 0 １ 125℃ 0 0 0 ３ 145℃ １ 0 0 0 The short-circuited products were all burned out. Normally, when the atmospheric temperature and voltage become higher, a product tends to short-circuit. Predicted failure rate of SP-Cap ●As a result of our reliability test, the following data could be obtained. Failure rate resulting from the temperature accelerated test: 8.2 Fit or less (Predicted failure rate when the temperature is 105°C and the rated voltage is applied) ●Predicted market failure rate: 0.13 Fit or less (c = 0, predicted failure rate when reliability level is 60%) This failure rate is for reference only. Actual failure rates may vary in actual applications. Design and specifications are each subject to change without notice. Ask factory for the current technical specifications before purchase and/or use. Should a safety concern arise regarding this product, please be sure to contact us immediately. 21 TECHNICAL GUIDE Conductive Polymer Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors The SP-Cap is difficult to short-circuit The conductive polymer is a substance (electrolyte) whose resistance rises with temperature. When a defect occurs in the dielectric, the joule heat of the current flowing trough the defect raises the resistance of the polymer to the point that it becomes self-insulating and shuts off the current flow. Resistivity with respect to temperature 100 Insulated Resistivity Ω•cm 10 Manganese dioxide 1 0.1 Conductive polymer 0.01 0 200 400 600 800 Temperature ℃ The conductive polymer insulates itself at a low temperature as compared with manganese dioxide. As a result, SP-Cap is more difficult to short-circuit than a tantalum capacitor. Design and specifications are each subject to change without notice. Ask factory for the current technical specifications before purchase and/or use. Should a safety concern arise regarding this product, please be sure to contact us immediately. 22 TECHNICAL GUIDE Conductive Polymer Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors 7. Reliability Test Data Frequency characteristics* Z, ESR - Frequency Capacitance - Frequency ■ SX Series EEFSX0E471E4 EEFSX0D561E4 10 800 Capacitance (μF) 1000 Z, ESR (Ω) 100 1 0.1 600 400 200 0.01 0 0.001 0.1 1 10 100 1000 0.1 10000 1 10 100 1000 10000 Frequency (kHz) Frequency (kHz) ■ ST-SS Series EEFSS0D221R EEFSS0E181R EEFST0D331R EEFST0E271R 10 400 Capacitance (μF) 500 Z, ESR (Ω) 100 1 0.1 300 200 100 0.01 0 0.001 0.1 1 10 100 1000 0.1 10000 1 10 100 1000 10000 Frequency (kHz) Frequency (kHz) * Please refer to ‘ Estimation of capacitance-frequency characteristics using the ladder model’ on page16. Design and specifications are each subject to change without notice. Ask factory for the current technical specifications before purchase and/or use. Should a safety concern arise regarding this product, please be sure to contact us immediately. 23 TECHNICAL GUIDE Conductive Polymer Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors Frequency characteristics* Z, ESR - Frequency Capacitance - Frequency ■ CX Series EEFCX0G271R EEFCX0J181R 10 400 Capacitance (μF) 500 Z, ESR (Ω) 100 1 0.1 0.01 300 200 100 0.001 0 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 0.1 1 Frequency (kHz) 10 100 1000 10000 1000 10000 Frequency (kHz) ■ CT-CS Series EEFCS0G121R EEFCS0J680R EEFCT0G181R EEFCT0J101R 10 400 Capacitance (μF) 500 Z, ESR (Ω) 100 1 0.1 300 200 100 0.01 0 0.001 0.1 1 10 100 1000 0.1 10000 1 10 100 Frequency (kHz) Frequency (kHz) * Please refer to ‘ Estimation of capacitance-frequency characteristics using the ladder model’ on page16. Design and specifications are each subject to change without notice. Ask factory for the current technical specifications before purchase and/or use. Should a safety concern arise regarding this product, please be sure to contact us immediately. 24 TECHNICAL GUIDE Conductive Polymer Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors MEMO 25 Technical Guide of Conductive Polymer Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors The first edition The sixth edition : October 1st 2000 : November 1st 2015 Issued by Automotive & Industrial Systems Company Panasonic Co., Ltd. Device Solutions Business Division Tel: +81-774-32-1111 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any from or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher.