[ TECHNICAL GUIDE ] Conductive Polymer Aluminum

Conductive Polymer Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors
TECHNICAL GUIDE
2013.7 industrial.panasonic.com/ww/
Conductive Polymer Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors (SP-Cap)
TECHNICAL GUIDE
Contents
１．Features
・・・・・・・・・・1
2．Special Capabilities
・・・・・・・・・・8
3．Structure
・・・・・・・・・・11
4. Transient Response Simulation
・・・・・・・・・12
5. Example of Simulation
・・・・・・・・・17
6. Safety and Reliability
・・・・・・・・・20
7. Reliability Test Data
・・・・・・・・・24
Conductive Polymer Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors (SP-Cap)
TECHNICAL GUIDE
1 . Fe at u r e s
Exclusive features
S C
●Very low ESR (Equivalent Series Resistance) characteristics
SP-Cap has very low ESR characteristics which allows it to have rapid current discharge or charge
capability. This makes the SP-Cap an excellent choice as a bulk capacitor
in CPU applications.
●Very low impedance characteristics
●Stable capacitance characteristics
SP-Cap has stable capacitance characteristics versus changes in the
operating frequency and applied voltage, unlike MLCC.
●Stable temperature and applied voltage characteristics
SP-Cap has stable characteristics versus changes in the
operating temperature and applied voltage.
●Voltage derating not required
SP-Cap usually can be operated at full rated voltage.
Voltage derating may be required depending on the operating temperature.
●Benign Failure Mode full advantage of the material
More difficult to ignite and "smoke" than a tantalum electrolytic capacitor.
●Surface mounting and low profile
With the adoption of our exclusive new structure, surface mounting and a reduction in height
have been achieved.
Design and specifications are each subject to change without notice. Ask factory for the current technical specifications before purchase and/or use. Should
a safety concern arise regarding this product, please be sure to contact us immediately.
1
Conductive Polymer Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors (SP-Cap)
TECHNICAL GUIDE
Comparison with other types of capacitors
■ Very low ESR and large capacitance
ESR: Approx. 1/10 or less that of a tantalum capacitor
Capacitance: Approx. 5 times or more that of a ceramic capacitor
1000
800
Low ESR Tantalum
ESR (m) at 100kHz
330
300
170
100
60
60
30
25
15
SP-Cap
15
10
50
Polymer Tantalum
40
22
22
15
15
10
5
60
50
9
9
Ceramic Capacitor
12
9
9
6
12
6
6
5
6
5
3
3
5
1
10
100
1000
Capacitance (F) at 120Hz
■ Very low impedance
Lowest impedance among electrolytic capacitors
(1) SP-Cap (SL series)
2V100F (7.3 x4.3 x1.8)
(3) Ceramic capacitor
6.3V100F (4.5 x3.2 x3.2)
(2) Polymer Tantalum capacitor
4V100F (7.3 x4.3 x2.8)
(4) Low ESR Tantalum capacitor
10V100F (7.3 x4.3 x2.8)
100
10
Z, ESR ()
Z
1
(4)
ESR
0.1
(2)
0.01
(1)
(3)
0.001
0.1
1
10
100
Frequency (kHz)
1000
10000
Design and specifications are each subject to change without notice. Ask factory for the current technical specifications before purchase and/or use. Should
a safety concern arise regarding this product, please be sure to contact us immediately.
2
Conductive Polymer Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors (SP-Cap)
TECHNICAL GUIDE
■Stable capacitance*
150
at Room Temperature
0.5 Vrms
SP-Cap (SL series)
2V100F
Capacitance (F)
100
Polymer Tantalum capacitor
4V100F
50
Low ESR Tantalum capacitor
10V100F
0
0.1
1
10
100
1000
Frequency (kHz)
*Please refer to ‘Conjecture of capacitance-frequency characteristics
by Ladder model’
Tantalum capacitor
SP-Cap
Product Form
Tantalum Powder
+
Sintering
Aluminum Foil
+
Multilayering
Electrode Element Form
of
Product
Capacitance
Capacitance-frequency
Characteristics
by
Equivalent Circuit
Capacitance
Equivalent Circuit Model
of
Electrode Element
Frequency
Frequency
Design and specifications are each subject to change without notice. Ask factory for the current technical specifications before purchase and/or use. Should
a safety concern arise regarding this product, please be sure to contact us immediately.
3
Conductive Polymer Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors (SP-Cap)
TECHNICAL GUIDE
■Stable temperature and applied voltage characteristics
Ceramic capacitor (MLCC 0805 X5R) 6.3V22F
2.5V180F
ESR (Ohm)
Capacitance
Change ()
SP-Cap (SX series)
Design and specifications are each subject to change without notice. Ask factory for the current technical specifications before purchase and/or use. Should
a safety concern arise regarding this product, please be sure to contact us immediately.
4
Conductive Polymer Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors (SP-Cap)
TECHNICAL GUIDE
■ Very low impedance at high frequency by low ESL
3 Terminal SP-Cap (L* series) has very low impedance equivalent to MLCC at high frequency.
0.1
Z (OHM)
MLCC 0603
X5R
6.3V22uF
SP-Cap
LS series
2.5V180uF
0.01
SP-Cap
SX series
2.5V180uF
0.001
0.01
1
Frequency (MHz)
100
2
Inductance (nH)
MLCC 0603
X5R
6.3V22uF
SP-Cap
LS series
2.5V180uF
1
SP-Cap
SX series
2.5V180uF
0
0.01
1
Frequency (MHz)
100
Design and specifications are each subject to change without notice. Ask factory for the current technical specifications before purchase and/or use. Should
a safety concern arise regarding this product, please be sure to contact us immediately.
5
Conductive Polymer Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors (SP-Cap)
TECHNICAL GUIDE
■ESL occurs by an electromagnetism loop
Electromagnetism Loop
W
ESL = k x
LxT
W
T
L
L
W
T
K
： length
： width
： thickness
： constant
Design and specifications are each subject to change without notice. Ask factory for the current technical specifications before purchase and/or use. Should
a safety concern arise regarding this product, please be sure to contact us immediately.
6
Conductive Polymer Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors (SP-Cap)
TECHNICAL GUIDE
■Low profile is possible because of multilayering structure
0.1
LS series
Z (OHM)
LS0D221R
Height:1.1mm
LT0D331R
Height:1.4mm
0.01
H: 1.1mm
LX0D471R
Height:1.9mm
0.001
0.01
1
Frequency (MHz)
LT series
100
0.1
ESR (OHM)
LS0D221R
Height:1.1mm
H: 1.4mm
LT0D331R
Height:1.4mm
0.01
LX series
LX0D471R
Height:1.9mm
0.001
0.01
1
Frequency (MHz)
H: 1.9mm
100
2
600
400
LS0D221R
Height:1.1mm
Inductance (nH)
Cap (uF)
LS0D221R
Height:1.1mm
LT0D331R
1
Height:1.4mm
LT0D331R
Height:1.4mm
LX0D471R
Height:1.9mm
LX0D471R
Height:1.9mm
200
0
0
0.1
10
Frequency (kHz)
1000
0.1
1
10
Frequency (MHz)
100
Design and specifications are each subject to change without notice. Ask factory for the current technical specifications before purchase and/or use. Should
a safety concern arise regarding this product, please be sure to contact us immediately.
7
Conductive Polymer Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors (SP-Cap)
TECHNICAL GUIDE
2.Special Capabilities
Excellent noise
An evaluation of noise absorption compared with that of other types of capacitors
is shown below.
Test Circuit
Input voltage: 8Vp-p
Frequency
: 1MHz
Signal
generator
50
Cx
Oscilloscope
Results of comparison obtained when the output levels
are set identical to each other.
Output waveform
Input waveform
(1MHz)
8V p-p
Aluminum capacitor
Tantalum capacitor
1000F×4
100F×3
47F×1
40mV p-p
30mV p-p
54mV p-p
SP-Cap
SP-Cap is excellent for noise absorption and capable of reducing the number
of parts thus reducing overall circuit size.
Design and specifications are each subject to change without notice. Ask factory for the current technical specifications before purchase and/or use. Should
a safety concern arise regarding this product, please be sure to contact us immediately.
8
Conductive Polymer Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors (SP-Cap)
TECHNICAL GUIDE
Excellent ripple voltage redduction
An evaluation of voltage smoothing capability on the switching power output side
compared with that of other types of capacitors is shown below.
Test Circuit
Switching frequency: 250kHz
Step Down
1.1H
SW Reg
Feed
Back
Results of comparison obtained when the capacities of the
capacitors (220µF) are set identical to each other.
Polymer tantalum
Low ESR tantalum
2.5V 220µF
2.5V 220µF
6.3V 220µF
ESR=10mΩ at 100kHz
ESR=25mΩ at 100kHz
ESR=50mΩ at 100kHz
Ripple voltage:50mVp-p
Ripple voltage:125mVp-p
Ripple voltage:265mVp-p
SP-Cap
To reduce ripple voltage, SP-Cap with a very low ESR is more suitable.
For the same capacitance, SP-Cap allows the ripple voltage to be reduced to
approximately 1/3 that of a polymer tantalum capacitor and approximately 1/5 that
of a low ESR tantalum capacitor.
Design and specifications are each subject to change without notice. Ask factory for the current technical specifications before purchase and/or use. Should
a safety concern arise regarding this product, please be sure to contact us immediately.
9
Conductive Polymer Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors (SP-Cap)
TECHNICAL GUIDE
Excellent transient response
An evaluation of the transient response as the load varies in a high speed
condition compared with those of the other types of capacitors is shown below.
Test Circuit
Step Down
19Vin
1.0H
Load conditions：
Load time ：100µs
Slew rate ：60A/µs
Vout
：1.3V
Frequency ：610kHz/2phase
Load current ：30A
SW
Reg.
Pulse load circuit
A
Feed
Back
Results of comparisons obtained when fluctuated output
voltages are identical to each other.
Conductive Polymer Aluminum (SP-Cap)
Conductive Polymer Tantalum
2V 270µF x5 pcs
2V 220µF x8 pcs
4V 470µF x5 pcs
2.5V 330µF x8 pcs
Total Cap. =1350µF at 120Hz
Total Cap. =1760µF at 120Hz
Total Cap. =2350µF at 120Hz
Total Cap. =2640µF at 120Hz
ESR=3mΩmax.at 100kHz
ESR=1.9mΩmax.at 100kHz
ESR=3mΩmax.at 100kHz
ESR=1.9mΩmax.at 100kHz
Because SP-Cap provides a very low ESR, the same transient response can be
obtained with less capacitance. To obtain the same transient response with polymer
tantalum, higher capacitance is required than with the polymer aluminum.
Design and specifications are each subject to change without notice. Ask factory for the current technical specifications before purchase and/or use. Should
a safety concern arise regarding this product, please be sure to contact us immediately.
10
Conductive Polymer Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors (SP-Cap)
TECHNICAL GUIDE
3.Structure
Very low ESR
●In order to reduce ESR, the electrical conductivity of the electrolyte (cathode
material) must be increased.
●The Conductive polymer electrolyte has a conductivity higher than that of
conventional electrolytes
*Approx. 10,000 times that of an aluminum capacitor (electrolyte : liquid)
*Approx. 1,000 times that of a tantalum capacitor (manganese dioxide : solid)
Basic configuration of an electrolytic capacitor
Conductivity of various types of electrolytes
-
Conductivity(S/cm)
1000
Silver
Oxid film
+
Conductive
Polymer
-
Aluminum
Aluminum
Electrolyte
MnO ２
Silver
Oxid film
Oxid film
+
Tantalum
+
Aluminum
SP-Cap
-
Electrolyte
(cathode material)
100
Conductive
polymer
SP-Cap
10
1
TCNQ base
0.1
Manganese
dioxide
0.01
Electrolyte
Organic
semiconductive
capacitor
Tantalum
capacitor
Aluminum
capacitor
Product structure
With the adoption of our exclusive structure, suface
Mounting and reduced height have been achieved.
Cross-section of internal element
(one sheet)
(1)
●
(6)
(7)
(2) Silver paint
(3) Carbon
(4) Conductive polymer
No
Component
(1)
Mold resin
(2)
Silver paint
(3)
Carbon
(4)
Conductive polymer
(5)
Aluminum foil
(6)
Internal terminal
(7)
External terminal
(5) Aluminum foil
Design and specifications are each subject to change without notice. Ask factory for the current technical specifications before purchase and/or use. Should
a safety concern arise regarding this product, please be sure to contact us immediately.
11
Conductive Polymer Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors (SP-Cap)
TECHNICAL GUIDE
4.Transient Response Simulation
Application Example (CPU)
Trend of CPU (Central Processing Unit) used in personal computers
*CPUs continue to follow Moore’s Law of doubling operating frequency every 18 months.
Today’ CPUs are operating above Ghz frequencies. The Ghz- plus CPUs are characterized by
increased power, high operating DC current and current slew rate requirements, and a
challenging voltage margin.
*To reduce energy consumption:
CPU stop clock operation is used.
CPU drive voltage is lowered.
●In order to reduce power consumption, a switching operation (ON and OFF) is repeated
frequently by the CPU stop clock operation.
→ A large voltage fluctuation occurs in the CPU drive power line.
●Load current when CPU is operated (ON) is increased.
→ As the CPU computing and operational demand vary, the current demands for the
CPU can change very rapidly and require current slew rates of hundreds of amps
within a few seconds.
Current
CPU current
Load current is increased.
Current slew rate (di/dt) is high.
Time
●Reduction in CPU drive voltage
→ The allowable voltage fluctuation range for CPU operation becomes tighter.
Voltage
CPU voltage
Upper limit of operating voltage
When the voltage is lowered,
the allowable range is reduced.
Lower limit of operating voltage
Time
Today’s CPUs can require current slew rates of hundreds of amps per micro second.
The resulting current surge can create unacceptable spikes in the voltage which
must be suppressed within the operating voltage margin before any damage is
done to the CPU.
Design and specifications are each subject to change without notice. Ask factory for the current technical specifications before purchase and/or use. Should
a safety concern arise regarding this product, please be sure to contact us immediately.
12
Conductive Polymer Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors (SP-Cap)
TECHNICAL GUIDE
The performance requirement for bulk capacitors have increased due to the increase
in the transient response and power requirements of the CPU.
●A capacitor functions as a buffer to supply an instantaneous current at a stable
voltage.
Current
ICPU=ISW+IC
V
ISW
ICPU
ISW
IC
Voltage
IC
CPU
SWPS
C
Limit of operation
V
Personal computer
will freeze.
This transient response simulation presents the optimum idea of capacitor pick up for power
supply design.
P-Spice circuit model
SWPS
CPU
Design and specifications are each subject to change without notice. Ask factory for the current technical specifications before purchase and/or use. Should
a safety concern arise regarding this product, please be sure to contact us immediately.
13
Conductive Polymer Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors (SP-Cap)
TECHNICAL GUIDE
Simulating method
For the simulation of CPU transient response characteristics,
a capacitor equivalent circuit model must be created
and the circuit conditions must be set up.
In order to simulate the transient response characteristics of a capacitor,
an equivalent circuit model capable of indicating
the variation in ESR‫ ٭‬and the reduction in capacity and inductance in the high frequency range.
‫٭‬ESR : Equivalent Series Resistance
Example of a reproduction of frequency characteristics by an equivalent circuit model
3-elements
7-elements
Ladder model
R2 800m
L 3.7nH
C 94F
R 88m
L2
L1
5.7nH
R1
88m
R2
98m
9.8m
10nH
14F
C1
C2
30F
76m
C3
47F
760m
L3
20nH
C5
C4
45
L2
38
2.7F
4.4uF
6.4
11nH
R5
0.10m
R9
5.8nH
74F
395m
R4
R8
L1
C2
R3
R7
R6
R3 225m
C1
20
Not good enough
R1
R10
330
L5
L4
41nH
0.01nH
Too Complex
Good enough
The Ladder circuit is too complex,
so it is not suitable for simulation.
Impedance
Capacitance
ESR
No capacitance
roll-off
(3-elements)
Can describe
ESR change
(7-elements)
Flat ESR curve (3-elements)
Can describe
capacitance
roll-off (7-elements)
Inductance
Can describe
L change
(7-elements)
Flat L curve
(3-elements)
Design and specifications are each subject to change without notice. Ask factory for the current technical specifications before purchase and/or use. Should
a safety concern arise regarding this product, please be sure to contact us immediately.
14
Conductive Polymer Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors (SP-Cap)
TECHNICAL GUIDE
Setting of circuit conditions
Circuit condition: Put capacitors in parallel between power supply and CPU as described below.
SWPS
CPU
The number of capacitors is calculated using a P Spice circuit simulator under the following
conditions of the application.
When CPU voltage varies and current is managed, CPU performance is optimized.
Operating current and ramp up time (di/dt)
CPU
of CPU conditions.
Operating voltage (Vout) and range of CPU (Vp-p)
Switching frequency and phase of SW power supply
Inductance of PCC(Power Choke Coil) (L) of SW power supply
Min. input voltage (Vin) of SW power supply
Operating current
CPU current
(di/dt) CPU
Current supplied from SW power supply
( di ) SW =(Vin – Vout) /L
dt
( di ) SW =( –Vout) /(L /phase)
dt
time
1 /(SW frequency x phase)
CPU voltage
Upper limit of operating voltage
Droop
Overshoot
Vp-p
Lower limit of operating voltage
time
It takes time for the SW power supply to respond to the CPU when it turns on
→ Capacitors are necessary to smoothly transfer the voltage from the CPU start-up.
Design and specifications are each subject to change without notice. Ask factory for the current technical specifications before purchase and/or use. Should
a safety concern arise regarding this product, please be sure to contact us immediately.
15
Conductive Polymer Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors (SP-Cap)
TECHNICAL GUIDE
Estimation of capacitance-frequency characteristics
using the Ladder model
LCR meters are unable to measure capacitance at the resonance point frequencies and above.
Using an LCR 20-element ladder model, we propose estimating the behavior of the measured
capacitance-frequency characteristics around the point of resonance.
Z,ESR(mOHM) - Frequency(kHz)
Ref. Low ESR Tantalum (D-size 10V100uF)
100
10
1
Creation of the capacitance-frequency
characteristics excluding the effects of inductance
0.1
0.01
0.001
R1
R2
C1
C2
R3
C3
R4
R5
C4
0.1
Z(data)
1
10
ESR (data)
100
1000
10000
Z(sim)
ESR(sim)
Capacitance(uF) - Frequency(kHz)
C5
250
200
R6
R7
L1
L2
R8
L3
R9
L4
R10
150
100
L5
50
0
* data: measured
sim: ladder model
0.1
10
100
1000
Cap(sim)
10000
Resonance Point
Z,ESR(mOHM) - Frequency(kHz)
100
Removal of the R-L circuit
1
Cap (data)
10
1
0.1
R1
R2
R3
R4
0.01
R5
0.001
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
0.1
1
Z(sim)
10
100
1000
ESR(sim)
10000
Capacitance(uF) - Frequency(kHz)
250
200
150
Estimation of capacitance characteristics
at high frequency
100
50
0
0.1
1
10
100
Cap(sim)
1000
10000
Design and specifications are each subject to change without notice. Ask factory for the current technical specifications before purchase and/or use. Should
a safety concern arise regarding this product, please be sure to contact us immediately.
16
Conductive Polymer Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors (SP-Cap)
TECHNICAL GUIDE
5.Example of simulation
Example of simulation (1)
Current behavior of CPU and Power
Circuit conditions
150
CPU
19V
Vout
1.8V
Load Line Z
2.4mohm
Ipeak (leak)
55A (10A)
CPU Slew Rate
(55-10) A/150ns
Switching Freq.
800kHz
Phase
2
Inductance
0.15uH
Power Supply
100
Current (A)
Vin
50
0
-50
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Time (us)
40
Transient response simulation results
Droop
Droop
Overshoot
Overshoot
SP-Cap proposal for Vcore
Design and specifications are each subject to change without notice. Ask factory for the current technical specifications before purchase and/or use. Should
a safety concern arise regarding this product, please be sure to contact us immediately.
17
Conductive Polymer Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors (SP-Cap)
TECHNICAL GUIDE
Example of simulation (2)
Current behavior of CPU and Power
Circuit conditions
150
CPU
19V
1.85V
Ipeak (leak)
100A (20A)
CPU Slew Rate
(20A-100A) /150ns
Switching Freq.
400kHz
Phase
3
Inductance
0.36uH
100
Current (A)
Vin
Vout
Power Supply
50
0
-50
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Time (us)
40
Transient response simulation results
Droop
Droop
Overshoot
Overshoot
SP-Cap proposal for Vcore
Design and specifications are each subject to change without notice. Ask factory for the current technical specifications before purchase and/or use. Should
a safety concern arise regarding this product, please be sure to contact us immediately.
18
Conductive Polymer Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors (SP-Cap)
TECHNICAL GUIDE
Example of simulation (3)
Circuit conditions
Current behavior of CPU and Power
250
CPU
12V
1.8V
Load Line Z
0.3mΩ
200
150
Current (A)
Vin
Vout
Power Supply
100
Ipeak (leak)
220A (40A)
CPU Slew Rate
200 A /us
Switching Freq.
400kHz
Phase
6
Inductance
0.17uH
50
0
-50
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Time (us)
40
Transient response simulation results
Droop
Droop
Overshoot
Overshoot
SP-Cap proposal for Vcore
Design and specifications are each subject to change without notice. Ask factory for the current technical specifications before purchase and/or use. Should
a safety concern arise regarding this product, please be sure to contact us immediately.
19
Conductive Polymer Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors (SP-Cap)
TECHNICAL GUIDE
6.Safety and Reliability
Safety
The specialty polymer aluminum electrolytic capacitor (SP-Cap) is a capacitor more
difficult to"smoke" and ignite than a tantalum capacitor.
The capacitor will not "red-heat" or ignite even if 10A current is applied, even in case of
short circuit.
Safety test
A constant current was passed through a short-circuited product, and the product was
observed to check for smoking and ignition.
● Test conditions
To short-circuit, an overvoltage of 30 V DC was applied to a capacitor at room temperature,
and then a constant current was applied to the capacitor for two minutes.
● Test results
The presence or absence of smoke and the number of capacitors that red-heated and ignited are
shown below (unit: piece)
Specialty polymer aluminum electrolytic capacitor 6.3V 33µF (7.3 x 4.3 x 1.8)
Current (A)
Test quantity
Not smoked
Smoked
Ｒｅｄ-heated and ignited
1
2
5
7
50
50
50
50
50
35
50
10
50
0
0
0
8
0
0
15
42
0
2
48
0
In the conditions shown above, red-heating and ignition were not identified.
The smoke emitted in the tests above was analyzed. As a result, harmful substances were not detected.
(Detail: carbon dioxide <0.34mg, carbon monoxide <0.53mg, methane gas < 0.19mg/piece)
Tantalum electrolytic capacitor
6.3V150µF
(7.3 x 4.3 x 2.8)
Current (A)
Test quantity
Not smoked
Smoked
Ｒｅｄ-heated and ignited
1
2
3
4
50
50
50
50
25
8
0
0
34
50
N/A
0
25
8
N/A
5
50
N/A
M/A
50
50
This test data is simply the results obtained from the reference tests and actual data may
vary on actual application.
Design and specifications are each subject to change without notice. Ask factory for the current technical specifications before purchase and/or use. Should
a safety concern arise regarding this product, please be sure to contact us immediately.
20
Conductive Polymer Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors (SP-Cap)
TECHNICAL GUIDE
The Specialty Polymer capacitor is difficult to “smoke” and ignite
It is because:
* Aluminum is more difficult to burn than tantalum.
* Specialty polymer emits less oxygen than manganese dioxide.
Three elements of combustion
For substances to burn,
the three elements of combustion - heat, fuel,
oxygen - are mandatory. If one of them is not
present, burning will not occur.
Oxygen
(Air)
Fuel
Heat
(Short-circuit)
(Aluminum, Tantalum)
Aluminum is more difficult to burn than tantalum.
Burning reaction
Reaction start temperature
Activation energy
SP-Cap
Tantalum capacitor
Al + O2
400ºC ~ 600ºC
Ta + O2
250ºC ~ 450ºC
170kJ/mol
115kJ/mol
Reaction becomes easier when the activation energy is lower.
→Tantalum is more readily bound to oxygen (O2), and
burns at low temperatures than aluminum.
Specialty polymer does not produce oxygen.
Specialty polymer
Ｈ
Ｈ
Ｃ
Ｃ
Ｃ
Ｃ
Ｎ
Ｈ
Manganese dioxide
MnO2
Ｈ
Ｎ
Ｃ
Ｃ
Ｈ
Example of the oxygen release
reaction of manganese dioxide
Ｃ
Ｃ
Ｈ
4MnO2 → 2Mn2O3+O2
ｎ
→Manganese dioxide releases oxygen to cause combustion.
Aluminum is more difficult to bind with oxygen than tantalum, and specialty polymer will
release less oxygen than manganese dioxide.
As a result, the SP-Cap is more difficult to “smoke” and ignite than a tantalum capacitor.
Design and specifications are each subject to change without notice. Ask factory for the current technical specifications before purchase and/or use. Should
a safety concern arise regarding this product, please be sure to contact us immediately.
21
Conductive Polymer Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors (SP-Cap)
TECHNICAL GUIDE
Reliability
The Specialty Polymer Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitor (SP-Cap) is a capacitor
more difficult to short-circuit than a tantalum capacitor.
Reliability test
Capacitors weretested for possible short-circuiting or burnout when voltage is applied in
a high temperature environment.
● Test conditions
Test temperature ： 85 to 145°C
Applied voltage ： Rated voltage (W.V.) x (0.8 to 1.25)
Test time
： 1,000 hours (without protective resistance)
Quantity of specimens ： n = 20 for each condition
● Test results
The number of capacitors short-circuited or burned out are shown below.
Specialty polymer aluminum electrolytic capacitor
6.3V 47µF(7.3 x 4.3 x 1.8)
0.8 x W.V
W.V
1.1 x W.V
1.25 x W.V
85℃
0
0
0
0
105℃
0
0
0
0
125℃
0
0
0
0
145℃
0
0
0
0
During the test, short-circuits did not occur under each of all the conditions.
Tantalum capacitor 6.3V 220µF(7.3 x 4.3 x 2.8)
0.8 x W.V
W.V
1.1 x W.V
1.25 x W.V
85℃
0
0
0
0
105℃
0
0
0
１
125℃
0
0
0
３
145℃
１
0
0
0
The short-circuited products were all burned out.
Normally, when the atmospheric temperature and voltage become higher, a product tends to short-circuit.
Predicted failure rate of SP-Cap
●As a result of our reliability test, the following data could be obtained.
Failure rate resulting from the temperature accelerated test: 46 Fit or less (Predicted failure rate
when the temperature is 105°C and the rated voltage is applied)
●Predicted market failure rate: 0.13 Fit or less (c = 0, predicted failure rate when reliability level is 60%)
This failure rate is for reference only. Actual failure rates may vary in actual applications.
Design and specifications are each subject to change without notice. Ask factory for the current technical specifications before purchase and/or use. Should
a safety concern arise regarding this product, please be sure to contact us immediately.
22
Conductive Polymer Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors (SP-Cap)
TECHNICAL GUIDE
The SP-Cap is difficult to short-circuit
The specialty polymer is a substance (electrolyte) whose resistance
Rises with temperature.
When a defect occurs in the dielectric, the joule heat of the current flowing trough the
defect raises the resistance of the polymer to the point that it becomes
self-insulating and shuts off the current flow
Resistivity with respect to temperature
100
Insulated
Resistivity Ω•cm
10
Manganese dioxide
1
0.1
Specialty polymer
0.01
0
200
400
600
800
Temperature ℃
The specialty polymer insulates itself at a low temperature as compared with
manganese dioxide.
As a result, SP-Al is more difficult to short-circuit than a tantalum capacitor.
Design and specifications are each subject to change without notice. Ask factory for the current technical specifications before purchase and/or use. Should
a safety concern arise regarding this product, please be sure to contact us immediately.
23
Conductive Polymer Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors (SP-Cap)
TECHNICAL GUIDE
7.Reliability Test Data
Frequency characteristics*
Capacitance - Frequency
Z,ESR - Frequency
■SX Series
EEFSX0D561E4 EEFSX0E471E4
10
800
Capacitance (μF)
1000
Z, ESR (Ω)
100
1
0.1
600
400
0.01
200
0.001
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10000
0
0.1
Frequency (kHz)
1
10
100
1000
10000
Frequency (kHz)
■ST-SS Series
EEFSS0D221R EEFSS0E181R EEFST0D331R EEFST0E271R
10
400
Capacitance (μF)
500
Z, ESR (Ω)
100
1
0.1
300
200
100
0.01
0
0.001
0.1
1
10
100
1000
0.1
10000
1
10
100
1000
10000
Frequency (kHz)
Frequency (kHz)
* Please refer to ‘ Estimation of capacitance-frequency characteristics using the Ladder model’ on pg16.
Design and specifications are each subject to change without notice. Ask factory for the current technical specifications before purchase and/or use. Should
a safety concern arise regarding this product, please be sure to contact us immediately.
24
Conductive Polymer Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors (SP-Cap)
TECHNICAL GUIDE
Frequency characteristics*
Capacitance - Frequency
Z,ESR - Frequency
■CX Series
EEFCX0G271R
EEFCX0J181R
10
400
Capacitance (μF)
500
Z, ESR (Ω)
100
1
0.1
0.01
300
200
100
0.001
0
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10000
0.1
1
Frequency (kHz)
10
100
1000
10000
1000
10000
Frequency (kHz)
■CT-CS Series
EEFCS0G121R EEFCS0J680R EEFCT0G181R EEFCT0J101R
10
400
Capacitance (μF)
500
Z, ESR (Ω)
100
1
0.1
300
200
100
0.01
0
0.001
0.1
1
10
100
1000
0.1
10000
1
10
100
Frequency (kHz)
Frequency (kHz)
* Please refer to ‘ Estimation of capacitance-frequency characteristics using the Ladder model’ on pg16.
Design and specifications are each subject to change without notice. Ask factory for the current technical specifications before purchase and/or use. Should
a safety concern arise regarding this product, please be sure to contact us immediately.
25
Technical Guide of Conductive Polymer Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors
The first edition
The fifth edition
: October 1st 2000
: July 1st 2013
Issued by Automotive & Industrial Systems Company Panasonic Co., Ltd.
Capacitor Business Division
Tel: 81-774-32-1111
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in
any from or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying
and microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher.