tisp4360h3bj

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TISP4360H3BJ
BIDIRECTIONAL THYRISTOR OVERVOLTAGE PROTECTORS
TISP4360H3BJ Overvoltage Protector Series
Matched to FCC Part 68 POTS + ADSL Voltages
– Working Voltage, VDRM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 V
– Protection Voltage, V(BO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360 V
SMBJ Package (Top View)
High FCC, Bellcore & ITU-T Surge Ratings
Waveshape
Standard
2/10 µs
8/20 µs
10/160 µs
GR-1089-CORE
IEC 61000-4-5
FCC Part 68
ITU-T K.20/21
FCC Part 68
FCC Part 68
GR-1089-CORE
10/700 µs
10/560 µs
10/1000 µs
R(B) 1
2
T(A)
ITSP
A
500
300
250
MDXXBG
Device Symbol
200
T
160
100
High UL 1950, Bellcore & ITU-T AC Capability
Applied AC ‘4360 IT(OV)M Limit
A r.m.s.
s
40
0.04
UL 1950
7
4.2
(ANNEX NAC)
2.2
SURVIVES
0.015
60
0.08
30
GR-1089-CORE
0.48
15
SURVIVES
2.2
23
0.15
ITU-T K.20/21
1
SURVIVES
SD4XAA
Standard
R
Terminals T and R correspond to the
alternative line designators of A and B
Large creepage distance ............................... 2.54 mm (0.1 in.)
Low Capacitance ................................................... 24 pF @ 50 V
70 pF @ 0
.............................................. UL Recognized Component
Description
The TISP4360H3BJ is designed to limit overvoltages on equipment used for telephone lines carrying POTS (Plain Old Telephone System) and
ADSL (Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line) signals. TISP4360H3BJ a.c. overload limits are specified for designers to select the correct
overcurrent protectors to meet safety requirements, e.g. UL 1950.
The protector consists of a symmetrical voltage-triggered bidirectional thyristor. Overvoltages are initially clipped by breakdown clamping. If
sufficient current is available from the overvoltage, the breakdown voltage will rise to the breakover level, which causes the device to switch
into a low-voltage on-state condition. This switching action removes the high voltage stress from the following circuitry and causes the current
resulting from the overvoltage to be safely diverted through the protector. The high holding (switch off) current helps prevent d.c. latchup as the
diverted current subsides.
The TISP4360H3BJ is guaranteed to voltage limit and withstand the listed international lightning surges in both polarities. This high (H) current
protection device is in a plastic SMBJ package (JEDEC DO-214AA with J-bend leads) and supplied in embossed carrier reel pack. For
alternative voltage and holding current values, consult the factory.
How To Order
Device
Package
TISP4360H3BJ BJ (J-Bend DO-214AA/SMB)
Carrier
Embossed Tape Reeled
Order As
TISP4360H3BJR-S
*RoHS Directive 2002/95/EC Jan 27 2003 including Annex
JUNE 1999 - REVISED JANUARY 2007
Specifications are subject to change without notice.
Customers should verify actual device performance in their specific applications.
TISP4360H3BJ Overvoltage Protector Series
Absolute Maximum Ratings, TA = 25 °C (Unless Otherwise Noted)
Rating
Repetitive peak off-state voltage, (see Note 1)
Non-repetitive peak on-state pulse current (see Notes 2, 3 and 4)
2/10 µs (GR-1089-CORE, 2/10 µs voltage wave shape)
8/20 µs (IEC 61000-4-5, 1.2/50 µs voltage, 8/20 current combination wave generator)
10/160 µs (FCC Part 68, 10/160 µs voltage wave shape)
5/200 µs (VDE 0433, 10/700 µs voltage wave shape)
0.2/310 µs (I3124, 0.5/700 µs voltage wave shape)
5/310 µs (ITU-T K.20/21, 10/700 µs voltage wave shape)
5/310 µs (FTZ R12, 10/700 µs voltage wave shape)
10/560 µs (FCC Part 68, 10/560 µs voltage wave shape)
10/1000 µs (GR-1089-CORE, 10/1000 µs voltage wave shape)
Non-repetitive peak on-state current (see Notes 2, 3 and 5)
20 ms (50 Hz) full sine wave
16.7 ms (60 Hz) full sine wave
1000 s 50 Hz/60 Hz a.c.
Maximum overload on-state current without open circuit, 50 Hz/60 Hz a.c.
0.015 s
0.04 s
0.08 s
0.15 s
0.48 s
4.2 s
Initial rate of rise of on-state current, Exponential current ramp, Maximum ramp value < 200 A
Junction temperature
Storage temperature range
NOTES: 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Symbol
Value
Unit
VDRM
±290
V
500
300
250
220
200
200
200
160
100
ITSP
A
55
60
2.2
ITSM
IT(OV)M
diT/dt
TJ
Tstg
A
60
40
30
23
15
7
400
-40 to +150
-65 to +150
A rms
A/µs
°C
°C
See Applications Information and Figure 9 for voltage values at lower temperatures.
Initially, theTISP4360H3BJ must be in thermal equilibrium with TJ = 25 °C.
The surge may be repeated after the TISP4360H3BJ returns to its initial conditions.
See Applications Information and Figure 10 for current ratings at other temperatures.
EIA/JESD51-2 environment and EIA/JESD51-3 PCB with standard footprint dimensions connected with 5 A rated printed wiring
track widths. See Figure 7 for the current ratings at other durations. Derate current values at -0.61 %/°C for ambient
temperatures above 25 °C.
Electrical Characteristics, T A = 25 °C (Unless Otherwise Noted)
V(BO)
Parameter
Repetitive peak offstate current
Breakover voltage
V(BO)
Impulse breakover
voltage
IDRM
I(BO)
VT
IH
dv/dt
ID
Breakover current
On-state voltage
Holding current
Critical rate of rise of
off-state voltage
Off-state current
Test Conditions
VD = VDRM
Min.
TA = 25 °C
TA = 85 °C
dv/dt = ±750 V/ms, RSOURCE = 300 Ω
dv/dt ≤ ±1000 V/µs, Linear voltage ramp,
Maximum ramp value = ±500 V
di/dt = ±20 A/µs, Linear current ramp,
Maximum ramp value = ±10 A
dv/dt = ±750 V/ms, RSOURCE = 300 Ω
IT = ±5 A, tW = 100 µs
IT = ±5 A, di/dt = -/+ 30 mA/ms
±0.15
±0.225
Linear voltage ramp, Maximum ramp value < 0.85VDRM
VD = ±50 V
JUNE 1999 - REVISED JANUARY 2007
Specifications are subject to change without notice.
Customers should verify actual device performance in their specific applications.
Typ.
Max.
±5
±10
±360
Unit
±372
V
±0.8
±3
±0.8
A
V
A
V
kV/µs
±5
TA = 85 °C
µA
±10
µA
TISP4360H3BJ Overvoltage Protector Series
Electrical Characteristics, TA = 25 °C (Unless Otherwise Noted) (continued)
Parameter
Coff
Test Conditions
Off-state capacitance
f = 100 kHz,
f = 100 kHz,
f = 100 kHz,
f = 100 kHz,
f = 100 kHz,
Min.
Vd = 1 V rms, VD = 0,
Vd = 1 V rms, VD = -1 V
Vd = 1 V rms, VD = -2 V
Vd = 1 V rms, VD = -50 V
Vd = 1 V rms, VD = -100 V
Typ.
70
60
55
24
22
Max.
84
67
62
28
26
Unit
Typ.
Max.
Unit
pF
Thermal Characteristics
Parameter
RθJA
NOTE
Junction to free air thermal resistance
Test Conditions
Min.
EIA/JESD51-3 PCB, IT = ITSM(1000),
TA = 25 ° C, (see Note 6)
265 mm x 210 mm populated line card,
4-layer PCB, IT = ITSM(1000), TA = 25 °C
113
° C/W
50
6: EIA/JESD51-2 environment and PCB has standard footprint dimensions connected with 5 A rated printed wiring track widths.
JUNE 1999 - REVISED JANUARY 2007
Specifications are subject to change without notice.
Customers should verify actual device performance in their specific applications.
TISP4360H3BJ Overvoltage Protector Series
Parameter Measurement Information
+i
Quadrant I
ITSP
Switching
Characteristic
ITSM
IT
V(BO)
VT
I(BO)
IH
VDRM
-v
IDRM
ID
VD
ID
IDRM
VD
VDRM
+v
IH
I(BO)
VT
V(BO)
IT
ITSM
Quadrant III
ITSP
Switching
Characteristic
-i
Figure 1. Voltage-current Characteristic for T and R Terminals
All Measurements are Referenced to the R Terminal
JUNE 1999 - REVISED JANUARY 2007
Specifications are subject to change without notice.
Customers should verify actual device performance in their specific applications.
PMXXAAB
TISP4360H3BJ Overvoltage Protector Series
Typical Characteristics
OFF-STATE CURRENT
vs
JUNCTION TEMPERATURE
TCHAG
100
NORMALIZED BREAKOVER VOLTAGES
vs
JUNCTION TEMPERATURE
TC4HAF
1.10
VD = ±50 V
Normalized Breakover Voltage
|ID| - Off-State Current - µA
10
1
0·1
0·01
1.05
1.00
0.95
0·001
-25
0
25
50
75
100 125
TJ - Junction Temperature - °C
-25
150
Figure 2.
ON-STATE CURRENT
vs
ON-STATE VOLTAGE
200
150
TA = 25 °C
100
tW = 100 µs
NORMALIZED HOLDING CURRENT
vs
JUNCTION TEMPERATURE
TC4HACA
2.0
TC4HAK
1.5
Normalized Holding Current
IT - On-State Current - A
150
Figure 3.
70
50
40
30
20
15
10
7
5
4
3
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
2
1.5
1
0.7
0
25
50
75
100 125
TJ - Junction Temperature - °C
0.4
1
1.5
2
3
4 5
VT - On-State Voltage - V
Figure 4.
7
10
-25
0
25
50
75
100 125
TJ - Junction Temperature - °C
150
Figure 5.
JUNE 1999 - REVISED JANUARY 2007
Specifications are subject to change without notice.
Customers should verify actual device performance in their specific applications.
TISP4360H3BJ Overvoltage Protector Series
Typical Characteristics
NORMALIZED CAPACITANCE
vs
OFF-STATE VOLTAGE
TC4HABA
1
0.9
TJ = 25 °C
Capacitance Normalized to VD = 0
0.8
Vd = 1 Vrms
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.5
1
2
3
5
10
20 30 50
VD - Off-state Voltage - V
Figure 6.
JUNE 1999 - REVISED JANUARY 2007
Specifications are subject to change without notice.
Customers should verify actual device performance in their specific applications.
100150
TISP4360H3BJ Overvoltage Protector Series
30
NON-REPETITIVE PEAK ON-STATE CURRENT
vs
CURRENT DURATION
TI4HAC
70
60
50
40
VGEN = 600 Vrms, 50/60 Hz
RGEN = 1.4*VGEN/ITSM(t)
20
EIA/JESD51-2 ENVIRONMENT
EIA/JESD51-3 PCB
TA = 25 °C
15
I - RMS Current - A
ITSM(t) - Non-Repetitive Peak On-State Current - A
Rating and Thermal Information
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
1.5
0·1
10
100
EIA/JESD51-2 ENVIRONMENT
EIA/JESD51-3 PCB
TA = 25 °C
15
10
8
7
6
5
2
0·01
1000
RGEN = VGEN/IT(OV)M
20
3
2.5
1
VGEN = 600 Vrms, 50/60 Hz
30
25
4
2
MAXIMUM OVERLOAD ON-STATE CURRENT
vs
CURRENT DURATION
TI4HAJ
t - Current Duration - s
TISP4360H3BJ IT(OV)M
UL 1950 600 V rms
TESTS (1, 2 & 5)
0·1
1
10
t - Current Duration - s
Figure 7.
VDRM DERATING FACTOR
vs
MINIMUM AMBIENT TEMPERATURE
1.00
1000
Figure 8.
TI4HADA
700
600
0.99
IMPULSE RATING
vs
AMBIENT TEMPERATURE
TC4HAA
BELLCORE 2/10
500
400
Impulse Current - A
0.98
Derating Factor
100
0.97
0.96
0.95
IEC 1.2/50, 8/20
300
FCC 10/160
250
ITU-T 10/700
200
FCC 10/560
150
120
0.94
BELLCORE 10/1000
0.93
-40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25
TAMIN - Minimum Ambient Temperature - °C
Figure 9.
100
90
-40 -30 -20 -10 0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
TA - Ambient Temperature - °C
Figure 10.
JUNE 1999 - REVISED JANUARY 2007
Specifications are subject to change without notice.
Customers should verify actual device performance in their specific applications.
TISP4360H3BJ Overvoltage Protector Series
APPLICATIONS INFORMATION
Deployment
These devices are two terminal overvoltage protectors. They may be used either singly to limit the voltage between two conductors (Figure 11)
or in multiples to limit the voltage at several points in a circuit (Figure 12).
Th3
Th1
Th1
Th2
Figure 11. Two Point Protection
Figure 12. Multi-point Protection
In Figure 11, protector Th1 limits the maximum voltage between the two conductors to ±V(BO). This configuration is normally used to protect
circuits without a ground reference, such as modems. In Figure 12, protectors Th2 and Th3 limit the maximum voltage between each conductor and ground to the ±V(BO) of the individual protector. Protector Th1 limits the maximum voltage between the two conductors to its ±V(BO)
value. If the equipment being protected has all its vulnerable components connected between the conductors and ground, then protector Th1
is not required.
Impulse Testing
To verify the withstand capability and safety of the equipment, standards require that the equipment is tested with various impulse wave forms.
The table below shows some common values.
Standard
Peak Voltage
Setting
V
Voltage
Waveform
µs
2/10
10/1000
10/160
10/560
9/720 †
9/720 †
0.5/700
Peak Current
Value
A
Current
Waveform
µs
TISP4360H3BJ
25 °C Rating
A
Series
Resistance
Ω
2500
500
2/10
500
0
1000
100
10/1000
100
1500
200
10/160
250
0
800
100
10/560
160
0
FCC Part 68
(March 1998)
1500
37.5
5/320 †
200
0
1000
25
5/320 †
200
0
I3124
1500
37.5
0.2/310
200
0
37.5
1500
5/310
200
0
ITU-T K.20/K. 21
10/700
100
4000
† FCC Part 68 terminology for the waveforms produced by the ITU-T recommendation K.21 10/700 impulse generator
GR-1089-CORE
Series resistance can be added to cover situations where either the TISP4360H3BJ current rating will be exceeded or excessive wiring
currents result or both.
When a primary protector is used, the TISP4360H3BJ may operate before the primary protector. With the TISP460H3BJ in a low voltage state,
the primary protector is prevented from working. High currents, which should have been carried by the primary protector, now flow through the
wiring to the equipment and through the TISP4360H3BJ. Interference and network equipment damage can occur, particularly if the currents
are diverted to the local ground. Protector coordination prevents this problem. A series resistor can be used to develop a voltage drop large
enough to activate the primary protector. If the primary protector was a gas discharge tube (GDT) with a maximum d.c. sparkover of 400 V and
the typical lightning impulse decay time was several hundred microseconds (TISP4360H3BJ rating 200 A), a 2 Ω series resistor (400 V/200 A)
would be sufficient to achieve coordination. At peak currents of 200 A and above, the resistor would develop at least 400 V and GDT would
switch and divert the current.
JUNE 1999 - REVISED JANUARY 2007
Specifications are subject to change without notice.
Customers should verify actual device performance in their specific applications.
TISP4360H3BJ Overvoltage Protector Series
APPLICATIONS INFORMATION
Impulse Testing (continued)
If the impulse generator current exceeds the protector’s current rating, then a series resistance can be used to reduce the current to the
protector’s rated value to prevent possible failure. The required value of series resistance for a given waveform is given by the following
calculations. First, the minimum total circuit impedance is found by dividing the impulse generator’s peak voltage by the protector’s rated
current. The impulse generator’s fictive impedance (generator’s peak voltage divided by peak short circuit current) is then subtracted from the
minimum total circuit impedance to give the required value of series resistance. In some cases, the equipment will require verification over a
temperature range. By using the rated waveform values from Figure 10, the appropriate series resistor value can be calculated for ambient
temperatures in the range of -40 °C to 85 °C.
AC Testing
The protector can withstand currents applied for times not exceeding those shown in Figure 7. Currents that exceed these times must be
terminated or reduced to avoid protector failure. Fuses, PTC (Positive Temperature Coefficient) resistors and fusible resistors are overcurrent
protection devices which can be used to reduce the current flow. Protective fuses may range from a few hundred milliamperes to one ampere.
In some cases, it may be necessary to add some extra series resistance to prevent the fuse from opening during impulse testing. The current
versus time characteristic of the overcurrent protector must be below the line shown in Figure 7. In some cases, there may be a further time
limit imposed by the test standard (e.g. UL 1459/1950 wiring simulator failure).
Safety tests require that the equipment fails without any hazard to the user. For the equipment protector, this condition usually means that the
fault mode is short circuit, ensuring that the following circuitry is not exposed to high voltages. The ratings table and Figure 8 detail the earliest
times when a shorted condition could occur. Figure 8 shows how the protector current levels compare to UL 1950 levels. Only the UL 1950
600 V tests (1, 2 and 3) are shown, as these have sufficient voltage to operate the protector. Tests 4 (<285 V peak, 2.2 A) and 5 (120 V rms, 25
A) are too low in voltage to operate the protector.
Figure 8 shows that the TISP4360H3BJ curve is very close or better than the UL 1950 test levels. Design compliance is simply a matter of
selecting an overcurrent protector which operates before the UL 1950 times up to 1.5 s. Fuses such as the Littelfuse® 436 series and 2AG
(Surge Withstand type) series have a 600 V capability for UL 1950. Fuses rated in the range of 0.5 A to 1.5 A will usually meet the safety test
requirements. However, the lower rated current value fuses may open on the type A surges of FCC Part 68. Opening on a type A surge is not a
test failure, but opening on a type B surge (37.5 A 5/320) is; so the selected fuse must be able to withstand the type B surge.
Capacitance
The protector characteristic off-state capacitance values are given for d.c. bias voltage, VD, values of 0, -1 V, -2 V, -50 V and -100 V. Values for
other voltages may be calculated by multiplying the VD = 0 capacitance value by the factor given in Figure 6. Up to 10 MHz, the capacitance is
essentially independent of frequency. Above 10 MHz, the effective capacitance is strongly dependent on connection inductance.
Normal System Voltage Levels
The protector should not clip or limit the voltages that occur in normal system operation. If the maximum system voltages are not known, then
designers often used the voltages for the FCC Part 68 “B” ringer. The “B” ringer has a d.c. voltage of 56.5 and a maximum a.c. ring voltage of
150 V rms. The resultant waveform is shown in Figure 13. The maximum voltage is -269 V, but, because of possible wiring reversals, the
protector should have a working voltage of ±269 V minimum. The standard TISP4350H3BJ protector meets this requirement with a working
voltage, VDRM, of ±275 V and a protection voltage, V(BO), of ±350 V. Figure 14 shows the TISP4350H3BJ voltages relative to the POTS -269 V
peak ringing voltage.
The ADSL signal can be as high as ±15 V and this adds to the POTS signal, making a peak value of -284 V. This increased signal value of
-284 V would be clipped by the TISP4350H3BJ, which only allows for a -275 V signal. The TISP4360H3BJ has been specified to overcome this
problem by having a higher working voltage of ±290 V. Figure 15 shows the TISP4360H3BJ voltages relative to the -284 V peak ADSL plus
POTS ringing voltage. The ±15 V ADSL signal is shown as a grey band in Figure 15.
The recommended PCB pad layout for the TISP4360H3BJ SMB package (see mechanical section) gives a creepage distance of 2.54 mm
between the device terminals. This distance value allows compliance to the minimum clearance values required by UL 1950 for operational,
basic and supplementary insulation and creepage values for pollution degree 1.
JUNE 1999 - REVISED JANUARY 2007
Specifications are subject to change without notice.
Customers should verify actual device performance in their specific applications.
TISP4360H3BJ Overvoltage Protector Series
APPLICATIONS INFORMATION
Normal System Voltage Levels
200 V
-230
-240
+156 V
-269 V
RINGING PEAK
-250
100 V
-260
-270
-275 V
WORKING VOLTAGE VDRM
-280
0
-290
-300
-56.5 V d.c.
-310
-100 V
TISP4350H3BJ
-320
-330
-340
-200 V
-350
PROTECTION VOLTAGE V(BO)
-350 V
-360
-269 V
AI4XAD
-300 V
AI4HAE
-370
Figure 13.
Figure 14.
-230
-240
-284 V PEAK
ADSL + RINGING
-250
-260
-270
-280
-290
-290 V
WORKING VOLTAGE VDRM
-300
-310
-320
-330
TISP4360H3BJ
-340
-350
-360
-370
PROTECTION VOLTAGE V(BO)
-360 V
AI4HAF
Figure 15.
JESD51 Thermal Measurement Method
To standardize thermal measurements, the JEDEC has created the JESD51 standard. Part 2 of the standard (JESD51-2, 1995) describes the
test environment. This is a 0.0283 m3 (1 ft3 ) cube which contains the test PCB (Printed Circuit Board) horizontally mounted at the center. Part
3 of the standard (JESD51-3, 1996) defines two test PCBs for surface mount components; one for packages smaller than 27 mm (1.06 ”) on a
side and the other for packages up to 48 mm (1.89 ”). The SMBJ measurements used the smaller 76.2 mm x 114.3 mm (3.0 ” x 4.5 ”) PCB. The
JESD51-3 PCBs are designed to have low effective thermal conductivity (high thermal resistance) and represent a worse case condition. The
PCBs used in the majority of applications will achieve lower values of thermal resistance and so can dissipate higher power levels than
indicated by the JESD51 values.
JUNE 1999 - REVISED JANUARY 2007
Specifications are subject to change without notice.
Customers should verify actual device performance in their specific applications.
TISP4360H3BJ Overvoltage Protector Series
Typical Circuits
MODEM
TIP
WIRE
RING
FUSE
R1a
RING DETECTOR
Th3
HOOK SWITCH
TISP4360
PROTECTED
EQUIPMENT
Th1
D.C. SINK
Th2
SIGNAL
TIP
AI6XBMB
E.G. LINE CARD
R1b
RING
WIRE
AI6XBK
Figure 16. Modem Inter-wire Protection
Figure 17. Protection Module
R1a
Th3
SIGNAL
Th1
Th2
R1b
AI6XBL
D.C.
Figure 18. ISDN Protection
OVERCURRENT
PROTECTION
TIP
WIRE
RING/TEST
PROTECTION
TEST
RELAY
RING
RELAY
SLIC
RELAY
S3a
R1a
Th3
S1a
SLIC
PROTECTION
Th4
S2a
SLIC
Th1
Th2
RING
WIRE
Th5
R1b
S3b
S1b
S2b
TISP6xxxx,
TISPPBLx,
1/2TISP6NTP2
C1
220 nF
TEST
EQUIPMENT
RING
GENERATOR
VBAT
AI6XBJ
Figure 19. Line Card Ring/Test Protection
JUNE 1999 - REVISED JANUARY 2007
Specifications are subject to change without notice.
Customers should verify actual device performance in their specific applications.
TISP4360H3BJ Overvoltage Protector Series
MECHANICAL DATA
Recommended Printed Wiring Footprint
SMB Pad Size
2.54
(.100)
2.40
(.094)
2.16
(.085)
DIMENSIONS ARE:
METRIC
(INCHES)
MDXXBI
Device Symbolization Code
Devices will be coded as below. As the device parameters are symmetrical, terminal 1 is not identified.
Device
TISP4360H3BJ
Symbolization Code
4360H3
Carrier Information
Devices are shipped in one of the carriers below. Unless a specific method of shipment is specified by the customer, devices will be shipped in
the most practical carrier. For production quantities, the carrier will be embossed tape reel pack. Evaluation quantities may be shipped in bulk
pack or embossed tape.
Carrier
Embossed Tape Reel Pack
Bulk Pack
Order As
TISP4360H3BJR-S
TISP4360H3BJ-S
“TISP” is a trademark of Bourns, Ltd., a Bourns Company, and is Registered in U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
“Bourns” is a registered trademark of Bourns, Inc. in the U.S. and other countries.
JUNE 1999 - REVISED JANUARY 2007
Specifications are subject to change without notice.
Customers should verify actual device performance in their specific applications.