DATASHEET

High Efficient 2-Channel White LED Driver for
Smartphone Backlighting
ISL97698
Features
The ISL97698 is a highly integrated 2-channel LED driver for
white LED (WLED) backlit TFT-LCD panels. The device is
comprised of a synchronous boost converter and two low-side
current sinks that are capable of driving an output voltage up
to 23.5V and 25mA LED current, per string. The IC operates
from an input supply of 2.5V to 5.5V.
• High Efficiency Operation:
The driver features Dynamic Headroom Control that monitors
the highest LED forward voltage string to determine the
requested boost output voltage. With a controlled low 70mV
headroom voltage and low 0.35mA IC supply current, the
device provides very high efficiency.
- Very low headroom voltage (70mV)
• 20mm2 Total Solution PCB Area
The ISL97698 offers 8-bit linear or 11-bit logarithmic
controlled analog output current, with dimming control from a
PWM, SWIRE, or I2C interface. Internally, the PWM duty cycle,
SWIRE, and I2C digital inputs are converted to a DC LED
current. This analog dimming scheme provides high efficiency
and eliminates audible noise and PWM dimming related EMI
concerns. The ISL97698 also features Content Adaptive
Backlight Control (CABC), which uses the product of the PWM
and SWIRE, or PWM and I2C, or SWIRE and I2C inputs to
determine the LED string current. The I2C interface is also
used for configuration settings and fault detection. The
ISL97698 incorporates various protections including: open
circuit, short circuit, and thermal shutdown.
The device is offered in a 1.39mmx 1.69mm, 3x4 array
WLCSP package. It is specified for operation over the -40°C to
+85°C ambient temperature range.
- Up to 91% with 2P4S configuration
- Up to 90% with 2P6S configuration
• Extremely Low Supply Current (0.35mA)
• Dynamic Headroom Control
- Only three external components required
• Analog Dimming Control by PWM, SWIRE, or I2C
• 8-bit Linear or 11-bit Logarithmic Analog Output Current
Control
• Content Adaptive Backlight Control (CABC)
• Input Voltage from 2.5V to 5.5V
• 23.5V Maximum Output Voltage
• Drives 50µA to 25mA LED Strings
• Open Circuit and Short Circuit Fault Protection
• 12 Bump, 0.4mm Pitch Chip Scale Package
Applications
• WLED backlit LCD displays for Smartphones, digital
cameras, GPS, etc.
L
VIN
2.5V to 5.5V
10 µH
C IN
VIN
LX
VOUT
SCL
SDA
VOUT
Up to 23.5V
C OUT
ISL97698
3.3µF
PWMI
SWIRE
VIN_ IO
CH0
EN
GND
CH1
FIGURE 1. ISL97698 TYPICAL APPLICATION CIRCUIT: TFT-LCD BACKLIGHT
September 5, 2013
FN8417.0
1
CAUTION: These devices are sensitive to electrostatic discharge; follow proper IC Handling Procedures.
1-888-INTERSIL or 1-888-468-3774 | Copyright Intersil Americas LLC 2013. All Rights Reserved
Intersil (and design) is a trademark owned by Intersil Corporation or one of its subsidiaries.
All other trademarks mentioned are the property of their respective owners.
ISL97698
Table of Contents
Block Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Ordering Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Pin Configuration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Pin Descriptions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Absolute Maximum Ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Thermal Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Recommended Operating Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Electrical Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Application Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I2C Digital Interface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
START and STOP Condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Data Validity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Byte Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Acknowledge (ACK) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not Acknowledge (NACK) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Device Address and R/W Bit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Write Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Read Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Register Descriptions and Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SWIRE Communication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
IC Enable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Boost Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Switching Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PFM/Synchronous Pulse Skipping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Audio Band Suppression (ABS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Analog Dimming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PWMI Frequencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CONTENT ADAPTIVE BRIGHTNESS CONTROL (CABC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Maximum LED Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Current Matching and Current Accuracy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dynamic Headroom Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LED Brightness Shutdown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fault Protection and Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
OVERCURRENT PROTECTION (OCP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Open Circuit Protection (OPCP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Short Circuit Protection (SCP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Undervoltage Lockout (UVLO) of VIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Undervoltage Lockout (UVLO) OF VIN_IO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Over-Temperature Protection (OTP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Power-On Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Soft-Start . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Component Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Input Capacitor (CIN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Output Capacitor (COUT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Inductor (l) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unused LED Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
High Current Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
11
12
12
13
13
14
14
14
14
14
15
15
15
15
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
17
17
17
18
18
18
18
19
19
Factory Trimming Option. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
General Layout Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
ISL97698 Specific Layout Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Revision History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
About Intersil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Package Outline Drawing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2
FN8417.0
September 5, 2013
ISL97698
Block Diagram
VIN = 2.5V to 5.5V
VIN
LX
VOUT
S
PWM/
PFM
Logic
Current Limit
GND
OVP
1.21V
COMP
VREF
gm
CH0
Dynamic Headroom Control
and Fault Management
VIN_IO
CH1
SCL
I2C Control
OSC
SDA
PWMI
PWMI/SWIRE
Decoding
SWIRE
EN
DAC
EN/ Configuration
settings
Ordering Information
PART NUMBER
Notes (1, 2, 3)
ISL97698IIZ-T
PART MARKING
7698
TEMP RANGE
(°C)
-40 to +85
PACKAGE
(Pb-free)
PKG.
DWG. #
3x4 array, 0.4mm pitch CSP W3x4.12A
NOTES:
1. Please refer to TB347 for details on reel specifications.
2. These Intersil Pb-free WLCSP and BGA packaged products employ special Pb-free material sets; molding compounds/die attach materials and
SnAgCu - e1 solder ball terminals, which are RoHS compliant and compatible with both SnPb and Pb-free soldering operations. Intersil Pb-free
WLCSP and BGA packaged products are MSL classified at Pb-free peak reflow temperatures that meet or exceed the Pb-free requirements of
IPC/JEDEC J STD-020.
3. For Moisture Sensitivity Level (MSL), please see device information page for ISL97698. For more information on MSL, please see tech brief TB363.
3
FN8417.0
September 5, 2013
ISL97698
Pin Configuration
ISL97698
(3x4 ARRAY, 0.4mm PITCH CSP)
TOP VIEW
1
2
3
A
VOUT
SCL
SDA
B
LX
EN
PWMI
C
GND
VIN
VIN_IO
D
CH0
CH1
SWIRE
Pin Descriptions
PIN NUMBER
PIN NAME
DESCRIPTION
A1
VOUT
A2
SCL
A3
SDA
B1
LX
Drain Connection for Boost Converter’s Internal N-Channel MOSFET and P-Channel MOSFET
B2
EN
IC Enable pin, active high. Circuit 2 shows its equivalent circuit.
B3
PWMI
C1
GND
Ground
C2
VIN
Input Supply Voltage. Bypass VIN to GND with a ceramic capacitor. Circuit 3 shows its equivalent circuit.
C3
VIN_IO
D1
CH0
Channel 0 Current Sink and Monitoring. Tie this pin to GND if channel is not used
D2
CH1
Channel 1 Current Sink and Monitoring. Tie this pin to GND if channel is not used
D3
SWIRE
Boost Output Voltage. This is also the output voltage sense connection for over voltage sensing
Serial Clock Connection for I2C Interface (high impedance input). Circuit 1 shows its equivalent circuit.
Serial Data Connection for I2C Interface (high impedance input, open-drain output). Circuit 1 shows its equivalent circuit.
PWM Input for Dimming Control. Do not leave this pin floating. Circuit 1 shows its equivalent circuit.
Digital Interface Supply Voltage for PWMI/SWIRE inputs. Circuit 4 shows its equivalent circuit.
SWIRE Input for Dimming Control. Do not leave this pin floating. Circuit 5 shows its equivalent circuit.
Equivalent Circuit
EN
P W M I/S C L /S D A
VIN
VIN_IO
VIN_IO
SWIRE
GND
GND
Circuit 1
GND
Circuit 2
4
Circuit 3
GND
Circuit 4
GND
Circuit 5
FN8417.0
September 5, 2013
ISL97698
Absolute Maximum Ratings
Thermal Information
VOUT, LX (to GND) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.3V to 24.5V
VIN, VIN_IO, SCL, SDA, PWMI, SWIRE, EN (to GND) . . . . . . . . . . -0.3V to 6V
CH0, CH1 (to GND) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.3V to 6V
Maximum Average Current Into LX Pin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.1A
ESD Rating
Human Body Model (Tested per JESD22-A114) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2kV
Latch Up (Tested per JESD78: Class II, Level A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100mA
Thermal Resistance (Typical)
θJA (°C/W) θJC (°C/W)
12 Bump, 0.4mm Pitch CSP (Notes 4, 5) .
90
60
Maximum Continuous Junction Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+125°C
Storage Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-65°C to +150°C
Pb-Free Reflow Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see link below
http://www.intersil.com/pbfree/Pb-FreeReflow.asp
Recommended Operating Conditions
Input Voltage (VIN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5V to 5.5V
Digital Interface Supply Voltage (VIN_IO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.8V to 5.5V
Output Voltage (VOUT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Up to 23.5V
Output Current per Channel (CH0, CH1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Up to 25mA
Ambient Temperature Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -40°C to +85°C
CH0/CH1 Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0V to 5.5V
CAUTION: Do not operate at or near the maximum ratings listed for extended periods of time. Exposure to such conditions may adversely impact product
reliability and result in failures not covered by warranty.
NOTES:
4. θJA is measured in free air with the component mounted on a high effective thermal conductivity test board with “direct attach” features. See Tech
Brief TB379
5. For θJC, the “case temp” location is taken at the package top center.
Electrical Specifications
temperature range, -40°C to +85°C.
PARAMETER
VIN = VIN_IO = EN = 3.7V, TA = +25°C unless otherwise noted. Boldface limits apply over the operating
DESCRIPTION
CONDITION
MIN
(Note 6)
TYP
MAX
(Note 6)
UNIT
5.5
V
5.5
V
GENERAL
VIN
VIN_IO
IVIN
ISHUTDOWN
VINUVLO
Input Supply Voltage
2.5
Digital Interface Supply Voltage
VIN Supply Current
LX not switching (Overdrive VOUT)
VIN Shutdown Supply Current
EN = 0V
VIN Undervoltage Lockout
VIN rising
0.35
2.2
Hysteresis
VIN_IOUVLO
VIN_IO Undervoltage Lockout Threshold
VIN_IO rising
mA
1
3
µA
2.3
2.4
V
150
1.4
1.5
mV
1.6
V
Hysteresis
70
mV
If soft-start goes through all 8 steps and Boost
FET current reaches the limit
7
ms
BOOST REGULATOR
TSS
Soft-Start Time
ILX
Boost FET Current Limit
IPFM
Peak FET Current in PFM Mode
When ABS not active (04h<4> = 0)
0.9
1.1
1.3
A
250
296
350
mA
rDS(ON)N
Boost Low-Side Switch ON-Resistance
300
mΩ
rDS(ON)P
Boost High-Side Switch ON-Resistance
470
mΩ
DMAX
Boost Maximum Duty Cycle
fSW = 850kHz
DMIN
Boost Minimum Duty Cycle
fSW = 850kHz
fSW
Boost Switching Frequency
Default frequency setting (04h<3:0> = Ah)
LX Leakage Current
LX = 23.5V
Channel-to-Channel DC Current Matching
ILED = 1mA to 25mA
ILX_LEAKAGE
92
765
%
850
15
%
935
kHz
10
µA
+2.5
%
REFERENCE
IMATCH
5
-2.5
FN8417.0
September 5, 2013
ISL97698
Electrical Specifications VIN = VIN_IO = EN = 3.7V, TA = +25°C unless otherwise noted. Boldface limits apply over the operating
temperature range, -40°C to +85°C. (Continued)
PARAMETER
DESCRIPTION
CONDITION
MIN
(Note 6)
TYP
-3
MAX
(Note 6)
+3
UNIT
IACC
Current Accuracy
ILED = 1mA to 25mA
ISTEP
Percent Current Change between Successive
Setting Steps
Linear, spec is percentage of current at 100%
dimming level
0.4
%
%
Logarithmic, spec is percentage of current
change between steps
0.3
%
FAULT DETECTION
VSC
Channel Short Circuit Threshold
TOTP
Over Temperature Threshold
VOVP
Overvoltage Threshold
4
Temperature Rising
4.5
5.75
V
135
°C
25
V
70
mV
CHANNEL CURRENT SINKS
VHEADROOM
Current Sink Headroom at CH Pin of Channel
with Higher Forward Voltage (Dominant
Channel)
ILED = 25mA
Logic Inputs Low Voltage
SWIRE, PWMI
0.15 *
VIN_IO
V
EN, SCL, SDA
0.4
V
LOGIC INPUTS
VIL
VIH
I2C
Logic Inputs High Voltage
SWIRE, PWMI
0.78 *
VIN_IO
V
EN, SCL, SDA
1.1
V
ILEAK
Input Leakage
SCL = SDA = PWMI = SWIRE = 5V
REN
Internal Pull-Down Resistance
EN
300
ns
2
MΩ
0.1
ms
INTERFACE
tEN_I2C
fSCL
Minimum Time Between EN High and I2C
Enabled
SCL Clock Frequency
400
kHz
10
kHz
8
bit
11
bit
PWM Interface
fPWMI
PWM Input Frequency Range
(Note 7)
RDPWM
PWM Dimming Output Resolution
(Note 7)
0.1
SWIRE Interface
RSWIRE
SWIRE Dimming Output Resolution
(Note 8)
(Note 7)
5
NOTES:
6. Parameters with MIN and/or MAX limits are 100% tested at +25°C. Temperature limits are established by characterization and are not production
tested.
7. Compliance to limits is assured by characterization and design.
8. 5-bit and 11-bit are specs for logarithmic dimming. For linear dimming, the SWIRE dimming output resolution is 8-bit.
6
FN8417.0
September 5, 2013
ISL97698
Typical Performance Curves
ddd
TA = +25°C, VIN = VIN_IO = EN = 3.7V , L = TDK VLF302510MT-10uH,
COUT = 3.3µF/25V, fSW = 850kHz, ILED = 25mA/string, 2P6S Configuration, default register settings, unless otherwise noted.
100
100
VIN = 3.7V
85
80
VIN = 3.7V
90
EFFICIENCY (%)
EFFICIENCY (%)
90
VIN = 5V
95
VIN = 5V
95
VIN = 3V
75
85
VIN = 3V
80
75
70
70
65
65
2P4S, L = PIME051E-10µH
2P6S, L = PIME051E-10µH
60
0
15
10
5
20
60
25
0
5
10
100
2P4S, L = VLF302510MT-10µH
95
95
VIN = 5V
VIN = 3V
75
75
65
65
10
15
LED CURRENT (mA)
20
60
25
VIN = 3V
80
70
5
VIN = 3.7V
85
70
0
VIN = 5V
90
EFFICIENCY (%)
EFFICIENCY (%)
VIN = 3.7V
85
60
25
100
2P6S, L = VLF302510MT-10µH
80
20
FIGURE 3. BOOST EFFICIENCY vs LED CURRENT (2P4S)
FIGURE 2. BOOST EFFICIENCY vs LED CURRENT (2P6S)
90
15
LED CURRENT (mA)
LED CURRENT (mA)
0
5
10
15
20
25
LED CURRENT (mA)
FIGURE 4. BOOST EFFICIENCY vs LED CURRENT (2P6S)
FIGURE 5. BOOST EFFICIENCY vs LED CURRENT (2P4S)
30
10
25
CH0
LED CURRENT (mA)
LED CURRENT (mA)
CH0
20
15
10
CH1
1
CH1
0.1
5
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
PWMI DUTY CYCLE
FIGURE 6. DIMMING ACCURACY (8-BIT LINEAR MODE)
7
1.0
0.01
0
500
1000
1500
2000
LOGARITHMIC CODE OF REGISTER 00 AND 01h
FIGURE 7. DIMMING Accuracy (11-BIT LOGARITHMIC MODE)
FN8417.0
September 5, 2013
ISL97698
Typical Performance Curves
TA = +25°C, VIN = VIN_IO = EN = 3.7V (Continued), L = TDK VLF302510MT10uH, COUT = 3.3µF/25V, fSW = 850kHz, ILED = 25mA/string, 2P6S Configuration, default register settings, unless otherwise noted.
(Continued)
ILED = 25mA, Boost in PWM mode
LX = 10V/DIV
ILED = 5mA, Boost in PFM mode
LX = 10V/DIV
VOUT Ripple = 50mV/DIV
VOUT Ripple = 100mV/DIV
Inductor Current = 200mA/DIV
Inductor Current = 200mA/DIV
Time = 1µs/DIV
FIGURE 8. BOOST INDUCTOR CURRENT and VOUT RIPPLE in PWM
MODE)
Time = 1µs/DIV
FIGURE 9. BOOST INDUCTOR CURRENT and VOUT RIPPLE in PFM
MODE
ILED = 5mA-->25mA
ILED = 25mA--> 5mA
VOUT = 5V/DIV
VOUT = 5V/DIV
CH0 Headroom = 1V/DIV
CH0 Current = 10mA/DIV
CH0 Headroom = 1V/DIV
CH0 Current = 10mA/DIV
Time = 4ms/DIV
Time = 4ms/DIV
FIGURE 10. TRANSIENT RESPONSE (LED CURRENT CHANGES from
25mA to 5mA)
8
FIGURE 11. TRANSIENT RESPONSE (LED CURRENT CHANGES from
5mA to 25mA)
FN8417.0
September 5, 2013
ISL97698
Typical Performance Curves
TA = +25°C, VIN = VIN_IO = EN = 3.7V (Continued), L = TDK VLF302510MT10uH, COUT = 3.3µF/25V, fSW = 850kHz, ILED = 25mA/string, 2P6S Configuration, default register settings, unless otherwise noted.
(Continued)
ILED = 100µA-->25mA
ILED = 25mA--> 100µA
VOUT = 5V/DIV
VOUT = 5V/DIV
CH0 Current = 10mA/DIV
CH0 Headroom = 1V/DIV
CH0 Headroom = 1V/DIV
CH0 Current = 10mA/DIV
Time = 10ms/DIV
Time = 10ms/DIV
FIGURE 12. TRANSIENT RESPONSE (LED CURRENT CHANGES from
25mA to 100µA)
VIN = 3.7V, 2P6S, PWMI DUTY CYCLE = 100%
PWMI = 5V/DIV
FIGURE 13. TRANSIENT RESPONSE (LED CURRENT CHANGES from
100µA to 25mA)
PWMI = 5V/DIV
VIN = 3.7V, 2P6S, PWMI Duty Cycle = 50%
VOUT = 10V/DIV
VOUT = 10V/DIV
Inductor Current = 200mA/DIV
Inductor Current = 200mA/DIV
CH0 Current = 20mA/DIV
Time = 4ms/DIV
FIGURE 14. START-UP WAVEFORMS (100% BRIGHTNESS)
CH0 Current = 20mA/DIV
Time = 2ms/DIV
FIGURE 15. START-UP WAVEFORMS (50% BRIGHTNESS)
VIN = 3.7V, 2P6S, PWMI Duty Cycle = 100%
PWMI = 5V/DIV
PWMI = 5V/DIV
VIN = 3.7V, 2P6S, PWMI Duty Cycle = 50%
VOUT = 10V/DIV
VOUT = 10V/DIV
Inductor Current = 200mA/DIV
Inductor Current = 200mA/DIV
CH0 Current = 20mA/DIV
CH0 Current = 20mA/DIV
Time = 1ms/DIV
Time = 1ms/DIV
FIGURE 16. SHUTDOWN WAVEFORMS (100% BRIGHTNESS)
9
FIGURE 17. SHUTDOWN WAVEFORMS (50% BRIGHTNESS)
FN8417.0
September 5, 2013
ISL97698
Application Information
(Fast-Mode), and is backwards compatible with standard 100kHz
clock rates (Standard-mode).
I2C Digital Interface
The SDA and SCL lines must be HIGH when the bus is free - not in
use. An external pull-up resistor (typically 2.2kΩ to 4.7kΩ) or
current-source is required for SDA and SCL.
The ISL97698 uses a standard I2C interface bus for
communication. The two-wire interface links a Master(s) and
uniquely addressable Slave devices. The Master generates clock
signals and is responsible for initiating data transfers. The serial
clock is on the SCL line and the serial data (bi-directional) is on
the SDA line. The ISL97698 supports clock rates up to 400kHz
The ISL97698 meets standard I2C timing specifications, see
Figure 18 and Table 1, which show the standard timing
definitions and specifications for I2C communication.
t BUF
VIH
SDA
VIL
tr
t HD:STA
t SU:STA
tf
tr
tSU:STO
tf
VIH
SCL
VIL
START
tSU:DAT
t HD:DAT
STOP
START
FIGURE 18. I2C TIMING DEFINITIONS
TABLE 1. I2C TIMING CHARACTERISTICS
FAST-MODE
PARAMETER
STANDARD-MODE
SYMBOL
MIN
MAX
MIN
MAX
UNIT
fSCL
0
400
0
100
kHz
Set-up Time for a START Condition
tSU:STA
0.6
-
4.7
-
µs
Hold Time for a START Condition
tHD:STA
0.6
-
4.0
-
µs
Set-up Time for a STOP Condition
tSU:STO
0.6
-
4.0
-
µs
tBUF
1.3
-
4.7
-
µs
Data Set-up Time
tSU:DAT
100
-
250
-
ns
Data Hold Time
tHD:DAT
0
-
0
-
µs
Rise Time of SDA and SCL (Note 9)
tr
20+0.1Cb
300
-
1000
ns
Fall Time of SDA and SCL (Note 9)
tf
20+0.1Cb
300
-
300
ns
Capacitive load on each bus line (SDA/SCL)
Cb
400
-
400
pF
SCL Clock Frequency
Bus Free Time between a STOP and START Condition
NOTE:
9. Cb = total capacitance of one bus line in pF.
START AND STOP CONDITION
All I2C communication begins with a START condition - indicating
the beginning of a transaction, and ends with a STOP
condition-signaling the end of the transaction.
supports repeated STARTs, where the bus will remain busy for
continued transaction(s).
DATA VALIDITY
A START condition is signified by a HIGH-to-LOW transition on the
serial data line (SDA) while the serial clock line (SCL) is HIGH. A
STOP condition is signified by a LOW-to-HIGH transition on the
SDA line while SCL is HIGH. See timing specifications in Table 1.
The data on the SDA line must be stable (clearly defined as HIGH
or LOW) during the HIGH period of the clock signal. The state of
the SDA line can only change when the SCL line is LOW (except to
create a START or STOP condition). See timing specifications in
Table 1.
The Master always initiates START and STOP conditions. After a
START condition, the bus is considered “busy.” After a STOP
condition, the bus is considered “free”. The ISL97698 also
The voltage levels used to indicate a logical ‘0’ (LOW) and logical
‘1’ (HIGH) are determined by the VIL and VIH thresholds,
respectively, see the “Electrical Specifications” Table on page 5.
10
FN8417.0
September 5, 2013
ISL97698
BYTE FORMAT
A NACK can be generated for various reasons, for example:
Every byte transferred on SDA must be 8 bits in length. After
every byte of data sent by the transmitter there must be an
Acknowledge bit (from the receiver) to signify that the previous
8 bits were transferred successfully. Data is always transferred
on SDA with the most significant bit (MSB) first. See
“Acknowledge (ACK)”.
• After an I2C device address is transmitted, there is NO receiver
with that address on the bus to respond.
ACKNOWLEDGE (ACK)
Each 8-bit data transfer is followed by an Acknowledge (ACK) bit
from the receiver. The Acknowledge bit signifies that the previous
8 bits of data was transferred successfully (master-slave or
slave-master).
When the Master sends data to the Slave (e.g., during a WRITE
transaction), after the 8th bit of a data byte is transmitted, the
Master tri-states the SDA line during the 9th clock. The Slave
device acknowledges that it received all 8 bits by pulling down
the SDA line, generating an ACK bit.
When the Master receives data from the Slave (e.g. during a data
READ transaction), after the 8th bit is transmitted, the Slave
tri-states the SDA line during the 9th clock. The Master
acknowledges that it received all 8 bits by pulling down the SDA
line, generating an ACK bit.
NOT ACKNOWLEDGE (NACK)
A Not Acknowledge (NACK) is generated when the receiver does
not pull-down the SDA line during the acknowledge clock (i.e.,
SDA line remains HIGH during the 9th clock). This indicates to the
Master that it can generate a STOP condition to end the
transaction and free the bus.
• The receiver is busy performing an internal operation (e.g.,
reset, recall, etc), and cannot respond.
• The Master (acting as a receiver) needs to indicate the end of a
transfer with the Slave (acting as a transmitter).
DEVICE ADDRESS AND R/W BIT
Data transfers follow the format shown in Figure 20 and
Figure 21. After a valid START condition, the first byte sent in a
transaction contains the 7-bit Device (Slave) Address plus a
direction (R/W) bit. The Device Address identifies which device
(of up to 127 devices on the I2C bus) the Master wishes to
communicate with.
After a START condition, the ISL97698 monitors the first 8 bits
(Device Address Byte) and checks for its 7-bit Device Address in
the MSBs. If it recognizes the correct Device Address it will ACK,
and becomes ready for further communication. If it does not see
its Device Address, it will sit idle until another START condition is
issued on the bus.
To access the ISL97698, the 7-bit Device Address is 27h
(0100111x), located in MSB bits <b7:b1>. The eighth bit of the
Device Address byte (LSB bit <b0>) indicates the direction of
transfer, READ or WRITE (R/W). A “0” indicates a WRITE
operation - the Master will transmit data to the ISL97698
(receiver). A “1” indicates a Read operation - the Master will
receive data from the ISL97698 (transmitter) (see Figure 19).
B7
B6
B5
B4
B3
B2
B1
B0
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
R/W
DEVICE ADDRESS = 27h
READ = 1
WRITE = 0
FIGURE 19. DEVICE ADDRESS BYTE FORMAT
11
FN8417.0
September 5, 2013
ISL97698
Write Operation
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
K
K
DATA
AC
Register Pointer
A
C
Device Address W
A
C
START
SDA
(from Master)
K
A WRITE sequence requires an I2C START condition, followed by a valid Device Address Byte with the R/W bit set to ‘0’, a valid Register
Address Byte, a Data Byte, and a STOP condition. After each valid byte is sent, the ISL97698 (slave) responds with an ACK. When the
Write transaction is completed, the Master should generate a STOP condition. For sent data to be latched by the ISL97698, the STOP
condition should occur after a full byte (8-bits) is sent and ACK. If a STOP is generated in the middle of a byte transaction, the data will
be ignored. See Figure 20 for the ISL97698 I2C Write protocol.
STOP
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Device Address = 27h
WRITE
DATA
SDA
(from Slave)
A
SCL
(from Master)
A
A
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 A 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 A 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 A
FIGURE 20. I2C WRITE TIMING DIAGRAM
Read Operation
A READ sequence requires the Master to first write to the ISL97698 to indicate the Register Address/pointer to read from. Send a
START condition, followed by a valid Device Address Byte with the R/W set to ‘0’, and then a valid Register Address Byte. Then the
Master generates either a Repeat START condition, or a STOP condition followed by a new START condition, and a valid Device Address
Byte with the R/W bit set to ‘1’. Then the ISL97698 is ready to send data to the Master from the requested Register Address.
K
Register Pointer
AC
Device Address W
AC
START
SDA
(from Master)
K
The ISL97698 sends out the Data Byte by asserting control of the SDA pin while the Master generates clock pulses on the SCL pin.
When transmission of the desired data is complete, the Master generates a NACK condition followed by a STOP condition, and this
completes the I2C Read sequence. See Figure 21 for the ISL97698 I2C Read protocol.
STOP
NOTE: First send register pointer to
indicate the READ-back starting location
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 A 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Device Address = 27h
SDA
(from Slave)
A
SDA
(from Master)
NA
C
Device Address R
K
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 A 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 A
START
DATA
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Device Address = 27h
READ
DATA
A
This STOP condition is optional (not
required) to do READ-back. The device
also supports repeated STARTs.
SCL
(from Master)
AC
K
WRITE
REGISTER
POINTER
SDA
(from Slave)
STOP
A
(No ACK)
A 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
SCL
(from Master)
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 A 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 A
FIGURE 21. I2C READ TIMING DIAGRAM
12
FN8417.0
September 5, 2013
ISL97698
Register Descriptions and Addresses
Table 2 contains the detailed register map, with descriptions and
addresses for ISL97698 registers. Each volatile register is one
byte (8-bit) in size. When writing data to adjust register settings
using I2C, the data is latched-in after the 8th bit (LSB) is received.
The ISL97698 has default register settings that are always
applied at IC power-ON or after a reset. In Table 2, the default
register settings are indicated with BOLD face text.
Reserved registers should only be written with the bit value
indicated in the Register Map. Also, Register Addresses (pointers)
not indicated in the Register Map are reserved and should not be
written to.
Note, to clear/reset all the volatile registers to the default values,
power cycle VIN.
TABLE 2. REGISTER MAP
Register
(Note 10)
R/W
Function
00h
R/W
LED Current
01h
R/W
LED Current
(Note 11)
02h
R/W
Configuration
03h
R/W
PFM mode
setting
(Note 12)
04h
R/W
Boost
operating
mode
10h
R
Bit 7
Bit 6
Bit 5
Bit 4
Bit 3
Bit 2
Bit 1
Bit 0
Brightness <10:3>
FFh
Reserved
Brightness Source:
11=PWMIx SWIRE (linear)
10=PWMIxI2C (linear)
01=SWIRExI2C (log)
00=SWIRExI2C (linear)
Enable faults
(OPCP, OTP)
1= faults
enabled
0= faults
disabled
Enable VSC
(Short Circuit
Protection)
1=VSC
enabled
0=VSC
disabled
PFM peak current:
120mA+22mA x decimal value of Bit <7:4>
Max value: 450mA; Default: 296mA
Boost Slew Rate:
00=Slowest
01=Slow
10=Fast
11=Fastest
Fault/status OTP occurred
read back
(latched)
OVP/LED
open
occurred
(latched)
Enable Audio
Light load
Band
mode setting:
Suppression
1=
(ABS)
Synchronous
Pulse Skipping 1=Enabled
0=Disabled
0 = PFM
VSC occurred
(latched)
Default
Enable 25V
OVP
(Note 13)
1=25V
0=16V
Brightness <2:0>
07h
Enable Enable
Disable
CH0
CH1
dither
1=CH
1= CH
(Note 14)
1=Disabled enabled enabled
0=CH
0=Enabled 0=CH
disabled disabled
FFh
Average inductor current to enter PFM mode:
60mA+11mA x decimal value of Bit <3:0>
Max value:225mA; Default: 93mA
00h
Boost frequency:
00h = 0.464MHz, 08h = 0.729MHz
01h = 0.486MHz, 09h = 0.785MHz
02h = 0.510MHz, 0Ah = 0.850MHz
03h = 0.537MHz, 0Bh = 0.927MHz
04h = 0.567MHz, 0Ch = 1.020MHz
05h = 0.600MHz, 0Dh = 1.133MHz
06h = 0.638MHz, 0Eh = 1.275MHz
07h = 0.680Mhz, 0Fh = 1.457MHz
FAh
Boost hitting Boost mode:
current limit 0=PFM/skip
repeatedly
1=PWM
(latched)
LEDs on
CH1 ok
CH0 ok
0Fh
NOTES:
10. All other register addresses are reserved
11. Register 01h can be written to at any time. However, the new data will not be applied until register 00h is subsequently written to. This allows 11-bit
logarithmic dimming via I2C, where all 11-bits are loaded, in two I2C instructions, before the data is applied and output is adjusted.
12. This register is ignored until it is written to. After being written, its new value will override the default settings until the device is reset.
13. Setting this bit Low will set OVP to 16V. This is recommended when using four or less LEDs, and allows a lower voltage rated output capacitor to be
used.
14. Dither is used to improved accuracy of logarithmic current steps, but result in lower efficiency, as LED current is modulated at any brightness code
that is between 60+Nx64 and 61+Nx64 (N is 0 to 31). Dither should be disabled for linear dimming applications
SWIRE Communication
The SWIRE interface uses a normally high connection for use
with open-drain driving schemes and Intersil’s SWIRE interface
protocol. When SWIRE is held low between 15µs and 45µs, the
interface reads logic 1. When SWIRE is held low between 90µs
and 120µs the interface reads logic 0. When SWIRE is held low
greater that 215µs, the interface loads (accepts) the bits already
entered into the brightness control register and updates the
maximum LED current. The required minimum high time is 3µs.
13
If more than the maximum supported bits are entered, all the
input bits will be ignored. If less than the maximum supported
bits (8 in linear mode and 11 in logarithmic mode) are entered,
the number entered will be scaled to full code. For example, in
linear mode, 11011 (87% in 5 bits), 110111 (87% in 6 bits),
1101111 (87% in 7 bits) and 11011110 (87% in 8 bits) will all
give approximately the same output.
FN8417.0
September 5, 2013
ISL97698
The SWIRE programming is summarized as follows:
The serial interface is automatically reset to 0 when the power is
cycled, or register 02h is written to 00h.
• Logic 0 = Negative pulse >90µs and <120µs
Figure 22 shows an example of transmitting and loading the
value b’10010110’.
• Logic 1 = Negative pulse >15µs and <45µs
• Load = Negative pulse >215µs
VIO
25µs
(15~45µs)
“1”
100µs
(90~120µs)
“0”
“0”
High Time
(3µs min)
“1”
“0”
“1”
“1”
1ms
1.2ms
250µs
(215µs min)
“Load”
“0”
VIH
VIL
0
200µs
400µs
600µs
800µs
1.4ms
1.6ms
Time
FIGURE 22. SWIRE TIMING DIAGRAM
IC Enable
The ISL97698 uses one of two possible modes of operation:
When the enable (EN) pin voltage is high and VIN and VIN_IO are
above rising UVLO thresholds, all ISL97698 circuit blocks are
enabled and the boost converter starts to operate. The IC is
disabled by pulling the EN pin low, which immediately turns off
LED channels and the boost regulator.
When EN is low, the PWM, SWIRE, and I2C interfaces are all
disabled, data most recently written by I2C in the registers will be
maintained.
Boost Converter
The ISL97698 implements a current mode control boost
architecture. The boost produces the minimum voltage needed
to enable the LED stack with the highest forward voltage drop to
run at the programmed current. It has a fast current sense loop
and a slow voltage feedback loop. This architecture achieves fast
transient response which is essential for portable product
backlight applications, where the backlight must not flicker when
the power source is changed from a drained battery to an AC/DC
adapter.
Switching Frequency
The boost switching frequency is adjustable with an internal
register of the ISL97698. The default value at power-on is
850kHz. The adjustable range is from 460kHz to 1.5MHz. Table 2
on page 13 shows the different frequencies with different
register values.
PFM/Synchronous Pulse Skipping
At low output current the ISL97698 boost regulator transitions
from PWM mode to PFM/skip mode to reduce switching losses
and maximize efficiency. The regulator transitions from PWM
mode to PFM/skip mode when the average inductor current is
lower than a set value for 16 successive boost switching cycles. It
transitions back from PFM/skip mode to PWM mode when it is
switching at the maximum frequency without pulse skipping for
16 successive boost switching cycles, or when the output voltage
falls below the target level.
14
1. Synchronous Pulse Skipping Mode (Default mode,
04h<5>=1): The boost regulator issues a switching cycle
when the output voltage has fallen below the set level, but it
waits for the next pulse of the internal oscillator for this
switching cycle, aligning all cycles to the fixed oscillator
frequency.
2. Pure PFM Mode (04h<5>=0): The boost regulator does one
switch cycle asynchronously whenever its output falls below
its set value and previous cycle is complete.
The different PFM modes can be selected by controlling bit 5 of
register 04h. The default setting is Synchronous Pulse Skipping
Mode, but is factory configurable to Pure PFM Mode (see“Factory
Trimming Option” on page 19).
In both modes, at each boost switching cycle the inductor current
reaches the peak value of 300mA (typical). The peak inductor
current and average inductor current when it enters PFM mode
can be adjusted by writing different values into register 03h (see
Table 2 on page 13), or by factory trimming (see“Factory
Trimming Option” on page 19).
There is hysteresis built in for the PFM transition. This is to
prevent inadvertently going back and forth between PWM and
PFM modes.
AUDIO BAND SUPPRESSION (ABS)
The ISL97698 PFM and skip modes feature an ultrasonic mode,
which prevents the switching frequency from falling below 30kHz
to avoid audible noise in the application. When the time interval
between two consecutive switching cycles in PFM or skip mode is
more than 33ms (i.e. 30kHz frequency) the regulator reduces the
peak inductor current at each cycle, to maintain the frequency
above 30kHz. The peak inductor current is reduced in successive
steps to 240mA, 200mA, and 162mA. Each step reduces the
power delivered per pulse to about 65% of the previous one. This
is the Audio Band Suppression (ABS) mode.
FN8417.0
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ISL97698
Analog Dimming
The ISL97698 controls LED brightness by changing the LED DC
current level (analog dimming). Compared with PWM dimming,
analog dimming eliminates audible noise and PWM dimming
related EMI concerns and provides higher electrical-to-optical
efficiency because of the lower forward voltage of the LEDs at
lower current.
This current level can be controlled in 8-bit linear or 11-bit
logarithmic fashion, and can be set to between 50µA and 25mA
(with 20mA available by factory configuration, for PWM Input
dimming and I2C dimming application). The source of the
brightness information can come from I2C, 1-WIRE (supporting
5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11-bit input sequences) or PWMI interfaces.
There are 4 possible dimming modes:
1. PWM x SWIRE (linear 8-bit output)
This is the default mode if SCL and SDA are pulled HIGH. If
SWIRE is not going to be used for dimming control, the SWIRE
pin should be tied to GND through a pull-down resistor. If
PWMI is not needed, the PWMI pin should be tied HIGH.
This allows 8-bit PWMI and/or SWIRE control. Additionally,
1-WIRE can be used in combination with PWMI and the
resulting LED brightness will be the product of the two input
values.
This is very similar to mode 3, but has an 8-bit linear output
rather than an 11-bit logarithmic output. As such, only
register 00h is needed from I2C and only 8-bits on SWIRE is
required. Any additional resolution will be ignored.
It can be used as a pure SWIRE or I2C to LED current
controller, or with LED current defined as the multiple of the
I2C and SWIRE values.
Note: If SWIRE is not going to be used for dimming control, the
SWIRE pin should be tied to GND through a pull-down resistor.
The register settings and pin setups for different dimming modes
are listed in Table 3.
TABLE 3. REGISTER SETTING AND PIN SETUP FOR DIFFERENT
DIMMING MODES
REGISTER
02h<7:6>
PWMI SWIRE
SCL
SDA
This is very similar to mode 1, but allows both PWMI duty
cycle and I2C data to be combined to set the LED brightness.
If PWMI is tied HIGH, register 00h can be written to define an
8-bit linear output (this means the default on-state is 100%
LED brightness level).
3. SWIRE x I2C (logarithmic 11-bit output)
This can be selected by setting the bits b7:b6 of register 02h
to ‘01’, or by tying SCL LOW and SDA HIGH.
If I2C is not available, this mode can be used to allow between
5 and 11-bit logarithmic control of the brightness via SWIRE.
This mode can also be used to allow 11-bit control via I2C, if
SWIRE is not going to be used for dimming control, or it can
be the combination of the two interfaces. If SWIRE is not
needed, the SWIRE pin should be tied to GND through a pulldown resistor.
LED current is given by Equations 1 and 2
ILED = 50μA × 1.00304^N
(EQ. 1)
when N=1, 2... 2047
(EQ. 2)
ILED = 0
when N=0
The value of N will be the multiple of the I2C value from
registers 00h and 01h, and the incoming SWIRE value. If the
SWIRE resolution is below 11-bits, the value will be internally
scaled up to 11-bits.
4. SWIRE x I2C (linear 8-bit output)
This can be selected by setting the bit b7:b6 of register 02h to
00, or by tying SCL and SDA LOW.
15
DIMMING MODE
Input
Low
High
High
High
Input
High
High
PWMI x SWIRE (Linear)
Input
Input
High
High
10
PWMI x I2C (Linear)
Input
Low
Input Input
01
I2C (Logarithmic)
Low
Low
Input Input
Pure SWIRE (Logarithmic)
Low
Input
Low
SWIRE x I2C (Logarithmic)
Low
Input
Input Input
I2C (Linear)
Low
Low
Input Input
Pure SWIRE (Linear)
Low
Input
Low
SWIRE x I2C (Linear)
Low
Input
Input Input
11 (default Pure PWMI (Linear)
at power-on)
Pure SWIRE (Linear)
2. PWM x I2C (linear 8-bit output)
This can be selected by setting the bits b7:b6 of register 02h
to ‘10’.
PIN SETUP
00
High
Low
PWMI FREQUENCIES
PWMI frequencies of up to 10kHz can be decoded at 8-bit
resolution. Running at lower PWMI frequencies will result in a
more efficient solution because internal oscillator speed is
increased to decode higher PWMI frequencies and this requires
more input power to operate.
CONTENT ADAPTIVE BRIGHTNESS CONTROL (CABC)
Content Adaptive Brightness Control (CABC) is a control method
in which the LED brightness is adjusted depending on the image
being displayed. For example, if the images being displayed only
contains dark pixels, the backlight brightness can be reduced
and the pixel values can be boosted simultaneously to let more
light pass through TFT filter, resulting in the same perceived
brightness.
CABC is used to save power consumption in many applications.
With different options of dimming control mode, ISL97698
provides the system designer with a great design flexibility for
CABC.
Maximum LED Current
The maximum LED current is 25mA per channel by default. For
PWMI dimming and I2C dimming applications, the ISL97698 can
be factory configurable to set maximum LED current to 20mA
(see“Factory Trimming Option” on page 19).
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ISL97698
Current Matching and Current Accuracy
OPEN CIRCUIT PROTECTION (OPCP)
Each LED current channel is regulated by a current sink circuit.
When one or more of the LEDs becomes an open circuit, it can
behave as either an infinite resistance or a gradually increasing
finite resistance. The ISL97698 monitors the current in each
channel such that any string that reaches the intended output
current is considered “good”. If there is one string where the LED
current falls below the target value, the ISL97698 will initiate a
time-out while increasing the boost output voltage to the lesser
of the OVP limit or 5.75V current sink headroom of the “good”
channel. If the current of the faulty channel is still below the
target value at the end of the time-out period, the ISL97698 will
declare this channel as “open circuit” and allow the boost output
voltage to drop and regulate the “good” one at a minimum
headroom voltage.
The current sink MOSFETs in each channel are designed to run at
a very low headroom voltage of 70mV (typical), while providing
the specified current accuracy. A low headroom voltage reduces
power loss in the IC so the LED efficiency is enhanced.
The ISL97698 features exceptional current matching and
accuracy over a wide range of LED current levels (1mA to 25mA).
See “Electrical Specifications” on page 5.
Dynamic Headroom Control
The ISL97698 features a proprietary Dynamic Headroom Control
circuit that detects the highest forward voltage string, or
effectively the lowest voltage on one of the two channels and
dynamically sets the ideal boost output voltage.
The boost regulates the output to the correct level such that the
lowest channel headroom is at the target headroom voltage
(70mV). Since both LED stacks are connected to the same output
voltage, the other channel will have a higher voltage, but the
regulated current sink circuit on each channel will ensure that
each channel is at the same target current value which
guarantees good channel current accuracy and current
matching. The output voltage will regulate cycle by cycle and it is
always referenced to the highest forward voltage string in the
architecture.
The 5.75V maximum current sink headroom at open circuit
protection is implemented to prevent the CH pin voltage or
inductor current from reaching unsafe levels. Under these
conditions, if the good CH pin exceeds 5.5V, VOUT will not be
allowed to rise further.
OPCP can be disabled by factory trim (See“Factory Trimming
Option” on page 19).
SHORT CIRCUIT PROTECTION (SCP)
When the LED current is turned off using the PWM, SWIRE, or I2C
interface, the boost regulator remains active, continuing to
regulate the output voltage for 25ms. This allows it to quickly
turn the LEDs back on. After 25ms, the boost regulator turns off.
All input digital interfaces remain active, while EN remains high.
The IC will enter a zero current mode if the LED current is off for
>30ms, from which it will only awake briefly to accept
commands and confirm command validity. Any valid, non-zero
brightness command will enable the IC and switch on the LEDs.
The short circuit detection circuit monitors the current sink
headroom voltage on each channel. When one or more of the
LEDs becomes a short circuit, the ISL97698 will continue to
operate and keep LED current in regulation in both channels, if
the current sink headroom on the faulty channel is under the
Channel Short Circuit Threshold (nominally 4.5V). If the current
sink headroom on the faulty channel stays above the Channel
Short Circuit Threshold over a time-out period (3ms typical), the
normal channel will be disabled, allowing both CH pin voltages to
reduce to safe-levels. If Short Circuit protection is disabled, the
CH pins will instead have a CH overvoltage monitor enabled.
Under these conditions, if the CH pin exceeds 5.5V, VOUT will not
be allowed to rise further. SCP can be disabled by setting register
02h bit 4 to 0.
Fault Protection and Monitoring
UNDERVOLTAGE LOCKOUT (UVLO) OF VIN
The ISL97698 features extensive protection functions to handle
failure conditions (boost over current, LED open circuit, LED short
circuit, over temperature) automatically. Refer to Table 4 for
details of the fault protections.
If the input voltage (VIN) falls below the VINUVLO threshold less
the UVLO hysteresis, boost will stop switching and the current
sink circuit will be disabled. Refer to the “Electrical Specifications”
on page 5 for the VIN UVLO specifications.
The ISL97698 uses feedback from the LEDs to determine when it
is in a stable operating region, and prevents apparent faults
during transient events from allowing any of the LED stacks to
fault out.
Note, the digital settings (register values) are not reset to default
by the falling VIN UVLO. The register values will be retained,
unless VIN falls past a secondary threshold (1V typical). This
allows configuration and dimming data to be maintained while
still guarantees a reliable power reset. VIN needs to fall below 1V
before power is re-applied to ensure a full power cycle (register
values are reset).
LED Brightness Shutdown
OVERCURRENT PROTECTION (OCP)
The boost over-current protection limits the boost NFET current
on a cycle-by-cycle basis. When the NFET current reaches the
current limit threshold the current PWM switching cycle is
terminated and the MOSFET is turned off for the remainder of
that cycle. Over-current protection does not disable any of the
regulators. Once the fault is removed (NFET current falls below
current limit), the device will continue with normal operation.
16
UNDERVOLTAGE LOCKOUT (UVLO) OF VIN_IO
If the VIN_IO falls below the VIN_IOUVLO threshold less the UVLO
hysteresis, boost will stop switching and the current sink circuit
will be disabled. Refer to the “Electrical Specifications” on page 5
for the VIN_IO UVLO specifications.
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ISL97698
OVER-TEMPERATURE PROTECTION (OTP)
The ISL97698 has an Over Temperature Threshold set to +135°C
typical. If this threshold is reached, the boost stops switching,
and the channel output current sinks are switched off. The
ISL97698 can be restarted if the VIN or EN is cycled (Low then
High).
TABLE 4. PROTECTIONS TABLE
FAULT PROTECTION
FAULT TRIGGER
DEVICE REACTION
DELAY TIME FROM A FAULT
OCCURRENCE TO DEVICE
REACTION
Overcurrent Protection
(OCP)
Peak current of boost FET higher than 1A
Terminate PWM; bit 4 of
register 10h set (if not during
soft start and high current
condition is not transient)
PWM terminated
immediately. Time-out
before reporting the fault
in register 10h
Open Circuit Protection
(OPCP)
one or more of the LEDs become open
circuit
VOUT rises to 25V or good CH
voltage rises to 5.5V
(whichever happens first),
then channel with open LED
switched off; bit 6 of register
10h set and the relevant bit
2 or bit 1 will be cleared
Time-out
VF of the normal
channel
Short Circuit Protection
(SCP)
One or more LEDs become short circuit
and current sink headroom on the faulty
channel is above 4.5V
Normal channel switched
off; bit 6 of register 10h set
and the relevant bit 2 or bit 1
will be cleared
Time-out
VF of the faulty
channel
Die/Junction Temp rising higher than
+150°C (typ)
IC shuts down until
temperature cools down
AND power cycle; bit 7 of
register 10h set
Over-Temperature
Protection
(OTP)
Power-On Sequence
To power on the IC from shutdown mode and turn on the LEDs, all
the four conditions need to be met: 1. VIN is above its UVLO rising
threshold; 2. VIN_IO is above its UVLO rising threshold. 3. EN is
above logic High threshold. 4. One of the dimming control
methods is used to set the LED brightness level to be above zero
(refer to “Analog Dimming” on page 15). There is no special
sequence implemented between the first three conditions. Refer
to Table 5 for when to apply the dimming input signal.
TABLE 5. POWER- ON SEQUENCE
DIMMING INPUT
SEQUENCE
SWIRE
Apply after VIN_IO is on
PWMI
Can be applied any time (No special sequence
needed)
I2C
Apply after VIN, VIN_IO and EN are all on. Note: the
register settings will not be reset unless VIN is
below its secondary UVLO level (see “Undervoltage
Lockout (UVLO) of vin” on page 16).
Immediate
VOUT REGULATED
BY
Boost current limit
NA
maximum 1A current limit in 7 further steps of 125mA over 7ms.
Depending on the peak inductor current that is required to
regulate the LED current to the target value, the soft start will not
always make use of all the steps, so the soft-start will appear to
be shorter. At higher battery voltage inputs and lower LED
outputs, the number of soft-start steps required is less, so the
observed soft-start time is shorter. This feature limits the inrush
current at start-up and avoids a drop in the battery voltage due to
excessive inrush current.
Note, there will be also an initial inrush current through the body
diode of the PFET to the output capacitor (COUT) when VIN is
applied. This is determined by the ramp slew rate of VIN and the
values of COUT and inductor (L).
Power-Off Sequence
To power off the IC and turn off the LEDs, one of the four
conditions needs to be met: 1. VIN is below its UVLO falling
threshold; 2. VIN_IO is below its UVLO falling threshold. 3. EN is
below logic Low threshold. 4. One of the dimming control
methods is used to set the LED brightness level to be zero (refer
to “Analog Dimming” on page 15).
SOFT-START
Once the ISL97698 is powered up, the boost regulator will begin
to switch at a low current and frequency. It will continue to do this
until VOUT has exceeded ~6.8V, after which the current sources
can turn on and boost soft-start will begin. The current in the
boost power switch is monitored and the switching is terminated
in any cycle when the current reaches the current limit. The
ISL97698 includes a soft-start feature where this current limit
starts at a low value (125mA). This is stepped up to the
17
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ISL97698
VINUVLO(Rising)
EN
VINUVLO(Falling)
VINUVLO(Rising)
EN=VIN
VIN
VIN_IOUVLO
VIN_IOUVLO
VIN_IO
VIN_IO
PWMI/
SWIRE/I2C Command
PWMI/
SWIRE/I2C Command
Soft‐start ends
VOUT
Soft‐start ends
IC shuts down
Channel current sink circuit turns on and soft‐start begins Boost starts
Inductor Peak Current
VOUT
Boost starts
IC shuts down
Channel current sink circuit turns on and soft‐start begins Inductor Peak Current
LED Current
LED Current
NOTE: refer to Table 5 for the sequence of dimming input signal
FIGURE 23. ISL97698 POWER ON/OFF DIAGRAM
Component Selection
a. Input Voltage = VIN
The design of the boost converter is simplified by an internal
compensation scheme allowing easy design without complicated
calculations. Therefore, only three external components (input
capacitor, boost inductor, output capacitor) are needed. Use the
recommendations below to select component values.
b. Output Voltage = VOUT
The duty cycle D can be calculated as:
INPUT CAPACITOR (CIN)
Then the inductor ripple can be calculated as
A 2.2µF to 10µF X5R/X7R or equivalent ceramic input capacitor
is recommended. The voltage rating of the input capacitor needs
to be higher than the maximum VIN in the application.
ΔI P-P = ( V IN )∗ ( D ) ⁄ ( L ∗ f SW∗ V OUT )
then rewrite Equation 4 using Equation 3:
OUTPUT CAPACITOR (COUT)
ΔI P-P = ( V IN )∗ ( V O – V IN ) ⁄ ( L ∗ f SW∗ V O )
c. Switching Frequency = fSW
D = 1 – V IN ⁄ V OUT
(EQ. 3)
(EQ. 4)
(EQ. 5)
A 3.3µF or larger X5R/X7R or equivalent ceramic output
capacitor is recommended. The voltage rating of the output
capacitor needs to be higher than the maximum VOUT in the
application.
The average inductor current is equal to the average input
current, where IIAVG can be calculated from Equation 6.
Note: Capacitors have a voltage co-efficient that makes their
effective capacitance drop as the voltage across them increases.
The X5R and X7R ceramic capacitors offer small size and a
smaller temperature and voltage coefficient compared to other
ceramic capacitors.
The peak inductor current then can be calculated from Equation
7:
INDUCTOR (L)
Substituting Equations 5 and 6 in Equation 7 to calculate IPk.
A 10µH inductor with saturation current rated above maximum
operating peak inductor current is recommended.
I PK = 0.5∗ V IN∗ ( V O – V IN ) ⁄ ( L ∗ f SW∗ V O ) + ( V O ∗ I O ) ⁄ ( V IN∗ EFF )
To determine the required inductor characteristics, firstly,
determine the minimum inductor saturation current required for
the application. With high LED current, boost operates in
continuous conduction mode (CCM). With low LED current, boost
operates in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) and PFM
mode.
In CCM, we can calculate the peak inductor current using
Equations 4 through 8.
Given these parameters:
18
I IAVG = ( V OUT∗ I LED ) ⁄ ( V IN∗ Efficiency )
I Pk = ΔI P-P ⁄ 2 + I IAVG
(EQ. 6)
(EQ. 7)
(EQ. 8)
The ISL97698 boost regulator operates in DCM and PFM mode at
light load. In PFM mode, it uses a fixed peak inductor current of
296mA. This peak inductor current can be adjusted by writing
different values into register 03h<7:4> (see Table 2 on page 13)
or by factory trimming (see“Factory Trimming Option” on
page 19).
To avoid inductor core saturation, the saturation current of the
inductor selected should be 20% higher than the greater of the
FN8417.0
September 5, 2013
ISL97698
peak inductor current (for CCM) and the fixed peak inductor
current in PFM mode.
The 296mA peak inductor current in PFM mode is optimized to
provide maximum efficiency with a 10µH inductor value. If a
smaller value inductor is used, less energy will be delivered per
cycle, the boost will need to switch at a higher frequency, and the
device efficiency will reduce. Increasing the inductor value will
increase the energy delivered per pulse, thus decreasing the
switching frequency and subsequently the switching loss of the
device. However, note that conduction losses are affected by
changing inductor value and/or inductor size. For a given
inductor size, DC-resistance (DCR) increases with increasing
inductor value: conduction losses go up; for a given inductor
value, DCR increases with decreasing inductor size: also resulting
increased conduction losses. L = 10µH is the optimal value for
ISL97698.
Table 6 shows some recommended inductors for typical
ISL97698 applications - small size, handheld TFT-LCD backlight.
TABLE 6. RECOMMENDED INDUCTORS
INDUCTOR PART
NUMBER
INDUCTANCE
(µH)
DCR (mΩ)
310
ISAT
(A)
Dimension
(mm)
0.59
3.0x2.5x1.0
General Layout Guidelines
Some general best practices should be followed to create an
optimal PCB layout:
1. Careful consideration should be taken with any traces
carrying high di/dt pulsating signals. Traces carrying high
di/dt pulsating signals should be kept as short and as tight as
possible. The current loop generates a magnetic field which
can couple to another conductor inducing unwanted voltage.
Components should be placed such that current flows
through them in a straight line as much as possible. This will
help reduce size of loops and reduce the EMI from the PCB.
2. If trace lengths are long, the resistance of the trace increases
and can cause some reduction in IC efficiency, and can also
cause system instability. Traces carrying power should be
made wide and short.
3. In discontinuous conduction mode, the direction of the
current is interrupted every few cycles. This may result in large
di/dt (transient load current). When injected in the ground
plane the current may cause voltage drops, which can
interfere with sensitive circuitry. The analog ground and
power ground of the IC should be connected very close to the
IC to mitigate this issue
VLF302510MT-100M
(TDK)
10
DFE252012C
(Toko)
10
400
0.85
2.5x2.0x1.2
PIME051E-100M
(Cyntec)
10
170
2
5.4x5.2x1.3
4. One plane/layer in the PCB is recommended to be a
dedicated ground plane. A large area of metal will have lower
resistance, which reduces the return current impedance.
More ground plane area minimizes parasitics and avoids
corruption of the ground reference.
Connect the unused LED channel pin to GND. The channel will be
disabled at startup.
5. Low frequency digital signals should be isolated from any
high frequency signals generated by switching frequency and
harmonics. PCB traces should not cross each other. If they
must cross due to the layout restriction, then they must cross
perpendicularly to reduce the magnetic field interaction.
Unused LED Channel
High Current Applications
Each channel of the ISL97698 supports up to 25mA continuous
sink current. The two channels can be paralleled by shorting CH0
and CH1 together to provide up to 50mA in one string of LEDs.
For PWMI dimming and I2C dimming applications, the peak
current can be factory configured to 20mA (See“Factory
Trimming Option” on page 19), providing a 40mA option for a
single LED string.
Factory Trimming Option
ISL97698 has fuse options that can be factory configured to
permanently change maximum LED current, PFM mode, peak
inductor current in PFM mode, average inductor current to enter
PFM mode, and to permanently disable Open Circuit Protection
(OPCP). Please contact your local Intersil sales representative for
further information.
6. The amount of copper that should be poured (thickness)
depends upon the power requirement of the system.
Insufficient copper will increase resistance of the PCB, which
will increase heat dissipation.
7. Generally, vias should not be used to route high current paths.
8. While designing the layout of switched controllers, do not use
the auto routing function of the PCB layout software. Auto
routing connects the nets with same electrical name and
does not account for ideal trace lengths and positioning.
ISL97698 Specific Layout Guidelines
1. The input capacitor should be connected between bump C2
(VIN)/bump C3 (VIN_IO) and ground with the smallest and
thick traces possible. This will help in rejecting high frequency
disturbances and will help in proper regulation of the boost
regulator and hence the LED current. Use either X7R or X5R
dielectric input capacitors. Y5V and Z5U type capacitors are
not recommended to use because of their bad temperature
characteristics.
2. Inductor should be connected to the LX pin (B1) with wide and
short trace. Careful consideration should be made in
selecting the inductor as it may cause electromagnetic
interference and that may affect normal functioning of the IC.
Shielded inductor is recommended. Do not route any digital
lines underneath the inductor.
19
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ISL97698
3. The output of the boost regulator (VOUT) is A1. This pin is also
the output voltage sense connection for over voltage sensing.
The distance of the capacitor from the A1 bump is critical. It
is recommended that 10µF/25V capacitor should be placed
very close to the IC with thick and short trace. The other end
of the output capacitor should be connected to ground with
thick and short trace too. The output capacitor should also be
close to the LED as possible to minimize the LED ripple
current.
4. Digital signals EN, SCL, SDA, SWIRE and PWMI should be
isolated from the high di/dt and dv/dt signals. Otherwise, it
may cause a glitch on the digital signals resulting in
unexpected operation of the IC.
5. I2C signals, if not used, should be tied to the VIN.
6. EN, if not used, should be tied to the VIN.
7. Bumps D1 and D2 are Channel 0 and Channel 1
(respectively). These are current sinking and monitoring pins.
Tie the pin to ground if the channel is not used.
8. The solder pad on the PCB should not be larger than the
solder mask opening for the ball pad on the package. The
optimal solder joint strength, it is recommended a 1:1 ratio
for the two pads.
20
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ISL97698
Revision History
The revision history provided is for informational purposes only and is believed to be accurate, but not warranted. Please go to the web to make sure that
you have the latest revision.
DATE
REVISION
September 5, 2013
FN8417.0
CHANGE
Initial release.
About Intersil
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FN8417.0
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ISL97698
Package Outline Drawing
W3x4.12A
3X4 ARRAY 12 BALLS WITH 0.40 PITCH WAFER LEVEL CHIP SCALE PACKAGE (WLCSP) (BSC)
Rev 1, 1/13
X
1.39±0.030
Y
0.800
12x 0.265±0.035
D
C
1.200
1.69±0.030
B
0.400
A
0.245
0.10
1
2
3
TOP VIEW
(4X)
0.295
PIN 1
(A1 CORNER)
BOTTOM VIEW
PACKAGE
OUTLINE
0.290
0.040 BSC
(BACKSIDE COATING)
0.240
0.540±0.050
0.400
Z SEATING PLANE
0.200±0.030
0.05 Z
0.265±0.035
3
NSMD
RECOMMENDED LAND PATTERN
0.10
0.05
ZXY
Z
SIDE VIEW
NOTES:
1. All dimensions are in millimeters.
2. Dimensions and tolerance and tolerance per ASMEY 14.5 - 1994,
and JESD 95-1 SPP-010.
3. NSMD refers to non-solder mask defined pad design per Intersil
Tech Brief www.intersil.com/data/tb/tb451.pdf
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