High Efficient 2-Channel White LED Driver for Smartphone Backlighting ISL97698 Features The ISL97698 is a highly integrated 2-channel LED driver for white LED (WLED) backlit TFT-LCD panels. The device is comprised of a synchronous boost converter and two low-side current sinks that are capable of driving an output voltage up to 23.5V and 25mA LED current, per string. The IC operates from an input supply of 2.5V to 5.5V. • High Efficiency Operation: The driver features Dynamic Headroom Control that monitors the highest LED forward voltage string to determine the requested boost output voltage. With a controlled low 70mV headroom voltage and low 0.35mA IC supply current, the device provides very high efficiency. - Very low headroom voltage (70mV) • 20mm2 Total Solution PCB Area The ISL97698 offers 8-bit linear or 11-bit logarithmic controlled analog output current, with dimming control from a PWM, SWIRE, or I2C interface. Internally, the PWM duty cycle, SWIRE, and I2C digital inputs are converted to a DC LED current. This analog dimming scheme provides high efficiency and eliminates audible noise and PWM dimming related EMI concerns. The ISL97698 also features Content Adaptive Backlight Control (CABC), which uses the product of the PWM and SWIRE, or PWM and I2C, or SWIRE and I2C inputs to determine the LED string current. The I2C interface is also used for configuration settings and fault detection. The ISL97698 incorporates various protections including: open circuit, short circuit, and thermal shutdown. The device is offered in a 1.39mmx 1.69mm, 3x4 array WLCSP package. It is specified for operation over the -40°C to +85°C ambient temperature range. - Up to 91% with 2P4S configuration - Up to 90% with 2P6S configuration • Extremely Low Supply Current (0.35mA) • Dynamic Headroom Control - Only three external components required • Analog Dimming Control by PWM, SWIRE, or I2C • 8-bit Linear or 11-bit Logarithmic Analog Output Current Control • Content Adaptive Backlight Control (CABC) • Input Voltage from 2.5V to 5.5V • 23.5V Maximum Output Voltage • Drives 50µA to 25mA LED Strings • Open Circuit and Short Circuit Fault Protection • 12 Bump, 0.4mm Pitch Chip Scale Package Applications • WLED backlit LCD displays for Smartphones, digital cameras, GPS, etc. L VIN 2.5V to 5.5V 10 µH C IN VIN LX VOUT SCL SDA VOUT Up to 23.5V C OUT ISL97698 3.3µF PWMI SWIRE VIN_ IO CH0 EN GND CH1 FIGURE 1. ISL97698 TYPICAL APPLICATION CIRCUIT: TFT-LCD BACKLIGHT September 5, 2013 FN8417.0 1 CAUTION: These devices are sensitive to electrostatic discharge; follow proper IC Handling Procedures. 1-888-INTERSIL or 1-888-468-3774 | Copyright Intersil Americas LLC 2013. All Rights Reserved Intersil (and design) is a trademark owned by Intersil Corporation or one of its subsidiaries. All other trademarks mentioned are the property of their respective owners. ISL97698 Table of Contents Block Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Ordering Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Pin Configuration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Pin Descriptions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Absolute Maximum Ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Thermal Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Recommended Operating Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Electrical Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Application Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I2C Digital Interface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . START and STOP Condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Data Validity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Byte Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acknowledge (ACK) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Not Acknowledge (NACK) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Device Address and R/W Bit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Write Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Read Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Register Descriptions and Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SWIRE Communication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IC Enable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Boost Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Switching Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PFM/Synchronous Pulse Skipping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Audio Band Suppression (ABS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Analog Dimming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PWMI Frequencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CONTENT ADAPTIVE BRIGHTNESS CONTROL (CABC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Maximum LED Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Current Matching and Current Accuracy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dynamic Headroom Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LED Brightness Shutdown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fault Protection and Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OVERCURRENT PROTECTION (OCP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Open Circuit Protection (OPCP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Short Circuit Protection (SCP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Undervoltage Lockout (UVLO) of VIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Undervoltage Lockout (UVLO) OF VIN_IO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Over-Temperature Protection (OTP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Power-On Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Soft-Start . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Component Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Input Capacitor (CIN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Output Capacitor (COUT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inductor (l) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unused LED Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . High Current Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 12 12 13 13 14 14 14 14 14 15 15 15 15 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 17 17 17 18 18 18 18 19 19 Factory Trimming Option. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 General Layout Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 ISL97698 Specific Layout Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Revision History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 About Intersil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Package Outline Drawing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2 FN8417.0 September 5, 2013 ISL97698 Block Diagram VIN = 2.5V to 5.5V VIN LX VOUT S PWM/ PFM Logic Current Limit GND OVP 1.21V COMP VREF gm CH0 Dynamic Headroom Control and Fault Management VIN_IO CH1 SCL I2C Control OSC SDA PWMI PWMI/SWIRE Decoding SWIRE EN DAC EN/ Configuration settings Ordering Information PART NUMBER Notes (1, 2, 3) ISL97698IIZ-T PART MARKING 7698 TEMP RANGE (°C) -40 to +85 PACKAGE (Pb-free) PKG. DWG. # 3x4 array, 0.4mm pitch CSP W3x4.12A NOTES: 1. Please refer to TB347 for details on reel specifications. 2. These Intersil Pb-free WLCSP and BGA packaged products employ special Pb-free material sets; molding compounds/die attach materials and SnAgCu - e1 solder ball terminals, which are RoHS compliant and compatible with both SnPb and Pb-free soldering operations. Intersil Pb-free WLCSP and BGA packaged products are MSL classified at Pb-free peak reflow temperatures that meet or exceed the Pb-free requirements of IPC/JEDEC J STD-020. 3. For Moisture Sensitivity Level (MSL), please see device information page for ISL97698. For more information on MSL, please see tech brief TB363. 3 FN8417.0 September 5, 2013 ISL97698 Pin Configuration ISL97698 (3x4 ARRAY, 0.4mm PITCH CSP) TOP VIEW 1 2 3 A VOUT SCL SDA B LX EN PWMI C GND VIN VIN_IO D CH0 CH1 SWIRE Pin Descriptions PIN NUMBER PIN NAME DESCRIPTION A1 VOUT A2 SCL A3 SDA B1 LX Drain Connection for Boost Converter’s Internal N-Channel MOSFET and P-Channel MOSFET B2 EN IC Enable pin, active high. Circuit 2 shows its equivalent circuit. B3 PWMI C1 GND Ground C2 VIN Input Supply Voltage. Bypass VIN to GND with a ceramic capacitor. Circuit 3 shows its equivalent circuit. C3 VIN_IO D1 CH0 Channel 0 Current Sink and Monitoring. Tie this pin to GND if channel is not used D2 CH1 Channel 1 Current Sink and Monitoring. Tie this pin to GND if channel is not used D3 SWIRE Boost Output Voltage. This is also the output voltage sense connection for over voltage sensing Serial Clock Connection for I2C Interface (high impedance input). Circuit 1 shows its equivalent circuit. Serial Data Connection for I2C Interface (high impedance input, open-drain output). Circuit 1 shows its equivalent circuit. PWM Input for Dimming Control. Do not leave this pin floating. Circuit 1 shows its equivalent circuit. Digital Interface Supply Voltage for PWMI/SWIRE inputs. Circuit 4 shows its equivalent circuit. SWIRE Input for Dimming Control. Do not leave this pin floating. Circuit 5 shows its equivalent circuit. Equivalent Circuit EN P W M I/S C L /S D A VIN VIN_IO VIN_IO SWIRE GND GND Circuit 1 GND Circuit 2 4 Circuit 3 GND Circuit 4 GND Circuit 5 FN8417.0 September 5, 2013 ISL97698 Absolute Maximum Ratings Thermal Information VOUT, LX (to GND) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.3V to 24.5V VIN, VIN_IO, SCL, SDA, PWMI, SWIRE, EN (to GND) . . . . . . . . . . -0.3V to 6V CH0, CH1 (to GND) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.3V to 6V Maximum Average Current Into LX Pin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.1A ESD Rating Human Body Model (Tested per JESD22-A114) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2kV Latch Up (Tested per JESD78: Class II, Level A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100mA Thermal Resistance (Typical) θJA (°C/W) θJC (°C/W) 12 Bump, 0.4mm Pitch CSP (Notes 4, 5) . 90 60 Maximum Continuous Junction Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+125°C Storage Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-65°C to +150°C Pb-Free Reflow Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see link below http://www.intersil.com/pbfree/Pb-FreeReflow.asp Recommended Operating Conditions Input Voltage (VIN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5V to 5.5V Digital Interface Supply Voltage (VIN_IO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.8V to 5.5V Output Voltage (VOUT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Up to 23.5V Output Current per Channel (CH0, CH1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Up to 25mA Ambient Temperature Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -40°C to +85°C CH0/CH1 Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0V to 5.5V CAUTION: Do not operate at or near the maximum ratings listed for extended periods of time. Exposure to such conditions may adversely impact product reliability and result in failures not covered by warranty. NOTES: 4. θJA is measured in free air with the component mounted on a high effective thermal conductivity test board with “direct attach” features. See Tech Brief TB379 5. For θJC, the “case temp” location is taken at the package top center. Electrical Specifications temperature range, -40°C to +85°C. PARAMETER VIN = VIN_IO = EN = 3.7V, TA = +25°C unless otherwise noted. Boldface limits apply over the operating DESCRIPTION CONDITION MIN (Note 6) TYP MAX (Note 6) UNIT 5.5 V 5.5 V GENERAL VIN VIN_IO IVIN ISHUTDOWN VINUVLO Input Supply Voltage 2.5 Digital Interface Supply Voltage VIN Supply Current LX not switching (Overdrive VOUT) VIN Shutdown Supply Current EN = 0V VIN Undervoltage Lockout VIN rising 0.35 2.2 Hysteresis VIN_IOUVLO VIN_IO Undervoltage Lockout Threshold VIN_IO rising mA 1 3 µA 2.3 2.4 V 150 1.4 1.5 mV 1.6 V Hysteresis 70 mV If soft-start goes through all 8 steps and Boost FET current reaches the limit 7 ms BOOST REGULATOR TSS Soft-Start Time ILX Boost FET Current Limit IPFM Peak FET Current in PFM Mode When ABS not active (04h<4> = 0) 0.9 1.1 1.3 A 250 296 350 mA rDS(ON)N Boost Low-Side Switch ON-Resistance 300 mΩ rDS(ON)P Boost High-Side Switch ON-Resistance 470 mΩ DMAX Boost Maximum Duty Cycle fSW = 850kHz DMIN Boost Minimum Duty Cycle fSW = 850kHz fSW Boost Switching Frequency Default frequency setting (04h<3:0> = Ah) LX Leakage Current LX = 23.5V Channel-to-Channel DC Current Matching ILED = 1mA to 25mA ILX_LEAKAGE 92 765 % 850 15 % 935 kHz 10 µA +2.5 % REFERENCE IMATCH 5 -2.5 FN8417.0 September 5, 2013 ISL97698 Electrical Specifications VIN = VIN_IO = EN = 3.7V, TA = +25°C unless otherwise noted. Boldface limits apply over the operating temperature range, -40°C to +85°C. (Continued) PARAMETER DESCRIPTION CONDITION MIN (Note 6) TYP -3 MAX (Note 6) +3 UNIT IACC Current Accuracy ILED = 1mA to 25mA ISTEP Percent Current Change between Successive Setting Steps Linear, spec is percentage of current at 100% dimming level 0.4 % % Logarithmic, spec is percentage of current change between steps 0.3 % FAULT DETECTION VSC Channel Short Circuit Threshold TOTP Over Temperature Threshold VOVP Overvoltage Threshold 4 Temperature Rising 4.5 5.75 V 135 °C 25 V 70 mV CHANNEL CURRENT SINKS VHEADROOM Current Sink Headroom at CH Pin of Channel with Higher Forward Voltage (Dominant Channel) ILED = 25mA Logic Inputs Low Voltage SWIRE, PWMI 0.15 * VIN_IO V EN, SCL, SDA 0.4 V LOGIC INPUTS VIL VIH I2C Logic Inputs High Voltage SWIRE, PWMI 0.78 * VIN_IO V EN, SCL, SDA 1.1 V ILEAK Input Leakage SCL = SDA = PWMI = SWIRE = 5V REN Internal Pull-Down Resistance EN 300 ns 2 MΩ 0.1 ms INTERFACE tEN_I2C fSCL Minimum Time Between EN High and I2C Enabled SCL Clock Frequency 400 kHz 10 kHz 8 bit 11 bit PWM Interface fPWMI PWM Input Frequency Range (Note 7) RDPWM PWM Dimming Output Resolution (Note 7) 0.1 SWIRE Interface RSWIRE SWIRE Dimming Output Resolution (Note 8) (Note 7) 5 NOTES: 6. Parameters with MIN and/or MAX limits are 100% tested at +25°C. Temperature limits are established by characterization and are not production tested. 7. Compliance to limits is assured by characterization and design. 8. 5-bit and 11-bit are specs for logarithmic dimming. For linear dimming, the SWIRE dimming output resolution is 8-bit. 6 FN8417.0 September 5, 2013 ISL97698 Typical Performance Curves ddd TA = +25°C, VIN = VIN_IO = EN = 3.7V , L = TDK VLF302510MT-10uH, COUT = 3.3µF/25V, fSW = 850kHz, ILED = 25mA/string, 2P6S Configuration, default register settings, unless otherwise noted. 100 100 VIN = 3.7V 85 80 VIN = 3.7V 90 EFFICIENCY (%) EFFICIENCY (%) 90 VIN = 5V 95 VIN = 5V 95 VIN = 3V 75 85 VIN = 3V 80 75 70 70 65 65 2P4S, L = PIME051E-10µH 2P6S, L = PIME051E-10µH 60 0 15 10 5 20 60 25 0 5 10 100 2P4S, L = VLF302510MT-10µH 95 95 VIN = 5V VIN = 3V 75 75 65 65 10 15 LED CURRENT (mA) 20 60 25 VIN = 3V 80 70 5 VIN = 3.7V 85 70 0 VIN = 5V 90 EFFICIENCY (%) EFFICIENCY (%) VIN = 3.7V 85 60 25 100 2P6S, L = VLF302510MT-10µH 80 20 FIGURE 3. BOOST EFFICIENCY vs LED CURRENT (2P4S) FIGURE 2. BOOST EFFICIENCY vs LED CURRENT (2P6S) 90 15 LED CURRENT (mA) LED CURRENT (mA) 0 5 10 15 20 25 LED CURRENT (mA) FIGURE 4. BOOST EFFICIENCY vs LED CURRENT (2P6S) FIGURE 5. BOOST EFFICIENCY vs LED CURRENT (2P4S) 30 10 25 CH0 LED CURRENT (mA) LED CURRENT (mA) CH0 20 15 10 CH1 1 CH1 0.1 5 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 PWMI DUTY CYCLE FIGURE 6. DIMMING ACCURACY (8-BIT LINEAR MODE) 7 1.0 0.01 0 500 1000 1500 2000 LOGARITHMIC CODE OF REGISTER 00 AND 01h FIGURE 7. DIMMING Accuracy (11-BIT LOGARITHMIC MODE) FN8417.0 September 5, 2013 ISL97698 Typical Performance Curves TA = +25°C, VIN = VIN_IO = EN = 3.7V (Continued), L = TDK VLF302510MT10uH, COUT = 3.3µF/25V, fSW = 850kHz, ILED = 25mA/string, 2P6S Configuration, default register settings, unless otherwise noted. (Continued) ILED = 25mA, Boost in PWM mode LX = 10V/DIV ILED = 5mA, Boost in PFM mode LX = 10V/DIV VOUT Ripple = 50mV/DIV VOUT Ripple = 100mV/DIV Inductor Current = 200mA/DIV Inductor Current = 200mA/DIV Time = 1µs/DIV FIGURE 8. BOOST INDUCTOR CURRENT and VOUT RIPPLE in PWM MODE) Time = 1µs/DIV FIGURE 9. BOOST INDUCTOR CURRENT and VOUT RIPPLE in PFM MODE ILED = 5mA-->25mA ILED = 25mA--> 5mA VOUT = 5V/DIV VOUT = 5V/DIV CH0 Headroom = 1V/DIV CH0 Current = 10mA/DIV CH0 Headroom = 1V/DIV CH0 Current = 10mA/DIV Time = 4ms/DIV Time = 4ms/DIV FIGURE 10. TRANSIENT RESPONSE (LED CURRENT CHANGES from 25mA to 5mA) 8 FIGURE 11. TRANSIENT RESPONSE (LED CURRENT CHANGES from 5mA to 25mA) FN8417.0 September 5, 2013 ISL97698 Typical Performance Curves TA = +25°C, VIN = VIN_IO = EN = 3.7V (Continued), L = TDK VLF302510MT10uH, COUT = 3.3µF/25V, fSW = 850kHz, ILED = 25mA/string, 2P6S Configuration, default register settings, unless otherwise noted. (Continued) ILED = 100µA-->25mA ILED = 25mA--> 100µA VOUT = 5V/DIV VOUT = 5V/DIV CH0 Current = 10mA/DIV CH0 Headroom = 1V/DIV CH0 Headroom = 1V/DIV CH0 Current = 10mA/DIV Time = 10ms/DIV Time = 10ms/DIV FIGURE 12. TRANSIENT RESPONSE (LED CURRENT CHANGES from 25mA to 100µA) VIN = 3.7V, 2P6S, PWMI DUTY CYCLE = 100% PWMI = 5V/DIV FIGURE 13. TRANSIENT RESPONSE (LED CURRENT CHANGES from 100µA to 25mA) PWMI = 5V/DIV VIN = 3.7V, 2P6S, PWMI Duty Cycle = 50% VOUT = 10V/DIV VOUT = 10V/DIV Inductor Current = 200mA/DIV Inductor Current = 200mA/DIV CH0 Current = 20mA/DIV Time = 4ms/DIV FIGURE 14. START-UP WAVEFORMS (100% BRIGHTNESS) CH0 Current = 20mA/DIV Time = 2ms/DIV FIGURE 15. START-UP WAVEFORMS (50% BRIGHTNESS) VIN = 3.7V, 2P6S, PWMI Duty Cycle = 100% PWMI = 5V/DIV PWMI = 5V/DIV VIN = 3.7V, 2P6S, PWMI Duty Cycle = 50% VOUT = 10V/DIV VOUT = 10V/DIV Inductor Current = 200mA/DIV Inductor Current = 200mA/DIV CH0 Current = 20mA/DIV CH0 Current = 20mA/DIV Time = 1ms/DIV Time = 1ms/DIV FIGURE 16. SHUTDOWN WAVEFORMS (100% BRIGHTNESS) 9 FIGURE 17. SHUTDOWN WAVEFORMS (50% BRIGHTNESS) FN8417.0 September 5, 2013 ISL97698 Application Information (Fast-Mode), and is backwards compatible with standard 100kHz clock rates (Standard-mode). I2C Digital Interface The SDA and SCL lines must be HIGH when the bus is free - not in use. An external pull-up resistor (typically 2.2kΩ to 4.7kΩ) or current-source is required for SDA and SCL. The ISL97698 uses a standard I2C interface bus for communication. The two-wire interface links a Master(s) and uniquely addressable Slave devices. The Master generates clock signals and is responsible for initiating data transfers. The serial clock is on the SCL line and the serial data (bi-directional) is on the SDA line. The ISL97698 supports clock rates up to 400kHz The ISL97698 meets standard I2C timing specifications, see Figure 18 and Table 1, which show the standard timing definitions and specifications for I2C communication. t BUF VIH SDA VIL tr t HD:STA t SU:STA tf tr tSU:STO tf VIH SCL VIL START tSU:DAT t HD:DAT STOP START FIGURE 18. I2C TIMING DEFINITIONS TABLE 1. I2C TIMING CHARACTERISTICS FAST-MODE PARAMETER STANDARD-MODE SYMBOL MIN MAX MIN MAX UNIT fSCL 0 400 0 100 kHz Set-up Time for a START Condition tSU:STA 0.6 - 4.7 - µs Hold Time for a START Condition tHD:STA 0.6 - 4.0 - µs Set-up Time for a STOP Condition tSU:STO 0.6 - 4.0 - µs tBUF 1.3 - 4.7 - µs Data Set-up Time tSU:DAT 100 - 250 - ns Data Hold Time tHD:DAT 0 - 0 - µs Rise Time of SDA and SCL (Note 9) tr 20+0.1Cb 300 - 1000 ns Fall Time of SDA and SCL (Note 9) tf 20+0.1Cb 300 - 300 ns Capacitive load on each bus line (SDA/SCL) Cb 400 - 400 pF SCL Clock Frequency Bus Free Time between a STOP and START Condition NOTE: 9. Cb = total capacitance of one bus line in pF. START AND STOP CONDITION All I2C communication begins with a START condition - indicating the beginning of a transaction, and ends with a STOP condition-signaling the end of the transaction. supports repeated STARTs, where the bus will remain busy for continued transaction(s). DATA VALIDITY A START condition is signified by a HIGH-to-LOW transition on the serial data line (SDA) while the serial clock line (SCL) is HIGH. A STOP condition is signified by a LOW-to-HIGH transition on the SDA line while SCL is HIGH. See timing specifications in Table 1. The data on the SDA line must be stable (clearly defined as HIGH or LOW) during the HIGH period of the clock signal. The state of the SDA line can only change when the SCL line is LOW (except to create a START or STOP condition). See timing specifications in Table 1. The Master always initiates START and STOP conditions. After a START condition, the bus is considered “busy.” After a STOP condition, the bus is considered “free”. The ISL97698 also The voltage levels used to indicate a logical ‘0’ (LOW) and logical ‘1’ (HIGH) are determined by the VIL and VIH thresholds, respectively, see the “Electrical Specifications” Table on page 5. 10 FN8417.0 September 5, 2013 ISL97698 BYTE FORMAT A NACK can be generated for various reasons, for example: Every byte transferred on SDA must be 8 bits in length. After every byte of data sent by the transmitter there must be an Acknowledge bit (from the receiver) to signify that the previous 8 bits were transferred successfully. Data is always transferred on SDA with the most significant bit (MSB) first. See “Acknowledge (ACK)”. • After an I2C device address is transmitted, there is NO receiver with that address on the bus to respond. ACKNOWLEDGE (ACK) Each 8-bit data transfer is followed by an Acknowledge (ACK) bit from the receiver. The Acknowledge bit signifies that the previous 8 bits of data was transferred successfully (master-slave or slave-master). When the Master sends data to the Slave (e.g., during a WRITE transaction), after the 8th bit of a data byte is transmitted, the Master tri-states the SDA line during the 9th clock. The Slave device acknowledges that it received all 8 bits by pulling down the SDA line, generating an ACK bit. When the Master receives data from the Slave (e.g. during a data READ transaction), after the 8th bit is transmitted, the Slave tri-states the SDA line during the 9th clock. The Master acknowledges that it received all 8 bits by pulling down the SDA line, generating an ACK bit. NOT ACKNOWLEDGE (NACK) A Not Acknowledge (NACK) is generated when the receiver does not pull-down the SDA line during the acknowledge clock (i.e., SDA line remains HIGH during the 9th clock). This indicates to the Master that it can generate a STOP condition to end the transaction and free the bus. • The receiver is busy performing an internal operation (e.g., reset, recall, etc), and cannot respond. • The Master (acting as a receiver) needs to indicate the end of a transfer with the Slave (acting as a transmitter). DEVICE ADDRESS AND R/W BIT Data transfers follow the format shown in Figure 20 and Figure 21. After a valid START condition, the first byte sent in a transaction contains the 7-bit Device (Slave) Address plus a direction (R/W) bit. The Device Address identifies which device (of up to 127 devices on the I2C bus) the Master wishes to communicate with. After a START condition, the ISL97698 monitors the first 8 bits (Device Address Byte) and checks for its 7-bit Device Address in the MSBs. If it recognizes the correct Device Address it will ACK, and becomes ready for further communication. If it does not see its Device Address, it will sit idle until another START condition is issued on the bus. To access the ISL97698, the 7-bit Device Address is 27h (0100111x), located in MSB bits <b7:b1>. The eighth bit of the Device Address byte (LSB bit <b0>) indicates the direction of transfer, READ or WRITE (R/W). A “0” indicates a WRITE operation - the Master will transmit data to the ISL97698 (receiver). A “1” indicates a Read operation - the Master will receive data from the ISL97698 (transmitter) (see Figure 19). B7 B6 B5 B4 B3 B2 B1 B0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 R/W DEVICE ADDRESS = 27h READ = 1 WRITE = 0 FIGURE 19. DEVICE ADDRESS BYTE FORMAT 11 FN8417.0 September 5, 2013 ISL97698 Write Operation 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 K K DATA AC Register Pointer A C Device Address W A C START SDA (from Master) K A WRITE sequence requires an I2C START condition, followed by a valid Device Address Byte with the R/W bit set to ‘0’, a valid Register Address Byte, a Data Byte, and a STOP condition. After each valid byte is sent, the ISL97698 (slave) responds with an ACK. When the Write transaction is completed, the Master should generate a STOP condition. For sent data to be latched by the ISL97698, the STOP condition should occur after a full byte (8-bits) is sent and ACK. If a STOP is generated in the middle of a byte transaction, the data will be ignored. See Figure 20 for the ISL97698 I2C Write protocol. STOP 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Device Address = 27h WRITE DATA SDA (from Slave) A SCL (from Master) A A 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 A 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 A 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 A FIGURE 20. I2C WRITE TIMING DIAGRAM Read Operation A READ sequence requires the Master to first write to the ISL97698 to indicate the Register Address/pointer to read from. Send a START condition, followed by a valid Device Address Byte with the R/W set to ‘0’, and then a valid Register Address Byte. Then the Master generates either a Repeat START condition, or a STOP condition followed by a new START condition, and a valid Device Address Byte with the R/W bit set to ‘1’. Then the ISL97698 is ready to send data to the Master from the requested Register Address. K Register Pointer AC Device Address W AC START SDA (from Master) K The ISL97698 sends out the Data Byte by asserting control of the SDA pin while the Master generates clock pulses on the SCL pin. When transmission of the desired data is complete, the Master generates a NACK condition followed by a STOP condition, and this completes the I2C Read sequence. See Figure 21 for the ISL97698 I2C Read protocol. STOP NOTE: First send register pointer to indicate the READ-back starting location 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 A 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Device Address = 27h SDA (from Slave) A SDA (from Master) NA C Device Address R K 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 A 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 A START DATA 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Device Address = 27h READ DATA A This STOP condition is optional (not required) to do READ-back. The device also supports repeated STARTs. SCL (from Master) AC K WRITE REGISTER POINTER SDA (from Slave) STOP A (No ACK) A 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 SCL (from Master) 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 A 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 A FIGURE 21. I2C READ TIMING DIAGRAM 12 FN8417.0 September 5, 2013 ISL97698 Register Descriptions and Addresses Table 2 contains the detailed register map, with descriptions and addresses for ISL97698 registers. Each volatile register is one byte (8-bit) in size. When writing data to adjust register settings using I2C, the data is latched-in after the 8th bit (LSB) is received. The ISL97698 has default register settings that are always applied at IC power-ON or after a reset. In Table 2, the default register settings are indicated with BOLD face text. Reserved registers should only be written with the bit value indicated in the Register Map. Also, Register Addresses (pointers) not indicated in the Register Map are reserved and should not be written to. Note, to clear/reset all the volatile registers to the default values, power cycle VIN. TABLE 2. REGISTER MAP Register (Note 10) R/W Function 00h R/W LED Current 01h R/W LED Current (Note 11) 02h R/W Configuration 03h R/W PFM mode setting (Note 12) 04h R/W Boost operating mode 10h R Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Brightness <10:3> FFh Reserved Brightness Source: 11=PWMIx SWIRE (linear) 10=PWMIxI2C (linear) 01=SWIRExI2C (log) 00=SWIRExI2C (linear) Enable faults (OPCP, OTP) 1= faults enabled 0= faults disabled Enable VSC (Short Circuit Protection) 1=VSC enabled 0=VSC disabled PFM peak current: 120mA+22mA x decimal value of Bit <7:4> Max value: 450mA; Default: 296mA Boost Slew Rate: 00=Slowest 01=Slow 10=Fast 11=Fastest Fault/status OTP occurred read back (latched) OVP/LED open occurred (latched) Enable Audio Light load Band mode setting: Suppression 1= (ABS) Synchronous Pulse Skipping 1=Enabled 0=Disabled 0 = PFM VSC occurred (latched) Default Enable 25V OVP (Note 13) 1=25V 0=16V Brightness <2:0> 07h Enable Enable Disable CH0 CH1 dither 1=CH 1= CH (Note 14) 1=Disabled enabled enabled 0=CH 0=Enabled 0=CH disabled disabled FFh Average inductor current to enter PFM mode: 60mA+11mA x decimal value of Bit <3:0> Max value:225mA; Default: 93mA 00h Boost frequency: 00h = 0.464MHz, 08h = 0.729MHz 01h = 0.486MHz, 09h = 0.785MHz 02h = 0.510MHz, 0Ah = 0.850MHz 03h = 0.537MHz, 0Bh = 0.927MHz 04h = 0.567MHz, 0Ch = 1.020MHz 05h = 0.600MHz, 0Dh = 1.133MHz 06h = 0.638MHz, 0Eh = 1.275MHz 07h = 0.680Mhz, 0Fh = 1.457MHz FAh Boost hitting Boost mode: current limit 0=PFM/skip repeatedly 1=PWM (latched) LEDs on CH1 ok CH0 ok 0Fh NOTES: 10. All other register addresses are reserved 11. Register 01h can be written to at any time. However, the new data will not be applied until register 00h is subsequently written to. This allows 11-bit logarithmic dimming via I2C, where all 11-bits are loaded, in two I2C instructions, before the data is applied and output is adjusted. 12. This register is ignored until it is written to. After being written, its new value will override the default settings until the device is reset. 13. Setting this bit Low will set OVP to 16V. This is recommended when using four or less LEDs, and allows a lower voltage rated output capacitor to be used. 14. Dither is used to improved accuracy of logarithmic current steps, but result in lower efficiency, as LED current is modulated at any brightness code that is between 60+Nx64 and 61+Nx64 (N is 0 to 31). Dither should be disabled for linear dimming applications SWIRE Communication The SWIRE interface uses a normally high connection for use with open-drain driving schemes and Intersil’s SWIRE interface protocol. When SWIRE is held low between 15µs and 45µs, the interface reads logic 1. When SWIRE is held low between 90µs and 120µs the interface reads logic 0. When SWIRE is held low greater that 215µs, the interface loads (accepts) the bits already entered into the brightness control register and updates the maximum LED current. The required minimum high time is 3µs. 13 If more than the maximum supported bits are entered, all the input bits will be ignored. If less than the maximum supported bits (8 in linear mode and 11 in logarithmic mode) are entered, the number entered will be scaled to full code. For example, in linear mode, 11011 (87% in 5 bits), 110111 (87% in 6 bits), 1101111 (87% in 7 bits) and 11011110 (87% in 8 bits) will all give approximately the same output. FN8417.0 September 5, 2013 ISL97698 The SWIRE programming is summarized as follows: The serial interface is automatically reset to 0 when the power is cycled, or register 02h is written to 00h. • Logic 0 = Negative pulse >90µs and <120µs Figure 22 shows an example of transmitting and loading the value b’10010110’. • Logic 1 = Negative pulse >15µs and <45µs • Load = Negative pulse >215µs VIO 25µs (15~45µs) “1” 100µs (90~120µs) “0” “0” High Time (3µs min) “1” “0” “1” “1” 1ms 1.2ms 250µs (215µs min) “Load” “0” VIH VIL 0 200µs 400µs 600µs 800µs 1.4ms 1.6ms Time FIGURE 22. SWIRE TIMING DIAGRAM IC Enable The ISL97698 uses one of two possible modes of operation: When the enable (EN) pin voltage is high and VIN and VIN_IO are above rising UVLO thresholds, all ISL97698 circuit blocks are enabled and the boost converter starts to operate. The IC is disabled by pulling the EN pin low, which immediately turns off LED channels and the boost regulator. When EN is low, the PWM, SWIRE, and I2C interfaces are all disabled, data most recently written by I2C in the registers will be maintained. Boost Converter The ISL97698 implements a current mode control boost architecture. The boost produces the minimum voltage needed to enable the LED stack with the highest forward voltage drop to run at the programmed current. It has a fast current sense loop and a slow voltage feedback loop. This architecture achieves fast transient response which is essential for portable product backlight applications, where the backlight must not flicker when the power source is changed from a drained battery to an AC/DC adapter. Switching Frequency The boost switching frequency is adjustable with an internal register of the ISL97698. The default value at power-on is 850kHz. The adjustable range is from 460kHz to 1.5MHz. Table 2 on page 13 shows the different frequencies with different register values. PFM/Synchronous Pulse Skipping At low output current the ISL97698 boost regulator transitions from PWM mode to PFM/skip mode to reduce switching losses and maximize efficiency. The regulator transitions from PWM mode to PFM/skip mode when the average inductor current is lower than a set value for 16 successive boost switching cycles. It transitions back from PFM/skip mode to PWM mode when it is switching at the maximum frequency without pulse skipping for 16 successive boost switching cycles, or when the output voltage falls below the target level. 14 1. Synchronous Pulse Skipping Mode (Default mode, 04h<5>=1): The boost regulator issues a switching cycle when the output voltage has fallen below the set level, but it waits for the next pulse of the internal oscillator for this switching cycle, aligning all cycles to the fixed oscillator frequency. 2. Pure PFM Mode (04h<5>=0): The boost regulator does one switch cycle asynchronously whenever its output falls below its set value and previous cycle is complete. The different PFM modes can be selected by controlling bit 5 of register 04h. The default setting is Synchronous Pulse Skipping Mode, but is factory configurable to Pure PFM Mode (see“Factory Trimming Option” on page 19). In both modes, at each boost switching cycle the inductor current reaches the peak value of 300mA (typical). The peak inductor current and average inductor current when it enters PFM mode can be adjusted by writing different values into register 03h (see Table 2 on page 13), or by factory trimming (see“Factory Trimming Option” on page 19). There is hysteresis built in for the PFM transition. This is to prevent inadvertently going back and forth between PWM and PFM modes. AUDIO BAND SUPPRESSION (ABS) The ISL97698 PFM and skip modes feature an ultrasonic mode, which prevents the switching frequency from falling below 30kHz to avoid audible noise in the application. When the time interval between two consecutive switching cycles in PFM or skip mode is more than 33ms (i.e. 30kHz frequency) the regulator reduces the peak inductor current at each cycle, to maintain the frequency above 30kHz. The peak inductor current is reduced in successive steps to 240mA, 200mA, and 162mA. Each step reduces the power delivered per pulse to about 65% of the previous one. This is the Audio Band Suppression (ABS) mode. FN8417.0 September 5, 2013 ISL97698 Analog Dimming The ISL97698 controls LED brightness by changing the LED DC current level (analog dimming). Compared with PWM dimming, analog dimming eliminates audible noise and PWM dimming related EMI concerns and provides higher electrical-to-optical efficiency because of the lower forward voltage of the LEDs at lower current. This current level can be controlled in 8-bit linear or 11-bit logarithmic fashion, and can be set to between 50µA and 25mA (with 20mA available by factory configuration, for PWM Input dimming and I2C dimming application). The source of the brightness information can come from I2C, 1-WIRE (supporting 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11-bit input sequences) or PWMI interfaces. There are 4 possible dimming modes: 1. PWM x SWIRE (linear 8-bit output) This is the default mode if SCL and SDA are pulled HIGH. If SWIRE is not going to be used for dimming control, the SWIRE pin should be tied to GND through a pull-down resistor. If PWMI is not needed, the PWMI pin should be tied HIGH. This allows 8-bit PWMI and/or SWIRE control. Additionally, 1-WIRE can be used in combination with PWMI and the resulting LED brightness will be the product of the two input values. This is very similar to mode 3, but has an 8-bit linear output rather than an 11-bit logarithmic output. As such, only register 00h is needed from I2C and only 8-bits on SWIRE is required. Any additional resolution will be ignored. It can be used as a pure SWIRE or I2C to LED current controller, or with LED current defined as the multiple of the I2C and SWIRE values. Note: If SWIRE is not going to be used for dimming control, the SWIRE pin should be tied to GND through a pull-down resistor. The register settings and pin setups for different dimming modes are listed in Table 3. TABLE 3. REGISTER SETTING AND PIN SETUP FOR DIFFERENT DIMMING MODES REGISTER 02h<7:6> PWMI SWIRE SCL SDA This is very similar to mode 1, but allows both PWMI duty cycle and I2C data to be combined to set the LED brightness. If PWMI is tied HIGH, register 00h can be written to define an 8-bit linear output (this means the default on-state is 100% LED brightness level). 3. SWIRE x I2C (logarithmic 11-bit output) This can be selected by setting the bits b7:b6 of register 02h to ‘01’, or by tying SCL LOW and SDA HIGH. If I2C is not available, this mode can be used to allow between 5 and 11-bit logarithmic control of the brightness via SWIRE. This mode can also be used to allow 11-bit control via I2C, if SWIRE is not going to be used for dimming control, or it can be the combination of the two interfaces. If SWIRE is not needed, the SWIRE pin should be tied to GND through a pulldown resistor. LED current is given by Equations 1 and 2 ILED = 50μA × 1.00304^N (EQ. 1) when N=1, 2... 2047 (EQ. 2) ILED = 0 when N=0 The value of N will be the multiple of the I2C value from registers 00h and 01h, and the incoming SWIRE value. If the SWIRE resolution is below 11-bits, the value will be internally scaled up to 11-bits. 4. SWIRE x I2C (linear 8-bit output) This can be selected by setting the bit b7:b6 of register 02h to 00, or by tying SCL and SDA LOW. 15 DIMMING MODE Input Low High High High Input High High PWMI x SWIRE (Linear) Input Input High High 10 PWMI x I2C (Linear) Input Low Input Input 01 I2C (Logarithmic) Low Low Input Input Pure SWIRE (Logarithmic) Low Input Low SWIRE x I2C (Logarithmic) Low Input Input Input I2C (Linear) Low Low Input Input Pure SWIRE (Linear) Low Input Low SWIRE x I2C (Linear) Low Input Input Input 11 (default Pure PWMI (Linear) at power-on) Pure SWIRE (Linear) 2. PWM x I2C (linear 8-bit output) This can be selected by setting the bits b7:b6 of register 02h to ‘10’. PIN SETUP 00 High Low PWMI FREQUENCIES PWMI frequencies of up to 10kHz can be decoded at 8-bit resolution. Running at lower PWMI frequencies will result in a more efficient solution because internal oscillator speed is increased to decode higher PWMI frequencies and this requires more input power to operate. CONTENT ADAPTIVE BRIGHTNESS CONTROL (CABC) Content Adaptive Brightness Control (CABC) is a control method in which the LED brightness is adjusted depending on the image being displayed. For example, if the images being displayed only contains dark pixels, the backlight brightness can be reduced and the pixel values can be boosted simultaneously to let more light pass through TFT filter, resulting in the same perceived brightness. CABC is used to save power consumption in many applications. With different options of dimming control mode, ISL97698 provides the system designer with a great design flexibility for CABC. Maximum LED Current The maximum LED current is 25mA per channel by default. For PWMI dimming and I2C dimming applications, the ISL97698 can be factory configurable to set maximum LED current to 20mA (see“Factory Trimming Option” on page 19). FN8417.0 September 5, 2013 ISL97698 Current Matching and Current Accuracy OPEN CIRCUIT PROTECTION (OPCP) Each LED current channel is regulated by a current sink circuit. When one or more of the LEDs becomes an open circuit, it can behave as either an infinite resistance or a gradually increasing finite resistance. The ISL97698 monitors the current in each channel such that any string that reaches the intended output current is considered “good”. If there is one string where the LED current falls below the target value, the ISL97698 will initiate a time-out while increasing the boost output voltage to the lesser of the OVP limit or 5.75V current sink headroom of the “good” channel. If the current of the faulty channel is still below the target value at the end of the time-out period, the ISL97698 will declare this channel as “open circuit” and allow the boost output voltage to drop and regulate the “good” one at a minimum headroom voltage. The current sink MOSFETs in each channel are designed to run at a very low headroom voltage of 70mV (typical), while providing the specified current accuracy. A low headroom voltage reduces power loss in the IC so the LED efficiency is enhanced. The ISL97698 features exceptional current matching and accuracy over a wide range of LED current levels (1mA to 25mA). See “Electrical Specifications” on page 5. Dynamic Headroom Control The ISL97698 features a proprietary Dynamic Headroom Control circuit that detects the highest forward voltage string, or effectively the lowest voltage on one of the two channels and dynamically sets the ideal boost output voltage. The boost regulates the output to the correct level such that the lowest channel headroom is at the target headroom voltage (70mV). Since both LED stacks are connected to the same output voltage, the other channel will have a higher voltage, but the regulated current sink circuit on each channel will ensure that each channel is at the same target current value which guarantees good channel current accuracy and current matching. The output voltage will regulate cycle by cycle and it is always referenced to the highest forward voltage string in the architecture. The 5.75V maximum current sink headroom at open circuit protection is implemented to prevent the CH pin voltage or inductor current from reaching unsafe levels. Under these conditions, if the good CH pin exceeds 5.5V, VOUT will not be allowed to rise further. OPCP can be disabled by factory trim (See“Factory Trimming Option” on page 19). SHORT CIRCUIT PROTECTION (SCP) When the LED current is turned off using the PWM, SWIRE, or I2C interface, the boost regulator remains active, continuing to regulate the output voltage for 25ms. This allows it to quickly turn the LEDs back on. After 25ms, the boost regulator turns off. All input digital interfaces remain active, while EN remains high. The IC will enter a zero current mode if the LED current is off for >30ms, from which it will only awake briefly to accept commands and confirm command validity. Any valid, non-zero brightness command will enable the IC and switch on the LEDs. The short circuit detection circuit monitors the current sink headroom voltage on each channel. When one or more of the LEDs becomes a short circuit, the ISL97698 will continue to operate and keep LED current in regulation in both channels, if the current sink headroom on the faulty channel is under the Channel Short Circuit Threshold (nominally 4.5V). If the current sink headroom on the faulty channel stays above the Channel Short Circuit Threshold over a time-out period (3ms typical), the normal channel will be disabled, allowing both CH pin voltages to reduce to safe-levels. If Short Circuit protection is disabled, the CH pins will instead have a CH overvoltage monitor enabled. Under these conditions, if the CH pin exceeds 5.5V, VOUT will not be allowed to rise further. SCP can be disabled by setting register 02h bit 4 to 0. Fault Protection and Monitoring UNDERVOLTAGE LOCKOUT (UVLO) OF VIN The ISL97698 features extensive protection functions to handle failure conditions (boost over current, LED open circuit, LED short circuit, over temperature) automatically. Refer to Table 4 for details of the fault protections. If the input voltage (VIN) falls below the VINUVLO threshold less the UVLO hysteresis, boost will stop switching and the current sink circuit will be disabled. Refer to the “Electrical Specifications” on page 5 for the VIN UVLO specifications. The ISL97698 uses feedback from the LEDs to determine when it is in a stable operating region, and prevents apparent faults during transient events from allowing any of the LED stacks to fault out. Note, the digital settings (register values) are not reset to default by the falling VIN UVLO. The register values will be retained, unless VIN falls past a secondary threshold (1V typical). This allows configuration and dimming data to be maintained while still guarantees a reliable power reset. VIN needs to fall below 1V before power is re-applied to ensure a full power cycle (register values are reset). LED Brightness Shutdown OVERCURRENT PROTECTION (OCP) The boost over-current protection limits the boost NFET current on a cycle-by-cycle basis. When the NFET current reaches the current limit threshold the current PWM switching cycle is terminated and the MOSFET is turned off for the remainder of that cycle. Over-current protection does not disable any of the regulators. Once the fault is removed (NFET current falls below current limit), the device will continue with normal operation. 16 UNDERVOLTAGE LOCKOUT (UVLO) OF VIN_IO If the VIN_IO falls below the VIN_IOUVLO threshold less the UVLO hysteresis, boost will stop switching and the current sink circuit will be disabled. Refer to the “Electrical Specifications” on page 5 for the VIN_IO UVLO specifications. FN8417.0 September 5, 2013 ISL97698 OVER-TEMPERATURE PROTECTION (OTP) The ISL97698 has an Over Temperature Threshold set to +135°C typical. If this threshold is reached, the boost stops switching, and the channel output current sinks are switched off. The ISL97698 can be restarted if the VIN or EN is cycled (Low then High). TABLE 4. PROTECTIONS TABLE FAULT PROTECTION FAULT TRIGGER DEVICE REACTION DELAY TIME FROM A FAULT OCCURRENCE TO DEVICE REACTION Overcurrent Protection (OCP) Peak current of boost FET higher than 1A Terminate PWM; bit 4 of register 10h set (if not during soft start and high current condition is not transient) PWM terminated immediately. Time-out before reporting the fault in register 10h Open Circuit Protection (OPCP) one or more of the LEDs become open circuit VOUT rises to 25V or good CH voltage rises to 5.5V (whichever happens first), then channel with open LED switched off; bit 6 of register 10h set and the relevant bit 2 or bit 1 will be cleared Time-out VF of the normal channel Short Circuit Protection (SCP) One or more LEDs become short circuit and current sink headroom on the faulty channel is above 4.5V Normal channel switched off; bit 6 of register 10h set and the relevant bit 2 or bit 1 will be cleared Time-out VF of the faulty channel Die/Junction Temp rising higher than +150°C (typ) IC shuts down until temperature cools down AND power cycle; bit 7 of register 10h set Over-Temperature Protection (OTP) Power-On Sequence To power on the IC from shutdown mode and turn on the LEDs, all the four conditions need to be met: 1. VIN is above its UVLO rising threshold; 2. VIN_IO is above its UVLO rising threshold. 3. EN is above logic High threshold. 4. One of the dimming control methods is used to set the LED brightness level to be above zero (refer to “Analog Dimming” on page 15). There is no special sequence implemented between the first three conditions. Refer to Table 5 for when to apply the dimming input signal. TABLE 5. POWER- ON SEQUENCE DIMMING INPUT SEQUENCE SWIRE Apply after VIN_IO is on PWMI Can be applied any time (No special sequence needed) I2C Apply after VIN, VIN_IO and EN are all on. Note: the register settings will not be reset unless VIN is below its secondary UVLO level (see “Undervoltage Lockout (UVLO) of vin” on page 16). Immediate VOUT REGULATED BY Boost current limit NA maximum 1A current limit in 7 further steps of 125mA over 7ms. Depending on the peak inductor current that is required to regulate the LED current to the target value, the soft start will not always make use of all the steps, so the soft-start will appear to be shorter. At higher battery voltage inputs and lower LED outputs, the number of soft-start steps required is less, so the observed soft-start time is shorter. This feature limits the inrush current at start-up and avoids a drop in the battery voltage due to excessive inrush current. Note, there will be also an initial inrush current through the body diode of the PFET to the output capacitor (COUT) when VIN is applied. This is determined by the ramp slew rate of VIN and the values of COUT and inductor (L). Power-Off Sequence To power off the IC and turn off the LEDs, one of the four conditions needs to be met: 1. VIN is below its UVLO falling threshold; 2. VIN_IO is below its UVLO falling threshold. 3. EN is below logic Low threshold. 4. One of the dimming control methods is used to set the LED brightness level to be zero (refer to “Analog Dimming” on page 15). SOFT-START Once the ISL97698 is powered up, the boost regulator will begin to switch at a low current and frequency. It will continue to do this until VOUT has exceeded ~6.8V, after which the current sources can turn on and boost soft-start will begin. The current in the boost power switch is monitored and the switching is terminated in any cycle when the current reaches the current limit. The ISL97698 includes a soft-start feature where this current limit starts at a low value (125mA). This is stepped up to the 17 FN8417.0 September 5, 2013 ISL97698 VINUVLO(Rising) EN VINUVLO(Falling) VINUVLO(Rising) EN=VIN VIN VIN_IOUVLO VIN_IOUVLO VIN_IO VIN_IO PWMI/ SWIRE/I2C Command PWMI/ SWIRE/I2C Command Soft‐start ends VOUT Soft‐start ends IC shuts down Channel current sink circuit turns on and soft‐start begins Boost starts Inductor Peak Current VOUT Boost starts IC shuts down Channel current sink circuit turns on and soft‐start begins Inductor Peak Current LED Current LED Current NOTE: refer to Table 5 for the sequence of dimming input signal FIGURE 23. ISL97698 POWER ON/OFF DIAGRAM Component Selection a. Input Voltage = VIN The design of the boost converter is simplified by an internal compensation scheme allowing easy design without complicated calculations. Therefore, only three external components (input capacitor, boost inductor, output capacitor) are needed. Use the recommendations below to select component values. b. Output Voltage = VOUT The duty cycle D can be calculated as: INPUT CAPACITOR (CIN) Then the inductor ripple can be calculated as A 2.2µF to 10µF X5R/X7R or equivalent ceramic input capacitor is recommended. The voltage rating of the input capacitor needs to be higher than the maximum VIN in the application. ΔI P-P = ( V IN )∗ ( D ) ⁄ ( L ∗ f SW∗ V OUT ) then rewrite Equation 4 using Equation 3: OUTPUT CAPACITOR (COUT) ΔI P-P = ( V IN )∗ ( V O – V IN ) ⁄ ( L ∗ f SW∗ V O ) c. Switching Frequency = fSW D = 1 – V IN ⁄ V OUT (EQ. 3) (EQ. 4) (EQ. 5) A 3.3µF or larger X5R/X7R or equivalent ceramic output capacitor is recommended. The voltage rating of the output capacitor needs to be higher than the maximum VOUT in the application. The average inductor current is equal to the average input current, where IIAVG can be calculated from Equation 6. Note: Capacitors have a voltage co-efficient that makes their effective capacitance drop as the voltage across them increases. The X5R and X7R ceramic capacitors offer small size and a smaller temperature and voltage coefficient compared to other ceramic capacitors. The peak inductor current then can be calculated from Equation 7: INDUCTOR (L) Substituting Equations 5 and 6 in Equation 7 to calculate IPk. A 10µH inductor with saturation current rated above maximum operating peak inductor current is recommended. I PK = 0.5∗ V IN∗ ( V O – V IN ) ⁄ ( L ∗ f SW∗ V O ) + ( V O ∗ I O ) ⁄ ( V IN∗ EFF ) To determine the required inductor characteristics, firstly, determine the minimum inductor saturation current required for the application. With high LED current, boost operates in continuous conduction mode (CCM). With low LED current, boost operates in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) and PFM mode. In CCM, we can calculate the peak inductor current using Equations 4 through 8. Given these parameters: 18 I IAVG = ( V OUT∗ I LED ) ⁄ ( V IN∗ Efficiency ) I Pk = ΔI P-P ⁄ 2 + I IAVG (EQ. 6) (EQ. 7) (EQ. 8) The ISL97698 boost regulator operates in DCM and PFM mode at light load. In PFM mode, it uses a fixed peak inductor current of 296mA. This peak inductor current can be adjusted by writing different values into register 03h<7:4> (see Table 2 on page 13) or by factory trimming (see“Factory Trimming Option” on page 19). To avoid inductor core saturation, the saturation current of the inductor selected should be 20% higher than the greater of the FN8417.0 September 5, 2013 ISL97698 peak inductor current (for CCM) and the fixed peak inductor current in PFM mode. The 296mA peak inductor current in PFM mode is optimized to provide maximum efficiency with a 10µH inductor value. If a smaller value inductor is used, less energy will be delivered per cycle, the boost will need to switch at a higher frequency, and the device efficiency will reduce. Increasing the inductor value will increase the energy delivered per pulse, thus decreasing the switching frequency and subsequently the switching loss of the device. However, note that conduction losses are affected by changing inductor value and/or inductor size. For a given inductor size, DC-resistance (DCR) increases with increasing inductor value: conduction losses go up; for a given inductor value, DCR increases with decreasing inductor size: also resulting increased conduction losses. L = 10µH is the optimal value for ISL97698. Table 6 shows some recommended inductors for typical ISL97698 applications - small size, handheld TFT-LCD backlight. TABLE 6. RECOMMENDED INDUCTORS INDUCTOR PART NUMBER INDUCTANCE (µH) DCR (mΩ) 310 ISAT (A) Dimension (mm) 0.59 3.0x2.5x1.0 General Layout Guidelines Some general best practices should be followed to create an optimal PCB layout: 1. Careful consideration should be taken with any traces carrying high di/dt pulsating signals. Traces carrying high di/dt pulsating signals should be kept as short and as tight as possible. The current loop generates a magnetic field which can couple to another conductor inducing unwanted voltage. Components should be placed such that current flows through them in a straight line as much as possible. This will help reduce size of loops and reduce the EMI from the PCB. 2. If trace lengths are long, the resistance of the trace increases and can cause some reduction in IC efficiency, and can also cause system instability. Traces carrying power should be made wide and short. 3. In discontinuous conduction mode, the direction of the current is interrupted every few cycles. This may result in large di/dt (transient load current). When injected in the ground plane the current may cause voltage drops, which can interfere with sensitive circuitry. The analog ground and power ground of the IC should be connected very close to the IC to mitigate this issue VLF302510MT-100M (TDK) 10 DFE252012C (Toko) 10 400 0.85 2.5x2.0x1.2 PIME051E-100M (Cyntec) 10 170 2 5.4x5.2x1.3 4. One plane/layer in the PCB is recommended to be a dedicated ground plane. A large area of metal will have lower resistance, which reduces the return current impedance. More ground plane area minimizes parasitics and avoids corruption of the ground reference. Connect the unused LED channel pin to GND. The channel will be disabled at startup. 5. Low frequency digital signals should be isolated from any high frequency signals generated by switching frequency and harmonics. PCB traces should not cross each other. If they must cross due to the layout restriction, then they must cross perpendicularly to reduce the magnetic field interaction. Unused LED Channel High Current Applications Each channel of the ISL97698 supports up to 25mA continuous sink current. The two channels can be paralleled by shorting CH0 and CH1 together to provide up to 50mA in one string of LEDs. For PWMI dimming and I2C dimming applications, the peak current can be factory configured to 20mA (See“Factory Trimming Option” on page 19), providing a 40mA option for a single LED string. Factory Trimming Option ISL97698 has fuse options that can be factory configured to permanently change maximum LED current, PFM mode, peak inductor current in PFM mode, average inductor current to enter PFM mode, and to permanently disable Open Circuit Protection (OPCP). Please contact your local Intersil sales representative for further information. 6. The amount of copper that should be poured (thickness) depends upon the power requirement of the system. Insufficient copper will increase resistance of the PCB, which will increase heat dissipation. 7. Generally, vias should not be used to route high current paths. 8. While designing the layout of switched controllers, do not use the auto routing function of the PCB layout software. Auto routing connects the nets with same electrical name and does not account for ideal trace lengths and positioning. ISL97698 Specific Layout Guidelines 1. The input capacitor should be connected between bump C2 (VIN)/bump C3 (VIN_IO) and ground with the smallest and thick traces possible. This will help in rejecting high frequency disturbances and will help in proper regulation of the boost regulator and hence the LED current. Use either X7R or X5R dielectric input capacitors. Y5V and Z5U type capacitors are not recommended to use because of their bad temperature characteristics. 2. Inductor should be connected to the LX pin (B1) with wide and short trace. Careful consideration should be made in selecting the inductor as it may cause electromagnetic interference and that may affect normal functioning of the IC. Shielded inductor is recommended. Do not route any digital lines underneath the inductor. 19 FN8417.0 September 5, 2013 ISL97698 3. The output of the boost regulator (VOUT) is A1. This pin is also the output voltage sense connection for over voltage sensing. The distance of the capacitor from the A1 bump is critical. It is recommended that 10µF/25V capacitor should be placed very close to the IC with thick and short trace. The other end of the output capacitor should be connected to ground with thick and short trace too. The output capacitor should also be close to the LED as possible to minimize the LED ripple current. 4. Digital signals EN, SCL, SDA, SWIRE and PWMI should be isolated from the high di/dt and dv/dt signals. Otherwise, it may cause a glitch on the digital signals resulting in unexpected operation of the IC. 5. I2C signals, if not used, should be tied to the VIN. 6. EN, if not used, should be tied to the VIN. 7. Bumps D1 and D2 are Channel 0 and Channel 1 (respectively). These are current sinking and monitoring pins. Tie the pin to ground if the channel is not used. 8. The solder pad on the PCB should not be larger than the solder mask opening for the ball pad on the package. The optimal solder joint strength, it is recommended a 1:1 ratio for the two pads. 20 FN8417.0 September 5, 2013 ISL97698 Revision History The revision history provided is for informational purposes only and is believed to be accurate, but not warranted. Please go to the web to make sure that you have the latest revision. DATE REVISION September 5, 2013 FN8417.0 CHANGE Initial release. About Intersil Intersil Corporation is a leader in the design and manufacture of high-performance analog, mixed-signal and power management semiconductors. The company's products address some of the largest markets within the industrial and infrastructure, personal computing and high-end consumer markets. For more information about Intersil, visit our website at www.intersil.com. For the most updated datasheet, application notes, related documentation and related parts, please see the respective product information page found at www.intersil.com. You may report errors or suggestions for improving this datasheet by visiting www.intersil.com/en/support/ask-an-expert.html. Reliability reports are also available from our website at http://www.intersil.com/en/support/qualandreliability.html#reliability For additional products, see www.intersil.com/en/products.html Intersil products are manufactured, assembled and tested utilizing ISO9000 quality systems as noted in the quality certifications found at www.intersil.com/en/support/qualandreliability.html Intersil products are sold by description only. Intersil Corporation reserves the right to make changes in circuit design, software and/or specifications at any time without notice. Accordingly, the reader is cautioned to verify that data sheets are current before placing orders. Information furnished by Intersil is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed by Intersil or its subsidiaries for its use; nor for any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties which may result from its use. No license is granted by implication or otherwise under any patent or patent rights of Intersil or its subsidiaries. For information regarding Intersil Corporation and its products, see www.intersil.com 21 FN8417.0 September 5, 2013 ISL97698 Package Outline Drawing W3x4.12A 3X4 ARRAY 12 BALLS WITH 0.40 PITCH WAFER LEVEL CHIP SCALE PACKAGE (WLCSP) (BSC) Rev 1, 1/13 X 1.39±0.030 Y 0.800 12x 0.265±0.035 D C 1.200 1.69±0.030 B 0.400 A 0.245 0.10 1 2 3 TOP VIEW (4X) 0.295 PIN 1 (A1 CORNER) BOTTOM VIEW PACKAGE OUTLINE 0.290 0.040 BSC (BACKSIDE COATING) 0.240 0.540±0.050 0.400 Z SEATING PLANE 0.200±0.030 0.05 Z 0.265±0.035 3 NSMD RECOMMENDED LAND PATTERN 0.10 0.05 ZXY Z SIDE VIEW NOTES: 1. All dimensions are in millimeters. 2. Dimensions and tolerance and tolerance per ASMEY 14.5 - 1994, and JESD 95-1 SPP-010. 3. NSMD refers to non-solder mask defined pad design per Intersil Tech Brief www.intersil.com/data/tb/tb451.pdf 22 FN8417.0 September 5, 2013