cd00206145

AN2817
Application note
Guidelines for application design using L5962
Introduction
L5962 is a multi-regulator especially intended for high-end automotive car-radio
applications.
L5962 integrates 3 linear voltage regulators, 2 high side drivers and a switching regulator to
provide complete car-radio system control. It has an extremely low quiescent current in
standby mode of operation, that guarantees a proper supply to the microcontroller even with
the system in 'sleep' condition.
3 regulators are VSTBY, VLR1 and VLR2. VSTBY is a 3.3V/5V stand-by linear regulator with
150mA maximum current capability. VLR1 is a 5V/8.5V switched linear regulator able to
deliver 350mA. VLR2 is a 3.3V/5.0V/5.5V/6.0V/7.0V/7.5V/8.0V/10.0V switched linear
regulator with 1A load current capability. The output voltages of VLR1 and VLR2 are
configurable with I2C bus.
Device embeds also 2 high side drivers (HSD1/2) that can be activated/deactivated through
I2C bus.
Additional features provided by the L5962 are: reset function, load dump protection, thermal
shutdown, under voltage detection and over current limitation for every block.
Figure 1.
September 2013
Demonstration board
Rev 2
1/33
www.st.com
Contents
AN2817
Contents
1
Pins function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2
Block diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3
Functional description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.1
Linear regulators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.2
Low voltage warning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.3
Switching regulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.3.1
Soft-start . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.3.2
Oscillator and synchronizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.3.3
Current protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.3.4
PWM output stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.3.5
Thermal shutdown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4
Compensating linear regulators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5
Trimming the threshold of low-voltage warning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
6
Compensating switching regulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
6.1
LC filter transfer function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
6.2
PWM comparator transfer function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
6.3
Error amplifier and compensation network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
6.4
Examples of system compensation: impact of ESR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
7
Application diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
8
Device performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
9
8.1
Switching regulator efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
8.2
Switching regulator transient response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
8.3
VSTBY transient response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
8.4
VLR1 transient response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
8.5
VLR2 transient response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Device utilization hints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
9.1
10
2/33
Positive-output buck-boost regulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Revision history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
AN2817
List of tables
List of tables
Table 1.
Table 2.
Pin connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Document revision history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3/33
List of figures
AN2817
List of figures
Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
Figure 4.
Figure 5.
Figure 6.
Figure 7.
Figure 8.
Figure 9.
Figure 10.
Figure 11.
Figure 12.
Figure 13.
Figure 14.
Figure 15.
Figure 16.
Figure 17.
Figure 18.
Figure 19.
Figure 20.
Figure 21.
Figure 22.
Figure 23.
Figure 24.
Figure 25.
Figure 26.
Figure 27.
Figure 28.
Figure 29.
Figure 30.
Figure 31.
Figure 32.
Figure 33.
Figure 34.
Figure 35.
Figure 36.
Figure 37.
4/33
Demonstration board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
PowerSO36 (slug up) outline drawing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Pin connection (top view) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Block diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Linear regulator circuit block diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Low voltage warning high level block diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Switch regulator block diagram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Synchronizer block diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Diagram of current protection circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
PWM output stage block diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Linear regulator general block diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Bode plot of VLR1 with ESR=0.1ohm and C=1µF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Low-voltage warning block diagram with external resistor divider . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Switching regulator block diagram with compensation network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Bode diagram of LC filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Error amplifier and compensation network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Bode plots of a type-3 compensation network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Case 1 open-loop Bode plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Case 2 open-loop Bode plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Case 3 open-loop Bode plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
L5962 application diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Efficiency vs. output current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Switching regulator undershoot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Switching regulator overshoot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
VSTBY undershoot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
VSTBY overshoot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
VLR1 undershoot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
VLR1 overshoot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
VLR2 undershoot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
VLR2 overshoot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Diagram of positive buck-boost regulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Maximum output current vs. input voltage VBAT in buck-boost config. (VDCOUT = 10V). 28
Maximum output current vs. input voltage VBAT in buck-boost config. (VDCOUT = 8V). . 29
Maximum output current vs. input voltage VBAT in buck-boost config. (VDCOUT = 5V). . 29
Maximum output current vs. input voltage VBAT in buck-boost config. (VDCOUT = 3.3V) 30
Maximum output current vs. input voltage VBAT in buck-boost config. (VDCOUT = 1.2V) 30
L5962 behavior in buck-boost configuration (Iload = 500mA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
AN2817
1
Pins function
Pins function
Figure 2.
PowerSO36 (slug up) outline drawing
Figure 3.
Pin connection (top view)
N.C.
36
1
TAB
N.C.
35
2
PGND
CLIM
34
3
CBS
VFB
33
4
PH
VCMP
32
5
N.C.
SOST
31
6
N.C.
SYNC
30
7
SUBGND
SCL
29
8
VINsw
EN
28
9
HSD1
RST
27
10
VBAT
VLR2
26
11
HSD2
VINLR2
25
12
VBATP
SDA
24
13
RSTDLY
VLR1
23
14
VSTBY
VBATW
22
15
VSTBYSEL
LVWIN
21
16
AGND
N.C.
20
17
N.C.
N.C.
19
18
N.C.
AC00429
Table 1.
Pin connection
Pin #
Pad Name
Function
1
TAB
2
PGND
3
CBS
4
PH
Switching stage output
5
N.C.
Not connected
6
N.C.
Not connected
7
SUBGND
8
VINsw
Switching regulator supply voltage
9
HSD1
High Side Driver 1
10
VBAT
VLR1/HSD1/HSD2 supply voltage
11
HSD2
High Side Driver 2
Switching regulator ground
Bootstrap for switching regulator
Substrate ground
5/33
Pins function
AN2817
Table 1.
6/33
Pin connection (continued)
Pin #
Pad Name
Function
12
VBATP
13
RSTDLY
Reset delay function
14
VSTBY
Stand-by regulator output
15
VSTBYSEL
16
AGND
Analog ground
17
N.C.
Not connected
18
N.C.
Not connected
19
N.C.
Not connected
20
N.C.
Not connected
21
LVWIN
Battery detector adjustment input
22
VBATW
Battery detector output (open-drain)
23
VLR1
Switched linear regulator 1
24
SDA
I2Cbus DATA
25
VINLR2
26
VLR2
Switched linear regulator 2
27
RST
Reset
28
EN
Enable
29
SCL
I2Cbus CLOCK
30
SYNC
Switching regulator SYNC function
31
SOST
Switching regulator soft-start
32
VCMP
Switching regulator compensation
33
VFB
Switching regulator feedback
34
CLIM
Switching regulator current limit selector
35
N.C.
Not connected
36
N.C.
Not connected
Stand-by regulator supply voltage
Stand-by regulator selector
VLR2 supply voltage
AN2817
2
Block diagram
Block diagram
Figure 4.
Block diagram
VINSW
VBATP
Bandgap
External
Storage
Reference
PH
Switching
Regulator
POR &
Startup Logic
CBS
CLIM
VFB
VCMP
SOST
Standby
Regulator
Oscillator
SYNCH
LVWIN
VBATVW
RST
RSTDLY
VSTBYSEL
VSTBY
Clock
UV / OV
Detect
Linear
Regulator
#1
Synch
Logic
Reset &
Delay
Linear
Regulator
#2
SDA
SCL
I2Cbus
Logic
VLR1
VINLR2
VLR2
HSD
HSD1
HSD
HSD2
EN
Ground
AC00428
TAB PGND AGND SUBS
VBAT
7/33
Functional description
3
AN2817
Functional description
The main internal blocks are shown in Figure 4, where is reported the device block diagram.
They are:
3.1
●
One standby linear regulator (VSTBY)
●
Two switched linear regulators selectable between 5/8.5 V (VLR1) and 3.3 V/5.0 V/
5.5 V/ 6.0 V/7.0 V/7.5 V/8.0 V/10.0 V (VLR2) respectively
●
One independent, adjustable, step-down, synchronous switching voltage regulator
using internal DMOS transistors
●
Synchronization function for switching regulator
●
Soft-start control for switching regulator to protect external components from in-rush
currents during turn-on
●
Two protected, switched high-side drivers (HSD1, HSD2)
●
VSTBY out-of-regulation detection with configurable delay (RST, RSTDLY)
●
Battery voltage (under/over) warning output (VBATVW). Under-voltage threshold
adjustable with external divider through dedicated pin
●
I2C interface for output voltage configuration of linear regulators and control functions
●
Current-limit and independent thermal shutdown protection on all regulators and high
side drivers
●
Over-voltage detection and shutdown on all switched outputs
●
Under-voltage lockout on low-voltage reset output
Linear regulators
Figure 5 shows the general block diagram of a linear regulator. It consists of Error Amplifier
(EA), Driver (DR), Compensation Network, Load Dump Protection, Thermal Shutdown,
Current Limiter and resistor divider for output level setting. The compensation consists of R1
and C1, whose introduce a zero in the transfer function to obtain enough Phase Margin in
OUT_REG and thus guarantee loop stability. The output PMOS has a resistor in series at its
Source terminal, RCL: the current is sensed through RCL and, if it reaches a predetermined
threshold, the internal current limiting circuit will increase the gate voltage of power PMOS
to clamp the output current.
8/33
AN2817
Functional description
Figure 5.
Linear regulator circuit block diagram
VIN
INTERNAL
CURRENT
LIMITING
THERMAL
SHUTDOWN
LOADDUMP
PROTECTION
RCL
VBG
EA
DR
R1
OUT_REG
EN_REG
C1
R2
R3
3.2
Low voltage warning
Figure 6 shows an high-level block diagram of low-voltage warning circuit. VBAT is divided
by R1 and R2, whose values are internally fixed. When VBAT is decreasing so that LVWIN
voltage gets lower than an internal reference (VBG) the comparator turns on the NPN
transistor: VBATW is thus pulled down to ground, and warning is signaled.
Figure 6.
Low voltage warning high level block diagram
VBAT
VBATW
R1
comparator
LVWIN
VBG
R2
9/33
Functional description
3.3
AN2817
Switching regulator
L5962 switching regulator (shown in Figure 7) works in voltage mode. An error amplifier
compares VFB and VBG and amplifies the difference, its output voltage is compared with
the output of an internal Ramp Generator by a voltage comparator to produce the PWM
signal. In the logic block other signals as Freq and the over current protection flag are
elaborated along with PWM signal to control DC/DC behavior. The logic block output is
provided to the drivers of high side NDMOS and low side NDMOS separately to drive the
internal power switches.
Figure 7.
Switch regulator block diagram
CLIM
VINsw
Overcurrent
protection
Freq
CBS
Ramp
Generator
Logic and
Dead time
Control
BG
PHASE
+
Slow
Start
PWM
+
EA
–
–
SOST
3.3.1
VFB
VCMP
SWGND
PGND
Soft-start
The soft-start block (Slow Start inFigure 7) protects external components from inrush
current during switching regulator turn-on. Actually, soft-start function is realized by an
internal resistor in series with an external capacitor, to obtain a low enough time constant for
the turn-on transition.
3.3.2
Oscillator and synchronizer
Figure 8 shows the block diagram of the internal synchronizer.
Oscillator provides the signal (OSC) that sets the switching frequency of the device, fixed at
200 kHz. SYNC represents the external frequency signal.
OSC and SYNC are compared by Freq_Comparator block: if the frequency of SYNC is
higher than the one of OSC the Out_Freq of Multiplexer is equal to the frequency of SYNC
and vice versa. Out_Freq signal is used as the PWM control signal and as the input of Ramp
Generator.
User should take into account that SYNC signal can't be applied/disconnected/ quickly
changed during regulator operation, otherwise a significant voltage transition may be
generated on the regulated voltage due to the intrinsic relatively slow loop response
10/33
AN2817
Functional description
characterizing voltage mode DC/DC converters. Higher transients occur in particular in high
Vout and high load current conditions.
Figure 8.
Synchronizer block diagram
Multiplexer
SYNC
S1
Out_Freq
D
OSC
S2
C
ENB
Freq_Comparator
3.3.3
Current protection
Switching regulator is equipped with two over current protection circuits (OCP), the former
called PWM_OCP and the latter STG_OCP, which are shown in Figure 9.
When output current level is in normal range both PWM_OCP and STG_OCP output flags
are low. When output current increase above a certain threshold (fixed by CLIM)
PWM_OCP is pulled high: when this happens PH pin is forced to 0V, clamping duty-cycle
value.
In extreme conditions like short circuit to ground of the output, PWM_OCP protection could
be not enough: if current through high side NDMOS continued to increase even when
PWM_OCP protection is operating, STG_OCP gets activated and turns immediately off the
regulator, keeping it off for 8 periods.
STG_OCP threshold is ~2A higher than the PWM_OCP one.
Figure 9.
Diagram of current protection circuit
VBAT
Current of
High side
NDMOS
5V
PWM_OCP
R2
R3
5V
STG_OCP
R4
VBG
11/33
Functional description
3.3.4
AN2817
PWM output stage
Switching regulator output stage (shown inFigure 10) consists basically of two driver
circuits, two NDMOS, a diode and a bootstrap circuit. In order to avoid shoot-through the two
NDMOS can not be turned on at the same time: prior of turning on H-NDMOS drivers detect
the gate voltage of L-NDMOS to verify it's effectively in OFF state. In the same way, before
L-NDMOS is turned on drivers verify that H-NDMOS is in OFF state.
Thanks to the presence of bootstrap capacitor H-NDMOS gate is driven with a Vs+10V
voltage and works in linear region with small output impedance.
Figure 10. PWM output stage block diagram
VBAT
H-NDMOS
Strap
Cap
DR
OUTPUT
PH
L-NDMOS
DR
3.3.5
Thermal shutdown
Switching regulator embeds a thermal protection circuit that turns off the power stage if the
local internal temperature of the chip gets higher than a fixed threshold (160°C). The
thermal shutdown signal is one of the input signals of Logic Block and thus influences
directly the power stage control. The sensing element inside the chip is very close to the
power NDMOS area ensuring an accurate and fast temperature detection.
12/33
AN2817
4
Compensating linear regulators
Compensating linear regulators
In Figure 11 the high-level block diagram of linear regulators is shown.
The majority of cases of oscillations in LDO applications are caused by the ESR of the
output capacitor being too high or too low. When selecting an output capacitor for an LDO, a
solid tantalum capacitor is usually the best choice.
The value of the capacitor shouldn't be too small, otherwise it won't be able to prevent
arising of high overshoots and undershoots on the output voltage.
LDO regulators require the ESR of the output capacitor to be within a certain range to
assure regulator stability. Increasing the capacitor ESR will decrease the frequency of the
zero in the transfer function consequently increasing the loop bandwidth but, when ESR is
too high, there will not be enough phase margin at the unity gain frequency, eventually
causing instability.
L5962 linear regulators have been designed to guarantee stability even when ceramic
capacitors are applied to their output and thus ESR is very small, all over temperature
range.
Consequently, it is just recommended to use capacitors with C > 0.5µF for filtering the output
of VSTBY, VLR1 and VLR2.
Figure 11. Linear regulator general block diagram
VBAT
VBG
Output
R1
ESR
R2
C
Figure 12. Bode plot of VLR1 with ESR=0.1ohm and C=1µF
13/33
Trimming the threshold of low-voltage warning
5
AN2817
Trimming the threshold of low-voltage warning
Figure 13 shows the block diagram of L5962 Low-voltage Detector to which an external
resistor divider R3-R4 has been connected.
By changing the values of R3 and R4 a trimming of the low-voltage detector threshold can
be obtained: R3 and R4 values must be chosen in a way that, at the desired VBAT level to
be detected, LVWIN pin voltage is equal to 1.25V.
Being R1 and R2 in the range of M, in order for the detection not to be affected by them R3
and R4 should be chosen with an order of magnitude of k.
Figure 13. Low-voltage warning block diagram with external resistor divider
VBAT
R3
VBATW
R1=13.89M ohm
comparator
LVWIN
VBG
R4
14/33
R2=2.83M ohm
AN2817
6
Compensating switching regulator
Compensating switching regulator
To compensate the switching regulator a Type-3 compensation network is suggested,
realized by R6,C2,C3,R3,C4 and R5 as shown in Figure 14. This kind of network
implements two zeroes to counteract the effects of the double pole introduced by output L-C
filter, helping in stabilizing the system.
Figure 14. Switching regulator block diagram with compensation network
SAW
TOOTH
Vcc
ERROR
AMPLIFIER
L
VBG
VFB
Output
R6
R3
PWM
COMPARATOR
LC
FILTER
C3
C2
C4
R4
C
R5
COMPENSATION
NETWORK
In the following paragraphs the transfer function of every block is described, to summarize
all the singularities present in the regulation loop and thus allow the user to properly define
external components values.
6.1
LC filter transfer function
The transfer function of LC filter is given by:
Equation 1
R LOAD  1 + s  ESR  C 
A LC  s  = -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2
s  L  C   ESR + R LOAD  + s   ESR  C  R LOAD + L  + R LOAD
where RLOAD is defined as the ratio between VOUT and IOUT.
If RLOAD>>ESR, the previous expression of ALC can be simplified and becomes
Equation 2
1 + s  ESR  C
A LC  s  = ----------------------------------------------------------2
s LC + s  ESR  C + 1
The zero of this transfer function is given by:
Equation 3
1
f o = --------------------------------2  ESR  C
15/33
Compensating switching regulator
AN2817
fo is the zero introduced by the ESR of the output capacitor and it is fundamental to increase
the phase margin of the loop.
The poles of the transfer function can be calculated from the following expression:
2
Equation 4
– ESR  C   ESR  C  – 4  L  C
f PLC1,2 = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2LC
In the denominator of ALC the typical second order system equation can be recognized:
Equation 5
2
2
s + 2    n  s + n
If the damping factor  is very close to zero, the roots of the equation become a double root
whose value is n.
Similarly, for ALC the poles can usually be defined as a double pole whose value is:
Equation 6
1
f PLC = ----------------------2 L  C
Given for instance L = 22µH, C = 200µF, ESR=250m, the gain and phase bode diagram of
LC filter are plotted in Figure 15.
Figure 15. Bode diagram of LC filter
16/33
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6.2
Compensating switching regulator
PWM comparator transfer function
The PWM comparator compares the sawtooth signal and the Error Amplifier output signal.
Its transfer function is given by the following formula:
Equation 7
V CC
G PWM  s  = -----------------V OSC
where VOSC is the peak to peak voltage of the oscillator: when the switching frequency is
determined by the internal oscillator VOSC = 2.3V, while if the switching frequency is forced
with a SYNC signal to f=400kHz, VOSC = 1.2188V.
Being the relationship between fsw and VOSC linear, VOSC for other switching frequencies
can be deduced starting from these two values.
Considering VCC = 14V, GPWM value is 6.08695 in free-run condition and 11.4867 at 400kHz
respectively.
6.3
Error amplifier and compensation network
The transfer function (equation1) for the output filter shows the well known double pole of an
LC filter. It is very important to note that the ESR of capacitor is very small, so the system
phase will experience a very sharp decrement at the double pole frequency while the gain
will have a rather high peak. Systems that have such output filter are more difficult to
compensate since the phase will need an extra boost to provide the necessary phase
margin for stability. In these cases a Type-3 compensation is typically used to achieve
stability.
Figure 16 shows the block diagram of Error Amplifier and the Type-3 compensation network,
consisting of R6, C2, R3, C3, C4 and R5, that introduce two poles, two zeros and a pole at
0Hz frequency.
The transfer function of the error amplifier and its compensation network is:
 1 + s  R5  C4   1 + s   R3 + R6   C2 
A 0  s  = -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 + s  R5  C3  C4
s  R3   C3 + C4   1 + s  R6  C2  ------------------------------------------------- C3 + C4 
The poles of this transfer function are:
Equation 8
Equation 9
Equation 10
Equation 11
1
f P0 = --------------------------------------------------2  R3   C3 + C4 
1
f P1 = -------------------------------2  R6  C2
1
f P2 = -------------------------------------------2  R5  C3  C4
------------------------------------------- C3 + C4 
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Compensating switching regulator
AN2817
While the zeroes are defined as:
Equation 12
1
f z1 = -------------------------------2  R5  C4
Equation 13
1
f z2 = --------------------------------------------------2   R3 + R6   C2
fz1 and fz2 are usually set near the LC filter double pole frequency to increase the phase
margin while fp1 and fp2 are usually set at high frequency in order to reduce the high
frequency gain.
Figure 16. Error amplifier and compensation network
5V
VBG
COMP
EA
Output
R6
R3
C3
C2
C4
R5
R4
Following these indications and considering for example L = 22µH, C = 200µF the following
set of values is determined: R6 = 470, R3 = 22k, C2 = 3.3nF, C3 = 2.7nF, C4 = 1.8nF,
R5 = 75k.
Bode plots of this type-3 compensation network are plotted in Figure 17.
Figure 17. Bode plots of a type-3 compensation network
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6.4
Compensating switching regulator
Examples of system compensation: impact of ESR
Case 1
●
C = 2 x 100µF electrolytic capacitors (total ESR = 0.25 with a 2.2µF ceramic
capacitor in parallel; L = 22µH
●
R6 = 470, R3 = 22k, R4 = 22k/(VDCOUT-1), (VDCOUT = 1.2~8V), C2 = 3.3nF,
C3 = 2.7nF, C4 = 1.8nF, R5 = 75k
●
GPWM = 6.08695 (free-run) or 11.4867 (400kHz)
Open-loop gain/phase Bode plots are plotted in Figure 18.
Figure 18. Case 1 open-loop Bode plots
The unit gain bandwidth and phase margin are:
fC1 = 14.3kHz
Phase margin = 71.5° (free-run)
fC2 = 25.6kHz
Phase margin = 70° (400kHz)
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Compensating switching regulator
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Case 2
●
C = 220µF electrolytic capacitor (ESR = 4) + 1 x 2.2µF ceramic capacitor; L = 22µH
●
R6 = 330, R3 = 22k, R4 = 3.1k (VDCOUT = 8), C2 = 3.3nF, C3 =1 0nF, C4 = 1nF,
R5 = 75k
●
GPWM = 6.08695 or 11.4867
Open-loop gain/phase Bode plots are plotted in Figure 19.
Figure 19. Case 2 open-loop Bode plots
Under the conditions above, the unit gain bandwidth and phase margin are:
20/33
fC1 = 48.2kHz
Phase margin=100° (free_run)
fC2 = 90.3kHz
Phase margin=74.7° (400kHz)
AN2817
Compensating switching regulator
Case 3
●
C = 2 x100µF tantalum capacitor (ESR = 0.1) + 1 x 2.2µF ceramic capacitor;
L = 22µH
●
R6 = 470, R3 = 22k, R4 = 22k/(VDCOUT-1), (VDCOUT = 1.2~8V), C2 = 3.3nF,
C3 = 330µF, C4 = 1.8nF, R5 = 75k
●
GPWM = 6.08695 or 11.4867
Open-loop gain/phase Bode plots are plotted in Figure 20.
Figure 20. Case 3 open-loop Bode plots
Under the conditions above, the unit gain bandwidth and phase margin are:
fC1= 41.9kHz
Phase margin = 63.8° (free-run)
fC2 =70.2kHz
Phase margin = 53.2° (400kHz)
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22/33
0.1u
2.7nF
3.3nF
1u
0.1u
1u
VLR1
VSTBY 10K
VLR2
RESET
1.8nF
75k
22k/(VDCOUT-1)
22K
+5V
S2
VBATW
10K
EN
10K
SDA
VBAT1
SCL
SYNC
VSTBY 10K
+5V
47K
47K S1
MRSH
L5962
UH8903
NC 18
0.1u
NC 17
19 NC
AGND 16
VSTBYS 15
20 NC
21 LVWIN
22 VBATW
VSTBY 14
23 VLR1
VBATP 12
RSTDLY 13
24 SDA
25 VINLR
HSD2 11
26 VLR2
HSD1 9
VBAT 10
27 RESET
28 EN
29 SCL
VINsw 8
SUBGND 7
NC 6
30 SYNC
NC 5
31 SOST
PHASE 4
32 VCMP
33 VFB
CBS 3
35 NC
34 CLIM
TAB 1
PGND 2
36 NC
0.1uF
S3
SUBGND
SUBGND
1u
VSTBY
30u/35V
0.1u
0.1u
4.7u
1500pF
22
22uH
200u/10V
HSD2
VBAT1
PGND
HSD1
2.2u
VDCOUT
0.1u
40uH
VBAT
7
470
Application diagram
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Application diagram
Figure 21. L5962 application diagram
1000 u/25V
0.1u
0.1u
470 u/25V
AN2817
8
Device performance
Device performance
Performance mentioned in the following paragraphs have been tested in these conditions:
Vcc = 14.4V, T = 25°C, switching regulator in free-run condition.
8.1
Switching regulator efficiency
Figure 22. Efficiency vs. output current
23/33
Device performance
8.2
AN2817
Switching regulator transient response
Figure 23. Switching regulator undershoot
Vout = 8.09V (C2), ILOAD (C4) varying from 0 to 2.87A => undershoot = 460mV
Figure 24. Switching regulator overshoot
Vout = 8.09V (C2), ILOAD (C4) varying from 2.75A to 0A=> overshoot = 468mV
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8.3
Device performance
VSTBY transient response
Figure 25. VSTBY undershoot
VSTBY = 3.31V (C2), ILOAD (C4) varying from 0 to 150mA => undershoot = 129mV
Figure 26. VSTBY overshoot
VSTBY = 3.31V (C2), ILOAD (C4) varying from150mA to 0A=> overshoot = 106mV
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Device performance
8.4
AN2817
VLR1 transient response
Figure 27. VLR1 undershoot
VLR1 = 5.05V (C2), ILOAD (C4) varying from 0 to 357.8mA => undershoot = 68mV
Figure 28. VLR1 overshoot
VLR1 = 5.05V (C2), ILOAD (C4) varying from355.7mA to 0A=> overshoot = 80mV
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8.5
Device performance
VLR2 transient response
Figure 29. VLR2 undershoot
VLR2 = 3.3V (C2), ILOAD (C4) varying from 0 to 1.07A => undershoot = 102mV
Figure 30. VLR2 overshoot
VLR2 = 3.3V (C2), ILOAD (C4) varying from 1.07A to 0A => undershoot = 124mV
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Device utilization hints
AN2817
9
Device utilization hints
9.1
Positive-output buck-boost regulator
L5962 can be used to realize an Up-Down converter with a positive output voltage. In
Figure 31 is shown the schematic circuit of this topology.
The output voltage is given by VO = VIN · D/(1-D), where D is the duty cycle. The output
current is equal to IOUT = I · (1-D).
When ILOAD = 0, the input voltage VBAT can range from 3.55V to 28.5V.
Figure 31. Diagram of positive buck-boost regulator
22uH
470
VDCOUT
22K
3.3nF
35 NC
PGND 2
1.8nF
31 SOST
NC 6
30 SYNC
SUBGND 7
29 SCL
RESET
I2C
28 EN
MRSH
L5962
UH8903
HSD1 9
VBAT 10
26 VLR2
HSD2 11
22 VBATW
21 LVWIN
Battery
VBATP 12
RSTDLY 13
VSTBY 14
VSTBYS 15
470uF/25V
23 VLR1
40uH
1000uF/25V
24 SDA
15uF/35V
0.1u 4.7u
15uF/35V
VINsw 8
27 RESET
25 VINLR
2.2u 0.1u
NC 5
32 VCMP
EN
NMOS
22
PHASE 4
33 VFB
0.1u
500
0.1uF
CBS 3
34 CLIM
2.7nF
100uF/10V
NC 1
100uF/10V
75k
36 NC
1500pF
22k/(Vout-1)
+5V
0.1u
0.1u
470 uF/25V
AGND 16
20 NC
NC 17
19 NC
NC18
At a fixed output level the current capability of this topology is limited by the DC/DC
converter OCP circuits: setting VDCOUT = 10/8/5/3.3/1.2V, Figure 32/33/34/35/36/ show
the relationship between maximum load current (Io_MAX) and battery voltage (VBAT).
Figure 32. Maximum output current vs. input voltage VBAT in buck-boost config.
(VDCOUT = 10V)
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Device utilization hints
Figure 33. Maximum output current vs. input voltage VBAT in buck-boost config.
(VDCOUT = 8V)
Figure 34. Maximum output current vs. input voltage VBAT in buck-boost config.
(VDCOUT = 5V)
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Device utilization hints
AN2817
Figure 35. Maximum output current vs. input voltage VBAT in buck-boost config.
(VDCOUT = 3.3V)
Figure 36. Maximum output current vs. input voltage VBAT in buck-boost config.
(VDCOUT = 1.2V)
Figure 37 shows buck-boost behavior in the case Iload=500mA (C3 = VBAT, C2 = PH,
C4 = Vout).
VBAT varies from 5.25V to 28.3V and then from 28.3V to 5.25V: PH amplitude varies
accordingly, while Vout is kept perfectly constant by the regulator.
30/33
AN2817
Device utilization hints
Figure 37. L5962 behavior in buck-boost configuration (Iload = 500mA)
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Revision history
10
AN2817
Revision history
Table 2.
32/33
Document revision history
Date
Revision
Changes
08-Sep-2008
1
Initial release.
18-Sep-2013
2
Updated Disclaimer.
AN2817
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