dm00079276

AN4273
Application note
STEVAL-ISA114V1: 5 V/0.8 W 30 kHz buck with the VIPer06XS
Introduction
This document describes a 5 V-0.16 A power supply set in buck topology with the
VIPer06XS, a new offline high voltage converter by STMicroelectronics, specifically
developed for non-isolated SMPS.
The features of the device include:
• 800 V avalanche rugged power section
• PWM operation at 30 kHz with frequency jittering for lower EMI
• Limiting current with adjustable set point
• On-board soft-start
• Safe auto-restart after a fault condition and low standby power consumption
The available protection includes thermal shutdown with hysteresis, delayed overload
protection and open loop failure protection. All protections are in auto-restart mode.
Figure 1. STEVAL- ISA114V1 demonstration board
AM16668v1
December 2014
DocID024355 Rev 2
1/29
www.st.com
Contents
AN4273
Contents
1
Adapter features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2
Circuit description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3
Bill of material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4
Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
5
Testing the board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
6
7
5.1
Typical waveforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5.2
Line/load regulation and output voltage ripple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5.3
Burst mode and output voltage ripple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5.4
Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5.5
Light load performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
Functional check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
6.1
Startup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
6.2
Overload protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Feedback loop calculation guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
7.1
Transfer function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
7.2
Compensation procedure for a DCM buck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
8
Thermal measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
9
EMI measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Appendix A Test equipment and measurement of efficiency and light load
performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
A.1
10
Measuring input power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Revision history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2/29
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AN4273
List of figures
List of figures
Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
Figure 4.
Figure 5.
Figure 6.
Figure 7.
Figure 8.
Figure 9.
Figure 10.
Figure 11.
Figure 12.
Figure 13.
Figure 14.
Figure 15.
Figure 16.
Figure 17.
Figure 18.
Figure 19.
Figure 20.
Figure 21.
Figure 22.
Figure 23.
Figure 24.
Figure 25.
Figure 26.
Figure 27.
Figure 28.
Figure 29.
Figure 30.
Figure 31.
Figure 32.
Figure 33.
Figure 34.
Figure 35.
STEVAL- ISA114V1 demonstration board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Application schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Layout (top). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Layout (bottom). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Waveforms at VIN = 115 VAC, full load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Waveforms at VIN = 230 VAC, full load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Waveforms at VIN = 80 VAC, full load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Waveforms at VIN = 265 VAC, full load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Line regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Load regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Output voltage ripple at 115 VAC, full load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Output voltage ripple at 230 VAC, full load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Output voltage ripple at 115 VAC, no load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Output voltage ripple at 230 VAC, no load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Active mode efficiency vs. VIN and comparison with CoC4 and DOE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
PIN vs. VIN @ no load and light load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
PIN @ POUT = 0.25 W . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Startup at VIN = 115 VAC, full load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Startup at VIN = 115 VAC, full load, zoom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Startup at VIN = 230 VAC, full load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Startup at VIN = 230 VAC, full load, zoom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Output short-circuit applied: OLP tripping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Output short-circuit maintained: OLP steady-state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Output short-circuit maintained: OLP steady-state (zoom) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Output short-circuit removal and converter restart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Control loop block diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Thermal measurement @ VIN = 80 VAC, full load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Thermal measurement @ VIN = 115 VAC, full load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Thermal measurement @ VIN = 230 VAC, full load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Thermal measurement @ VIN = 265 VAC, full load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Average measurement at full load, 115 VAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Average measurement at full load, 230 VAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Connections of the UUT to the wattmeter for power measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Switch in position 1 - setting for standby measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Switch in position 2 - setting for efficiency measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
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Adapter features
1
AN4273
Adapter features
The electrical specifications of the demonstration board are listed in Table 1
Table 1. Electrical specifications
Parameter
Symbol
Value
VIN
[80 VAC; 265 VAC]
Output voltage
VOUT
5V
Max. output current
IOUT
0.16 A
Precision of output regulation
ΔVOUT_LF
±5%
High frequency output voltage ripple
ΔVOUT_HF
50 mV
Max. ambient operating temperature
TAMB
60 ºC
Input voltage range
2
Circuit description
The converter schematic is given in Figure 2. The input section includes a resistor R1 for
inrush current limiting, a diode D1 and a Pi filter (C1, L1, C2) for rectification and EMC
suppression.
The FB pin is the inverting input of the internal transconductance error amplifier, internally
referenced to 3.3 V. This allows the output voltage value to be set in a simple way through
the R4-R5 voltage divider between the output terminal and the FB pin, according to the
following equation:
Equation 1
R5
V OUT = 3.3V ⋅  1 + --------

R4
where R4 has been split into R4a and R4b; and R5 into R5a and R5b so to allow a better
tuning of the output voltage value.
The compensation network is connected between the COMP pin (which is the output of the
error amplifier) and the GND pin and is made up of Cc, R3 and C7.
The bleeder resistor Rbl provides about 1 mA minimum load, in order to avoid overvoltage
when the output load is disconnected. Its value is a trade-off between output voltage
increase and power consumption rise in no load.
At power-up the DRAIN pin supplies the internal HV startup current generator which
charges the C3 capacitor up to VDDon (13 V typical). At this point, the power MOSFET starts
switching, the generator is turned off and the IC is powered by the energy stored in C3,
waiting for VOUT reaches its steady-state value. In this demonstration board, the IC is biased
through the internal high voltage startup current generator, which is automatically turned on
as the VDD voltage drops down to VDDCSon and switched off as VDD is charged up to VDDon.
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AN4273
Circuit description
This is referred to "self-biasing" and leads to higher power dissipation, but reduces the
overall BOM cost.
Figure 2. Application schematic
AC IN
R1
D1
L1
R5a
R5b
DRAIN DRAIN DRAINDRAIN DRAIN
R4a
C8
VIPer06XS
C1
D3
C2
GND VDD LIM
FB COMP
R4b
CFB
C3
Cf
Cc
R6
C7
D4
GND
R3
L2
Vout
C9
Rbl GND
AM16669v1
DocID024355 Rev 2
5/29
Bill of material
3
AN4273
Bill of material
Table 2. Bill of material
6/29
Name
Value
Description
C1
2.2 µF, 400 V
Electrolytic capacitor
Saxon
C2
2.2 µF, 400 V
Electrolytic capacitor
Saxon
C3
2.2 µF, 25 V
Ceramic capacitor
SMD: 0805
CFB
not mounted
Ceramic capacitor
SMD: 0805
Cf
100 nF, 50 V
Ceramic capacitor
SMD: 0805
Cc
n.c
Ceramic capacitor
SMD: 0805
C7
22 nF, 25 V
Ceramic capacitor
SMD: 0805
Murata
C8
100 nF, 50 V
Ceramic capacitor
SMD: 0805
Murata
C9
100 µF, 25 V
Electrolytic capacitor
D1
1N4007
High voltage rectifier
DO-41
Fairchild
D3
STTH1L06
High voltage ultra fast rectifier
SMB (SOD87)
ST
D4
STTH1L06
High voltage ultra fast rectifier
SMB (SOD87)
ST
Daux
not mounted
Small signal diode
IC
VIPer06XS
High voltage converter
SSO-10
ST
L1
1 mH
Input filter inductor
SMD
Epcos
L2
RFB0810-681
0.68 mH power inductor
Coilcraft
R1
22 ohm
1 W resistor
Panasonic
R3
1 kohm, 1%
1/4 W resistor
SMD: 0805
Panasonic
R4a
1.5 kohm, 1%
1/4 W resistor
SMD: 0805
Panasonic
R4b
22 kohm
1/4 W resistor
SMD: 0805
R5a
15 kohm
1/4 W resistor
SMD: 0805
R5b
0 ohm, 1%
1/4 W resistor
SMD: 0805
R6
not mounted
1/4 W resistor
SMD: 0805
Rbl
10 kohm, 1%
1/4 W resistor
SMD: 0805
DocID024355 Rev 2
Footprint
Manufacturer
Murata
Murata
Rubycon, ZL
series
Panasonic
Panasonic
AN4273
4
Layout
Layout
Figure 3. Layout (top)
AM16670v1
Figure 4. Layout (bottom)
AM16671v1
DocID024355 Rev 2
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Testing the board
AN4273
5
Testing the board
5.1
Typical waveforms
GND voltage and the current across the inductor L2 (I_L2) in full load condition are shown
for the two nominal input voltages in Figure 5 and Figure 6, and for minimum and maximum
input voltage in Figure 7 and Figure 8 respectively.
Figure 5. Waveforms at VIN = 115 VAC, full load
I_L2
Figure 6. Waveforms at VIN = 230 VAC, full load
I_L2
AM16673v1
AM16672v1
Figure 7. Waveforms at VIN = 80 VAC, full load
I_L2
Figure 8. Waveforms at VIN = 265 VAC, full load
I_L2
AM16674v1
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AM16675v1
AN4273
Testing the board
5.2
Line/load regulation and output voltage ripple
The output voltage of the board has been measured in different lines and load conditions.
The results are shown in Figure 9 and Figure 10.
Figure 10. Load regulation
Line regulation
7
6.8
6.6
6.4
6.2
6
5.8
5.6
5.4
5.2
5
4.8
4.6
0
25%
50%
75%
100%
80
105
130
155 180
VIN[V AC ]
205
230
255
VOUT [V]
VOUT [V]
Figure 9. Line regulation
Load regulation
7
6.8
6.6
6.4
6.2
6
5.8
5.6
5.4
5.2
5
4.8
4.6
AM16676v1
90
115
230
265
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
IOUT [A]
AM16677v1
The output voltage ripple in full load condition is shown in Figure 11 at VIN = 115 VAC and
Figure 12 at VIN = 230 VAC.
Figure 11. Output voltage ripple at 115 VAC, full Figure 12. Output voltage ripple at 230 VAC, full
load
load
AM16778v1
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AM16679v1
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Testing the board
5.3
AN4273
Burst mode and output voltage ripple
When the converter is lightly loaded, the COMP pin voltage decreases. As it reaches the
shutdown threshold, VCOMPL (1.1 V, typical), the switching is disabled and no more energy
is transferred to the secondary side. So, the output voltage decreases and the regulation
loop makes the COMP pin voltage increase again. As it rises 40 mV above the VCOMPL
threshold, the normal switching operation is resumed. This results in a controlled on/off
operation (referred to as "burst mode”) as long as the output power is so low that it requires
a turn-on time lower than the minimum turn-on time of the VIPER06XS. This mode of
operation keeps the frequency-related losses low when the load is very light or
disconnected, making it easier to comply with energy-saving regulations.
The figures below show the output voltage ripple when the converter is no/lightly loaded and
supplied with 115 VAC and with 230 VAC respectively.
Figure 13. Output voltage ripple at 115 VAC, no
load
Figure 14. Output voltage ripple at 230 VAC, no
load
AM16680v1
5.4
AM16681v1
Efficiency
The active mode efficiency is defined as the average of the efficiencies measured at 25%,
50%, 75% and 100% of maximum load, at nominal input voltage (VIN = 115 VAC and VIN =
230 VAC).
External power supplies (the power supplies which are contained in a separate housing
from the end-use devices they are powering) need to comply with the Code of Conduct,
version 4 “Active Mode Efficiency” criterion, which states an active mode efficiency higher
than 54.4% for a power throughput of 0.8 W.
Another standard to be applied to external power supplies in the coming years is the DOE
(department of energy) recommendation, whose active mode efficiency requirement for the
same power throughput is 58.9%.
In Figure 15 the average efficiencies of the board at 115 VAC (57.4%) and at 230 VAC
(45.9%) are represented by dotted lines, and, along with the above limits, show that the
STEVAL-ISA114V1 demonstration board is compliant with Code of Conduct (version 4) only
10/29
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AN4273
Testing the board
at 115 VAC and is not compliant with DOE. In the same figure the efficiency at 25%, 50%,
75% and 100% of maximum load for both input voltages is also shown.
Such a low efficiency is due to the high consumption from the HV startup, which increases
losses especially at high line.
eff [%]
Figure 15. Active mode efficiency vs. VIN and comparison with CoC4 and DOE
66
64
62
60
58
56
54
52
50
48
46
44
42
40
38
36
34
32
30
DOE limit
CoC 4 limit
115
230
av @ 115 Vac
av @ 230 Vac
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
IOUT [% IOUT]
1
AM16682v1
5.5
Light load performance
The input power of the converter has been measured in no load condition for different input
voltages and the results are reported in Table 3.
Table 3. No load input power
VIN [VAC]
PIN [mW]
90
65
115
81
150
104
180
121
230
152
265
174
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Testing the board
AN4273
In version 4 of the Code of Conduct, the power consumption of the power supply, when it is
no loaded, is also considered. The criteria to be compliant with are reported in Table 4:
Table 4. Energy consumption criteria for no load
Nameplate output power (Pno)
Maximum power in no load for AC-DC EPS
0 to ≤ 50 W
< 0.3 W
> 50 W < 250 W
< 0.5 W
The power consumption of the presented board is about two times lower than the limit fixed
by version 4 of the Code of Conduct. It is worth noting that often AC-DC adapter or battery
charger manufacturers have very strict requirements about no load consumption and if the
converter is used as an auxiliary power supply, the line filter is often the main line filter of the
entire power supply which greatly increases the standby consumption.
Even though version 4 of the Code of Conduct does not have other requirements regarding
light load performance, in order to give a more complete overview, the consumption of the
demonstration board in two other light load cases (POUT = 25 mW and POUT = 50 mW) has
also been measured. The results versus line voltage are plotted in Figure 16, together with
the no load measurements reported in Table 3.
Figure 16. PIN vs. VIN @ no load and light load
800
0
PIN [mW]
700
25mW
600
50mW
500
400
300
200
100
0
80
105
130
155
180
VIN [VAC ]
205
230
255
AM16883v1
The consumption of the demonstration board when the output is 250 mW is shown, in the
entire input voltage range in Figure 17.
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AN4273
Testing the board
Figure 17. PIN @ POUT = 0.25 W
0.7
0.65
PIN [W]
0.6
0.55
0.5
0.45
0.4
80
110
140
170
VIN [VAC]
DocID024355 Rev 2
200
230
260
AM16884v1
13/29
Functional check
AN4273
6
Functional check
6.1
Startup
The startup phase at maximum load is shown in Figure 18 and Figure 20 at both nominal
input voltages (115 VAC and 230 VAC).
Figure 18. Startup at VIN = 115 VAC, full load
Figure 19. Startup at VIN = 115 VAC, full load,
zoom
I_L2
AM16685v1
Figure 20. Startup at VIN = 230 VAC, full load
AM16686v1
Figure 21. Startup at VIN = 230 VAC, full load,
zoom
I_L2
AM16687v1
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AM16688v1
AN4273
Functional check
6.2
Overload protection
In case of overload or short-circuit (see Figure 22), the drain current reaches the IDLIM
value. In every cycle where this condition is met, a counter is incremented; if it is maintained
continuously for the time tOVL (50 msec typical, internally set) the overload protection is
tripped, the power section is turned off and the converter is disabled for a tRESTART time (1
sec typical). After this time has elapsed, the IC resumes switching and, if the short is still
present, the protection occurs indefinitely in the same way (Figure 23). This ensures restart
attempts of the converter with low repetition rate, so that it works safely with extremely low
power throughput and avoids the IC overheating in case of repeated overload events.
Moreover, every time the protection is tripped, the internal soft-start function is implemented,
in order to reduce the stress on the secondary diode. After the short removal, the IC
resumes working normally. If the short is removed during tSS or tOVL, before the protection
tripping, the counter is decremented on a cycle-by-cycle basis down to zero and the
protection is not tripped.
If the short-circuit is removed during tRESTART, the IC must wait for the tRESTART period to
elapse before switching is resumed (Figure 25).
Figure 22. Output short-circuit applied: OLP
tripping
Figure 23. Output short-circuit maintained: OLP
steady-state
Output is shorted here
Normal
operation
tRESTART
tOVL
I_L2
tRESTART
I_L2
AM16689v1
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Functional check
AN4273
Figure 24. Output short-circuit maintained: OLP
steady-state (zoom)
Figure 25. Output short-circuit removal and
converter restart
Output short is
removed here
tOVL
tRESTART
I_L2
I_L2
AM16692v1
16/29
Normal
operation
DocID024355 Rev 2
AM16693v1
AN4273
Feedback loop calculation guidelines
7
Feedback loop calculation guidelines
7.1
Transfer function
The set PWM modulator + power stage is indicated with G1(f), while C(f) is the "controller",
the network in charge of ensuring the stability of the system.
Figure 26. Control loop block diagram
∆ V OUT
∆δ
∆ V OUT
∆δ
G1(f)
∆δ
C(f)
1/HCOMP
∆ V COMP
∆ V COMP
∆ V OUT
AM16764v1
The mathematical expression of the power plant G1(f) in DCM is the following:
Equation 2
j⋅f
1 + ------ΔV OUT
fz
G1 ( f ) = ------------------ = G10 ⋅ ----------------Δ∂
j⋅f
1 + ------fp
where fz is the zero due to the ESR of the output capacitor:
Equation 3
1
fz = -----------------------------------------------2 ⋅ π ⋅ C OUT ⋅ ESR
and fp is the pole due to the output load
Equation 4
1 + β ⋅ R OUT
fp = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2 ⋅ π ⋅ C OUT ⋅ ( ESR + R OUT + ESR ⋅ β ⋅ R OUT )
with:
Equation 5
V IN + Vγ
Ipk
α = -------------------------------- ⋅ -------( VOUT + Vγ ) 2
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AN4273
Equation 6
V IN + Vγ
Ipk
β = ----------------------------------2- ⋅ -------- ⋅ ∂
2
( V OUT + Vγ )
Equation 7
Ipk
( V OUT + Vγ ) ⋅ ( VIN + Vγ ) ⋅ -------- ⋅ R OUT
α ⋅ R OUT
2
G10 = -------------------------------- = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 + β ⋅ R OUT
2
Ipk
( V OUT + Vγ ) ⋅ ( V IN + Vγ ) ⋅ --------∂ ⋅ R OUT
2
In the above formulas, COUT and ESR are the capacitance and the equivalent series
resistance of the output capacitor respectively, Vy is the forward drop of the free-wheeling
diode, ROUT = VOUT/IOUT is the output load, Ipk is the drain peak current at full load and ∂ =
Ton*fsw is the duty cycle.
If just an RC series between COMP and GND is chosen as a compensation network, as
shown in Figure 2 (in fact Cc and CFB are not mounted), the mathematical expression of
the compensator C(f) is:
Equation 8
j ⋅ f
 1 + ------
C0
fzc
C ( s ) = ------------------- ⋅ ----------------------H COMP j ⋅ 2 ⋅ π ⋅ f
where:
Equation 9
L ⋅ fsw
– Gm
R4
C 0 = ------------------------------ ⋅  ---------------- ⋅ ---------------------VIN – V OUT  C7  R4 + R5
and:
Equation 10
1
fzc = -----------------------------------2 ⋅ π ⋅ R3 ⋅ C7
they are chosen in order to censure the stability of the overall system.
The values of HCOMP = δVCOMP/δICOMP and of Gm (error amplifier transconductance) are
specified in the VIPER06 datasheet.
7.2
Compensation procedure for a DCM buck
The first step is to choose the pole and zero of the compensator and the crossing frequency.
In this case C(f) has only a zero (fzc) and a pole at the origin, thus a possible setting is:
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•
fzc = k*fp
•
fcross = fcross_sel ≤ fsw/10
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Feedback loop calculation guidelines
Where k is arbitrarily chosen. A starting point could be k = 5. After setting fcross_sel,
G1(fcross_sel) can be calculated from Equation 2 and, since by definition it is
⏐C(fcross_sel)*G1(fcross_sel)⏐= 1, C0 can be calculated as follows:
Equation 11
H COMP
j ⋅ 2 ⋅ π ⋅ fcross_sel
C 0 = ----------------------------------------------------- ⋅ --------------------------------------------G1 ( fcross_sel )
j ⋅ fcross_sel
1 + ---------------------------------fzc
At this point the Bode diagram of G1(f)*C(f) can be plotted, in order to check the phase
margin for the stability.
If the margin is not high enough, another choice should be made for k and fcross_sel, and
the procedure is repeated.
When the stability is ensured, the next step is to find the values of the schematic
components, which can be calculated as follows:
from Equation 9
Equation 12
L ⋅ fsw
– Gm
R4
C7 = ------------------------------ ⋅  ---------------- ⋅ ---------------------V IN – V OUT  C 0  R4 + R5
and from Equation 10
Equation 13
1
R3 = -----------------------------------2 ⋅ π ⋅ fzc ⋅ C7
The quantities found in Equation 12 and Equation 13 are suggested values. Commercial
values are chosen, let us call them C7_act, R7_act, resulting into fzc_act.
Equation 14
1
fzc_act = ----------------------------------------------------------2 ⋅ π ⋅ R3_act ⋅ C7_act
C0 value is also recalculated from Equation 9
Equation 15
L ⋅ fsw
R4_act
– Gm  ⋅ ----------------------------------------------------C 0_act = ------------------------------ ⋅  ------------------V IN – VOUT
C7_act  R4_act + R5 ( 4 )_act
and the compensator becomes:
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Thermal measurements
AN4273
Equation 16
f
 1 + -------------------
C 0_act 
fzc_act
C_act(f) = ------------------- ⋅ ----------------------------------H COMP
j⋅2⋅π⋅f
At this point the Bode diagram of G1(f)*C_act(f) should be plotted, and check if the phase
margin for the stability is maintained.
8
Thermal measurements
A thermal analysis of the demonstration board in full load condition at TAMB = 25 °C has
been performed using an IR camera. The results are shown in the following figures.
Figure 27. Thermal measurement @ VIN = 80 VAC, full load
AM16695v1
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Thermal measurements
Figure 28. Thermal measurement @ VIN = 115 VAC, full load
AM16696v1
Figure 29. Thermal measurement @ VIN = 230 VAC, full load
AM16697v1
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Thermal measurements
AN4273
Figure 30. Thermal measurement @ VIN = 265 VAC, full load
AM16698v1
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9
EMI measurements
EMI measurements
A pre-compliant test to EN55022 (Class B) European normative has been performed using
an EMC analyzer and an LISN. The average EMC measurements at 115 VAC/full load and
230 VAC/full load have been performed and the results are shown in Figure 31 and
Figure 32.
Figure 31. Average measurement at full load, 115 VAC
AM16699v1
Figure 32. Average measurement at full load, 230 VAC
AM16700v1
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Test equipment and measurement of efficiency and light load performance
Appendix A
AN4273
Test equipment and measurement of
efficiency and light load performance
The converter input power has been measured using a wattmeter. The wattmeter measures
simultaneously the converter input current (using its internal ammeter) and voltage (using its
internal voltmeter). The wattmeter is a digital instrument so it samples the current and
voltage and converts them to digital forms. The digital samples are then multiplied giving the
instantaneous measured power. The sampling frequency is in the range of 20 kHz (or higher
depending on the instrument used). The display provides the average measured power,
averaging the instantaneous measured power in a short period of time (1 sec typ.).
Figure 33 shows how the wattmeter is connected to the UUT (unit under test) and to the AC
source and the wattmeter internal block diagram.
Figure 33. Connections of the UUT to the wattmeter for power measurements
Switch
1
WATT METER
2
U.U.T
(Unit Under test)
Voltmeter
AC
SOURCE
+
V
Multiplier
Ammeter
A
INPUT
OUTPUT
AVG
X
DISPLAY
AM16701v1
An electronic load has been connected to the output of the power converter (UUT), allowing
the converter load current to be set and measured, while the output voltage has been
measured by a voltmeter. The output power is the product between load current and output
voltage. The ratio between the output power, calculated as previously stated, and the input
power, measured by the wattmeter, is the converter's efficiency, which has been measured
in different input/output conditions.
A.1
Measuring input power
With reference to Figure 33, the UUT input current causes a voltage drop across the
ammeter's internal shunt resistance (the ammeter is not ideal as it has an internal resistance
higher than zero) and across the cables connecting the wattmeter to the UUT.
If the switch of Figure 33 is in position 1 (see also the simplified scheme of Figure 34), this
voltage drop causes an input measured voltage higher than the input voltage at the UUT
input that, of course, affects the measured power. The voltage drop is generally negligible if
the UUT input current is low (for example when we are measuring the input power of UUT in
light load condition).
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Test equipment and measurement of efficiency and light load performance
Figure 34. Switch in position 1 - setting for standby measurements
Wattmeter
Ammeter
AC
SOURCE
~
A
+
U.U.T.
AC
INPUT
V
-
UUT
Voltmeter
AM16788v1
In the case of high UUT input current (i.e. for measurements in heavy load conditions), the
voltage drop can be relevant compared to the UUT real input voltage. If this is the case, the
switch in Figure 33 can be changed to position 2 (see simplified scheme of Figure 35) where
the UUT input voltage is measured directly at the UUT input terminal and the input current
does not affect the measured input voltage.
Figure 35. Switch in position 2 - setting for efficiency measurements
Wattmeter
Ammeter
A
AC
SOURCE
+
~
V
-
U.U.T.
AC
INPUT
UUT
Voltmeter
AM16789v1
On the other hand, the position of Figure 35 may introduce a relevant error during light load
measurements, when the UUT input current is low and the leakage current inside the
voltmeter itself (which is not an ideal instrument and doesn't have infinite input resistance) is
not negligible. This is the reason why it is recommended the setting of Figure 34 to be used
for light load measurements and Figure 35 for heavy load measurements.
If it is not clear which measurement scheme has the lesser effect on the result, try with both
and register the lower input power value.
As noted in IEC 62301, instantaneous measurements are appropriate when power readings
are stable. The UUT is operated at 100% of nameplate output current output for at least 30
minutes (warm-up period) immediately prior to conducting efficiency measurements.
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Test equipment and measurement of efficiency and light load performance
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After this warm-up period, the AC input power is monitored for a period of 5 minutes to
assess the stability of the UUT. If the power level does not drift by more than 5% from the
maximum value observed, the UUT can be considered stable and the measurements can
be recorded at the end of the 5-minute period. If AC input power is not stable over a 5minute period, the average power or accumulated energy is measured overtime for both AC
input and DC output.
Some wattmeter models allow integration of the measured input power in a time range and
then measure the energy absorbed by the UUT during the integration time. The average
input power is calculated dividing by the integration time itself.
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10
References
References
[1] Code of Conduct on energy efficiency of external power supplies, version 4
[2] VIPER06 datasheet
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Revision history
AN4273
Revision history
Table 5. Document revision history
28/29
Date
Revision
Changes
01-Aug-2013
1
Initial release.
15-Dec-2014
2
Updated: Equation 8, Equation 11 and Equation 16.
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AN4273
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