AN614 A SIMPLE ALTERNATIVE TO ANALOG ISOLATION AMPLIFIERS 1. Introduction Analog circuits sometimes require linear (analog) signal isolation for safety, signal level shifting, and/or ground loop elimination. Linear signal isolation is typically difficult to implement, costly, and often exhibits mediocre performance. While the design community thirsts for a flexible and inexpensive linear isolator solution, it is the analog isolation amplifier (ISOamp) that most often captures the socket. ISOamps are hybridized devices that contain linear input and output circuits separated by an internal isolation barrier. ISOamps typically modulate the linear input signal and transmit the resulting digital information across the isolation barrier to a demodulator where it is converted back to analog (Figure 1). ISOamps typically employ transformers and high-voltage capacitors or optocouplers in the isolation barrier design. While ISOamps are a convenient single-package linear isolation solution, the industry's limited device offerings often force the designer to make difficult trade-offs or add external circuitry for a complete solution. In addition, transformer-based ISOamps are susceptible to signal corruption from external field interference and errors due to poor common-mode transient immunity (CMTI). Optocoupler-based ISOamp versions also often suffer from poor linearity and even worse CMTI. This application note provides insight into a robust linear isolator reference design based on the Silicon Labs Si86xx family of CMOS digital isolators. ISOLATION BARRIER Modulator or Driver Input Demodulator or Conditioner Input Amp Output Output Amp Figure 1. ISOamp Block Diagram Rev. 0.2 2/13 Copyright © 2013 by Silicon Laboratories AN614 AN614 2. Silicon Labs’ ISOlinear Reference Design Overview Silicon Labs offers the ISOlinear reference design (Si86IsoLin), a simple linear isolation circuit that is enabled by the Si86xx isolator family, offering industry-leading integration, operating performance, and reliability. The Si86xx isolators are available in UL/VDE/CSA certified isolation ratings of 2.5 or 5 kV. The ISOlinear reference design architecture is shown in Figure 2. A self-oscillating pulse width modulator (PWM) converts the linear input voltage into a series of fixed-frequency, variable duty, cycle pulses in which the width of each pulse is proportional to the sampled input signal amplitude as shown in the waveform diagrams at the bottom of Figure 2. This modulated (digital) signal is passed through the CMOS digital isolator and then restored to analog format by a fourth-order analog filter. Unlike ISOamps, the ISOlinear reference design gives the designer flexibility to craft low-cost, linear isolators that meet the needs of the end application. For example, the user may elect to relax output ripple requirements to use a lower order (lower cost) output filter; or modulator performance can be enhanced if higher slew rate op-amps and/ or low-delay comparators are used, and so on. SELF-OSCILLATING MODULATOR RFB RF CINT VIN RINT Si86xx Isolator 4th ORDER FILTER (DEMODULATOR) RIN1 RIN VDD R1 VDD VREF VDD VOUT RIN2 CF1 CF2 R2 VDD VSS C1 C2 RREF1 RREF2 t0 Modulator Input t1 t2 t3 t4 t0 t5 Modulator Samples t1 t2 t3 t4 Filter Output Modulator Output Filter Output Figure 2. ISOlinear Reference Design Schematic and Operation 2 Rev. 0.2 t5 AN614 Si8663 Amp Modulator Amp Modulator Amp Modulator Amp Filter Amp Filter Amp Filter Isolator Channel Isolator Channel Isolator Channel Isolator Channel Isolator Channel Isolator Channel Filter Amp Filter Amp Filter Amp Modulator Amp Modulator Amp Modulator Amp Figure 3. Six-Channel Linear Isolator Block Diagram In addition, a single Si86xx isolator can host multiple linear isolators by adding additional modulator/filter circuits to a multi-channel Si86xx digital isolator, as shown in Figure 3. In this example, an Si8663 six-channel digital isolator provides three forward and three reverse linear isolator channels, amortizing the isolator across all six channels. 9‐Bit Version (Circuit # 3) 10‐Bit Version (Circuit #2) 12‐Bit Version (Circuit #1) Figure 4. ISOlinear Reference Design Evaluation Board Figure 4 shows the board included in the ISOlinear reference design kit. This board contains reference design configurations for 9-bit, 10-bit, and 12-bit linear isolator performance, enabling the user to optimize isolator cost/ performance trade-offs. (For detailed circuit ISOlinear reference design schematics, see the “ISOlinear Reference Design Users Guide” available for download at www.silabs.com/isolation.) Rev. 0.2 3 AN614 Figure 5 shows total harmonic distortion and nonlinearity measurements from the evaluation board of Figure 4. Waveform A shows the ISOlinear input and output oscilloscope waveforms. The FFT of waveform A reveals a total harmonic distortion (THD) of 0.096% (waveform B). The performance of this design rounds to 12-bit performance with 0.125% nonlinearity. (Note: for more information about the ISOlinear Reference Design, please see application note “AN559: Isolating Analog Signals Using the Si86xx CMOS Isolator Family”. This application note provides detailed technical information for modifying the stock ISOlinear reference design, including modulator and filter design equations, design guidelines and more. The ISOlinear Reference Design Kit (Si86IsoLin)is available for purchase at www.silabs.com/isolation.) Input FFT Output 0.096% THD A B 0.125% Nonlinearity Linearity 2.85 Vout (V) 2.75 2.65 2.55 2.45 2.35 2.25 C - 0.25 -0.2 -0.15 -0.1 -0.05 0 Vin (V) 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 Figure 5. ISOlinear Reference Design Performance Example Table 1 compares the ISOlinear reference design performance against several commercially-available ISOamps. The ISOlinear reference designs offer higher signal-to-noise (sans the 9-bit version); higher CMTI, greater isolation rating flexibility and lower cost compared to competing ISOamps. (Note: a higher cost, faster comparator can be used to reduce nonlinearity to less than 0.1%.) 4 Rev. 0.2 AN614 Table 1. ISOlinear vs. Analog Isolation Amplifiers Device SNR (dB) BW (kHz) Linearity Isolation Rating (kV) CMTI (kV/µs) Price at 1 kU ($) Silicon Labs ISOlinear (12-Bit Reference Design) 71.8 100 0.125 2.5 or 5.0 35 (min), 50 (typ) 2.50 to 3.50 Silicon Labs ISOlinear (10-Bit Reference Design) 62 250 0.125 2.5 or 5.0 35 (min), 50 (typ) 2.00 to 2.50 Silicon Labs ISOlinear (9-Bit Reference Design) 50.8 500 0.125 2.5 or 5.0 35 (min), 50 (typ) 1.75 to 2.25 Avago HCPL-7840 Not Specified 100 0.1 2.5 15 3.05 Avago ACPL-790 60 200 0.05 5.0 15 6.63 Avago ACPL-780 Not Specified 100 0.004 5.0 15 7.30 Avago ACPL-C79A 60 200 0.05 5.0 15 10.00 Avago ACPL-C790 () 60 200 0.05 5.0 15 4.65 TI ISO-124 Not Specified 50 0.01 1.5 Not Specified 8.30 ADIAD202 Not Specified 5 0.05 1.0 Not Specified 29.82 Rev. 0.2 5 AN614 3. Application Examples The electrocardiograph (ECG) application shown in Figure 6 requires safety isolation to protect the patient from dangerous leakage currents. Medical applications of this type typically use conductive gels at sensor sites, which lower human body impedance to the extent that a few milliamps of leakage current can cause injury or death. To mitigate this issue, ECGs typically have multiple stages of isolation to prevent downstream leakage current from flowing into the patient. The ECG of Figure 6 shows the patient connected to an instrumentation amplifier powered by a low-current floating supply, V1. The ISOlinear circuit (shown as a functional block in the center of the diagram) galvanically isolates the instrumentation amplifier input side from potential down-stream leakage currents generated by the voltage source, V2. The lower voltage, higher-current DSP circuit is also isolated from the ADC/ filter circuit by a separate Si86xx digital isolator, again to ensure no leakage current paths into the ECG inputs. V2 Demodulator Si86xx Isolator Instrumentation Amplifier Modulator ISOlinear Reference Design V3 Filter(s) V1 Right Leg Driver FG FG Figure 6. ECG (Safety Isolation) Application 6 Rev. 0.2 ADC Si86xx Isolator To DSP AN614 ISOlinear Ref Design 1.5V INPUT R1 R4 C1 R5 R12 D1 R13 C4 U2 3.0V LDO C5 Demodulator R3 ISOLATION R2 Modulator BLACK WHITE Single-Phase AC Line VDDA VDDB GNDA GNDB R14 1.5V R15 OUTPUT 3.3V Mixed-Signal Circuits 3.3V Output Side Bias Supply +1,000V Common Mode Transient ‐1,000V Figure 7. AC Line Current Monitor (Safety Isolation and Level Shift) Application Figure 7 shows an ac line current monitor that demonstrates both safety isolation and level shifting. Safety isolation galvanically isolates the 110 VAC line from the low-voltage, ground-based circuits. This circuit uses resistive shunt R1 to sense ac current. The high-voltage interface circuit is referenced to the ac neutral (white) wire in a two-wire (non-earth grounded) single-phase ac service. ISOlinear input-side bias voltage is line-derived and uses a 3 V linear regulator. The low-voltage output-side circuits are biased by a ground-referenced supply. Because there is no earth ground in this system, an ac line perturbation can potentially cause high voltage to appear on the neutral (white) wire. This elevated neutral line common-mode voltage is rejected by the Si86xx isolator's high CMTI of 35 kV/µs minimum, 50 kV/µs typical. For more isolated level shifting application examples, see Silicon Labs Application Note “AN598: High-Speed Level Shifting Using Si8xxx Isolators”. Figure 8 shows a common ground loop in the transmission path of two linear circuits (a common scenario in test and measurement, audio and other applications that use cable interconnects). The ground loop in the top diagram circulates between the connector grounds while parasitic inductance (Z) causes ringing that generates output noise. The bottom circuit of Figure 8 inserts the ISOlinear circuit between the signal source and receiver, breaking the ground loop and dramatically reducing the local ground path lengths and associated parasitic inductance. Rev. 0.2 7 AN614 VDD1 VDD2 Connector Connector Cable Signal Source Signal Receiver Ground Loop Noisy Output Signal Z VDD1 VDD2 Signal Source GND1 Demodulator Modulator IN Si86xx Isolator ISOlinear Reference Design OUT Signal Receiver GND2 Figure 8. Ground Loop Elimination Circuit 8 Rev. 0.2 Clean Output Signal AN614 4. Summary Many analog systems require isolation to provide safety, level shifting or to mitigate ground noise. ISOamps are a common but expensive solution that lack flexibility and force the designer to compromise and/or add supplemental circuitry to a design. Silicon Labs' ISOlinear reference design (Si86IsoLin-EVB) offers a lower-cost, more flexible linear isolation solution. This design is enabled by the Silicon Labs Si86xx industry-leading digital isolator and requires only four operational amplifiers and some passive components in addition to the isolator. The ISOlinear reference design benefits the user with a robust, competitive solution and the opportunity to create an optimum solution for the application at hand at a fraction of the price of an ISOamp. 4.1. Related Documents AN559: “Isolating Analog Signals Using the Si86xx CMOS Isolator Family”, Silicon Labs, 2011 ISOlinear Users Guide, Silicon Labs, 2011 AN598: “High-Speed Level Shifting Using Si8xxx Isolators” Rev. 0.2 9 Smart. Connected. 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