Buck Boost LED Driver using NCP3063 Controller, FETs & Current Sensing

AND8306/D
700 mA/1 A Buck Boost
LED Driver using FETs, High
Side Current Sensing and a
NCP3063 Controller
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Prepared by: DENNIS SOLLEY
ON Semiconductor
INTRODUCTION
particular application may require a driver to supply
700mA to a series string of 3 to 6 LEDs. From Table 1, the
driver must support output variations between 7 volts and 26
volts. Therefore, a constant current converter with both a
wide input (9-19 V) and wide overlapping output ranges
(7-26V), is preferred. This application note targets a current
regulated, non inverting buck boost converter. In
automotive applications (e.g. emergency vehicles), a high
side current sensing scheme can simplify wiring by
returning the LED string to chassis ground.
The basic buck boost topology, consisting of a buck and
boost converter cascaded together, is illustrated in Figure1.
This application note and associated demo board will
focus on driving 3 to 6 LEDs, at a regulated 700 mA/1A,
from low voltage DC or AC sources commonly used in
lighting applications at power levels to 20 W. This note is an
extension of Application Note AND8305/D.
LED Characteristics
By combining LED manufacturer's data, taken from
several product families, it is possible to come up with
minimum and maximum forward voltage drops for a
“generic” LED, operating at a specified current. This
voltage variation is presented in Table 1, and extended to
include 3 to 6 LED combinations at 700 mA.
Q1
D2
+Vin
+Vout
Table 1. Output Voltage Variation for a
“Generic” 700 mA LED
Generic
LED
# String
Q2
Current (A)
VMIN (V)
@ TJ(max)5C
(Note 1)
VMAX (V)
@ 255C
1 LED
0.70
2.41
4.41
3 LEDs
0.70
7.22
13.23
4 LEDs
0.70
11.50
17.64
5 LEDs
0.70
12.03
22.05
Either FETs or BJTs can be selected as the primary
switches Q1/Q2. In the 20 W power range FETs are the
preferred choice. Application Note AND8305/D covers a
7W application using BJTs.
6 LEDs
0.70
14.43
26.46
Theory of Operation
D1
Figure 1. Buck Boost Converter
To minimize power dissipation in the power circuit, low
ripple current is required. So the converter is run in
continuous current mode (CCM). For this analysis, all
power components are assumed ideal. During the first
switching interval D*TSW, Q1 and Q2 are turned ON by the
controller across the input source Vin and allow energy to be
stored in the inductor. During the second switching interval
(1-D)*TSW, switches Q1 and Q2 are turned off by the
controller, allowing diodes D1 and D2 to conduct and
deliver the energy stored in the inductor to the load.
1. TJ(max) based on LED manufacturer's maximum rating
Driver Definition
A typical automotive input requirement may require
continuous operation between 9 V and 16 V, excursions
between 18 V and 19 V for one hour, a double battery jump
start to 26 V for one minute and finally a load dump to 70V
(typically absorbed by avalanching alternator rectifiers or
by a transient suppressor). Similar requirements apply in AC
situations. Depending on the illumination required, a
© Semiconductor Components Industries, LLC, 2007
December, 2007 - Rev. 0
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Publication Order Number:
AND8306/D
AND8306/D
Varying the duty cycle will vary the output. When D is
below 0.5, the converter is in buck mode, when D is above
0.5, the converter is in boost mode and when D equals 0.5,
the voltage gain Vout/Vin is unity.
The ripple current in the inductor is given by expression
(1-D) * TSW
Vout
DI L1 +
Vin
Figure 2. Voltage Waveform Across the Inductor
For the inductor flux (V*ms) to remain in equilibrium each
switching cycle, the V*ms product across the inductor during
each switch interval must balance (see Figure 4).
Key Component Selection
(eq. 1)
-VGS, GATE-TO-SOURCE VOLTAGE (V)
(eq. 2)
20
QT
4
-VGS
-VDS
3
Q1
16
12
Q2
2
8
1
ID = -5.4 A
TJ = 25°C
0
0
4
8
12
16
20
Qg, TOTAL GATE CHARGE (nC)
4
0
24
-VDS, DRAIN-TO-SOURCE VOLTAGE (V)
5
D
1*D
VGS, GATE-TO-SOURCE VOLTAGE (V)
NTMS5P02 and NTMS4705N were selected from
ONSemiconductor's portfolio of FETs for Q1 and Q2
respectively. NTMS5P02 is a -20 V, 5.4 A SO-8 satisfying
the 16 V input requirement with a 26 mW RDS(on) at -4.5V.
Its gate charge characteristic is shown in Figure3.
NTMS4705N is a 30 V, 12 A SO-8 satisfying the 26V
output requirement with a 10.5 mW RDS(on) at 4.5 V. Its gate
charge characteristic is shown in Figure 4.
Rearranging Equation 1 the voltage gain of buck boost is
given by:
V out + V in @
(eq. 3)
For a typical design case, where Vin = 12 V and D*TSW
= 0.5*5 ms, a value for L1 of 47 mH (Equation 3) will
maintain ±30% ripple current in a 700 mA application,
thereby ensuring CCM operation.
D * TSW
V in @ D @ TSW + V out @ (1 * D) @ T SW
V in @ D @ TSW
L1
5
QT
4
QGS
QGD
VGS
3
2
ID = 10 A
TJ = 25°C
1
0
0
Figure 3. Gate charge characteristic of NTMS5P02
3
6
9
12
Qg, TOTAL GATE CHARGE (nC)
Figure 4. Gate Charge Characteristic
The controller used is ON Semiconductor's NCP3063. A functional block diagram is shown in the Figure 5.
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AND8306/D
NCP3063
8
1
TSD
N.C.
Switch Collector
SET Dominant
R
Q
S
7
Ipk Sense
Comparator
+
2
S
Q
Switch Emitter
SET Dominant
R
+ 0.2 V
Oscillator
6
3
CT
Timing Capacitor
+VCC
5
1.25 V
Reference
Regulator
Comparator
+
-
4
GND
Inverting Input
Figure 5. Block Diagram of NCP3063
This device consists of a 1.25 V reference, comparator,
oscillator, an active current limit circuit, a driver and a high
current output switch. In its traditional operating mode, the
NCP3063 is a hysteretic, regulator that uses a gated
oscillator to control the output. Voltage feedback from the
output is sensed at pin 5, and gates the oscillator on/off to
regulate the output. The oscillator frequency and off-time of
the output switch are programmed by the value selected for
the timing capacitor; CT. CT is charged and discharged by a
1 to 6 ratio internal current source and sink, generating a
ramp at pin 3. The ramp is controlled by two comparators
whose levels are set 500 mV apart. In normal operation, D
is fixed at 6/7 or 0.86. In this application, the “gated
oscillator” mode is only used to protect the LED string if a
LED fails “open”.
The NCP3063 can also operate as a conventional PWM
controller, by injecting current into the CT pin. The control
current may be developed either from the input source,
providing voltage feedforward or from the output current
sensing circuit. In either case, the slope of the oscillator ramp
changes causing D to be modulated as shown in Figure 6.
VCC
IFF
IFB
NCP3063
ICHARGE
CT
6 ICHARGE
Figure 6. Current Injection into CT Pin Providing
Continuous Duty Cycle Modulation
Schottky Diode Selection
Schottky diodes have reverse leakage current which
increases with reverse voltage and temperature. Hence it is
important to select a device and package that will maintain
the device temperature in the particular application to avoid
thermal runaway. The effect is shown in Figure 7.
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AND8306/D
Referring to Figure 8, RS is the high side current sensing
resistor. Two equal currents generated by the current sinks
designated IREF, flow through resistors (RCM + RREF) and
RCM. The voltage IREF*RCM creates a level shift to satisfy
the common mode input requirements of the operational
amplifier inputs, whose supply is tied to Vout. The additional
voltage drop IREF* RREF appearing at the non inverting
input, creates a reference VREF for the current sense circuit.
The output of the operational amplifier provides current
injection into the Ct pin of controller U1. The operational
amplifier may be compensated to provide a high closed loop
gain to “force” ILED to be equal to VREF / RS with high
accuracy.
100
IR, REVERSE CURRENT (mA)
TJ = 150°C
10
125°C
100°C
1
75°C
0.1
25°C
0.01
0.001
0
10
20
30
40
50
VR, REVERSE VOLTAGE (V)
60
70
Power Stage Schematics
Figure 7. Reverse Leakage Characteristic of
MBRD360
The schematic of the power stage is shown in Figure9.
When the output Darlington switch within U1 is turned on
each switching cycle, the gate source terminals of Q1 and Q2
are connected in series across Vin. As illustrated in Figures
3 and 4, the gate charge characteristics of Q1 and Q2 will be
different. Hence the gate to source voltages VGS1/2
appearing at Q1 and Q3 will be defined by balancing the
charge across each device. Hence VGS1*QT1 equals
VGS2*QT2. As this is dependent on device characteristics, a
zener diode D1 is used to define the VGS1 of Q1. Then the
VGS2 of Q2 is defined approximately by (Vin-VD1) ignoring
the drop in the output Darlington pair in U1. The gate losses
in Q2 will increase with Vin, but this is preferable as the
Nchannel device Q2 has half the total charge QT of the
Pchannel device Q1. At the end of each switching cycle
when the output switch within U2 turns off, small signal
transistors Q2 and Q4 are activated to discharge the gate
charge within 50 ns.
When the driver is in boost mode driving multiple LEDs,
maximum power (20 watts) is delivered through diodes D1
and D2. Under these conditions D2 also has a high reverse
voltage across it. In order to process 20 watts on a 1.5 in. x
2in. demo board, MBRD340 was selected for D2.
ILED
RS
RCM + RREF
IFB
RCM
+
-
IREF
IREF
Figure 8. High Side Sensing Scheme
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AND8306/D
ISENSP
ISENSN
Q1
VIN
TP1
L1
R5
TP2
LED+
R3
D5
R2
D3
Q2
D1
D2
Q3
D7
+ C1
C3
C6
U1
1
R1
CLK
2
3
4
C2
NC
SWC
SWE
ISENS
CT
VCC
GND CMPINV
RTN
8
Q4
7
R4
6
R7
5
LED-
C4
R6
I_CNTRL
Figure 9. Schematic of Power Stage
I_SENSP
R11
I_CNTRL
U2A
R8
R10
+
-
I_SENSN
R12
R13
C5
R14
VIN
Q5A
R9
Q5B
U3
R15
R16
Figure 11. Buck Mode from 12 Vin to 8 Vout
Figure 10. High Side Current Sensing Control Circuit
Note the parallel combination of R10 and R11 sets the
VREF for 700 mA operation. If the converter is required to
regulate at a 1 A constant current, R11 is removed.
Converter Waveforms
The voltage waveforms at both the input (upper trace) and
output (lower trace) of the inductor L1 were measured while
the difference waveform (middle trace) gives the voltage
across the inductor. Figure 11 shows the converter operating
in buck mode, while Figure 12 illustrates boost operation.
The waveform shapes in Figures 11 and 12 are caused by
the gate turn off delay associated with switch Q1. (Refer to
application note AND8305/D for details.)
Figure 12. Boost Mode from 12 Vin to 16 Vout
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AND8306/D
Demo Board
The top side component layout of the NCP3063 buck boost demo board is shown in Figure 13.
Figure 13. Top Side Component Layout
The bottom side copper layout is shown in Figure 14. Note
that the copper pours mounting the power components Q1,
Q2, D1, D2 and L1 have been maximized within the 1.5in.
x 2in. footprint of the board. Also additional heat sinking for
D1 and D2 has been created using bottom side copper
islands and thermal vias.
Figure 14. Bottom Side Copper
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AND8306/D
Test Data
A 12 V source is connected between VIN (positive) and
RTN (negative) and the LED string, consisting of 3 to 6,
700mA rated devices are connected across LED+ and
LED-.
Efficiency data, measured over an extended overlapping
input and output voltage range, is shown in Figure 15.
1A Buck-Boost LED Driver Efficiency over Line and Load (8-20 W)
90
88
EFFICIENCY (%)
86
Vin = 12 V
84
Vin = 10 V
Vin = 8 V
82
80
Vin = 18 V
78
Vin = 16 V
Vin = 14 V
76
74
8
10
12
14
Vout (V)
16
18
Figure 15. Efficiency Data Over Extended Input and Output Voltage Range
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AND8306/D
The BOM for the NCP3063 buck_boost demo board is given in Table 2. Generic resistors and capacitors are referenced by
Digi-Key part numbers.
Table 2. BOM for NCP3063 1 A Buck_boost LED Driver
Designator
Quantity
Manufacturer
Manufacturer Part Number
U1
1
ON Semiconductor
NCP3063DR2G
U2
1
ON Semiconductor
NCV2904DMR2G
U3
1
ON Semiconductor
TLV431ASN1T1G
Q1
1
ON Semiconductor
NTMS5P02
Q2
1
ON Semiconductor
MMBT3904LT1G
Q4
1
ON Semiconductor
MMBT2907ALT1G
Q3
1
ON Semiconductor
NTMS4705NR2G
Q5
1
ON Semiconductor
MBT3904DW1T1G
D1
1
ON Semiconductor
MMSZ4686T1G0SCT-ND
D2/D7
1
ON Semiconductor
MMSD914T1G
D4/D6
1
ON Semiconductor
MBRD340T4G
C1
1
330 mF/16 V
493-1042-ND
C2
1
3900 pF/50 V
478-1222-2-ND
C3
2
10 mF/25 V
490-3373-2-ND
C4
1
1 mF/25 V
587-1248-2-ND
C5
1
0.22 mF/50 V
490-1569-2-ND
C6
1
47 mF/25 V
P834-ND
R1
0
Do not insert
NA
R3
1
IRC
LRC-LR1206-01-R200-F
R4
1
3.32 k/0603
P3.32KHTR-ND
R5
1
IRC
LRC-LR1206-01-R050-F
R2/R6/R15/R16
4
1.21 k/0603
P1.21KHTR-ND
R7
1
24.3 k/0603
P24.3KHTR-ND
R8
1
2.00 k/0603
P2.00KHTR-ND
R9/R13/R14
3
4.75 k/0603
P4.75KHTR-ND
R10
1
4.42 k/0603
P4.42KHTR-ND
R11
0
324 k/0603
P324KHTR-ND
R12
1
4.22 k/0603
P4.22KHTR-ND
L1
1
TDK
SLF12575T-680M2R0-PF
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