TION KIT EVALUA BLE A IL A V A 19-4935; Rev 0; 9/09 High-Efficiency PWM LED Driver with Boost Converter and Five Constant-Current GPIO Ports The MAX6948B general-purpose input/output (GPIO) peripheral drives a series string of white LEDs (WLEDs), and contains up to five general-purpose input/output (GPIO) ports to drive additional LEDs. The integrated 2MHz boost converter minimizes the size and cost of external components and supplies 30mA of load current at up to 28V. The converter is stable under all load conditions from 5V up to 28V and includes open-circuit detection to prevent damage to the IC. An I2C-programmable 10-bit pulse-width modulation (PWM) signal enables 1024 levels of WLED intensity. The five GPIO ports function as logic inputs, opendrain logic outputs, or constant-current sinks in any combination. Ports withstand 5.5V independent of the MAX6948B’s supply voltage. Two of the ports drive additional LEDs up to 30mA/port, while the other three ports drive LEDs at up to 10mA/port. The MAX6948B features shutdown and standby modes for low-power dissipation. The constant-current drivers contain programmable PWM outputs and allow staggering to reduce the input peak-current requirements. The I/O ports also feature ramp-up and ramp-down controls. The MAX6948B features a single input to select from four I2C slave addresses. Programming and functionality for the five GPIO ports is identical to the MAX6946/MAX6947 I/O expanders. The MAX6948B is available in a 25-bump (2.31mm x 2.31mm) WLP package for cell phones, PDAs, and other portable consumer electronic applications. The MAX6948B operates over the -40NC to +105NC temperature range. Features S 28V Step-Up DC-DC Converter with Integrated nMOS Power Switch S Built-In 10-Bit PWM Control for Improved Efficiency S No Discharge Path During PWM Off Period for Increased Battery Life S Fixed 2MHz Switching for Smaller Components Drives up to 6 Series WLEDs S ±8kV Human Body Model (HBM) ESD Protection for GPIOs and Boost-Converter Output S Five Open-Drain GPIOs Capable of ConstantCurrent LED Drive with Individual 8-Bit PWM Intensity Control S 2.7V to 5V Power-Supply Operation S 400kbps, 5.5V Tolerant I2C Interface S Four I2C Slave Address Choices S RST Input Clears Serial Interface and Exits Shutdown (Reset-Run Option) S Small (2.31mm x 2.31mm) WLP Package Ordering Information PART TEMP RANGE MAX6948BGWA+ PIN-PACKAGE 25 WLP -40NC to +105NC +Denotes a lead(Pb)-free/RoHS-compliant package. Typical Operating Circuit 2.7V TO 5.0V 10µH 2.2FF 0.22FF Applications LX OUT V+ PGND MAX6948B FB SCL LED Backlighting for LCDs Cell Phones PDAs SDA LEDSW RST P0 VDD P1 RB VEXT Handheld Games Portable Consumer Electronics 1.7V TO V+ 0.1FF P2 B COMP 47nF P3 AD0 GND P4 G R NOTE: RB = 0.2V/ILED = 0.2V/0.03A = 6.7I. ________________________________________________________________ Maxim Integrated Products 1 For pricing, delivery, and ordering information, please contact Maxim Direct at 1-888-629-4642, or visit Maxim’s website at www.maxim-ic.com. MAX6948B General Description MAX6948B High-Efficiency PWM LED Driver with Boost Converter and Five Constant-Current GPIO Ports ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS V+ to GND................................................................-0.3V to +6V VDD, COMP to GND.....................................-0.3V to (V+ + 0.3V) PGND to GND.......................................................-0.3V to +0.3V LX to PGND (Note 1)..............................................-0.3V to +30V Current into LX (Note 1)....................................................700mA OUT, LEDSW to PGND (Note 1)............................-0.3V to +30V P0–P4 to GND..........................................................-0.3V to +6V RST, SDA, SCL, AD0 to GND................... -0.3V to (VDD + 0.3V) FB to PGND (Note 1).............................................-0.3V to +0.3V I.C. to GND............................................................-0.3V to +0.3V DC Current on P0–P4..........................................................50mA DC Current on SDA.............................................................10mA Total GND Current.............................................................150mA Total PGND Current..........................................................150mA Continuous Power Dissipation (TA = +70NC) 25-Bump WLP (derate 10.8mW/NC above +70NC).......866mW Junction-to-Ambient Thermal Resistance (BJA) (Note 2) 25-Bump WLP...............................................................93NC/W Operating Temperature Range (TMIN to TMAX)............................................... -40NC to +105NC Junction Temperature......................................................+150NC Storage Temperature Range............................. -65NC to +150NC ESD Protection Human Body Model (RD = 1.5kI, CS = 100pF) P0–P4, OUT, LEDSW, FB to GND.................................Q8kV All Other Pins.................................................................Q2kV Lead Temperature (soldering, 10s) 25-Bump WLP.............................................................. (Note 3) Note 1: LX, FB, LEDSW pins have an internal clamp diode to PGND. Applications that forward bias these diodes should take care not to exceed the power dissipation limits of the device. Note 2: Package thermal resistances were obtained using the method described in JEDEC specification JESD51-7, using a single-layer board. For detailed information on package thermal considerations, refer to www.maxim-ic.com/thermaltutorial. Note 3: Refer to the Pb-free solder reflow requirement in J-STD -020, Rev D.1. Stresses beyond those listed under “Absolute Maximum Ratings” may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings only, and functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated in the operational sections of the specifications is not implied. Exposure to absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability. ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (Typical Application Circuit, V+ = 2.7V to 5.0V, VDD = 1.7V to V+, TA = TMIN to TMAX, unless otherwise noted. Typical values are at V+ = 3.3V, VDD = 2.5V, TA = +25NC.) (Note 4) PARAMETER MIN TYP MAX UNITS V+ 2.7 3.3 5.0 V Operating Supply Voltage (VDD) VDD 1.7 2.5 V+ V Output Load External Supply Voltage VOUT Boost-converter output 28 V VEXT Operating Supply Voltage (V+) Port External Supply Voltage SYMBOL CONDITIONS P0–P4 at high impedance 5.5 V Port Voltage (P0, P4) VPORT Constant-current on V+ V Power-On-Reset Voltage VPOR Voltage rising ISTBY Standby mode, boost converter off, RST = VDD, all digital inputs at VDD or GND Standby Current Standby Current in Reset (Interface Active) 2 IRST Standby mode, RST = GND, fSCL = 400kHz, all other digital inputs at VDD or GND 1.7 TA = +25NC 1.5 V 4 FA TA = TMIN to TMAX TA = +25NC 6 1.6 4 FA TA = TMIN to TMAX 6 High-Efficiency PWM LED Driver with Boost Converter and Five Constant-Current GPIO Ports (Typical Application Circuit, V+ = 2.7V to 5.0V, VDD = 1.7V to V+, TA = TMIN to TMAX, unless otherwise noted. Typical values are at V+ = 3.3V, VDD = 2.5V, TA = +25NC.) (Note 4) PARAMETER Change in Supply Current per 30mA Port Change in Supply Current per 10mA Port SYMBOL DIDD30 DIDD10 CONDITIONS One port set to 30mA constant current; all other ports are digital inputs at VDD or GND One port set to 5mA constant current half-current setting; all other ports are digital inputs at VDD or GND MIN TA = +25NC TYP MAX 3 6.2 UNITS mA TA = TMIN to TMAX 7 TA = +25NC 1.3 1.7 mA TA = TMIN to TMAX 2 GPIO PORTS (P0–P4) Input High Voltage VIH1 Port I/O register value set to 0x01 Input Low Voltage VIL1 Port I/O register value set to 0x01 Input Leakage Current (0.7 x VDD) IIN ±0.03 Input Capacitance 30mA Port Sink Constant Current (P0, P1) 10mA Port Sink Constant Current (P2, P3, P4) Logic Output Low Voltage 30mA Port Sink Constant-Current Matching (P0, P1) 10mA Port Sink Constant-Current Matching (P2, P3, P4) Constant-Current Slew Time V (0.3 x VDD) V Q1 FA 10 IPORT30 IPORT10 VOL1 DIPORT30 DIPORT10 Port I/O register value set to 0x02, V+ = 3.3V, VEXT VLED = 0.5V to 1.5V (Note 5) 5mA half-current setting, port I/O register value set to 0x02, V+ = 3.3V, VEXT - VLED = 0.5V to 1.5V (Note 5) TA = +25NC 27 30 pF 34 mA TA = TMIN to TMAX 25 TA = +25NC 4.4 35 5 5.6 mA TA = TMIN to TMAX ISINK = 2mA, port I/O register value set to 0x00 Constant current set VPORT = 1V to 30mA, V+ = 3.3V, TA = +25NC (Note 6) VPORT = 2.75V Constant current set to 5mA half-current VPORT = 1V setting, V+ = 3.3V, TA = +25NC (Note 6) 20% current to 80% current, port I/O register value changed from 0x01 to 0x02 3.7 6.3 0.17 0.3 Q0.7 Q5 V % Q5 Q2 2 Q5 % Fs 3 MAX6948B ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued) MAX6948B High-Efficiency PWM LED Driver with Boost Converter and Five Constant-Current GPIO Ports ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued) (Typical Application Circuit, V+ = 2.7V to 5.0V, VDD = 1.7V to V+, TA = TMIN to TMAX, unless otherwise noted. Typical values are at V+ = 3.3V, VDD = 2.5V, TA = +25NC.) (Note 4) PARAMETER SYMBOL CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS BOOST CONVERTER Undervoltage Lockout Threshold VUVLO Undervoltage Lockout Threshold Hysteresis VHYS Continuous Output Current IWLED V+ rising V+ falling LX Current Limit 100% boost LED PWM, full-current setting, RB = 6.67I, IWLED = VFB/RB Run bit = 1, boost standby bit = 0, 0% boost LED PWM V+ = 3.3V, TA = +25°C LX Saturation Voltage ILX = 200mA Operating Current LX Leakage Current ILXOFF OUT Leakage Current IOUTOFF Operating Frequency fBOOST Minimum Duty Cycle 2.65 2.3 430 Quick-Start Charge Current IQS 2 mA 500 570 mA 0.1 0.25 V 8 FA 23 FA 16 Continuous conduction mode 10 Discontinuous conduction mode 0 2 VFB = 100mV MHz % % 94 100 106 190 200 210 90 100 110 Full-current setting 175 200 225 150 3.5 3.0V < V+ < 5.0V Thermal Shutdown Threshold Thermal Shutdown Threshold Hysteresis Overvoltage Threshold VOV Overvoltage Threshold VOV_HYS Hysteresis SERIAL INTERFACE (SDA, SCL, AD0, RST) Input High Voltage VIH2 Input Low Voltage VIL2 VOUT Rising VOL2 Input Capacitance CIN2 28 FA mV FA 5 ms 20 kI 2 %/V 150 NC 9 NC 29 30 4 V V 0.7 x VDD V 0.3 x VDD IIN2 Output Low Voltage SDA Q1 Full-current setting, V+ = 3.3V, TA = +25°C Half-current setting RCOMP Output Current Line Regulation FS ±0.01 Half-current setting, V+ = 3.3V, TA = +25°C From enable command STOP condition to output regulation, CCOMP = 0.047FF (Note 7) Quick-Start Time 4 mA 250 IFB VFB Input Leakage Current 30 95 Feedback Output Voltage Shutdown Discharge Resistance mV VOUT = 28V, boost converter in shutdown GM Amplifier Transconductance FB Leakage Current 30 0% boost LED PWM, VLX = 10V Maximum Duty Cycle V 0.03 ISINK = 6mA FA 0.3 10 V V pF High-Efficiency PWM LED Driver with Boost Converter and Five Constant-Current GPIO Ports (Typical Application Circuit, V+ = 2.7V to 5.0V, VDD = 1.7V to V+, TA = TMIN to TMAX, unless otherwise noted. Typical values are at V+ = 3.3V, VDD = 2.5V, TA = +25NC.) (Note 4) PARAMETER Internal Boost-Converter PWM Clock Frequency Internal GPIO PWM Clock Frequency SYMBOL CONDITIONS fINT_ BOOST fINT_GPIO MIN TYP MAX UNITS 98 125 145 kHz 24 31.25 38 kHz 400 kHz SCL Serial-Clock Frequency fSCL Bus Free Time Between a STOP and START Condition tBUF 1.3 Fs Hold Time (Repeated) START Condition tHD, STA 0.6 Fs Repeated START Condition Setup Time tSU, STA 0.6 Fs STOP Condition Setup Time tSU, STO Data Hold Time tHD, DAT Data Setup Time tSU, DAT 180 ns SCL Clock Low Period tLOW 1.3 Fs SCL Clock High Period tHIGH 0.7 Rise Time of Both SDA and SCL Signals, Receiving tR Fall Time of Both SDA and SCL Signals, Receiving Fall Time of SDA Transmitting Pulse Width of Spike Suppressed Serial Bus Timeout 0.6 Fs (Note 8) 0.9 Fs Fs (Notes 7, 9) 20 + 0.1Cb 300 ns tF (Notes 7, 9) 20 + 0.1Cb 300 ns tF, TX (Notes 7, 9) 20 + 0.1Cb 250 ns tSP (Notes 7, 10) 50 tOUT Capacitive Load for Each Bus Line Cb RST Pulse Width tW 20 (Note 7) 1 30 ns 50 ms 400 pF Fs Note 4: All parameters are tested at TA = +25NC. Specifications over temperature are guaranteed by design. Note 5: The DIPORT_ specifies current matching between ports of a single part. Note 6: Current matching is defined as the percent error of any individual port from the average current of the maximum value measured and the minimum value measured. It can be found using the equation DIPORT_ = 100 x (IMMAVG - IMEAS)/ IMMAVG where IMMAVG = (IMEASMAX + IMEASMIN)/2. Note 7: Guaranteed by design. Note 8: A master device must provide a hold time of at least 300ns for the SDA signal (referred to VIL of the SCL signal) to bridge the undefined region of SCL’s falling edge. Note 9: ISINK P 6mA. Cb = total capacitance of one bus line in pF. tR and tF are measured between 0.3 x VDD and 0.7 x VDD. Note 10: Input filters on the SDA, SCL, and AD0 inputs suppress noise spikes less than 50ns. 5 MAX6948B TIMING CHARACTERISTICS Typical Operating Characteristics (V+ = 3.3V, VDD = 2.5V, TA = +25NC, unless otherwise noted.) EFFICIENCY vs. V+ FULL-CURRENT 3 LEDs EFFICIENCY (%) 85 80 SWITCHING WAVEFORMS MAX6948B toc01 90 FULL-CURRENT 7 LEDs SOFT-START V+, VOUT (10/1024) MAX6948B toc02 MAX6948B toc03 500mV/div V+ 500mV/div V+ 5V/div VOUT FULL-CURRENT 5 LEDs 75 HALF-CURRENT 3 LEDs 70 HALF-CURRENT 7 LEDs 65 5V/div VOUT 10V/div LX HALF-CURRENT 5 LEDs GND 60 2.70 3.21 3.72 4.23 4.74 5.25 V+ (V) SOFT-START V+, VOUT (512/1024) SOFT-START V+, VOUT (1024/1024) MAX6948B toc04 SHUTDOWN RESPONSE (V+, VOUT) MAX6948B toc05 500mV/div V+ 500mV/div V+ 5V/div VOUT 5V/div VOUT MAX6948B toc06 500mV/div V+ 5V/div VOUT GND STANDBY CURRENT IRST vs. V+ 25 STANDBY CURRENT (µA) FULL-CURRENT 6 LEDs 15 +25NC 2 +85NC -40NC 1 HALF-CURRENT 6 LEDs 0 3.16 3.62 4.08 V+ (V) 6 4.54 5.6 5.5 5.4 +25NC, +85NC, +105NC 5.3 5 2.70 -40NC 5.7 MAX6948B toc09 +105NC 3 STANDBY CURRENT ISTBY vs. V+ 5.8 MAX6948B toc08 MAX6948B toc07 4 STANDBY CURRENT (mA) IWLED 30mA OUTPUT CURRENT vs. V+ 35 IWLED (mA) MAX6948B High-Efficiency PWM LED Driver with Boost Converter and Five Constant-Current GPIO Ports 5.00 2.70 3.16 3.62 4.08 V+ (V) 4.54 5.00 5.2 2.70 3.16 3.62 4.08 V+ (V) 4.54 5.00 High-Efficiency PWM LED Driver with Boost Converter and Five Constant-Current GPIO Ports 5.6 5.5 7.0 6.2 6.1 6.0 5.9 3.16 3.62 4.08 4.54 5.00 6.7 6.6 6.5 6.3 6.2 5.7 2.70 6.8 6.4 5.8 5.4 6.9 2.70 3.16 3.62 4.08 4.54 2.70 5.00 3.16 3.62 4.08 4.54 V+ (V) V+ (V) V+ (V) DELTA SUPPLY CURRENT P0 vs. V+ (DIFFERENCE IN CURRENT FROM PORT OFF TO ON) DELTA SUPPLY CURRENT P2 vs. V+ (DIFFERENCE IN CURRENT FROM PORT OFF TO ON) OUTPUT SINKING CURRENT vs. VPORT 5.60 5.55 5.50 5.45 +25NC, +85NC, +105NC 5.40 5.35 5.70 5.65 -40NC 5.60 5.55 5.50 5.45 +25NC, +85NC, +105NC 5.40 40 OUTPUT SINKING CURRENT (mA) -40NC MAX6948B toc14 MAX6948B toc13 5.65 DELTA SUPPLY CURRENT P2 (mA) 5.70 V+ = 5V FULL-CURRENT PO 30 20 5.00 MAX6948B toc15 5.7 6.3 TA = -40NC, +25NC, +85NC, +105NC 7.1 SUPPLY CURRENT (mA) 5.8 TA = -40NC, +25NC, +85NC, +105NC 6.4 SUPPLY CURRENT (mA) 5.9 7.2 MAX6948B toc11 TA = -40NC, +25NC, +85NC, +105NC HALF-CURRENT PO FULL-CURRENT P2 10 HALF-CURRENT P2 5.35 5.30 5.30 3.16 3.62 4.08 4.54 5.00 2.70 3.16 V+ (V) 3.62 4.08 4.54 5.00 0 0 V+ (V) 1 2 3 4 5 VPORT (V) OUTPUT SINKING CURRENT vs. VPORT STAGGER PWM PORT WAVEFORMS vs. TIME ALL (50% PWM) MAX6948B toc17 40 OUTPUT SINKING CURRENT (mA) 2.70 V+ = 5V FULL-CURRENT PO 30 MAX6948B toc16 SUPPLY CURRENT (mA) 6.5 MAX6948B toc10 6.0 DELTA SUPPLY CURRENT P0 (mA) SUPPLY CURRENT vs. V+ (BOOST ON, 10% PWM, FULL CURRENT AND HALF CURRENT) SUPPLY CURRENT vs. V+ (BOOST ON, 50% PWM, FULL CURRENT AND HALF CURRENT) MAX6948B toc12 SUPPLY CURRENT vs. V+ (BOOST ON, 10% PWM, FULL CURRENT AND HALF CURRENT) P0 P2 P3 20 P1 HALF-CURRENT PO P4 FULL-CURRENT P2 10 BOOST HALF-CURRENT P2 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1ms/div VPORT (V) 7 MAX6948B Typical Operating Characteristics (continued) (V+ = 3.3V, VDD = 2.5V, TA = +25NC, unless otherwise noted.) MAX6948B High-Efficiency PWM LED Driver with Boost Converter and Five Constant-Current GPIO Ports Pin Configuration TOP VIEW (BUMP IN BOTTOM) P0 RST MAX6948B SCL SDA V+ A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 P1 VDD AD0 V+ V+ B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 P2 GND N.C. I.C. COMP C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 P3 GND FB PGND PGND D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 P4 OUT LEDSW LX LX E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 WLP (2.31mm x 2.31mm) Pin Description PIN 8 NAME FUNCTION A1 P0 A2 Active-Low Reset Input A3 RST SCL GPIO Port. Open-drain I/O. P0 can be configured as a 30mA (max) constant sink current output. A4 SDA I2C-Compatible, Serial-Data I/O A5, B4, B5 V+ Boost-Converter Supply Voltage and Positive Supply Voltage. Bypass V+ to GND with a 2.2FF or higher value ceramic capacitor. B1 P1 GPIO Port. Open-drain I/O. P1 can be configured as a 30mA (max) constant sink current output. B2 VDD I2C Logic Supply Voltage. Bypass VDD to GND with a 0.1FF or higher value ceramic capacitor. Address Input. AD0 selects up to four device slave addresses (Table 13). I2C-Compatible, Serial-Clock Input B3 AD0 C1 P2 C2, D2 GND Ground. Connect to PGND. C3 N.C. No Connection. Internally not connected. C4 I.C. Internally Connected. Connect I.C. to GND for normal operation. C5 COMP D1 P3 GPIO Port. Open-drain I/O. P3 can be configured as a 10mA maximum constant sink current output. D3 FB Load Current-Sense Voltage Feedback for the Boost Converter. A resistor between FB and PGND sets the maximum load current. D4, D5 PGND E1 P4 E2 OUT E3 LEDSW E4, E5 LX GPIO Port. Open-drain I/O. P2 can be configured as a 10mA (max) constant sink current output. Compensation Terminal for the Boost Converter. A capacitor from COMP to PGND determines the boost-converter stability. Power Ground. Connect PGND to GND. GPIO Port. Open-drain I/O. P4 can be configured as a 10mA (max) constant sink current output. Output Voltage Sense Input for Boost Converter High-Voltage, Constant-Current Input. Connect LEDSW to the cathode-end of the WLED string. Inductor Switch Node High-Efficiency PWM LED Driver with Boost Converter and Five Constant-Current GPIO Ports LX LX PWM AND GATE DRIVE MAX6948B n-CHANNEL MOSFET PGND PGND V+ OUT COMP THERMAL SHUTDOWN UVLO LEDSW n-CHANNEL MOSFET OVP VDD RST FB POR 125kHz, 31.25kHz OSCILLATOR BANDGAP REFERENCE CURRENT DAC P0 LED ENABLE SDA SCL ADO I2C INTERFACE CONTROL REGISTERS Detailed Description The MAX6948B general-purpose input/output (GPIO) peripheral with integrated boost converter provides a boost converter capable of driving 6 WLEDs and five I/O ports capable of driving LEDs powered from an alternate power supply such as the Li+ battery. The integrated 2MHz boost converter minimizes the size and cost of external components and supplies 30mA of load current at up to 28V. The feedback input to the error amplifier has a typical set point of 0.1V to minimize power dissipation. External compensation keeps the converter stable under all load conditions from 5V up to 28V. The MAX6948B includes overvoltage and open-circuit detection to prevent damage to the IC. An I2C-programmable 10-bit PWM signal enables 1024 levels of WLED intensity. During PWM off-time, the internal switch at the LEDSW pin disconnects the series WLEDs. This limits the PWM off-time leakage current to a minimum, limited only by the PWM switch internal to the MAX6948B. Consequently, the boost output voltage PWM AND GPIO LOGIC GPIO ENABLE GPIO INPUT PORT GPIO AND CONSTANTCURRENT LED DRIVE P1 P2 P3 P4 remains almost constant during PWM on-/off-time periods. This new approach provides advantages of minimal WLED color change for sharp WLED on and off, and more power efficiency due to minimal leakage. The five GPIO ports function as logic inputs, opendrain logic outputs, or constant-current sinks in any combination. Ports withstand 5.5V independent of the MAX6948B’s supply voltage. Two of the ports drive additional LEDs up to 30mA, while the other three ports drive LEDs at up to 10mA/port. The MAX6948B features shutdown and standby modes for low-power dissipation. The constant-current drivers contain programmable PWM outputs and allow staggering to reduce the input peak current requirements. The I/O ports also feature ramp-up and ramp-down controls. The MAX6948B features a single input to select from four I2C slave addresses. Programming and functionality for the five GPIO ports is identical to the MAX6946/MAX6947 I/O expanders. 9 MAX6948B Functional Block Diagram MAX6948B High-Efficiency PWM LED Driver with Boost Converter and Five Constant-Current GPIO Ports Register Description Register 0x20 and 0x21 set the PWM duty cycle for the integrated boost converter. Register 0x22 conveys the boost-converter status. The MAX6948B contains 25 internal registers (Table 1). Registers 0x00 to 0x15 control ports P0–P4 and remain compatible with the MAX6946/MAX6947 port expanders. Table 1. Register Address Map and Autoincrement Address ADDRESS CODE (hex) AUTO-INCREMENT ADDRESS (hex) READ/ WRITE REGISTER FUNCTION 0x00 0x01 R/W P0 Port P0 I/O control and PWM settings 0x01 0x02 R/W P1 Port P1 I/O control and PWM settings 0x02 0x03 R/W P2 Port P2 I/O control and PWM settings 0x03 0x04 R/W P3 Port P3 I/O control and PWM settings 0x04 0x10 R/W P4 Port P4 I/O control and PWM settings 0x05 — — Reserved — 0x06 — — Reserved — 0x07 — — Reserved — 0x08 — — Reserved — 0x09 — — Reserved — 0x0A 0x10 R/W Group control (P0–P4) Write: Simultaneously sets I/O and PWM settings for ports P0–P4 Read: Reads contents of address 0x00 0x0B 0x10 R/W Group control (P0, P1) Write: Simultaneously sets I/O and PWM settings for ports P0, P1 Read: Reads contents of address 0x00 0x0C 0x10 R/W Group control (P2, P3, P4) Write: Simultaneously sets I/O and PWM settings for ports P2, P3, P4 Read: Reads contents of address 0x00 10 DESCRIPTION 0x0D 0x10 — Reserved — 0x0E 0x0E Read only Port input Reads GPIO input values 0x0F — — Reserved — 0x10 0x11 R/W Configuration Half-/full-boost current, reset options, PWM stagger, start/stop status, reset run, shutdown setting 0x11 0x12 R/W Ramp-down Port ramp-down and hold-off settings 0x12 0x13 R/W Ramp-up 0x13 0x14 R/W Output current Port ramp-up setting Port half-/full-current settings 0x14 — — Reserved 0x15 0x10 R/W Global current Boost circuit LED PWM setting (MSB) Boost circuit LED PWM setting (LSB) 0x20 0x21 R/W Boost PWM (MSB) 0x21 — R/W Boost PWM (LSB) 0x22 — R/W Boost status — Port maximum current setting Boost circuit status and standby setting High-Efficiency PWM LED Driver with Boost Converter and Five Constant-Current GPIO Ports On power-up, all control registers are set to powerup values and the MAX6948B is in shutdown mode (Table 3). Table 2. Configuration Register Format (0x10) REGISTER BIT DESCRIPTION D7 Half-/full-boost current D6 Reset/POR option D5 PWM stagger D4 Hold-off status D3 Ramp-down (fade-off) status D2 Ramp-up status D1 Reset-run enable D0 Run VALUE FUNCTION DEFAULT VALUE 1 Half-boost current set by RFB 0 Full-boost current set by RFB RST does not change register data 0 1 0 RST resets registers to POR values PWM outputs are in phase 1 PWM outputs are staggered 0 Device is not in hold-off 1 Device is in hold-off 0 Device is not in fade-off 1 Device is in fade-off 0 Device is not in ramp-up 1 Device is in ramp-up 0 Reset run disabled 1 Reset run enabled 0 Shutdown mode 1 Run mode 1 0 0 Read only Read only Read only 0 0 Table 3. Power-On Reset (POR) Values ADDRESS CODE (hex) READ/ WRITE POWER-UP VALUE (hex) REGISTER FUNCTION 0x00 R/W 0xFF P0 Port P0 high impedance 0x01 R/W 0xFF P1 Port P1 high impedance 0x02 R/W 0xFF P2 Port P2 high impedance 0x03 R/W 0xFF P3 Port P3 high impedance 0x04 R/W 0xFF P4 Port P4 high impedance 0x10 R/W 0x00 Configuration Shutdown mode (reset run disabled) 0x11 R/W 0x00 Ramp-down Port ramp-down and hold-off disabled 0x12 R/W 0x00 Ramp-up 0x13 R/W 0x03 Output current P0, P1 at full current; P2, P3, P4 at half current 0x15 R/W 0x07 Global current Maximum output current 0x20 R/W 0x00 Boost PWM (MSB) Zero PWM duty cycle 0x21 R/W 0x00 Boost PWM (LSB) Zero PWM duty cycle 0x22 R/W 0x01 Boost status POR DESCRIPTION Port ramp-up disabled Boost circuit in standby mode 11 MAX6948B Initial Power-Up Configuration Register Format (0x10) Use the configuration register to select PWM phasing between outputs, monitor fade status, enable hardware startup from shutdown, and select shutdown or run mode (Table 2). MAX6948B High-Efficiency PWM LED Driver with Boost Converter and Five Constant-Current GPIO Ports Boost Converter Boost-Converter Output PWM The MAX6948B boost converter has 10-bit PWM operation using an internal 125kHz clock. This yields a PWM period of 1024/125k = 8.192ms. PWM operation allows the user to adjust the LED intensity and lower the average current by enabling and disabling the boost converter at a selectable rate. This rate is set using the boost-converter output PWM registers (Tables 4, 5). The duty cycle ranges from 0/1024 (no intensity or off) to 1023/1024 (full intensity). Eight of the 10 bits, which include the MSB, are in a single register (0x20) to allow a single I2C write to set the majority of the intensity level and minimize visible flicker during intensity changes. The LSB register (0x21) allows for very fine adjustments in LED intensity. Boost-Converter Status Register The MAX6948B checks the boost converter and indicates its status in the boost-converter status register (Table 6). Faults indicated in this register include thermal shutdown, overvoltage, and current limit. The boost converter goes into standby mode whenever the boost standby bit (D0) = 1. Table 4. Boost-Converter Output PWM (MSB) Register Format (0x20) REGISTER BIT DESCRIPTION VALUE D7 Bit 9 — Boost-converter output PWM bit 9 (MSB) FUNCTION DEFAULT VALUE 0 D6 Bit 8 — Boost-converter output PWM bit 8 0 D5 Bit 7 — Boost-converter output PWM bit 7 0 D4 Bit 6 — Boost-converter output PWM bit 6 0 D3 Bit 5 — Boost-converter output PWM bit 5 0 D2 Bit 4 — Boost-converter output PWM bit 4 0 D1 Bit 3 — Boost-converter output PWM bit 3 0 D0 Bit 2 — Boost-converter output PWM bit 2 0 X = Don’t care. Table 5. Boost-Converter Output PWM (LSB) Register Format (0x21) REGISTER BIT DESCRIPTION VALUE D7–D2 Reserved 000000 FUNCTION D1 Bit 1 — Boost-converter output PWM bit 1 0 D0 Bit 0 — Boost-converter output PWM bit 0 (LSB) 0 — DEFAULT VALUE 000000 Table 6. Boost-Converter Status Register Format (0x22) REGISTER BIT DESCRIPTION VALUE D7, D6, D5 Reserved 000 12 D4 Schottky open D3 Current limit D2 Thermal shutdown D1 Overvoltage D0 Boost standby FUNCTION — 0 Schottky diode present 1 Schottky diode open 0 Normal output current 1 Converter output current exceeded the current limit 0 Normal operation 1 Device temperature has exceeded thermal shutdown threshold 0 Normal operation 1 VOUT exceeded overvoltage limit 0 Boost converter operating according to PWM register and configuration register 1 Boost converter in standby mode DEFAULT VALUE 000 Read only Read only Read only Read only 1 High-Efficiency PWM LED Driver with Boost Converter and Five Constant-Current GPIO Ports Undervoltage Lockout (UVLO) Undervoltage lockout (UVLO) disables the boost converter when V+ is below 2.4V (max). This resets bit D0 of the configuration register and puts the part into shutdown mode (0x10). Quick Start The MAX6948B quick starts by charging CCOMP with a current source. During this time, the internal MOSFET is switching at the minimum duty cycle. Once VCOMP rises above 0.2V, the duty cycle increases until the output voltage reaches the desired regulation level. In shutdown mode, COMP is pulled to GND with a 20kI internal resistor. Overvoltage Protection If the voltage on the output terminal rises above 28.5V (min), the converter is put into standby mode. This protects the converter from excessive voltage in the event of an open-circuit condition. To detect if the boost converter has exceeded the overvoltage limit, read bit D1 of the boost-converter status register (0x22). Once the output voltage has dropped 4V below the overvoltage threshold, the read-only bit (D1) goes to zero. The boost converter leaves standby mode and normal operation resumes. Reading the register causes the bit to reset. If the fault is still active, the bit will be set again. Thermal Shutdown Thermal shutdown limits total power dissipation in the MAX6948B. When the junction temperature exceeds 151NC (typ), the boost converter and ports P0–P4 turn off, allowing the part to cool. The thermal shutdown bit (D2) of the boost configuration and status register (0x22) is set high. Bit D0 of the boost-converter status register (0x22) = 1, bit D0 of the configuration register (0x10) = 0 (reset), and the device is in shutdown mode. The MAX6948B turns on and begins to quick-start after the junction temperature cools by 10NC. Reading this register causes the bit to reset. If the fault is still active, the bit will be set again. Current Limit The MAX6948B current-limit function monitors the inductor current when the internal switch on the LX node is on. The device compares the inductor current to a fixed threshold. When the current exceeds the threshold, bit D3 of the boost-converter status register asserts and the switch shuts off for that cycle. Reading this register causes the bit to reset. If the fault is still active, the bit will be set again. Boost-Converter Current Settings The boost current, through the serial output LEDs, can be set to half or full scale by setting the FB pin voltage. The FB voltage is set through bit D7 of the configuration register (0x10) (Table 2). The FB voltage settings are 100mV or 200mV for half- or full-current mode operation, respectively. 13 MAX6948B Boost-Converter Shutdown/Standby Modes The boost converter shuts down when D0 of the configuration register (0x10) = 0, or when D0 of the boostconverter status register (0x22) = 1. If both the boost PWM output registers’ (0x20, 0x21) values are zero, the boost converter remains in a low-current state (standby). I/O Ports (P0–P4) Phasing section). Use registers 0x0A, 0x0B, and 0x0C to assign the same port setting to multiple ports (Table 1). When powered off, the I/O ports remain in high impedance. The MAX6948B contains five I/O ports (P0–P4). Configure the five I/O ports as logic inputs, open-drain logic outputs, or constant-current sinks in any combination. Table 7 provides a detailed description of the individual port configuration registers. Use registers 0x00 to 0x04 to individually assign each port (see the PWM Intensity Control and Figure 1 shows the I/O port structure of the MAX6948B. I/O ports P0–P4 default to high impedance on power-up, to prevent connected ports from drawing current. Ports used as inputs do not load their source signals. Table 7. Port Registers Format (0x00 to 0x04, 0x0A, 0x0B, and 0x0C) REGISTER DATA REGISTER DESCRIPTION D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 Port is logic-low. Port is still active in shutdown mode. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Port is logic-high. Set this mode when using GPIO as an input. Port is still active when in shutdown mode. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Port is a static constant-current sink. Port is high impedance when in shutdown mode. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Port is a constant-current sink with a 3/256 duty cycle. Port is high impedance when in shutdown mode. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 Port is a constant-current sink with a 4/256 duty cycle. Port is high impedance when in shutdown mode. 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Port is a constant-current sink with a 5/256 duty cycle. Port is high impedance when in shutdown mode. 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 Port is a constant-current sink with a 254/256 duty cycle. Port is high impedance when in shutdown mode. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 Power-up default setting (port is high impedance) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 U U U I/O PORT A POSITION A: 0x00 TO 0x01 B POSITION B: 0x02 TO 0xFF CLOSE SWITCH: 0x02 TO 0xFE 8-BIT LATCH OUTPUT PORT REGISTER TO/FROM SERIAL INTERFACE 1-BIT LATCH OUTPUT-CURRENT REGISTER PWM GENERATOR ENABLE SET CURRENT MSB 4-BIT DAC 3-BIT LATCH GLOBAL-CURRENT REGISTER READ I/O PORT COMMAND Figure 1. Simplified Schematic of I/O Ports 14 ENABLE = 0x00 MAX6948B High-Efficiency PWM LED Driver with Boost Converter and Five Constant-Current GPIO Ports n-CHANNEL MOSFET High-Efficiency PWM LED Driver with Boost Converter and Five Constant-Current GPIO Ports (Table 9). By default, P0 and P1 start up set to full current, while P2, P3, and P4 are set to half current. Set each output current individually to best suit the maximum operating current of an LED load, or adjust as needed to double the effective intensity control range of each output. The maximum individual current selection is 15mA (half) or 30mA (full) for ports P0 and P1, and 5mA (half) or 10mA (full) for ports P2, P3, and P4. Set each output port’s individual constant-current sink to either half scale or full scale of the global current. Use the output-current registers to set the individual currents Table 8. Global-Current Register Format (0x15) REGISTER DATA REGISTER DESCRIPTION D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 RESERVED D2 D1 D0 GLOBAL CURRENT 3.75mA full-current value (P0, P1) 1.25mA full-current value (P2, P3, P4) X X X X X 0 0 0 7.5mA full-current value (P0, P1) 2.5mA full-current value (P2, P3, P4) X X X X X 0 0 1 11.25mA full-current value (P0, P1) 3.75mA full-current value (P2, P3, P4) X X X X X 0 1 0 15mA full-current value (P0, P1) 5mA full-current value (P2, P3, P4) X X X X X 0 1 1 18.75mA full-current value (P0, P1) 6.25mA full-current value (P2, P3, P4) X X X X X 1 0 0 22.5mA full-current value (P0, P1) 7.5mA full-current value (P2, P3, P4) X X X X X 1 0 1 26.25mA full-current value (P0, P1) 8.75mA full-current value (P2, P3, P4) X X X X X 1 1 0 30mA full-current value (P0, P1) 10mA full-current value (P2, P3, P4) X X X X X 1 1 1 Power-up default 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 X = Don’t care. Table 9. Output-Current Register Format (0x13) REGISTER BIT DESCRIPTION VALUE D7, D6, D5 Reserved 0 — 0 Port P4 is set to half current 1 Port P4 is set to full current 0 Port P3 is set to half current 1 Port P3 is set to full current 0 Port P2 is set to half current 1 Port P2 is set to full current 0 Port P1 is set to half current 1 Port P1 is set to full current 0 Port P0 is set to half current 1 Port P0 is set to full current D4 P4 D3 P3 D2 P2 D1 P1 D0 P0 FUNCTION DEFAULT VALUE 0 0 0 0 1 1 15 MAX6948B Ports Configured as Outputs The global-current register sets the full (maximum) constant-current sink amount for I/O ports configured as an output (Table 8). Power-up sets the global current to its maximum value. MAX6948B High-Efficiency PWM LED Driver with Boost Converter and Five Constant-Current GPIO Ports PWM Intensity Control and Phasing The MAX6948B uses an internal 31.25kHz oscillator to generate PWM timing for LED intensity control. A PWM period comprises 256 cycles of the nominal 31.25kHz PWM clock (Figure 2). Each port can have an individual PWM duty cycle between 3/256 and 254/256. See Table 7 for port register settings. Configure PWM timing by setting the stagger bit in the configuration register (Table 2), either with output staggering or without. Set PWM stagger = 0 to cause all outputs using PWM to switch at the same time using the timing shown in Figure 2. All outputs, therefore, draw load current at the exact same time for the same PWM setting. This means that if, for example, all outputs are set to 0x80 (128/256 duty cycle), the current draw would be zero (all loads off) for half the time, and full (all loads on) for the other half. Set PWM stagger = 1 to stagger the PWM timing of the five port outputs and the integrated boost-converter output, distributing the port output switching points across the PWM period (Figure 3). Staggering reduces the di/dt output-switching transient on the supply and reduces the peak/mean current requirement. Change the PWM stagger-setting bit during shutdown. Changing the stagger bit during normal operation can cause a transient flicker in any PWM-controlled LED because of the fundamental PWM timing changes. OUTPUT REGISTER VALUE 0x00 7.8125ms NOMINAL PWM PERIOD OUTPUT STATIC-LOW LOGIC DRIVE WITH INPUT BUFFER ENABLED (GPI) HIGH-Z LOW HIGH-Z 0x01 OUTPUT STATIC-HIGH LOGIC DRIVE WITH INPUT BUFFER ENABLED (GPI) 0x02 OUTPUT STATIC-LOW CONSTANT CURRENT WITH INPUT BUFFER DISABLED (STATIC LED DRIVE ON) LOW HIGH-Z LOW HIGH-Z 0x03 OUTPUT LOW 3/256 DUTY CONSTANT CURRENT WITH INPUT BUFFER DISABLED (PWM LED DRIVE) LOW HIGH-Z 0x04 0xFC 0xFD 0xFE OUTPUT LOW 4/256 DUTY CONSTANT CURRENT WITH INPUT BUFFER DISABLED (PWM LED DRIVE) OUTPUT LOW 252/256 DUTY CONSTANT CURRENT WITH INPUT BUFFER DISABLED (PWM LED DRIVE) LOW HIGH-Z LOW OUTPUT LOW 253/256 DUTY CONSTANT CURRENT WITH INPUT BUFFER DISABLED (PWM LED DRIVE) HIGH-Z LOW OUTPUT LOW 254/256 DUTY CONSTANT CURRENT WITH INPUT BUFFER DISABLED (PWM LED DRIVE) HIGH-Z LOW HIGH-Z 0xFF OUTPUT STATIC HIGH IMPEDANCE WITH INPUT BUFFER DISABLED (STATIC LED DRIVE OFF) Figure 2. Static and PWM Constant-Current Waveforms 16 LOW High-Efficiency PWM LED Driver with Boost Converter and Five Constant-Current GPIO Ports 42 84 126 168 210 NEXT PORT PWM PERIOD MAX6948B 8.192ms NOMINAL PORT PWM PERIOD NEXT PORT PWM PERIOD 256 PORT 0 OR PORTS AND BOOST IN PHASE PORT 0 OR PORTS AND BOOST IN PHASE PORT 0 OR PORTS AND BOOST IN PHASE PORT 2 STAGGERED PWM PERIOD PORT 2 STAGGERED PWM PERIOD PORT 2 STAGGERED PWM PERIOD PORT 3 STAGGERED PWM PERIOD PORT 3 STAGGERED PWM PERIOD PORT 1 STAGGERED PWM PERIOD PORT 1 STAGGERED PWM PERIOD PORT 4 STAGGERED PWM PERIOD PORT 4 STAGGERED PWM PERIOD BOOST STAGGERED PWM PERIOD BOOST STAGGERED PWM PERIOD Figure 3. Staggered Port and Boost PWM Waveform Table 10. Input Ports Register Format (0x0E, Read Only) REGISTER BIT DESCRIPTION VALUE D7, D6, D5 Reserved 0 — D4 P4 0 Port P4 is logic input low, or is not set as an input 1 Port P4 is logic input high 0 Port P3 is logic input low, or is not set as an input 1 Port P3 is logic input high 0 Port P2 is logic input low, or is not set as an input 1 Port P2 is logic input high 0 Port P1 is logic input low, or is not set as an input 1 Port P1 is logic input high 0 Port P0 is logic input low, or is not set as an input 1 Port P0 is logic input high D3 P3 D2 P2 D1 D0 P1 P0 Ports Configured as Inputs Configure a port as a logic input by writing 0x01 to the port’s output register (Table 7). Reading an input port register returns the logic levels from the I/O ports configured as a logic input (Table 10). The input port register returns logic 0 in the appropriate bit position for a port not configured as a logic input. The input ports’ registers are read only. The MAX6948B ignores writes to the input ports register. Standby Mode and Operating Current Configuring all the ports as logic inputs or outputs (all output registers set to value 0x00 or 0x01) or high impedance (output register set to value 0xFF) puts the device into standby mode. Put the MAX6948B into standby mode for lowest supply current consumption. FUNCTION Setting a port as a constant-current output increases the operating current (output register set to a value between 0x02 and 0xFE), even if a load is not applied to the port. The MAX6948B enables an internal current mirror to provide the accurate constant-current sink. Enabling the internal current mirror increases the device’s supply current. Each output contains a gated mirror, which activates only when required. In PWM mode, the current mirror turns on only for the duration of the output’s on-time. This means that the operating current varies as constant-current outputs are turned on and off through the serial interface, as well as by the PWM intensity control. 17 MAX6948B High-Efficiency PWM LED Driver with Boost Converter and Five Constant-Current GPIO Ports Shutdown Mode In shutdown mode, all ports configured as constantcurrent outputs (output register set to a value between 0x02 and 0xFE) switch off and become high impedance. Shutdown does not affect ports configured as logic inputs or outputs (output registers set to value 0x00 or 0x01) (Table 7). This means that any ports used for GPIOs are still operational in shutdown mode. Put the MAX6948B into shutdown mode by setting the run bit (D0) = 0 in the configuration register (0x10) (Table 2). Exit shutdown by setting the run bit high through the serial interface or by using the reset-run option (see the Reset-Run Option section). Configure and control the MAX6948B normally through the serial interface in shutdown mode. All registers are accessible in shutdown mode. Entering and/or exiting shutdown mode does not change any register values. Changing a port from static logic-low (0x00) or static logic-high (0x01) to a constant-current value (0x02 to 0xFE) in shutdown mode turns that output off (logic-high or high impedance) like any other constant-current outputs in shutdown. The new constant-current output starts just like any other constant-current outputs when exiting shutdown. Changing a port from a constant-current value (0x02 to 0xFE) to static logic-low (0x00) or static logic-high (0x01) in shutdown causes that output to set to the value as a GPIO output. The new GPIO output is unaffected just like any other GPIO output when exiting shutdown. Ramp-Up and Ramp-Down Controls The MAX6948B provides controls that allow the output currents to ramp down into shutdown (ramp-down) and ramp up again out of shutdown (ramp-down) (Figures 4, 5). Ramp-down comprises a programmable hold-off delay that maintains the outputs at full current for a time before the programmed ramp-down time. After the holdoff delay, the output currents ramp down. 18 The ramp-down register sets the hold-off and ramp-down times and allows disabling of hold-off and ramp-down (zero delay), if desired (Table 11). The ramp-up register sets the ramp-up time and allows disabling of ramp-up (zero delay), if desired (Table 12). The configuration register contains three status bits that identify the condition of the MAX6948B, hold-off, ramp-down, or ramp-up (Table 2). The configuration register also enables or disables ramp-up. One write command to the configuration register puts the device into shutdown (using hold-off and ramp-down settings in the ramp-down register) and one read command to the configuration register determines whether the reset run is enabled for restart, and whether the MAX6948B is currently in ramp-up or rampdown mode. Reset run needs to be used with ramp-up for it to work properly. Ramp-up and ramp-down use the PWM clock for timing. The internal oscillator always runs during a fade sequence, even if none of the ports uses PWM. The ramp-up and ramp-down circuit operates a 3-bit DAC. The DAC adjusts the internal current reference used to set the constant-current outputs in a similar manner to the global-current register (Table 8). The MAX6948B scales the master-current reference to have all output constant-current and PWM settings adjust at the same ratio with respect to each other. This means the LEDs always fade at the same rate even if with different intensity settings. The boost circuit does not use the 3-bit DAC. During ramp-down, the boost circuit remains at its programmed output until it shuts off completely at the end of the ramp-down period. The boost circuit turns on completely at the beginning of the ramp-up sequence. The maximum port output current set by the global-current register (Table 8) also sets the point during rampdown that the current starts falling, and the point during ramp-up that the current stops rising. Figure 7 shows the ramp waveforms that occur with different global-current register settings. High-Efficiency PWM LED Driver with Boost Converter and Five Constant-Current GPIO Ports MAX6948B ZERO TO 4s CURRENT RAMP-UP AFTER CS RUN 1/8s 1/16s 1/4s 1/2s FULL CURRENT/ HALF CURRENT 1s 4s 2s 0 EXIT SHUTDOWN COMMAND Figure 4. Ramp-Up Behavior ZERO TO 8s CURRENT RAMP-DOWN ZERO TO 4s CURRENT RAMP-DOWN AFTER HOLD-OFF DELAY ZERO TO 4s HOLD-OFF DELAY BEFORE RAMP-DOWN FULL CURRENT/ HALF CURRENT 0 1/4s 1/2s 1s 4s 1/4s 1/2s 2s 1/8s 1/16s 1s 4s 2s 1/8s 1/16s Figure 5. Hold-Off and Ramp-Down Behavior Table 11. Port Ramp-Down Register Format (0x11) REGISTER DATA REGISTER DESCRIPTION D7 D6 D5 RESERVED D4 D3 D2 HOLD-OFF D1 D0 RAMP-DOWN Immediately shuts down after hold-off delay X X X X X 0 0 0 0.0655s ramp-down from full current after hold-off delay X X X X X 0 0 1 0.131s ramp-down from full current after hold-off delay X X X X X 0 1 0 0.262s ramp-down from full current after hold-off delay X X X X X 0 1 1 0.524s ramp-down from full current after hold-off delay X X X X X 1 0 0 1.049s ramp-down from full current after hold-off delay X X X X X 1 0 1 2.097s ramp-down from full current after hold-off delay X X X X X 1 1 0 19 MAX6948B High-Efficiency PWM LED Driver with Boost Converter and Five Constant-Current GPIO Ports Table 11. Port Ramp-Down Register Format (0x11) (continued) REGISTER DATA REGISTER DESCRIPTION D7 D6 D5 RESERVED D4 D3 D2 HOLD-OFF D1 D0 RAMP-DOWN 4.164s ramp-down from full current after ramp-down delay X X X X X 1 1 1 Zero ramp-down delay before fade-off X X 0 0 0 X X X 0.0655s ramp-down delay before fade-off X X 0 0 1 X X X 0.131s ramp-down delay before fade-off X X 0 1 0 X X X 0.262s ramp-down delay before fade-off X X 0 1 1 X X X 0.524s ramp-down delay before fade-off X X 1 0 0 X X X 1.049s ramp-down delay before fade-off X X 1 0 1 X X X 2.097s ramp-down delay before fade-off X X 1 1 0 X X X 4.164s ramp-down delay before fade-off X X 1 1 1 X X X Power-up default 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 D1 D0 X = Don’t care. Table 12. Port Ramp-Up Register Format (0x12) REGISTER DATA REGISTER DESCRIPTION D7 D6 Immediately starts up X X 0.0655s ramp-up to full current X 0.131s ramp-up to full current D5 D4 D3 D2 X X X 0 0 0 X X X X 0 0 1 X X X X X 0 1 0 0.262s ramp-up to full current X X X X X 0 1 1 0.524s ramp-up to full current X X X X X 1 0 0 1.049s ramp-up to full current X X X X X 1 0 1 2.097s ramp-up to full current X X X X X 1 1 0 4.164s ramp-up to full current X X X X X 1 1 1 Power-up default 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 RESERVED X = Don’t care. 20 RAMP-UP High-Efficiency PWM LED Driver with Boost Converter and Five Constant-Current GPIO Ports The active-low RST input operates as a reset that voids any current I2C transaction involving the MAX6948B, forcing the device into the I2C STOP condition. Use the D6 bit in the configuration register (Table 2) to configure RST to reset all the internal registers to the power-onreset state (Table 3). The RST input is overvoltage tolerant to 5.5V. The MAX6948B ignores all I2C bus activity while RST remains low. The device uses this feature to minimize supply current in power-critical applications by effectively disconnecting the MAX6948B from the bus during idle periods. RST also operates as a bus multiplexer, allowing multiple devices to use the same I2C slave address. Drive only one MAX6948B RST input high at any time to use RST as a bus multiplexer. The MAX6948B features a reset-run option. Taking the RST input high brings the driver out of shutdown in addition to its normal function of enabling the device’s I2C interface. Reset-Run Option The MAX6948B features a reset-run option enabling RST to bring the driver out of shutdown, in addition to its normal function of enabling the MAX6948B’s I2C interface. This provides an alternative method of bringing the driver out of shutdown to writing to the configuration register After enabling the reset-run option, the MAX6948B uses the rising edge on RST, followed by no I2C interface activity to the MAX6948B for 128 to 129 periods of the GPIO PWM clock (32kHz typ) to trigger the reset-run option. If this timeout period elapses without the MAX6948B acknowledging an I2C transaction, the device sets the run bit (D0) in the configuration register and brings itself out of shutdown, activating any programmed ramp-up. If RST pulses high for less than this timeout period to trigger a reset run, the MAX6948B ignores the pulse and continues to wait for a suitable trigger. Cancel the reset-run trigger by transmitting an I2C communication to the MAX6948B before the timeout period elapses. The trigger cancels when the MAX6948B acknowledges the I2C transaction and requires sending at least the MAX6948B’s I2C slave address. The minimum timeout period is equal to 4ms. The minimum I2C clock speed that guarantees a successful start bit and 8 data bits (9 bits total) within the minimum timeout period is 9/4ms equal to 2.25kHz. Canceling the resetrun trigger clears the reset-run bit (D1) in the configuration register, disabling reset run. The run bit (D0) in the configuration register remains cleared and the driver remains in shutdown. P2, P3, P4 P0, P1 CURRENT CURRENT 10mA 30mA P2, P3, P4 P0, P1 CURRENT CURRENT PORT CURRENT = FULL 10mA through the serial interface. The reset-run timing uses the internal PWM clock. 30mA 8.75mA 26.25mA 7.5mA 22.5mA 6.25mA 18.75mA 5mA 15mA PORT CURRENT = HALF 5mA 15mA 3.75mA 11.25mA 0mA 0mA FULL CURRENT 7/8 CURRENT 6/8 CURRENT 5/8 CURRENT 4/8 CURRENT 3/8 CURRENT 2/8 CURRENT 1/8 CURRENT RAMP-UP RAMP-DOWN ZERO CURRENT 2.5mA 7.5mA 1.25mA 3.75mA 0mA 0mA GLOBAL CURRENT = 0x07 GLOBAL CURRENT = 0x06 GLOBAL CURRENT = 0x05 GLOBAL CURRENT = 0x04 GLOBAL CURRENT = 0x03 GLOBAL CURRENT = 0x02 GLOBAL CURRENT = 0x01 GLOBAL CURRENT = 0x00 ZERO 4/8 3/8 2/8 1/8 6/8 7/8 5/8 FULL CURRENT CURRENT CURRENT CURRENT CURRENT CURRENT CURRENT CURRENT CURRENT RAMP-UP Figure 6. Output Fade DAC (Global Current = 0x07) RAMP-DOWN Figure 7. Global Current Modifies Ramp-Down Behavior 21 MAX6948B RST Input MAX6948B High-Efficiency PWM LED Driver with Boost Converter and Five Constant-Current GPIO Ports Serial Interface Figure 8 shows the 2-wire serial-interface timing details. Serial Addressing The MAX6948B operates as a slave that sends and receives data through an I2C-compatible 2-wire interface. The interface uses a serial-data line (SDA) and a serial-clock line (SCL) to achieve bidirectional communication between master(s) and slave(s). A master (typically a microcontroller) initiates all data transfers to and from the MAX6948B and generates the SCL clock that synchronizes the data transfer. The MAX6948B’s SDA line operates as both an input and an open-drain output. A pullup resistor, typically 4.7kI, is required on SDA. The MAX6948B’s SCL line operates only as an input. A pullup resistor is required on SCL if there are multiple masters on the 2-wire interface, or if the master in a single-master system has an open-drain SCL output. Each transmission consists of a START condition (Figure 9) sent by a master, followed by the MAX6948B 7-bit slave address plus R/W bit, a register address byte, 1 or more data bytes, and finally a STOP condition. START and STOP Conditions Both SCL and SDA remain high when the interface is not busy. A master signals the beginning of a transmission with a START (S) condition by transitioning SDA from high to low while SCL is high. When the master has finished communicating with the slave, it issues a STOP (P) condition by transitioning SDA from low to high while SCL is high. The bus is then free for another transmission. Bit Transfer One data bit is transferred during each clock pulse (Figure 10). The data on SDA must remain stable while SCL is high. SDA tBUF tSU, STA tSU, DAT tLOW tHD, STA tHD, DAT tSU, STO tHIGH SCL tHD,STA tR tF START CONDITION REPEATED START CONDITION STOP CONDITION Figure 8. 2-Wire Serial-Interface Timing Details SDA SDA SCL S P START CONDITION STOP CONDITION Figure 9. START and STOP Conditions 22 SCL DATA LINE STABLE; CHANGE OF DATA DATA VALID ALLOWED Figure 10. Bit Transfer START CONDITION High-Efficiency PWM LED Driver with Boost Converter and Five Constant-Current GPIO Ports Slave Addresses The MAX6948B has a 7-bit long slave address (Figure 12). The bit following a 7-bit slave address is the R/W bit, which is low for a write command and high for a read command. Five bits (A6, A5, A4, A2, and A1), of the MAX6948B slave address are always 1, 0, 0, 0, and 0, respectively. Slave address bits A7 and A3 correspond, by the matrix in Table 13, to the states of the device address input AD0, and A0 corresponds to the R/W bit. The AD0 input can be connected to any of four signals: GND, VDD, SDA, or SCL, giving four possible slave-address pairs, allowing up to four MAX6948B devices to share the bus. Because SDA and SCL are dynamic signals, care must be taken to ensure that AD0 transitions no sooner than the signals on SDA and SCL. CLOCK PULSE FOR ACKNOWLEDGE START CONDITION SCL 1 2 8 9 0 0 The MAX6948B monitors the bus continuously, waiting for a START condition followed by its slave address. When the MAX6948B recognizes its slave address, it acknowledges and is then ready for continued communication. SDA BY TRANSMITTER SDA BY RECEIVER S Figure 11. Acknowledge SDA A7 1 A3 0 0 MSB R/W ACK LSB SCL Figure 12. Slave Address Table 13. MAX6948B Slave Address Map PIN AD0 DEVICE ADDRESS A7 A6 A5 A4 A3 A2 A1 A0 GND 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 R/W VDD 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 R/W SCL 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 R/W SDA 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 R/W 23 MAX6948B Acknowledge The acknowledge bit is a clocked 9th bit (Figure 11), which the recipient uses to handshake receipt of each byte of data. Thus, each byte transferred effectively requires 9 bits. The master generates the 9th clock pulse, and the recipient pulls down SDA during the acknowledge clock pulse, and therefore the SDA line is stable-low during the high period of the clock pulse. When the master is transmitting to the MAX6948B, the MAX6948B generates the acknowledge bit because the MAX6948B is the recipient. When the MAX6948B is transmitting to the master, the master generates the acknowledge bit because the master is the recipient. MAX6948B High-Efficiency PWM LED Driver with Boost Converter and Five Constant-Current GPIO Ports Message Format for Writing the LED Driver the command-byte address generally autoincrements (Table 1). A write to the MAX6948B comprises the transmission of the slave address with the R/W bit set to zero, followed by at least 1 byte of information. The first byte of information is the command byte. The command byte determines which register of the MAX6948B is to be written by the next byte, if received. If a STOP condition is detected after the command byte is received, the MAX6948B takes no further action (Figure 13) beyond storing the command byte. Message Format for Reading The MAX6948B is read using the MAX6948B’s internally stored command byte as an address pointer, the same way the stored command byte is used as an address pointer for a write. The pointer generally autoincrements after each data byte is read using the same rules as for a write (Table 1). Thus, a read is initiated by first configuring the MAX6948B’s command byte by performing a write (Figure 13). The master can now read n consecutive bytes from the MAX6948B, with the first data byte being read from the register addressed by the initialized command byte. When performing read-after-write verification, remember to reset the command byte’s address because the stored command-byte address is generally autoincremented after the write (Figure 15, Table 1). Any bytes received after the command byte are data bytes. The first data byte goes into the internal register of the MAX6948B selected by the command byte (Figure 14). If multiple data bytes are transmitted before a STOP condition is detected, these bytes are generally stored in subsequent MAX6948B internal registers because COMMAND BYTE IS STORED ON RECEIPT OF STOP CONDITION ACKNOWLEDGE FROM MAX6948B S SLAVE ADDRESS 0 D15 D14 D13 D12 A D11 D10 D9 D8 A COMMAND BYTE R/W P ACKNOWLEDGE FROM MAX6948B Figure 13. Command Byte Received ACKNOWLEDGE FROM MAX6948B HOW COMMAND BYTE AND DATA BYTE MAP INTO MAX6948B REGISTERS D15 D14 D13 D12 D11 D10 D9 ACKNOWLEDGE FROM MAX6948B D8 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 ACKNOWLEDGE FROM MAX6948B S SLAVE ADDRESS 0 A COMMAND BYTE A DATA BYTE A P A P 1 BYTE R/W AUTOINCREMENT MEMORY ADDRESS Figure 14. Command and Single Data Byte Received ACKNOWLEDGE FROM MAX6948B HOW COMMAND BYTE AND DATA BYTE MAP INTO MAX6948B REGISTERS D15 D14 D13 D12 D11 D10 D9 ACKNOWLEDGE FROM MAX6948B D8 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 ACKNOWLEDGE FROM MAX6948B S SLAVE ADDRESS 0 R/W A COMMAND BYTE A DATA BYTE N BYTES AUTOINCREMENT MEMORY ADDRESS Figure 15. N Data Bytes Received 24 High-Efficiency PWM LED Driver with Boost Converter and Five Constant-Current GPIO Ports Command Address Autoincrementing Address autoincrementing allows the MAX6948B to be configured with fewer transmissions by minimizing the number of times the command address needs to be sent. The command address stored in the MAX6948B generally increments after each data byte is written or read (Table 1). Autoincrement only works when doing a burst read or write. Applications Information Inductor Selection The MAX6948B is optimized for a 10FH inductor, although larger or smaller inductors can be used. Using a smaller inductor results in discontinuous-current-mode operation over a larger range of output power, whereas use of a larger inductor results in continuous conduction for most of the operating range. To prevent core saturation, ensure that the inductor’s saturation current rating exceeds the peak inductor current for the application. For larger inductor values and continuous conduction operation, calculate the worstcase peak inductor current with the following formula: IPEAK = VOUT × IOUT(MAX) 0.9 × VIN(MAX) + VIN(MIN) × 0.5µs 2×L Otherwise, for small values of L in discontinuous conduction operation, IPEAK is 860mA (typ). Table 14 provides a list of recommended inductors. Capacitor Selection The typical input capacitor value is 2.2FF and the typical output capacitor is 0.22FF. Higher value capacitors can reduce input and output ripple, but at the expense of size and higher cost. For best operation, use ceramic X5R or X7R dielectric capacitors. Generally, ceramic capacitors with smaller case sizes have poorer DC bias characteristics than larger case sizes for a certain capacitance value. Select the capacitor that yields the best trade-off between case size and DC bias characteristics. Diode Selection The high switching frequency of the MAX6948B demands a high-speed rectification diode for optimum efficiency. A Schottky diode is recommended due to its fast recovery time and low forward-voltage drop. Ensure that the diode’s average and peak current rating exceeds the average output current and peak inductor current. In addition, the diode’s reverse-breakdown voltage must exceed VOUT. Compensation Network Selection The step-up converter uses an external compensation network from COMP to GND to ensure stability. For 5 or 6 WLEDs, choose CCOMP = COUT/10 for optimal transient response. Port Input and I2C Interface Logic Voltages The MAX6948B I2C supply (VDD) accepts voltages from 1.7V up to the boost-converter input (V+). VDD determines the I2C interface (SDA, SCL), I2C slaveaddress select input (AD0), and reset input (RST) logic voltages. The five I/O ports P0–P4 are overvoltage protected to 5.5V independent of VDD or V+. This allows the MAX6948B to operate from one supply voltage, such as 3.3V, while driving some of the five I/Os as inputs from a different logic level, such as 5V. Table 14. Recommended Inductors L (µH) DCR (mω) ISAT (A) TOKO 1069AS-220M 22 570 0.47 3 x 3 x 1.8 TOKO 1098AS-100M 10 290 0.75 2.8 x 3 x 1.2 VENDOR PART NUMBER CASE SIZE (mm) 25 MAX6948B Operation with Multiple Masters When the MAX6948B is operated on a 2-wire interface with multiple masters, a master reading the MAX6948B uses a repeated start between the write that sets the MAX6948B’s address pointer, and the read(s) that takes the data from the location(s). This is because it is possible for master 2 to take over the bus after master 1 has set up the MAX6948B’s address pointer but before master 1 has read the data. If master 2 subsequently resets the MAX6948B’s address pointer, master 1’s read can be from an unexpected location. Driving LEDs into Brownout The MAX6948B correctly regulates the constant-current outputs, provided there is a minimum voltage drop across the port output. This port output voltage is the difference between the load (typically LED) supply and the load voltage drop (LED forward voltage). If the LED supply drops so that the minimum port output voltage is not maintained, the driver output stages brownout and the load current falls. The minimum port voltage is approximately 0.25V at 15mA sink current and approximately 0.3V at 30mA sink current (ports P0, P1) and 0.39V at 5mA sink current and approximately 0.4V at 10mA sink current (ports P2, P3, P4). Operating the LEDs directly from a battery supply can cause brownouts. For example, the LED supply voltage is a single rechargeable lithium-ion battery with a maximum terminal voltage of 4.2V on charge, 3.4V to 3.7V most of the time, and down to 3V when discharged. In this scenario, the LED supply falls significantly below the brownout point when the battery is at end-of-life voltage (3V). Figure 16 shows the typical current sink by a King Bright AA3020ARWC/A white LED as the LED supply voltage is varied from 2.5V to 5.5V. The LED currents shown are for ports programmed for 10mA and 30mA constant current, swept over a 2.5V to 5.5V LED supply voltage range. It can be seen that the LED forward voltage falls with current, allowing the LED current to fall gracefully, not abruptly, in brownout. In practice, the LED current drops to 11mA to 12.5mA at a 3V LED supply voltage; this is acceptable performance at end-of-life in many backlight applications. Output-Level Translation The open-drain output architecture allows the ports to level translate the outputs to higher or lower voltages than the MAX6948B supply (VDD). Use an external pullup resistor on any output to convert the high-impedance, logic-high condition to a positive voltage level. Connect the resistor to any voltage up to 5.5V. When using a pullup on a constant-current output, select the resistor value to sink no more than a few hundred FA in logic-low condition. This ensures that the current-sink output saturates close to GND. For interfacing CMOS inputs, a pullup resistor value of 220kI is a good starting point. Use a lower resistance to improve noise immunity in applications where power consumption is less critical, or where a faster rise time is needed for a given capacitive load. Using Stagger with Fewer Ports The stagger option, when selected, applies to all ports configured as constant-current outputs. The PWM cycles are separated to six evenly spaced start positions (Figure 3). Optimize phasing when using some of the ports as constant-current outputs by allocating the ports with the most appropriate start positions. In general, choose the ports that spread the PWM start positions as evenly as possible. This optimally spreads out the current demand from the ports’ load supply. Generating a Shutdown/Run Output VLED vs. VLED SUPPLY ILED vs. VLED SUPPLY 3.3 35 3.2 30 3.1 25 3.0 ILED (mA) VLED (V) MAX6948B High-Efficiency PWM LED Driver with Boost Converter and Five Constant-Current GPIO Ports 2.9 2.8 15 10 2.7 5 2.6 2.5 0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 VLED SUPPLY (V) Figure 16. LED Brownout 26 20 5.0 5.5 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 VLED SUPPLY (V) 4.5 5.0 High-Efficiency PWM LED Driver with Boost Converter and Five Constant-Current GPIO Ports In run mode, the output port goes low, approaching 0V, as the port’s static constant current saturates trying to sink a higher current than the 220kI pullup resistor can source. In shutdown mode, the output goes high impedance together with any other constant-current outputs. This output remains low during ramp-up and ramp-down sequences because the current drawn by the 220kI pullup resistor is much smaller than the available output constant current, even at the lowest fade-current step. Driving Load Currents Higher than 30mA The MAX6948B can drive loads needing more than 30mA, like high-current white LEDs, by paralleling outputs. For example, consider a white LED that requires 90mA. Drive this LED using the ports P0–P4 connected in parallel (shorted together). Configure all of the five ports for full current (2 x 30mA + 3 x 10mA) to meet the 90mA requirement. Control the five ports simultaneously with one write access using register 0x0C (Table 1). Note that because the output ports are current limiting, they do not need to switch simultaneously to ensure safe current sharing. Power-Supply Considerations V+ operates with a 2.7V to 5.5V power-supply voltage. Bypass V+ to GND with a 2.2FF or higher ceramic capacitor as close as possible to the device. VDD operates with a 1.7V to V+ power-supply voltage. Bypass VDD to GND with a 0.1FF or higher ceramic capacitor as close as possible to the device. PCB Layout Considerations Due to fast switching waveforms and high-current paths, careful PCB layout is required. Minimize trace lengths between the IC and the inductor, the diode, the input capacitor, and the output capacitor. Minimize trace lengths between the input and output capacitors and the MAX6948B GND terminal, and place input and output capacitor grounds as close together as possible. Use separate power-ground and analog-ground copper areas, and connect them together at the outputcapacitor ground. Keep traces short, direct, and wide. Keep noisy traces, such as the LX node trace, away from sensitive analog circuitry. For improved thermal performance, maximize copper area of the LX and PGND traces. Refer to the MAX6948B EV kit data sheet for an example layout. 27 MAX6948B The MAX6948B can use an I/O port to automatically generate a shutdown/run output. The shutdown/run output is active-low when the MAX6948B is in run mode, hold-off, ramp-down, or ramp-up, and goes high automatically when the device finally enters shutdown after rampdown. Programming the port’s output register to value 0x02 puts the output into static constant-current mode (Table 7). Program the port’s output current to half current (Table 9) to minimize operating current. Connect a 220kI pullup resistor to this port. MAX6948B High-Efficiency PWM LED Driver with Boost Converter and Five Constant-Current GPIO Ports Chip Information PROCESS: BiCMOS Package Information For the latest package outline information and land patterns, go to www.maxim-ic.com/packages. Note that a “+”, “#”, or “-” in the package code indicates RoHS status only. Package drawings may show a different suffix character, but the drawing pertains to the package regardless of RoHS status. PACKAGE TYPE PACKAGE CODE DOCUMENT NO. 25 WLP B9-7 W252D2+1 21-0453 Maxim cannot assume responsibility for use of any circuitry other than circuitry entirely embodied in a Maxim product. No circuit patent licenses are implied. Maxim reserves the right to change the circuitry and specifications without notice at any time. 28 © 2009 Maxim Integrated Products, 120 San Gabriel Drive, Sunnyvale, CA 94086 408-737-7600 Maxim Integrated Products Maxim is a registered trademark of Maxim Integrated Products, Inc.