http://www.cypress.com/file/44746

ImageCraft Assembly Language Guide
Document # 001-44475 Rev. **
Cypress Semiconductor
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San Jose, CA 95134-1709
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Phone (Intnl): 408.943.2600
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Copyrights
Copyrights
Copyright © 2001 - 2008 Cypress Semiconductor Corporation. The information contained herein is subject to change without
notice. Cypress Semiconductor Corporation assumes no responsibility for the use of any circuitry other than circuitry embodied in a Cypress product. Nor does it convey or imply any license under patent or other rights. Cypress products are not warranted nor intended to be used for medical, life support, life saving, critical control or safety applications, unless pursuant to
an express written agreement with Cypress. Furthermore, Cypress does not authorize its products for use as critical components in life-support systems where a malfunction or failure may reasonably be expected to result in significant injury to the
user. The inclusion of Cypress products in life-support systems application implies that the manufacturer assumes all risk of
such use and in doing so indemnifies Cypress against all charges.
PSoC Designer™, Programmable System-on-Chip™, and PSoC Express™ are trademarks and PSoC® is a registered
trademark of Cypress Semiconductor Corp. All other trademarks or registered trademarks referenced herein are property of
the respective corporations.
Any Source Code (software and/or firmware) is owned by Cypress Semiconductor Corporation (Cypress) and is protected by
and subject to worldwide patent protection (United States and foreign), United States copyright laws and international treaty
provisions. Cypress hereby grants to licensee a personal, non-exclusive, non-transferable license to copy, use, modify, create
derivative works of, and compile the Cypress Source Code and derivative works for the sole purpose of creating custom software and or firmware in support of licensee product to be used only in conjunction with a Cypress integrated circuit as specified in the applicable agreement. Any reproduction, modification, translation, compilation, or representation of this Source
Code except as specified above is prohibited without the express written permission of Cypress.
Disclaimer: CYPRESS MAKES NO WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, WITH REGARD TO THIS MATERIAL, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Cypress reserves the right to make changes without further notice to the materials described
herein. Cypress does not assume any liability arising out of the application or use of any product or circuit described herein.
Cypress does not authorize its products for use as critical components in life-support systems where a malfunction or failure
may reasonably be expected to result in significant injury to the user. The inclusion of Cypress' product in a life-support systems application implies that the manufacturer assumes all risk of such use and in doing so indemnifies Cypress against all
charges.
Use may be limited by and subject to the applicable Cypress software license agreement.
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ImageCraft Assembly Language Guide, Document # 001-44475 Rev. **
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Contents
1. Introduction
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
7
Chapter Overviews ...................................................................................................................7
Support .....................................................................................................................................8
1.2.1 Technical Support Systems...........................................................................................8
1.2.2 Product Upgrades .........................................................................................................8
Documentation Conventions.....................................................................................................8
Revision History........................................................................................................................9
2. M8C Microprocessor
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
Internal Registers....................................................................................................................11
Address Spaces......................................................................................................................12
Instruction Set Summary ........................................................................................................14
Instruction Formats ................................................................................................................16
2.4.1 One-Byte Instruction ...................................................................................................16
2.4.2 Two-Byte Instructions..................................................................................................16
2.4.3 Three-Byte Instructions ...............................................................................................17
Addressing Modes ..................................................................................................................18
2.5.1 Source Immediate .......................................................................................................18
2.5.2 Source Direct ..............................................................................................................19
2.5.3 Source Indexed ...........................................................................................................19
2.5.4 Destination Direct........................................................................................................20
2.5.5 Destination Indexed ....................................................................................................20
2.5.6 Destination Direct Source Immediate..........................................................................21
2.5.7 Destination Indexed Source Immediate ......................................................................21
2.5.8 Destination Direct Source Direct .................................................................................22
2.5.9 Source Indirect Post Increment...................................................................................22
2.5.10 Destination Indirect Post Increment ............................................................................23
3. ImageCraft Assembler
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
11
25
Source File Format .................................................................................................................25
3.1.1 Labels..........................................................................................................................26
3.1.2 Mnemonics..................................................................................................................27
3.1.3 Operands ....................................................................................................................28
3.1.4 Comments...................................................................................................................29
3.1.5 Directives ....................................................................................................................30
Listing File Format ..................................................................................................................30
Map File Format......................................................................................................................30
ROM File Format ....................................................................................................................30
Intel® HEX File Format...........................................................................................................31
Convention for Restoring Internal Registers...........................................................................33
Compiling a File into a Library Module ...................................................................................33
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Contents
4. M8C Instruction Set
37
Add with Carry................................................................................................................... ADC 38
Add without Carry.............................................................................................................. ADD 39
Bitwise AND ...................................................................................................................... AND 40
Arithmetic Shift Left ............................................................................................................ ASL 41
Arithmetic Shift Right......................................................................................................... ASR 42
Call Function .................................................................................................................... CALL 43
Non-Destructive Compare.................................................................................................CMP 44
Complement Accumulator .................................................................................................. CPL 45
Decrement......................................................................................................................... DEC 46
Halt ...................................................................................................................................HALT 47
Increment ............................................................................................................................INC 48
Relative Table Read....................................................................................................... INDEX 49
Jump Accumulator........................................................................................................... JACC 50
Jump if Carry ........................................................................................................................ JC 51
Jump...................................................................................................................................JMP 52
Jump if No Carry ................................................................................................................ JNC 53
Jump if Not Zero................................................................................................................. JNZ 54
Jump if Zero .......................................................................................................................... JZ 55
Long Call ........................................................................................................................LCALL 56
Long Jump........................................................................................................................LJMP 57
Move..................................................................................................................................MOV 58
Move Indirect, Post-Increment to Memory ......................................................................... MVI 59
No Operation ..................................................................................................................... NOP 60
Bitwise OR........................................................................................................................... OR 61
Pop Stack into Register..................................................................................................... POP 62
Push Register onto Stack................................................................................................PUSH 63
Return.................................................................................................................................RET 64
Return from Interrupt .........................................................................................................RETI 65
Rotate Left through Carry...................................................................................................RLC 66
Absolute Table Read...................................................................................................... ROMX 67
Rotate Right through Carry ............................................................................................... RRC 68
Subtract with Borrow ..........................................................................................................SBB 69
Subtract without Borrow .................................................................................................... SUB 70
Swap .............................................................................................................................. SWAP 71
System Supervisor Call ..................................................................................................... SSC 72
Test for Mask...................................................................................................................... TST 73
Bitwise XOR ...................................................................................................................... XOR 74
5. Assembler Directives
75
Area................................................................................................................................. AREA 76
5.1.1 Code Compressor and the AREA Directive ................................................................ 77
NULL Terminated ASCII String ...................................................................................... ASCIZ 78
RAM Block in Bytes............................................................................................................ BLK 79
RAM Block in Words .......................................................................................................BLKW 80
Define Byte........................................................................................................................... DB 81
Define Floating-point Number .............................................................................................. DF 82
Define ASCII String .............................................................................................................. DS 83
Define UNICODE String .................................................................................................... DSU 84
Define Word, Big Endian Ordering ...................................................................................... DW 85
Define Word, Little Endian Ordering..................................................................................DWL 86
Equate Label ..................................................................................................................... EQU 87
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Contents
Export .........................................................................................................................EXPORT 88
Conditional Source ........................................................................................ IF, ELSE, ENDIF 89
Include Source File ....................................................................................................INCLUDE 90
Prevent Code Compression of Data ..................................................LITERAL, .ENDLITERAL 91
Macro Definition...............................................................................................MACRO, ENDM 92
Area Origin ....................................................................................................................... ORG 93
Section for Dead-Code Elimination ............................................... .SECTION, .ENDSECTION 94
Suspend/Resume Code Compressor ..........................................................OR F,0; ADD SP,0 94
6. Builds and Error Messages
6.1
6.2
6.3
97
Assemble and Build ................................................................................................................97
Linker Operations ...................................................................................................................97
Code Compressor and Dead-Code Elimination Error Messages ...........................................98
Reference Tables Appendix
99
Assembly Syntax Expressions .........................................................................................................99
Operand Constant Formats. .............................................................................................................99
Assembler Directives Summary .....................................................................................................100
ASCII Code Table ..........................................................................................................................101
Instruction Set Summary
102
Index
105
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1.
Introduction
The PSoC Designer Assembly Language Guide documents the assembly language instruction set
for the M8C microcontroller as well as other compatible assembly practices. It covers the ImageCraft
Assembler.
The PSoC Designer Integrated Development Environment (IDE) software is available free of charge
and supports development in assembly language. For customers interested in developing in C,
compilers are available. Please contact your local distributor if you are interested in purchasing a C
Compiler for PSoC Designer. For more information about developing in C for the PSoC device,
please read the PSoC Designer C Language Compiler Guide available at the Cypress web site at
www.cypress.com.
1.1
Chapter Overviews
Table 1-1. Overview of the Assembly Language Guide
Chapter
Introduction
(on page 7)
M8C Microprocessor
(on page 11)
ImageCraft Assembler
(on page 25)
M8C Instruction Set
(on page 37)
Assembler Directives
(on page 75)
Builds and Error Messages
(on page 97)
Appendix A
Reference Tables Appendix
(on page 99)
Description
Describes the purpose of this guide, overviews each chapter, supplies product
support and upgrade information, and lists documentation conventions.
Discusses the microprocessor and explains address spaces, instruction format,
and destination of instruction results. It also lists all addressing modes and provides examples of each.
Provides assembly language source syntax including labels, mnemonics, operands, comments, and directives. Describes the various file formats created by
the ImageCraft Assembler, along with the convention for restoring internal registers and compiling a file into a library module.
Provides a detailed list of all M8C instructions. Information about individual M8C
instructions is also available via PSoC Designer Online Help.
Provides a detailed list of all ImageCraft Assembler directives.
Supplies several lists of assembler-related errors and warnings, along with their
possible solutions.
Serves as a quick reference to the M8C instruction set, and assembler directives
and syntax expressions, along with an ASCII code table.
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Introduction
1.2
Support
Free support for PSoC Designer is available online, just click on PSoC Mixed-Signal Controllers then
Technical Support. Resources include Training Seminars, Discussion Forums, Application Notes,
PSoC Consultants, TightLink Technical Support Email/Knowledge Base, and Application Support
Technicians.
Before utilizing the Cypress support services, know the version of PSoC Designer installed on your
system. To quickly determine the version, build, or service pack of your current installation of PSoC
Designer, click Help > About PSoC Designer.
Support for the ImageCraft C Compiler and Assembler is available from ImageCraft.
http://www.imagecraft.com/
1.2.1
Technical Support Systems
Enter a technical support request in this system with a guaranteed response time of four hours at
http://www.cypress.com/support/login.cfm
1.2.2
Product Upgrades
Cypress provides scheduled upgrades and version enhancements for PSoC software free of charge.
You can order upgrades from your distributor on CD-ROM or download them directly from
www.cypress.com under Software and Drivers. Critical updates to system documentation are also
available on the Cypress web site.
1.3
Documentation Conventions
The following are easily identifiable conventions used throughout this guide.
Table 1-2. Documentation Conventions
Convention
Courier New
Italics
[Bracketed, Bold]
File > Open
Bold
Text in gray boxes
Usage
Displays file locations, user entered text, and source code:
C:\ ...cd\icc\
Displays file names and reference documentation:
Read about the sourcefile.hex file in the PSoC Designer Guide.
Displays keyboard commands in procedures:
[Enter] or [Ctrl] [C]
Represents menu paths:
File > Open > New Project
Displays commands, menu paths, and icon names in procedures:
Click the File icon and then click Open.
Presents cautions or unique functionality of the product.
The following are acronyms used throughout this guide.
Table 1-3. Acronyms
Acronym
A
CF
F
GIE
IDE
8
Description
CPU_A register (accumulator)
carry flag
CPU_F register (flags ZF, CF, and others)
global enable interrupt
integrated development environment
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Introduction
Table 1-3. Acronyms
Acronym
NOP
PC
POR
RAM
REG
ROM
SP
SROM
SSC
WDR
X
XRES
ZF
1.4
Description
no operation
CPU_PC register (program counter)
power-on-reset
random access memory
register space
read only memory
CPU_SP register (stack pointer)
supervisory read only memory
supervisory system call
watchdog timer reset
CPU_X register (index)
external reset
zero flag
Revision History
Table 1-4. Revision History
Revision
**
PDF
Creation
Date
May 20, 2008
Origin
of
Change
FSU
Description of Change
Put the original ImageCraft Assembly Guide in a new template and assigned a Spec Number.
ImageCraft Assembly Language Guide, Document # 001-44475 Rev. **
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Introduction
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2.
M8C Microprocessor
This chapter covers internal M8C registers, address spaces, instruction summary and formats, and
addressing modes for the M8C microprocessor. The M8C is a 4 MIPS 8-bit Harvard architecture
microprocessor. Code selectable processor clock speeds from 93.7 kHz to 24 MHz allow the M8C to
be tuned to a particular application’s performance and power requirements. The M8C supports a rich
instruction set which allows for efficient low-level language support. For a detailed description of all
M8C instructions, refer to the M8C Instruction Set chapter on page 37.
2.1
Internal Registers
The M8C has five internal registers that are used in program execution:
■
Accumulator (A)
■
Index (X)
■
Program Counter (PC)
■
Stack Pointer (SP)
■
Flags (F)
All of the internal M8C registers are 8 bits in width, except for the PC (CPU_PC register) which is 16
bits wide. Upon reset, A, X, PC, and SP are reset to 0x00. The Flag register CPU_F (F) is reset to
0x02 indicating that the Z flag is set.
With each stack operation, the SP is automatically incremented or decremented so that it always
points at the next stack byte in Random Access Memory (RAM). If the last byte in the stack is at
address 0xFF in RAM, the Stack Pointer (CPU_SP or SP) will wrap to RAM address 0x00. It is the
firmware developer’s responsibility to ensure that the stack does not overlap with user-defined variables in RAM.
As shown in Table 2-1, the Flag register has 6 of 8 bits defined. The PgMode and XIO bits are used
to control the active register and RAM address spaces in the PSoC device. The C and Z bits are the
Carry and Zero flags respectively. These flags are affected by arithmetic, logical, and shift operations provided in the M8C instruction. The GIE bit is the Global Interrupt Enable. When set, this bit
allows the M8C to be interrupted by the PSoC device’s interrupt controller.
Table 2-1. M8C Internal Flag (F) Register (CPU_F)
Bits
Name
7
6
PgMode[1:0]
5
4
XIO
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2
C
1
Z
0
GIE
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M8C Microprocessor
With the exception of the CPU_F register, the M8C internal registers are not accessible via an
explicit register address. PSoC parts in the CY8C25xxx and CY8C26xxx device family do not have a
readable CPU_F register. The OR F, expr and AND F, expr instructions must be used to set
and clear CPU_F register bits. The internal M8C registers are accessed using special instructions
such as:
■
MOV A, expr
■
MOV X, expr
■
SWAP A, SP
■
OR F, expr
■
JMP
The CPU_F register may be read by using address 0xF7 in any register bank, except in CY8C25xxx
and CY8C26xxx devices.
2.2
Address Spaces
The M8C microcontroller has three address spaces: ROM, RAM, and registers. The Read Only
Memory (ROM) address space is accessed via its own address and data bus. Figure 2-1 illustrates
the arrangement of the PSoC device address spaces.
The ROM address space is composed of the Supervisory ROM and the on-chip Flash program
store. Flash is organized into 64-byte blocks. The user need not be concerned with program store
page boundaries, because the M8C automatically increments the 16-bit CPU_PC register (PC) on
every instruction making the block boundaries invisible to user code. Instructions occurring on a 256byte Flash page boundary (with the exception of jump instructions) incur an extra M8C clock cycle
because the upper byte of the Program Counter (PC) is incremented.
The register address space is used to configure the PSoC device’s programmable blocks. It consists
of two banks of 256 bytes each. To switch between banks, the XIO bit in the Flag register is set or
cleared (set for Bank1 = Configuration Space, cleared for Bank0 = User Space). The common convention is to leave the bank set to Bank0 (XIO cleared), switch to Bank1 as needed (set XIO), then
switch back to Bank0.
RAM is broken into 256-byte pages. For PSoC devices with 256 bytes of RAM or less, the program
stack is stored in RAM Page 0. For PSoC devices with 512 bytes of RAM or more, the stack is constrained to the last RAM page. For information on RAM configuration in a specific device, refer to the
device-specific data sheet.
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M8C Microprocessor
A
M8C
X
PC
SP
F
IOW
IOR
XIO
DB[7:0]
DA[7:0]
MW
MR
PAGE
ID[7:0]
Registers
RAM
ROM
Bank 0
256 Bytes
Page 0
256 Bytes
SROM
Bank 1
256 Bytes
Page 1
256 Bytes
LEGEND
M: Total number of Flash bocks in device
n:
Total number of RAM pages minus 1
in device
XIO: Register bank selection
IOR: Register read
IOW: Register write
MR: Memory read
MW: Memory write
PC[15:0]
Flash
M x 64
Byte Blocks
Page n
256 Bytes
Figure 2-1. M8C Microcontroller Address Spaces
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M8C Microprocessor
2.3
Instruction Set Summary
The instruction set is summarized in both Table 2-2 and Table 2-3 (in numeric and mnemonic order,
respectively), and serves as a quick reference.
Opcode Hex
Cycles
8
2 OR [X+expr], A
Z
5A
5
2 MOV [expr], X
2 ADD A, expr
C, Z
2E
9
3 OR [expr], expr
Z
5B
4
1 MOV A, X
02
6
2 ADD A, [expr]
C, Z
2F 10
3 OR [X+expr], expr
Z
5C
4
1 MOV X, A
03
7
2 ADD A, [X+expr]
C, Z
30
9
1 HALT
5D
6
2 MOV A, reg[expr]
Z
04
7
2 ADD [expr], A
C, Z
31
4
2 XOR A, expr
Z
5E
7
2 MOV A, reg[X+expr]
Z
05
8
2 ADD [X+expr], A
C, Z
32
6
2 XOR A, [expr]
Z
5F 10
3 MOV [expr], [expr]
06
9
Flags
Instruction Format
Flags
Bytes
Cycles
2D
4
Instruction Format
Bytes
Opcode Hex
1 SSC
01
Bytes
00 15
Cycles
Opcode Hex
Table 2-2. Instruction Set Summary Sorted Numerically by Opcode
Instruction Format
Flags
Z
3 ADD [expr], expr
C, Z
33
7
2 XOR A, [X+expr]
Z
60
5
2 MOV reg[expr], A
07 10
3 ADD [X+expr], expr
C, Z
34
7
2 XOR [expr], A
Z
61
6
2 MOV reg[X+expr], A
08
4
1 PUSH A
35
8
2 XOR [X+expr], A
Z
62
8
3 MOV reg[expr], expr
09
4
2 ADC A, expr
C, Z
36
9
3 XOR [expr], expr
Z
63
9
3 MOV reg[X+expr], expr
0A
6
2 ADC A, [expr]
C, Z
37 10
3 XOR [X+expr], expr
Z
64
4
1 ASL A
C, Z
0B
7
2 ADC A, [X+expr]
C, Z
38
5
2 ADD SP, expr
65
7
2 ASL [expr]
C, Z
0C
7
2 ADC [expr], A
C, Z
39
5
2 CMP A, expr
66
8
2 ASL [X+expr]
C, Z
0D
8
2 ADC [X+expr], A
C, Z
3A
7
2 CMP A, [expr]
67
4
1 ASR A
C, Z
0E
9
3 ADC [expr], expr
C, Z
3B
8
2 CMP A, [X+expr]
68
7
2 ASR [expr]
C, Z
0F 10
3 ADC [X+expr], expr
C, Z
3C
8
3 CMP [expr], expr
69
8
2 ASR [X+expr]
C, Z
10
4
1 PUSH X
3D
9
3 CMP [X+expr], expr
6A
4
1 RLC A
C, Z
11
4
2 SUB A, expr
C, Z
3E 10
2 MVI A, [ [expr]++ ]
6B
7
2 RLC [expr]
C, Z
12
6
2 SUB A, [expr]
C, Z
3F 10
2 MVI [ [expr]++ ], A
6C
8
2 RLC [X+expr]
C, Z
13
7
2 SUB A, [X+expr]
C, Z
40
4
1 NOP
6D
4
1 RRC A
C, Z
14
7
2 SUB [expr], A
C, Z
41
9
3 AND reg[expr], expr
Z
6E
7
2 RRC [expr]
C, Z
15
8
2 SUB [X+expr], A
C, Z
42 10
3 AND reg[X+expr], expr
Z
6F
8
2 RRC [X+expr]
C, Z
16
9
3 SUB [expr], expr
C, Z
43
3 OR reg[expr], expr
Z
70
4
2 AND F, expr
C, Z
17 10
3 SUB [X+expr], expr
C, Z
44 10
3 OR reg[X+expr], expr
Z
71
4
2 OR F, expr
C, Z
18
5
1 POP A
45
3 XOR reg[expr], expr
Z
72
4
2 XOR F, expr
C, Z
19
4
2 SBB A, expr
C, Z
46 10
3 XOR reg[X+expr], expr
Z
73
4
1 CPL A
Z
1A
6
2 SBB A, [expr]
C, Z
47
8
3 TST [expr], expr
Z
74
4
1 INC A
C, Z
Z
9
9
if (A=B) Z=1
if (A<B) C=1
Z
1B
7
2 SBB A, [X+expr]
C, Z
48
9
3 TST [X+expr], expr
Z
75
4
1 INC X
C, Z
1C
7
2 SBB [expr], A
C, Z
49
9
3 TST reg[expr], expr
Z
76
7
2 INC [expr]
C, Z
1D
8
2 SBB [X+expr], A
C, Z
4A 10
3 TST reg[X+expr], expr
Z
77
8
2 INC [X+expr]
C, Z
1E
9
3 SBB [expr], expr
C, Z
4B
5
1 SWAP A, X
Z
78
4
1 DEC A
C, Z
1F 10
3 SBB [X+expr], expr
C, Z
4C
7
2 SWAP A, [expr]
Z
79
4
1 DEC X
C, Z
20
5
1 POP X
4D
7
2 SWAP X, [expr]
7A
7
2 DEC [expr]
C, Z
21
4
2 AND A, expr
Z
4E
5
1 SWAP A, SP
7B
8
2 DEC [X+expr]
C, Z
22
6
2 AND A, [expr]
Z
4F
4
1 MOV X, SP
23
7
2 AND A, [X+expr]
Z
50
4
2 MOV A, expr
24
7
2 AND [expr], A
Z
51
5
2 MOV A, [expr]
25
8
2 AND [X+expr], A
Z
52
6
2 MOV A, [X+expr]
26
9
Z
7C 13
3 LCALL
Z
7D
7
3 LJMP
Z
7E 10
1 RETI
Z
7F
8
1 RET
5
2 JMP
3 AND [expr], expr
Z
53
5
2 MOV [expr], A
8x
27 10
3 AND [X+expr], expr
Z
54
6
2 MOV [X+expr], A
9x 11
2 CALL
28 11
1 ROMX
Z
55
8
3 MOV [expr], expr
Ax
5
2 JZ
29
4
2 OR A, expr
Z
56
9
3 MOV [X+expr], expr
Bx
5
2 JNZ
2A
6
2 OR A, [expr]
Z
57
4
2 MOV X, expr
Cx
5
2 JC
2B
7
2 OR A, [X+expr]
Z
58
6
2 MOV X, [expr]
Dx
5
2 JNC
2C
7
2 OR [expr], A
Z
59
7
2 MOV X, [X+expr]
Ex
7
2 JACC
Note 1 Interrupt acknowledge to Interrupt Vector table = 13 cycles.
Fx 13
2 INDEX
C, Z
Z
Note 2 The number of cycles required by an instruction is increased by one for instructions that
span 256 byte page boundaries in the Flash memory space.
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M8C Microprocessor
Opcode Hex
Cycles
Bytes
76
7 2
INC [expr]
C, Z
20
5
1
POP X
C, Z
77
8
INC [X+expr]
C, Z
18
5
1
POP A
0B 7
2
ADC A, [X+expr]
C, Z
Fx 13 2
INDEX
Z
10
4
1
PUSH X
0C 7
2
ADC [expr], A
C, Z
Ex 7
2
JACC
08
4
1
PUSH A
0D 8
2
ADC [X+expr], A
C, Z
Cx 5
2
JC
7E 10 1
RETI
0E 9
3
ADC [expr], expr
C, Z
8x
5
2
JMP
7F
8
1
RET
0F 10 3
ADC [X+expr], expr
C, Z
Dx 5
2
JNC
6A
4
1
RLC A
C, Z
01 4
2
ADD A, expr
C, Z
Bx 5
2
JNZ
6B
7
2
RLC [expr]
C, Z
02 6
2
ADD A, [expr]
C, Z
Ax 5
2
JZ
6C
8
2
RLC [X+expr]
C, Z
03 7
2
ADD A, [X+expr]
C, Z
7C 13 3
LCALL
28 11 1
ROMX
Z
04 7
2
ADD [expr], A
C, Z
7D 7
3
LJMP
6D
4
1
RRC A
C, Z
05 8
2
ADD [X+expr], A
C, Z
4F 4
1
MOV X, SP
6E
7
2
RRC [expr]
C, Z
06 9
3
ADD [expr], expr
C, Z
50 4
2
MOV A, expr
Z
6F
8
2
RRC [X+expr]
C, Z
07 10 3
ADD [X+expr], expr
C, Z
51 5
2
MOV A, [expr]
Z
19
4
2
SBB A, expr
C, Z
38
5
ADD SP, expr
52 6
2
MOV A, [X+expr]
Z
1A
6
2
SBB A, [expr]
C, Z
21
4 2
AND A, expr
Z
53 5
2
MOV [expr], A
1B
7
2
SBB A, [X+expr]
C, Z
22
6 2
AND A, [expr]
Z
54 6
2
MOV [X+expr], A
1C
7
2
SBB [expr], A
C, Z
23
7 2
AND A, [X+expr]
Z
55 8
3
MOV [expr], expr
1D
8
2
SBB [X+expr], A
C, Z
24
7 2
AND [expr], A
Z
56 9
3
MOV [X+expr], expr
1E
9
3
SBB [expr], expr
C, Z
25
8 2
AND [X+expr], A
Z
57 4
2
MOV X, expr
1F 10 3
SBB [X+expr], expr
C, Z
26
9 3
AND [expr], expr
Z
58 6
2
MOV X, [expr]
00 15 1
SSC
27 10 3
AND [X+expr], expr
Z
59 7
2
MOV X, [X+expr]
11
4
2
SUB A, expr
C, Z
70
4 2
AND F, expr
C, Z
5A 5
2
MOV [expr], X
12
6
2
SUB A, [expr]
C, Z
41
9 3
AND reg[expr], expr
Z
5B 4
1
MOV A, X
13
7
2
SUB A, [X+expr]
C, Z
42 10 3
AND reg[X+expr], expr
Z
5C 4
1
MOV X, A
14
7
2
SUB [expr], A
C, Z
64
4 1
ASL A
C, Z
5D 6
2
MOV A, reg[expr]
Z
15
8
2
SUB [X+expr], A
C, Z
65
7 2
ASL [expr]
C, Z
5E 7
2
MOV A, reg[X+expr]
Z
16
9
3
SUB [expr], expr
C, Z
66
8 2
ASL [X+expr]
C, Z
5F 10 3
MOV [expr], [expr]
17 10 3
SUB [X+expr], expr
C, Z
67
4 1
ASR A
C, Z
60 5
2
MOV reg[expr], A
4B
5
1
SWAP A, X
Z
68
7 2
ASR [expr]
C, Z
61 6
2
MOV reg[X+expr], A
4C
7
2
SWAP A, [expr]
Z
69
8 2
ASR [X+expr]
C, Z
62 8
3
MOV reg[expr], expr
4D
7
2
SWAP X, [expr]
9x
11 2
CALL
63 9
3
MOV reg[X+expr], expr
4E
5
1
SWAP A, SP
Z
39
5 2
CMP A, expr
3E 10 2
47
8
3
TST [expr], expr
Z
3A
7 2
CMP A, [expr]
3B
8 2
CMP A, [X+expr]
3C
8 3
CMP [expr], expr
3D
9 3
CMP [X+expr], expr
if (A=B) 3F
Z=1
40
if (A<B)
29
C=1
2A
73
4 1
CPL A
78
4 1
79
2
Bytes
C, Z
ADC A, [expr]
Flags
Cycles
ADC A, expr
2
Instruction Format
Opcode Hex
2
0A 6
Bytes
09 4
Cycles
Opcode Hex
Table 2-3. Instruction Set Summary Sorted Alphabetically by Mnemonic
2
Instruction Format
MVI A, [ [expr]++ ]
Flags
Z
Z
Instruction Format
Flags
Z
C, Z
10 2
MVI [ [expr]++ ], A
48
9
3
TST [X+expr], expr
Z
4
1
NOP
49
9
3
TST reg[expr], expr
Z
4
2
OR A, expr
Z
4A 10 3
TST reg[X+expr], expr
Z
6
2
OR A, [expr]
Z
72
4
2
XOR F, expr
C, Z
Z
2B 7
2
OR A, [X+expr]
Z
31 4
2
XOR A, expr
Z
DEC A
C, Z
2C 7
2
OR [expr], A
Z
32 6
2
XOR A, [expr]
Z
4 1
DEC X
C, Z
2D 8
2
OR [X+expr], A
Z
33 7
2
XOR A, [X+expr]
Z
7A
7 2
DEC [expr]
C, Z
2E 9
3
OR [expr], expr
Z
34 7
2
XOR [expr], A
Z
7B
8 2
DEC [X+expr]
C, Z
2F 10 3
OR [X+expr], expr
Z
35 8
2
XOR [X+expr], A
Z
30
9
1
HALT
43 9
OR reg[expr], expr
Z
36 9
3
XOR [expr], expr
Z
74
4 1
INC A
C, Z
44 10 3
OR reg[X+expr], expr
Z
37 10 3
XOR [X+expr], expr
Z
75
4 1
INC X
C, Z
71 4
OR F, expr
C, Z
45
XOR reg[expr], expr
Z
XOR reg[X+expr], expr
Z
3
2
Note 1 Interrupt acknowledge to Interrupt Vector table = 13 cycles.
9
3
46 10 3
Note 2 The number of cycles required by an instruction is increased by one for instructions
that span 256 byte page boundaries in the Flash memory space.
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M8C Microprocessor
2.4
Instruction Formats
The M8C has a total of seven instruction formats which use instruction lengths of one, two, and three
bytes. All instruction bytes are fetched from the program memory (Flash), using an address and data
bus that are independent from the address and data buses used for register and RAM access.
While examples of instructions are given in this section, refer to the M8C Instruction Set chapter on
page 37 for detailed information on individual instructions.
2.4.1
One-Byte Instruction
Many instructions, such as some of the MOV instructions, have single-byte forms, because they do
not use an address or data as an operand. As shown in Table 2-4, one-byte instructions use an 8-bit
opcode. The set of one-byte instructions can be divided into four categories, according to where their
results are stored.
Table 2-4. One-Byte Instruction Format
Byte 0
8-Bit Opcode
The first category of one-byte instructions are those that do not update any registers or RAM. Only
the one-byte no operation (NOP) and supervisory system call (SSC) instructions fit this category.
While the program counter is incremented as these instructions execute, they do not cause any
other internal M8C registers to be updated, nor do these instructions directly affect the register
space or the RAM address space. The SSC instruction will cause SROM code to run, which will
modify RAM and the M8C internal registers.
The second category has only the two PUSH instructions in it. The PUSH instructions are unique,
because they are the only one-byte instructions that cause a RAM address to be modified. These
instructions automatically increment the CPU_SP register (SP).
The third category has only the HALT instruction in it. The HALT instruction is unique, because it is
the only one-byte instruction that causes a user register to be modified. The HALT instruction modifies user register space address FFh (CPU_SCR register).
The final category for one-byte instructions are those that cause updates of the internal M8C registers. This category holds the largest number of instructions: ASL, ASR, CPL, DEC, INC, MOV, POP,
RET, RETI, RLC, ROMX, RRC, SWAP. These instructions can cause the CPU_A, CPU_X, and
CPU_SP registers, or SRAM to update.
2.4.2
Two-Byte Instructions
The majority of M8C instructions are two bytes in length. While these instructions can be divided into
categories identical to the one-byte instructions, this would not provide a useful distinction between
the three two-byte instruction formats that the M8C uses.
Table 2-5. Two-Byte Instruction Formats
Byte 0
4-Bit
Opcode
16
Byte 1
12-Bit Relative Address
8-Bit Opcode
8-Bit Data
8-Bit Opcode
8-Bit Address
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M8C Microprocessor
The first two-byte instruction format, shown in the first row of Table 2-5, is used by short jumps and
calls: CALL, JMP, JACC, INDEX, JC, JNC, JNZ, JZ. This instruction format uses only four bits for the
instruction opcode, leaving 12 bits to store the relative destination address in a two’s-complement
form. These instructions can change program execution to an address relative to the current
address by -2048 or +2047.
The second two-byte instruction format, shown in the second row of Table 2-5, is used by instructions that employ the Source Immediate addressing mode (see “Source Immediate” on page 18).
The destination for these instructions is an internal M8C register, while the source is a constant
value. An example of this type of instruction would be ADD A, 7.
The third two-byte instruction format, shown in the third row of Table 2-5, is used by a wide range of
instructions and addressing modes. The following is a list of the addressing modes that use this third
two-byte instruction format:
■
Source Direct (ADD A, [7])
■
Source Indexed (ADD A, [X+7])
■
Destination Direct (ADD [7], A)
■
Destination Indexed (ADD [X+7], A)
■
Source Indirect Post Increment (MVI A, [7])
■
Destination Indirect Post Increment (MVI [7], A)
For more information on addressing modes see “Addressing Modes” on page 18.
2.4.3
Three-Byte Instructions
The three-byte instruction formats are the second most prevalent instruction formats. These instructions need three bytes because they either move data between two addresses in the user-accessible address space (registers and RAM) or they hold 16-bit absolute addresses as the destination of
a long jump or long call.
Table 2-6. Three-Byte Instruction Formats
Byte 0
8-Bit Opcode
Byte 1
Byte 2
16-Bit Address (MSB, LSB)
8-Bit Opcode
8-Bit Address
8-Bit Data
8-Bit Opcode
8-Bit Address
8-Bit Address
The first instruction format, shown in the first row of Table 2-6, is used by the LJMP and LCALL
instructions. These instructions change program execution unconditionally to an absolute address.
The instructions use an 8-bit opcode, leaving room for a 16-bit destination address.
The second three-byte instruction format, shown in the second row of Table 2-6, is used by the following two addressing modes:
■
Destination Direct Source Immediate (ADD [7], 5)
■
Destination Indexed Source Immediate (ADD [X+7], 5)
The third three-byte instruction format, shown in the third row of Table 2-6, is for the Destination
Direct Source Direct addressing mode, which is used by only one instruction. This instruction format
uses an 8-bit opcode followed by two 8-bit addresses. The first address is the destination address in
RAM, while the second address is the source address in RAM. The following is an example of this
instruction:
MOV [7], [5]
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M8C Microprocessor
2.5
Addressing Modes
The M8C has ten addressing modes:
2.5.1
■
“Source Immediate” on page 18.
■
“Source Direct” on page 19.
■
“Source Indexed” on page 19.
■
“Destination Direct” on page 20.
■
“Destination Indexed” on page 20.
■
“Destination Direct Source Immediate” on page 21.
■
“Destination Indexed Source Immediate” on page 21.
■
“Destination Direct Source Direct” on page 22.
■
“Source Indirect Post Increment” on page 22.
■
“Destination Indirect Post Increment” on page 23.
Source Immediate
For these instructions, the source value is stored in operand 1 of the instruction. The result of these
instructions is placed in either the M8C CPU_A, CPU_F, or CPU_X register as indicated by the
instruction’s opcode. All instructions using the Source Immediate addressing mode are two bytes in
length.
Table 2-7. Source Immediate
Opcode
Operand 1
Instruction
Immediate Value
Source Immediate Examples:
18
Source Code
ADD
A, 7
Machine Code
01 07
MOV
X, 8
57 08
AND
F, 9
70 09
Comments
The immediate value 7 is added to the Accumulator.
The result is placed in the Accumulator.
The immediate value 8 is moved into the CPU_X
register.
The immediate value of 9 is logically AND’ed with
the CPU_F register and the result is placed in the
CPU_F register.
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2.5.2
Source Direct
For these instructions, the source address is stored in operand 1 of the instruction. During instruction
execution, the address will be used to retrieve the source value from RAM or register address space.
The result of these instructions is placed in either the M8C CPU_A or CPU_X register as indicated
by the instruction’s opcode. All instructions using the Source Direct addressing mode are two bytes
in length.
Table 2-8. Source Direct
Opcode
Operand 1
Instruction
Source Address
Source Direct Examples:
2.5.3
Source Code
ADD
A, [7]
Machine Code
02 07
MOV
5D 08
A, REG[8]
Comments
The value in memory at address 7 is added to the
Accumulator and the result is placed into the Accumulator.
The value in the register space at address 8 is
moved into the Accumulator.
Source Indexed
For these instructions, the source offset from the CPU_X register is stored in operand 1 of the
instruction. During instruction execution, the current CPU_X register value is added to the signed offset, to determine the address of the source value in RAM or register address space. The result of
these instructions is placed in either the M8C CPU_A or CPU_X register as indicated by the instruction’s opcode. All instructions using the Source Indexed addressing mode are two bytes in length.
Table 2-9. Source Indexed
Opcode
Operand 1
Instruction
Source Index
Source Indexed Examples:
Source Code
ADD
A, [X+7]
Machine Code
03 07
MOV
59 08
X, [X+8]
Comments
The value in memory at address X+7 is added to the
Accumulator. The result is placed in the Accumulator.
The value in RAM at address X+8 is moved into the
CPU_X register.
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M8C Microprocessor
2.5.4
Destination Direct
For these instructions, the destination address is stored in the machine code of the instruction. The
source for the operation is either the M8C CPU_A or CPU_X register as indicated by the instruction’s opcode. All instructions using the Destination Direct addressing mode are two bytes in length.
Table 2-10. Destination Direct
Opcode
Operand 1
Instruction
Destination Address
Destination Direct Examples:
2.5.5
Source Code
ADD
[7], A
Machine Code
04 07
MOV
60 08
REG[8], A
Comments
The value in the Accumulator is added to memory at
address 7. The result is placed in memory at
address 7. The Accumulator is unchanged.
The Accumulator value is moved to register space at
address 8. The Accumulator is unchanged.
Destination Indexed
For these instructions, the destination offset from the CPU_X register is stored in the machine code
for the instruction. The source for the operation is either the M8C CPU_A register or an immediate
value as indicated by the instruction’s opcode. All instructions using the Destination Indexed
addressing mode are two bytes in length.
Table 2-11. Destination Indexed
Opcode
Operand 1
Instruction
Destination Index
Destination Indexed Example:
Source Code
ADD
[X+7], A
20
Machine Code
05 07
Comments
The value in memory at address X+7 is added to the
Accumulator. The result is placed in memory at
address X+7. The Accumulator is unchanged.
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M8C Microprocessor
2.5.6
Destination Direct Source Immediate
For these instructions, the destination address is stored in operand 1 of the instruction. The source
value is stored in operand 2 of the instruction. All instructions using the Destination Direct Source
Immediate addressing mode are three bytes in length.
Table 2-12. Destination Direct Source Immediate
Opcode
Operand 1
Operand 2
Instruction
Destination Address
Immediate Value
Destination Direct Source Immediate Examples:
2.5.7
Source Code
ADD
[7], 5
Machine Code
06 07 05
MOV
62 08 06
REG[8], 6
Comments
The value in memory at address 7 is added to the
immediate value 5. The result is placed in memory
at address 7.
The immediate value 6 is moved into register space
at address 8.
Destination Indexed Source Immediate
For these instructions, the destination offset from the CPU_X register is stored in operand 1 of the
instruction. The source value is stored in operand 2 of the instruction. All instructions using the Destination Indexed Source Immediate addressing mode are three bytes in length.
Table 2-13. Destination Indexed Source Immediate
Opcode
Operand 1
Operand 2
Instruction
Destination Index
Immediate Value
Destination Indexed Source Immediate Examples:
Source Code
ADD
[X+7], 5
Machine Code
07 07 05
MOV
63 08 06
REG[X+8], 6
Comments
The value in memory at address X+7 is added to the
immediate value 5. The result is placed in memory
at address X+7.
The immediate value 6 is moved into the register
space at address X+8.
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M8C Microprocessor
2.5.8
Destination Direct Source Direct
Only one instruction uses this addressing mode. The destination address is stored in operand 1 of
the instruction. The source address is stored in operand 2 of the instruction. The instruction using
the Destination Direct Source Direct addressing mode is three bytes in length.
Table 2-14. Destination Direct Source Direct
Opcode
Operand 1
Operand 2
Instruction
Destination Address
Source Address
Destination Direct Source Direct Example:
Source Code
MOV
[7], [8]
2.5.9
Machine Code
5F 07 08
Comments
The value in memory at address 8 is moved to
memory at address 7.
Source Indirect Post Increment
Only one instruction uses this addressing mode. The source address stored in operand 1 is actually
the address of a pointer. During instruction execution, the pointer’s current value is read to determine the address in RAM where the source value is found. The pointer’s value is incremented after
the source value is read. For PSoC microcontrollers with more than 256 bytes of RAM, the Data
Page Read (MVR_PP) register is used to determine which RAM page to use with the source
address. Therefore, values from pages other than the current page can be retrieved without changing the Current Page Pointer (CUR_PP). The pointer is always read from the current RAM page. For
information on the MVR_PP and CUR_PP registers, see the Register Reference chapter in the
PSoC Technical Reference Manual. The instruction using the Source Indirect Post Increment
addressing mode is two bytes in length.
Table 2-15. Source Indirect Post Increment
Opcode
Operand 1
Instruction
Source Address Pointer
Source Indirect Post Increment Example:
Source Code
MVI
A, [8]
22
Machine Code
3E 08
Comments
The value in memory at address 8 (the indirect
address) points to a memory location in RAM. The
value at the memory location, pointed to by the indirect address, is moved into the Accumulator. The
indirect address, at address 8 in memory, is then
incremented.
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M8C Microprocessor
2.5.10
Destination Indirect Post Increment
Only one instruction uses this addressing mode. The destination address stored in operand 1 is
actually the address of a pointer. During instruction execution, the pointer’s current value is read to
determine the destination address in RAM where the Accumulator’s value is stored. The pointer’s
value is incremented, after the value is written to the destination address. For PSoC microcontrollers
with more than 256 bytes of RAM, the Data Page Write (MVW_PP) register is used to determine
which RAM page to use with the destination address. Therefore, values can be stored in pages other
than the current page without changing the Current Page Pointer (CUR_PP). The pointer is always
read from the current RAM page. For information on the MVR_PP and CUR_PP registers, see the
Register Reference chapter in the PSoC Technical Reference Manual. The instruction using the
Destination Indirect Post Increment addressing mode is two bytes in length.
Table 2-16. Destination Indirect Post Increment
Opcode
Operand 1
Instruction
Destination Address Pointer
Destination Indirect Post Increment Example:
Source Code
MVI
[8], A
Machine Code
3F 08
Comments
The value in memory at address 8 (the indirect
address) points to a memory location in RAM. The
Accumulator value is moved into the memory location pointed to by the indirect address. The indirect
address, at address 8 in memory, is then incremented.
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24
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3.
ImageCraft Assembler
This chapter details the information needed to use the ImageCraft Assembler. For information on
generating source code in PSoC Designer, see the PSoC Designer IDE Guide.
Assembly language is a low-level language. This means its structure is not like a human language.
By comparison, ‘C’ is a high-level language with structures close to those used by human languages. Even though assembly is a low-level language, it is an abstraction created to make programming hardware easier for humans. Therefore, this abstraction must be eliminated before an
input, in a form native to the microcontroller, can be generated. An assembler is used to convert the
abstractions used in assembly language to machine code that the microcontroller can operate on
directly.
3.1
Source File Format
Assembly language source files for the ImageCraft Assembler have five basic components as listed
in Table 3-1. Each line of the source file may hold a single label, mnemonic, comment, or directive.
Multiple operands or expressions may be used on a single source file line. The maximum length for
a line is 2,048 characters (including spaces) and the maximum word length is 256 characters. A
word is a string of characters surrounded by spaces.
Table 3-1. Five Basic Components of an Assembly Source File
Component
Description
Label
Symbolic name followed by a colon (:).
Mnemonic
Character string representing an M8C instruction.
Operand
Arguments to M8C instructions.
Comment
May follow operands or expressions and starts in any column if first non-space character is
either a C++-style comment (//) or semi-colon (;).
Directive
A command, interpreted by the Assembler, to control the generation of machine code.
Avoid use of the following characters in path and file names (they are problematic): \ / : * ? " < > | &
+ , ; = [ ] % $ ` '.
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ImageCraft Assembler
All user code is built from the components listed in Table 3-1 and complex conditional-assembly constraints can be placed on a collection of source files. The text below has an example of each of the
six basic components that will be discussed in detail in the following subsections. Line 1 is a comment line as indicated by the “//” character string. Lines 5, 6, and 7 also have comments starting
with the “;” character and continuing to the end of the line. Lines 2 and 3 are examples of assembler
directives. The character strings before the “:” character in lines 3 and 4 are labels. Lines 5, 6, and 7
have instruction mnemonics and operands.
Source File
Components:
3.1.1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
// My Project Source Code
include “project.inc”
BASE: equ
0x10
_main:
mov reg[0x00], 0x34
;write 0x34 to Port 0
mov A, reg[0x04]
;read Port 1
and [BASE+2], A
;store Port 1 value in RAM
Labels
A label is a case-sensitive string of alphanumeric characters and underscores (_) followed by a
colon. A label is assigned the address of the current Program Counter by the Assembler, unless the
label is defined on a line with an EQU directive. See “Equate Label EQU” on page 87 for more information. Labels can be placed on any line, including lines with source code as long as the label
appears first. The Assembler supports three types of labels: local, global, and re-usable local.
Local Labels. These consist of a character string followed by a colon. Local labels cannot be referenced by other source files in the same project, they can only be used within the file in which they
are defined. Local labels become global labels if they are “exported.” The following example has a
single local label named SubFun. Local labels are case sensitive.
Local Labels:
mov
X, 10
SubFun:
xor reg[00h], FFh
dec X
jnz SubFun
26
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ImageCraft Assembler
Global Labels. These are defined by the EXPORT assembler directive or by ending the label with
two colons “::” rather than one. Global labels may be referenced from any source file in a project.
The following example has two global labels. The EXPORT directive is used to make the SubFun
label global, while two colons are used to make the MoreFun label global. Global labels are case
sensitive.
Global Labels:
EXPORT SubFun
mov X, 10
SubFun:
xor reg[00h], FFh
dec X
jnz SubFun
mov X, 5
MoreFun::
xor reg[00h], FFh
dec X
jnz MoreFun
Re-usable Local Labels. These have multiple independent definitions within a single source file.
They are defined by preceding the label string with a period “.”. The scope of a local label is
bounded by the nearest local, or global label or the end of the source file. The following example has
a single global label called SubFun and a re-usable local label called .MoreFun. Notice that while
labels do not include the colon when referenced, re-usable local labels require that a period precede
the label string for all instances. Re-usable local labels are case sensitive.
Re-usable Local
Label:
EXPORT SubFun
mov X, 10
SubFun:
xor reg[00h], FFh
mov A, 5
.MoreFun:
xor reg[04h], FFh
dec A
jnz .MoreFun
dec X
jnz SubFun
3.1.2
Mnemonics
An instruction mnemonic is a two to five letter string that represents one of the microcontroller
instructions. All mnemonics are defined in the “Instruction Set Summary” on page 14. There can be
0 or 1 mnemonics per line of a source file. Mnemonics are not case sensitive.
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3.1.3
Operands
Operands are the arguments to instructions. The number of operands and the format they use are
defined by the instruction being used. The operand format for each instruction is covered in the
“Instruction Set Summary” on page 14.
Operands may take the form of constants, labels, dot operator, registers, RAM, or expressions.
Constants. These are operands bearing values explicitly stated in the source file. Constants may
be stated in the source file using one of the radixes listed in Table 3-2.
Table 3-2. Constants Formats
Radix
Name
Formats
Example
127
ASCII Character
‘J’
mov
mov
mov
A, ‘J’
A, ‘\’’
A, ‘\\’
;character constant
;use “\” to escape “‘”
;use “\” to escape “\”
16
Hexadecimal
0x4A
4Ah
$4A
mov
mov
mov
A, 0x4A
A, 4Ah
A, $4A
;hex--”0x” prefix
;hex--append “h”
;hex--”$” prefix
10
Decimal
74
mov
A, 74
;decimal--no prefix
8
Octal
0112
mov
A, 0112
;octal--zero prefix
2
Binary
0b01001010
%01001010
mov
mov
A, 0b01001010 ;bin--“0b” prefix
A, %01001010 ;bin--”%” prefix
Labels. These may be used as an operand for an instruction, as described on page 26. Labels are
most often used as the operands for jump and call instructions to specify the destination address.
However, labels may be used as an argument for any instruction.
Dot Operator (.). This is used to indicate that the ROM address of the first byte of the instruction
should be used as an argument to the instruction.
28
Example 1:
mov
A, <.
; moves low byte of the PC to A
Example 2:
mov
A, >.
; moves high byte of the PC to A
Example 3:
jmp
nop
nop
nop
>.+3
; jumped to this instruction
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Registers. These have two forms in PSoC devices. The first type are those that exist in the two
banks of user-accessible registers. The second type are those that exist in the microcontroller.
Table 3-3 contains examples for all types of register operands.
Table 3-3. Register Formats
Type
Formats
User-Accessible Registers
M8C Registers
Example
reg[expr]
MOV
MOV
A, reg[0x08] ;register at address 8
A reg[OU+8] ;address = label OU + 8
A
MOV
A, 8
;move 8 into the accumulator
F
OR
F, 1
;set bit 0 of the flags
SP
MOV
SP, 8
;set the stack pointer to 8
X
MOV
X, 8
;set the M8C’s X reg to 8
RAM. These references are made by enclosing the address or expression in square brackets. The
Assembler will evaluate the expression to create the actual RAM address.
Table 3-4. RAM Format
Type
Formats
Current RAM Page
[expr]
Example
MOV
MOV
A, [0x08]
A, [OU+8]
;RAM at address 8
;address = label OU + 8
Expressions. These may be constructed using any combination of labels, constants, the dot operator, and the arithmetic and logical operations defined in Table 3-5.
Table 3-5. Expressions
Precedence
Expression
Symbol
Form
1
Bitwise Complement
~
(~ a)
2
Multiplication
Division
Modulo
*
/
%
(a * b)
(a / b)
(a % b)
3
Addition
Subtraction
+
-
(a + b)
(a – b)
4
Bitwise AND
&
(a & b)
5
Bitwise XOR
^
(a ^ b)
6
Bitwise OR
|
(a | b)
7
High Byte of an Address
>
(>a)
8
Low Byte of an Address
<
(< a)
Only the Addition expression (+) may apply to a re-locatable symbol (i.e., an external symbol). All
other expressions must be applied to constants or symbols resolvable by the Assembler (i.e., a symbol defined in the file).
3.1.4
Comments
A comment starts with a semicolon (;) or a double slash (//) and goes to the end of a line. It is usually used to explain the assembly code and may be placed anywhere in the source file. The Assembler ignores comments; however, they are written to the listing file for reference.
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3.1.5
Directives
An assembler directive is used to tell the ImageCraft Assembler to take some action during the
assembly process. Directives are not understood by the M8C microcontroller. As such, directives
allow the firmware writer to create code that is easier to maintain. See the Assembler
Directives chapter on page 75 for more information on directives.
3.2
Listing File Format
A <project name>.lst file is created each time the ImageCraft Assembler completes without
errors or warnings. The list file may be used to understand how the Assembler has converted the
source code into machine code.
The two lines below represent typical lines found in a listing file. Lines that begin with a four-digit
number in parentheses (“( )”) are source file lines. The number in parentheses is the source file line
number. The text following the right parenthesis is the exact text from the source file. The second
line in the example below begins with a four-digit number followed by a colon. This four-digit number
indicates the ROM address for the first machine code byte that follows the colon. In this example, the
two hexadecimal numbers that follow the colon are two bytes that form the MOV A, 74 instruction.
Notice that the ImageCraft Assembler converts the constants used in the source file to decimal values and that the machine code is always show in hexadecimal. In this case the source code
expressed the constant as an octal value (0112), the Assembler represented the same value in decimal (74), and the machine code uses hexadecimal (4A).
Example LST File: (0014)
mov
A,
01AF: 50 4A
3.3
0112
; Octal constant
MOV
A,74
Map File Format
A <project name>.mp file is created each time the ImageCraft Assembler completes without
errors or warnings. The map file documents where the Assembler has placed areas defined by the
AREA assembler directive and lists the values of global labels (also called global symbols).
3.4
ROM File Format
A <project name>.rom file is created each time the ImageCraft Assembler completes without
errors or warnings. This file is provided as an alternative to the Intel HEX file that is also created by
the Assembler. The ROM file does not contain the user-defined protection settings for the Flash or
the fill value used to initialize unused portions of Flash after the end of user code.
The ROM file is a simple text file with eight columns of data delimited by spaces. The example below
is a complete ROM file for a 47-byte program. The ROM file does not contain any information about
where the data should be located in Flash. By convention, the data in the ROM file starts at address
0x0000 in Flash. For the example below, only addresses 0x0000 through 0x002E of the Flash
have assigned values according to the ROM file.
Example ROM
File:
30
80
7E
7E
91
3D
3F
5B
00
00
73
7F
00
00
00
00
90
60
3D
00
00
00
FE
3A
FF
7E
7D
7D
90
5B
3E
00
02
01
89
60
CC
00
62
EF
90
3E
FF
00
7E
7E
14
7F
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3.5
Intel® HEX File Format
The Intel HEX file created by the ImageCraft Assembler is used as a platform-independent way of
distributing all of the information needed to program a PSoC microcontroller. In addition to the user
data created by the Assembler, the HEX file also contains the protection settings for the project that
will be used by the programmer.
The basic building block of the Intel HEX file format is called a record. Every record consists of six
fields as shown in Table 3-6. All fields, except for the start field, represent information as ASCII
encoded hexadecimal. This means that every eight bits of information are encoded in two ASCII
characters.
The start field is one byte in length and must always contain a colon (:). The length field is also one
byte in length and indicates the number of bytes of data stored in the record. Because the length
field is one byte in length, the maximum amount of data stored in a record is 255 bytes which would
require 510 ASCII characters in the HEX file. The starting address field indicates the address of the
first byte of information in the record. The address field is 16 bits in length (four ASCII characters)
which allows room for 64 kilobytes of data per record.
Table 3-6. Intel HEX File Record Format
Field Number
Field Name
Length (bytes)
Description
1
start
1
The only valid value is the colon (:) character.
2
length
1
Indicates amount of data from 0 bytes to 255 bytes.
3
starting
address
2
4
type
1
5
data
Determined by
length field
6
checksum
1
“00”: data
“01”: end of file
“02”: extended segment address
“03”: start segment address
“04”: extended linear address
“05”: start linear address record
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All HEX files created by the ImageCraft Assembler have the structure shown in Table 3-7. Each row
in the table describes a record type used in the HEX file. Each record type conforms to the record
definitions discussed previously.
Table 3-7. PSoC Microcontroller Intel HEX File Format
Record
32
Description
<data record 1: flash data>
This is the first of many data records in the HEX file that
contain Flash data.
<data record n: flash data>
The nth record containing data for Flash (last record).
The total number of data records for Flash data can be
determined by dividing the available Flash space (in
bytes) by 64. Therefore, a 16 KB part would have a HEX
file with 256 Flash data records.
:020000040010ea
The first two characters (02) indicate that this record has
a length of two bytes (4 ASCII characters). The next four
characters (0000) specify the starting address. The next
two characters (04) indicate that this is an extended linear address. The four characters following 04 are the
data for this record. Because this is an extended linear
address record, the four characters indicate the value for
the upper 16 bits of a 32-bit address. Therefore, the value
of 0x0010 is a 1 MB offset. For PSoC microcontroller
HEX files, the extended linear address is used to offset
Flash protection data from the Flash data. The Flash protection bits start at the 1 MB address.
<data record 1: protection bits>
For PSoC devices with 16 KB of Flash or less, this is the
only data record for protection bits.
<data record m: protection bits>
For PSoC devices with more than 16 KB of Flash, there
will be an additional data record with protection bits for
each 16 KB of additional Flash.
:020000040020da
This is another extended linear address record. This
record provides a 1 MB offset from the Flash protection
bits (absolute address of 2 MB).
<data record: checksum>
This is a two-byte data record that stores a checksum for
all of the Flash data stored in the HEX file. The record will
always start with :0200000000 and end with the four
characters that represent the two-byte checksum.
:00000001ff
This is the end-of-file record. The length and starting
address fields are all zero. The type field has a value of
0x01 and the checksum value will always be 0xff.
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The following is an example of a PSoC device HEX file for a very small program.
Example Code:
mov
inc
mov
Example ROM File:
5D 04 74 60 04
Example HEX File:
:400000005d0474600430303030303030303030303030303030303
030303030303030303030303030303030303030303030303030303
0303030303030303030303030303077
:40004000303030303030303030303030303030303030303030303
030303030303030303030303030303030303030303030303030303
0303030303030303030303030303080
A, reg[0x04]
A
reg[0x04], A
Records removed to make example compact.
:403fc000303030303030303030303030303030303030303030303
030303030303030303030303030303030303030303030303030303
03030303030303030303030303030c1
:020000040010ea
:40000000fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
fffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00
:020000040020da
:020000000049b5
:00000001ff
3.6
Convention for Restoring Internal Registers
When calling PSoC user module APIs and library functions, it is the caller's responsibility to preserve
the CPU_A and CPU_X registers. This means that if the current context of the code has a value in
the CPU_X and/or CPU_A register that must be maintained after the API call, then the caller must
save (push on the stack) and then restore (pop off the stack) them after the call has returned.
Even though some of the APIs do preserve the CPU_X and CPU_A register, Cypress reserves the
right to modify the API in future releases in such a manner as to modify the contents of the CPU_X
and CPU_A registers. Therefore, it is very important to observe the convention when calling from
assembly. Note that the C compiler observes this convention.
3.7
Compiling a File into a Library Module
Each library module is simply an object file. Therefore, to create a library module, you need to compile a source file into an object file. There are several ways that you can create a library.
One method is to create a brand new project. Add all the necessary source files that you wish to be
added to your custom library to this project. You then add a project-specific MAKE file action to add
those project files to a custom library.
For example, a blank project is created for any type of part, since interest is only in using 'C' and/or
assembly, the Application Editor, and the Debugger. The goal for creating a custom library is to centralize a set of common functions that can be shared between projects. These common functions, or
primitives, have deterministic inputs and outputs. Another goal for creating this custom library is to
be able to debug the primitives using a sequence of test instructions (e.g., a regression test) in a
source file that should not be included in the library. No user modules are involved in this example.
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PSoC Designer automatically generates a certain amount of code for each new project. In this
example, use the generated _main source file to hold regression tests, but do not add this file to the
custom library. Also, do not add the generated boot.asm source file to the library. Essentially, all the
files under the "Source Files" branch of the project view source tree go into a custom library, except
main.asm (or main.c) and boot.asm.
Create a file called local.dep in the root folder of the project. The local.dep file is included by the
master Makefile (found in the …\PSoC Designer\tools folder). The following shows how the
Makefile includes local.dep (found at the bottom of Makefile).
#this include is the dependencies
-include project.dep
#if you like project.dep that is good!
-include local.dep
The nice thing about having local.dep included at the end of the master Makefile is that the rules
used in the Makefile can be redefined (see the Help > Documentation \Supporting Documents\make.pdf for detailed information). In this example, it is used as an advantage.
The following shows information from example local.dep.
# ----- Cut/Paste to your local.dep File ----define Add_To_MyCustomLib
$(CRLF)
$(LIBCMD) -a PSoCToolsLib.a $(library_file)
endif
obj/%.o : %.asm project.mk
ifeq ($(ECHO_COMMANDS),novice)
echo $(call correct_path,$<)
endif
$(ASMCMD) $(INCLUDEFLAGS) $(DEFAULTASMFLAGS) $(ASMFLAGS) correct_path,$<)
$(foreach library_file, $(filter-out obj/main.o, $@),
$(Add_To_MyCustomLib))
obj/%.o : %.c project.mk
ifeq ($(ECHO_COMMANDS),novice)
echo $(call correct_path,$<)
endif
$(CCMD) $(CFLAGS) $(CDEFINES) $(INCLUDEFLAGS)
$(DEFAULTCFLAGS) -o $@ $(call correct_path,$<)
$(foreach library_file, $(filter-out obj/main.o, $@),
$(Add_To_MyCustomLib))
# ------ End Cut -----
34
$@ $(call
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The rules (for example, obj/%.o : %.asm project.mk and obj/%.o : %.c project.mk) in
the local.dep file shown above are the same rules found in the master Makefile with one addition
each. The addition in the redefined rules is to add each object (target) to a library called PSoCToolsLib.a. For example:
$(foreach library_file, $(filter-out obj/main.o,
$@), $(Add_To_MyCustomLib))
The MAKE keyword foreach causes one piece of text (the first argument) to be used repeatedly,
each time with a different substitution performed on it. The substitution list comes from the second
foreach argument.
In this second argument, there is another MAKE keyword/function called filter-out. The filter-out function removes obj/main.o from the list of all targets being built (for example, obj/
%.o). This was one of the goals for this example. You can filter out additional files by adding those
files to the first argument of filter-out such as:
$(filter-out obj/main.o obj/excludeme.o, $@).
The MAKE symbol combination $@ is a shortcut syntax that refers to the list of all the targets (for
example, obj/%.o).
The third argument in the foreach function is expanded into a sequence of commands, for each
substitution, to update or add the object file to the library. This local.dep example is prepared to handle both C and assembly source files and put them in the library, PSoCToolsLib.a. The library is created/updated in the project root folder in this example. However, you can provide a full path to
another folder. For example:
$(LIBCMD) -a c:\temp\PSoCToolsLib.a $(library_file.
Another goal was to not include the boot.asm file in the library. This is easy given that the master
Makefile contains a separate rule for the boot.asm source file, which is not redefined in local.dep.
You can cut and paste this example and place it in a local.dep file in the root folder of any project. To
view messages in the Build tab of the Output Status window regarding the behavior of your custom
process, go to Tools > Options > Builder tab and click a check at “Use verbose build messages.“
Use the Project > Settings > Linker tab fields to add the library modules/library path if you want other
PSoC Designer projects to link in your custom library.
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36
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4.
M8C Instruction Set
This chapter describes all M8C instructions in detail. The M8C supports a total of 256 instructions
which are divided into 37 instruction types and arranged in alphabetical order according to the
instruction types mnemonic.
For each instruction the assembly code format will be illustrated as well as the operation performed
by the instruction. The microprocessor cycles that are listed for each instruction are for instructions
that are not on a ROM (Flash) page-boundary execution. If the instruction is located on a 256-byte
ROM page boundary, an additional microprocessor clock cycle will be needed by the instruction.
The expr string that is used to explain the assembly code format represents the use of assembler
directives which tell the ImageCraft Assembler how to calculate the constant used in the final
machine code. Note that in the operation equations the machine code constant is represented by k,
k1, and k2.
While the instruction mnemonics are often shown in all capital letters, the ImageCraft Assembler
ignores case for directives and instructions mnemonics. However, the Assembler does consider
case for user-defined symbols (i.e., labels).
Note that information about individual M8C instructions is also available via PSoC Designer Online
Help. Pressing the [F1] key will cause the online help system to search for the word at the current
insertion point in a source file. If your insertion point is an instruction mnemonic, pressing [F1] will
direct you to information about that instruction.
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M8C Instruction Set
4.1
Add with Carry
ADC
Computes the sum of the two operands plus the carry value from the Flag register. The first operand’s value is replaced by the computed sum. If the sum is greater than 255, the Carry Flag is set in
the Flag register. If the sum is zero, the Zero Flag is set in the Flag register.
Instructions
Mnemonic
38
Operation
Argument
Opcode
Cycles Bytes
ADC
A, expr
A ← A + k + CF
0x09
4
2
ADC
A, [expr]
A ← A + ram [ k ] + CF
0x0A
6
2
ADC
A, [X+expr]
A ← A + ram [ X + k ] + CF
0x0B
7
2
ADC
[expr], A
ram [ k ] ← ram [ k ] + A + CF
0x0C
7
2
ADC
[X+expr], A
ram [ X + k ] ← ram [ X + k ] + A + CF
0x0D
8
2
ADC
[expr], expr
ram [ k 1 ] ← ram [ k 1 ] + k 2 + CF
0x0E
9
3
ADC
[X+expr], expr
ram [ X + k 1 ] ← ram [ X + k 1 ] + k 2 + CF
0x0F
10
3
Conditional
Flags:
CF
ZF
Set if the sum > 255; cleared otherwise.
Example 1:
mov
or
adc
A, 0
F, 0x02
A, 12
;set accumulator to zero
;set carry flag
;accumulator value is now 13
Example 2:
mov
mov
inc
adc
[0x39], 0
[0x40], FFh
[0x40]
[0x39], 0
;initialize ram[0x39]=0x00
;initialize ram[0x40]=0xFF
;ram[0x40]=0x00, CF=1, ZF=1
;ram[0x39]=0x01, CF=0, ZF=0
Set if the result is zero; cleared otherwise.
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M8C Instruction Set
4.2
Add without Carry
ADD
Computes the sum of the two operands. The first operand’s value is replaced by the computed sum.
If the sum is greater than 255, the Carry Flag is set in the Flag register. If the sum is zero, the Zero
Flag is set in the Flag register. The ADD SP, expr instruction does not affect the flags in any way.
Instructions
Mnemonic
Operation
Argument
Opcode
Cycles
Bytes
ADD
A, expr
A←A+k
0x01
4
2
ADD
A, [expr]
A ← A + ram [ k ]
0x02
6
2
ADD
A, [X+expr]
A ← A + ram [ X + k ]
0x03
7
2
ADD
[expr], A
ram [ k ] ← ram [ k ] + A
0x04
7
2
ADD
[X+expr], A
ram [ X + k ] ← ram [ X + k ] + A
0x05
8
2
ADD
[expr], expr
ram [ k 1 ] ← ram [ k 1 ] + k 2
0x06
9
3
ADD
[X+expr], expr
ram [ X + k 1 ] ← ram [ X + k 1 ] + k 2
0x07
10
3
ADD
SP, expr
SP ← SP + k
0x38
5
2
Conditional
Flags:
CF
Set if the sum > 255; cleared otherwise.
ADD SP, expr does not affect the Carry Flag.
ZF
Set if the result is zero; cleared otherwise.
ADD SP, expr does not affect the Zero Flag.
Example 1:
mov
add
add
A, 10
A, 240
A, 6
;initialize A to 10 (decimal)
;result is A=250 (decimal)
;result is A=0, CF=1, ZF=1
Example 2:
mov
add
add
add
A,
A,
A,
A,
;initialize A to 10 (decimal)
;result is A=250 (decimal)
;result is A=1, CF=1, ZF=0
;result is A=6, CF=0, ZF=0
Example 3:
mov
swap
add
add
A, 10
A, SP
SP, 240
SP, 6
10
240
7
5
;initialize A to 10 (decimal)
;put 10 in SP
;result is SP=250 (decimal)
;SP=0, CF=unchanged, ZF=unchanged
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M8C Instruction Set
4.3
Bitwise AND
AND
Computes the logical AND for each bit position using both arguments. The result of the logical AND
is placed in the corresponding bit position for the first argument.
The Carry Flag is only changed when the AND F, expr instruction is used. The CF will be set to the
result of the logical AND of the CF at the beginning of instruction execution and the second argument’s value at bit position 2 (i.e., F[2] and expr[2]).
For the AND F, expr instruction the ZF is handled the same as the CF in that it is changed as a
result of the logical AND of the ZF’s value at the beginning of instruction execution and the value of
the second argument’s value at bit position 1 (i.e., F[1] and expr[1]). However, for all other AND
instructions the Zero Flag will be set or cleared based on the result of the logical AND operation. If
the result of the AND is that all bits are zero, the Zero Flag will be set; otherwise, the Zero Flag Is
cleared.
Note that AND (or OR or XOR, as appropriate) is a read-modify write instruction. When operating on
a register, that register must be of the read-write type. Bitwise AND to a write only register will generate nonsense.
Instructions
Mnemonic
40
Operation
Argument
Opcode
Cycles
Bytes
AND
A, expr
A←A& k
0x21
4
2
AND
A, [expr]
A ← A & ram[k]
0x22
6
2
AND
A, [X+expr]
A ← A & ram[X+k]
0x23
7
2
AND
[expr], A
ram [ k ] ← ram [ k ] & A
0x24
7
2
AND
[X+expr], A
ram [ X + k ] ← ram [ X + k ] & A
0x25
8
2
AND
[expr], expr
ram [ k 1 ] ← ram [ k 1 ] & k 2
0x26
9
3
AND
[X+expr], expr
ram [ X + k 1 ] ← ram [ X + k 1 ] & k 2
0x27
10
3
AND
REG[expr], expr
reg [ k 1 ] ← reg [ k 1 ] & k 2
0x41
9
3
AND
REG[X+expr],
expr
reg [ X + k 1 ] ← reg [ X + k 1 ] & k 2
0x42
10
3
AND
F, expr
F←F& k
0x70
4
2
Conditional
Flags:
CF
Affected only by the AND F, expr instruction.
ZF
Set if the result is zero; cleared otherwise.
AND F, expr will set this flag as a result of the AND operation.
Example 1:
and
A, 0x00
;A=0, CF=unchanged, ZF=1
Example 2:
and
F, 0x00
;F=0 therefore CF=0, ZF=0
ImageCraft Assembly Language Guide, Document # 001-44475 Rev. **
[+] Feedback
M8C Instruction Set
4.4
Arithmetic Shift Left
ASL
Shifts all bits of the instruction’s argument one bit to the left. Bit 7 is loaded into the Carry Flag and
bit 0 is loaded with a zero.
7
CF
6
5
4
3
2
1
Instructions
Mnemonic
ASL
ASL
ASL
0
0
Operation
Argument
Opcode
Cycles Bytes
A
CF ← A:7
A:7 ← A:6
A:6 ← A:5
A:5 ← A4
A ← A:4 ← A:3
A:3 ← A:2
A:2 ← A:1
A:1 ← A:0
A:0 ← 0
0x64
4
1
[expr]
CF ← ram [ k ]:7
ram [ k ]:7 ← ram [ k ]:6
ram [ k ]:6 ← ram [ k ]:5
ram [ k ]:5 ← ram [ k ]:4
ram [ k ] ← ram [ k ]:4 ← ram [ k ]:3
ram [ k ]:3 ← ram [ k ]:2
ram [ k ]:2 ← ram [ k ]:1
ram [ k ]:1 ← ram [ k ]:0
ram [ k ]:0 ← 0
0x65
7
2
[X+expr]
CF ← ram [ ( X + k ) ]:7
ram [ ( X + k ) ]:7 ← ram [ ( X + k ) ]:6
ram [ ( X + k ) ]:6 ← ram [ ( X + k ) ]:5
ram [ ( X + k ) ]:5 ← ram [ ( X + k ) ]:4
ram [ X + k ] ← ram [ ( X + k ) ]:4 ← ram [ ( X + k ) ]:3
ram [ ( X + k ) ]:3 ← ram [ ( X + k ) ]:2
ram [ ( X + k ) ]:2 ← ram [ ( X + k ) ]:1
ram [ ( X + k ) ]:1 ← ram [ ( X + k ) ]:0
ram [ ( X + k ) ]:0 ← 0
0x66
8
2
Conditional
Flags:
CF
Set equal to the initial argument’s bit 7 value.
ZF
Set if the result is zero; cleared otherwise.
Example 1:
mov
asl
A, 0x7F
A
;initialize A with 127
;A=0xFE, CF=0, ZF=0
Example 2:
mov
asl
0xEB], AA
0xEB]
;initialize RAM @ 0xEB with 0
;ram[0xEB]=54, CF=1, ZF=0
ImageCraft Assembly Language Guide, Document # 001-44475 Rev. **
41
[+] Feedback
M8C Instruction Set
4.5
Arithmetic Shift Right
ASR
Shifts all bits of the instruction’s argument one bit to the right. Bit 7 remains the same while bit 0 is
shifted into the Carry Flag.
7
6
5
4
3
2
Instructions
Mnemonic
ASR
ASR
ASR
42
1
0
CF
Operation
Argument
Opcode
Cycles
Bytes
A
CF ← A:0, A:0 ← A:1, A:1 ← A:2
A ← A:2 ← A:3, A:3 ← A:4, A:4 ← A:5
A:5 ← A:6, A:6 ← A:7
0x67
4
1
[expr]
CF ← ram [ ( k ) ]:0
ram [ k ]:0 ← ram [ k ]:1
ram [ k ]:1 ← ram [ k ]:2
ram [ k ] ← ram [ k ]:2 ← ram [ k ]:3
ram [ k ]:3 ← ram [ k ]:4
ram [ k ]:4 ← ram [ k ]:5
ram [ k ]:5 ← ram [ k ]:6
ram [ k ]:6 ← ram [ k ]:7
0x68
7
2
[X+expr]
CF ← ram [ ( X + k ) ]:0
ram [ ( X + k ) ]:0 ← ram [ ( X + k ) ]:1
ram [ ( X + k ) ]:1 ← ram [ ( X + k ) ]:2
ram [ X + k ] ← ram [ ( X + k ) ]:2 ← ram [ ( X + k ) ]:3
ram [ ( X + k ) ]:3 ← ram [ ( X + k ) ]:4
ram [ ( X + k ) ]:4 ← ram [ ( X + k ) ]:5
ram [ ( X + k ) ]:5 ← ram [ ( X + k ) ]:6
ram [ ( X + k ) ]:6 ← ram [ ( X + k ) ]:7
0x69
8
2
Conditional
Flags:
CF
Set if LSB of the source was set before the shift, else cleared.
ZF
Set if the result is zero; cleared otherwise.
Example 1:
mov
and
asr
A, 0x00
F, 0x00
A
;initialize A to 0
;make sure all flags are cleared
;A=0, CF=0, ZF=1
Example 2:
mov
and
asr
A, 0xFF
F, 0x00
A
;initialize A to 255
;make sure all flags are cleared
;A=0xFF, CF=1, ZF=0
Example 3:
mov
and
asr
A, 0xAA
F, 0x00
A
;initialize A to 170
;make sure all flags are cleared
;A=0xD5, CF=0, ZF=0
ImageCraft Assembly Language Guide, Document # 001-44475 Rev. **
[+] Feedback
M8C Instruction Set
4.6
Call Function
CALL
Adds the signed argument to the current PC+2 value resulting in a new PC that determines the
address of the first byte of the next instruction. The current PC value is defined as the PC value that
corresponds to the ROM address of the first byte of the next instruction.
Two pushes are used to store the Program Counter (PC+2) on the stack. First, the upper 8 bits of the
PC (CPU_PC register) are placed on the stack followed by the lower 8 bits. The Stack Pointer is
post-incremented for each push. For devices with more than 256 bytes of RAM, the stack is confined
to a single designated stack page defined in the device data sheet. The M8C automatically selects
the stack page as the destination for the push during the CALL instruction. Therefore, a CALL
instruction may be issued in any RAM page. After the CALL instruction has completed, user code will
be operating from the same RAM page as before the CALL instruction was executed.
This instruction has a 12-bit two’s-complement relative address that is added to the PC. The 12 bits
are packed into the two-byte instruction format by using the lower nibble of the opcode and the second byte of the instruction format. Therefore, all opcodes with an upper nibble of 9 are CALL instructions. The “x” character is used in the table below to indicate that the first byte of a CALL instruction
can have one of 16 values (i.e., 0x90, 0x91, 0x92,..., 0x9F).
Instructions
Mnemonic
CALL
Operation
Argument
PC ← PC + 2 + k, ( – 2048 ≤ k ≤ 2047 )
expr
Opcode
Cycles
Bytes
0x9x
11
2
Conditional
Flags:
CF
Unaffected.
ZF
Unaffected.
Example:
0000
_main:
0000 40
nop
0001 90 E8
call SubFun
0003 40
nop
Note that the relative address for the CALL above is positive
(0xE8) and that the sum of that address and the PC value for
the first byte of the next instruction (0x0003) equals the
address of the SubFun label (0xE8 + 0x0003 = 0x00EB).
0004 9F FA
call _main
Note that the call to Main uses a negative address (0xFA).
0006
00EB
00EB
00EB
00EC
40
7F
org 0x00EB
SubFun:
nop
ret
ImageCraft Assembly Language Guide, Document # 001-44475 Rev. **
43
[+] Feedback
M8C Instruction Set
4.7
Non-Destructive Compare
CMP
Subtracts the second argument from the first. If the difference is less than zero the Carry Flag is set.
If the difference is 0 the Zero Flag is set. Neither operand’s value is destroyed by this instruction.
Instructions
Mnemonic
44
Operation
Argument
Opcode
Cycles Bytes
CMP
A, expr
A–k
0x39
5
2
CMP
A, [expr]
A – ram [ k ]
0x3A
7
2
CMP
A, [X+expr]
A – ram [ X + k ]
0x3B
8
2
CMP
[expr], expr
ram [ k 1 ] – k 2
0x3C
8
3
CMP
[X+expr], expr
ram [ X + k 1 ] – k 2
0x3D
9
3
Conditional
Flags:
CF
Set if Operand 1 < Operand 2; cleared otherwise.
ZF
Set if the operands are equal; cleared otherwise.
Example:
mov
cmp
cmp
cmp
A,
A,
A,
A,
34
33
34
35
;initialize the accumulator to 34
;A>=34 CF cleared, A != 33 ZF cleared
;A=34 CF cleared, ZF set
;A<35 CF set, A != 35 ZF cleared
ImageCraft Assembly Language Guide, Document # 001-44475 Rev. **
[+] Feedback
M8C Instruction Set
4.8
Complement Accumulator
CPL
Computes the bitwise complement of the Accumulator and stores the result in the Accumulator. The
Carry Flag is not affected but the Zero Flag will be set, if the result of the complement is ‘0’ (for
example, the original value was 0xFF).
Instructions
Mnemonic
CPL
Operation
Argument
A←A
A
Conditional
Flags:
CF
Unaffected.
ZF
Set if the result is zero; cleared otherwise.
Example 1:
mov
cpl
A, 0xFF
A
;A=0x00, ZF=1
mov
cpl
A, 0xA5
A
;A=0x5A, ZF=0
mov
cpl
A, 0xFE
A
;A=0x01, ZF=0
Example 2:
Example 3:
ImageCraft Assembly Language Guide, Document # 001-44475 Rev. **
Opcode
Cycles
Bytes
0x73
4
1
45
[+] Feedback
M8C Instruction Set
4.9
Decrement
DEC
Subtracts one from the value of the argument and replaces the argument’s original value with the
result. If the result is ‘-1’ (original value was zero) the Carry Flag is set. If the result is ‘0’ (original
value was one) the Zero Flag is set.
Instructions
Mnemonic
46
Operation
Argument
Opcode
Cycles Bytes
DEC
A
A←A–1
0x78
4
1
DEC
X
X←X–1
0x79
4
1
DEC
[expr]
ram [ k ] ← ram [ k ] – 1
0x7A
7
2
DEC
[X+expr]
ram [ X + k ] ← ram [ X + k ] – 1
0x7B
8
2
Conditional
Flags:
CF
Set if the result is -1; cleared otherwise.
ZF
Set if the result is zero; cleared otherwise.
Example:
mov [0xEB], 3
loop2:
dec [0xEB]
jnz loop2
;The loop will be executed 3 times.
;Jump will not be taken when ZF is set by
;DEC (i.e., wait until the loop counter
;(0xEB) is decremented to 0x00).
ImageCraft Assembly Language Guide, Document # 001-44475 Rev. **
[+] Feedback
M8C Instruction Set
4.10
Halt
HALT
Halts the execution of the processor. The processor will remain halted until a Power-On-Reset
(POR), Watchdog Timer Reset (WDR), or external reset (XRES) event occurs. The POR, WDR, and
XRES are all hardware resets that will cause a complete system reset, including the resetting of registers to their power-on state. Watchdog reset will not cause the Watchdog Timer to be disabled,
while all other resets will disable the Watchdog Timer.
Instructions
Mnemonic
Operation
Argument
reg [ CPU_SCR ] ← reg [ CPU_SCR ] + 1
HALT
Conditional
Flags:
CF
Unaffected.
ZF
Unaffected.
Example:
halt
Opcode
Cycles
Bytes
0x30
9
1
;sets STOP bit in CPU_SCR register
ImageCraft Assembly Language Guide, Document # 001-44475 Rev. **
47
[+] Feedback
M8C Instruction Set
4.11
Increment
INC
Adds one to the argument. The argument’s original value is replaced by the new value. If the value
after the increment is 0x00, the Carry Flag and the Zero Flag will be set (original value must have
been 0xFF).
Instructions
Mnemonic
48
Operation
Argument
Opcode
Cycles
Bytes
INC
A
A←A+1
0x74
4
1
INC
X
X←X+1
0x75
4
1
INC
[expr]
ram [ k ] ← ram [ k ] + 1
0x76
7
2
INC
[X+expr]
ram [ X + k ] ← ram [ X + k ] + 1
0x77
8
2
Conditional
Flags:
CF
Set if value after the increment is 0; cleared otherwise.
ZF
Set if the result is zero; cleared otherwise.
Example 1:
mov
or
inc
A, 0x00
F, 0x06
A
;initialize A to 0
;make sure CF and ZF are set (1)
;A=0x01, CF=0, ZF=0
Example 2:
mov
and
inc
A, 0xFF
F, 0x00
A
;initialize A to 0
;make sure flags are all 0
;A=0x00, CF=1, ZF=1
ImageCraft Assembly Language Guide, Document # 001-44475 Rev. **
[+] Feedback
M8C Instruction Set
4.12
Relative Table Read
INDEX
Places the contents of ROM at the location indicated by the sum of the Accumulator, the argument,
and the current PC+2 into the Accumulator. This instruction has a 12-bit, two’s-complement offset
address, relative to the current PC+2. The current PC value is defined as the PC value that corresponds to the ROM address of the first byte of the instruction.
The INDEX instruction is used to retrieve information from a table to the Accumulator. The lower nibble of the first byte of the instruction is used as the upper 4 bits of the 12-bit address. Therefore, all
instructions that begin with 0xF are INDEX instructions, so all of the following are INDEX opcodes:
0xF0, 0xF1, 0xF2,..., 0xFF.
The offset into the table is taken as the value of the Accumulator when the INDEX instruction is executed. The maximum readable table size is 256 bytes due to the Accumulator being 8 bits in length.
Instructions
Mnemonic
INDEX
Operation
Argument
Opcode
Cycles
Bytes
0xFx
13
2
A ← rom [ k + A + PC + 2 ], ( – 2048 ≤ k ≤ 2047 )
expr
Conditional
Flags:
CF
Unaffected.
ZF
Set if the byte returned to A is zero.
Example:
0000
0000
0001
0003
0005
40
50 03
F0 E6
60 04
OUT_REG: equ 04h
[04] nop
[04] mov A, 3
[13] index ASCIInumbers
[05] mov reg[OUT_REG], A
Note that the 12-bit address for the INDEX instruction is positive and that the sum
of the address (0x0E6) and the next instruction’s address (0x0005) are equal to
the first address of the ASCIInumbers table (0x00EB). Because the Accumulator
has been set to 3 before executing the INDEX instruction, the fourth byte in the
ASCIInumbers table will be returned to A. Therefore, A will be 0x33 at the end of
the INDEX instruction.
0007
00EB
00EB
00EB
org 0x00EB
ASCIInumbers:
30 31 ...
ds
32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
ImageCraft Assembly Language Guide, Document # 001-44475 Rev. **
"0123456789"
49
[+] Feedback
M8C Instruction Set
4.13
Jump Accumulator
JACC
Jump, unconditionally, to the address computed by the sum of the Accumulator, the 12-bit two’scompliment argument, and the current PC+1. The current PC value is defined as the PC value that
corresponds to the ROM address of the first byte of the JACC instruction.
The Accumulator is not affected by this instruction. The JACC instruction uses a two-byte instruction
format where the lower nibble of the first byte is used for the upper 4 bits of the 12-bit relative
address. This causes an effective 4-bit opcode. Therefore, the following are all valid opcode bytes
for the JACC instruction: 0xE0, 0xE1, 0xE2,..., 0xEF.
Instructions
Mnemonic
JACC
Operation
Argument
Opcode
PC ← ( PC + 1 ) + k + A
expr
Conditional
Flags:
CF
Unaffected.
ZF
Unaffected.
Example:
0000
0000
0002
50 03
E0 01
_main:
mov A, 3
jacc SubFun
0xEx
Cycles Bytes
7
2
;set A with jump offset
Program execution will jump to address 0x0007 (halt)
0004
0004
0005
0006
0007
50
SubFun:
40
40
40
30
nop
nop
nop
halt
ImageCraft Assembly Language Guide, Document # 001-44475 Rev. **
[+] Feedback
M8C Instruction Set
4.14
Jump if Carry
JC
If the Carry Flag is set, jump to the sum of the relative address argument and the current PC+1. The
current PC value is defined as the PC value that corresponds to the ROM address of the first byte of
the JC instruction.
The JC instruction uses a two-byte instruction format where the lower nibble of the first byte is used
for the upper 4 bits of the 12-bit relative address. This causes an effective 4-bit opcode. Therefore,
the following are all valid opcode bytes for the JC instruction: 0xC0, 0xC1, 0xC2,..., 0xCF.
Instructions
Mnemonic
JC
Operation
Argument
PC ← ( PC + 1 ) + k , ( – 2048 ≤ k ≤ 2047 )
expr
Conditional
Flags:
CF
Unaffected.
ZF
Unaffected.
Example:
0000
0000
0003
0006
0008
0009
0009
0009
55 3C 02
16 3C 03
C0 02
30
_main:
mov [3Ch], 2
sub [3Ch], 3
jc SubFun
halt
40
SubFun:
nop
ImageCraft Assembly Language Guide, Document # 001-44475 Rev. **
Opcode
Cycles
Bytes
0xCx
5
2
;2-2=0 CF=1, ZF=0
;CF=1, jump to SubFun
51
[+] Feedback
M8C Instruction Set
4.15
Jump
JMP
Jump, unconditionally, to the address indicated by the sum of the argument and the current PC+1.
The current PC value is defined as the PC value that corresponds to the ROM address of the first
byte of the JMP instruction.
The JMP instruction uses a two-byte instruction format where the lower nibble of the first byte is used
for the upper 4 bits of the 12-bit relative address. This causes an effective 4-bit opcode. Therefore,
the following are all valid opcode bytes for the JMP instruction: 0x80, 0x81, 0x82,..., 0x8F.
Instructions
Mnemonic
JMP
Operation
Argument
PC ← ( PC + 1 ) + k , ( – 2048 ≤ k ≤ 2047 )
expr
Conditional
Flags:
CF
Unaffected.
ZF
Unaffected.
Example:
0000
0000
80 01
Opcode
Cycles Bytes
0x8x
5
2
_main:
[05] jmp SubFun
Jump is forward, relative to PC, therefore offset is positive (0x01).
0002
0002
8F FD
SubFun:
[05] jmp _main
Jump is backwards, relative to PC, therefore, offset is negative (0xFD).
52
ImageCraft Assembly Language Guide, Document # 001-44475 Rev. **
[+] Feedback
M8C Instruction Set
4.16
Jump if No Carry
JNC
If the Carry Flag is not set, jump to the sum of the relative address argument and the current PC+1.
The current PC value is defined as the PC value that corresponds to the ROM address of the first
byte of the JNC instruction.
The JNC instruction uses a two-byte instruction format where the lower nibble of the first byte is used
for the upper 4 bits of the 12-bit relative address. This causes an effective 4-bit opcode. Therefore,
the following are all valid opcode bytes for the JNC instruction: 0xD0, 0xD1, 0xD2,..., 0xDF.
Instructions
Mnemonic
JNC
Operation
Argument
PC ← ( PC + 1 ) + k , ( – 2048 ≤ k ≤ 2047 )
expr
Conditional
Flags:
CF
Unaffected.
ZF
Unaffected.
Example:
0000
0000
0003
0006
0008
0009
0009
0009
55 3C 02
16 3C 02
D0 02
30
_main:
[08]
[09]
[05]
[04]
40
SubFun:
[04]
nop
mov [3Ch], 2
sub [3Ch], 2
jnc SubFun
halt
ImageCraft Assembly Language Guide, Document # 001-44475 Rev. **
Opcode
0xDx
Cycles Bytes
5
2
;2-2=0 CF=0, ZF=1
;jump to SubFun
53
[+] Feedback
M8C Instruction Set
4.17
Jump if Not Zero
JNZ
If the Zero Flag is not set, jump to the address indicated by the sum of the argument and the current
PC+1. The current PC value is defined as the PC value that corresponds to the ROM address of the
first byte of the JNZ instruction.
The JNZ instruction uses a two-byte instruction format where the lower nibble of the first byte is used
for the upper 4 bits of the 12-bit relative address. This causes an effective 4-bit opcode. Therefore,
the following are all valid opcode bytes for the JNZ instruction: 0xB0, 0xB1, 0xB2,..., 0xBF.
Instructions
Mnemonic
JNZ
54
Operation
Argument
PC ← ( PC + 1 ) + k , ( – 2048 ≤ k ≤ 2047 )
expr
Conditional
Flags:
CF
Unaffected.
ZF
Unaffected.
Example:
0000
0000
0003
0006
0008
0009
0009
0009
55 3C 02
16 3C 01
B0 02
30
_main:
[08]
[09]
[05]
[04]
40
SubFun:
[04]
nop
mov [3Ch], 2
sub [3Ch], 1
jnz SubFun
halt
Opcode
Cycles
Bytes
0xBx
5
2
;2-1=1 CF=0, ZF=0
;jump to SubFun
ImageCraft Assembly Language Guide, Document # 001-44475 Rev. **
[+] Feedback
M8C Instruction Set
4.18
Jump if Zero
JZ
If the Zero Flag is set, jump to the address indicated by the sum of the argument and the current
PC+1. The current PC value is defined as the PC value that corresponds to the ROM address of the
first byte of the JZ instruction.
The JZ instruction uses a two-byte instruction format where the lower nibble of the first byte is used
for the upper 4 bits of the 12-bit relative address. This causes an effective 4-bit opcode. Therefore,
the following are all valid opcode bytes for the JZ instruction: 0xA0, 0xA1, 0xA2,..., 0xAF.
Instructions
Mnemonic
JZ
Operation
Argument
PC ← ( PC + 1 ) + k , ( – 2048 ≤ k ≤ 2047 )
expr
Conditional
Flags:
CF
Unaffected.
ZF
Unaffected.
Example:
0000
0000
0003
0006
0008
0009
0009
0009
55 3C 02
16 3C 02
A0 02
30
_main:
[08]
[09]
[05]
[04]
40
SubFun:
[04]
nop
mov [3Ch], 2
sub [3Ch], 2
jz SubFun
halt
ImageCraft Assembly Language Guide, Document # 001-44475 Rev. **
Opcode
0xAx
Cycles Bytes
5
2
;2-2=0 CF=0, ZF=1
;jump to SubFun
55
[+] Feedback
M8C Instruction Set
4.19
Long Call
LCALL
Replaces the PC value with the LCALL instruction’s argument. The new PC value determines the
address of the first byte of the next instruction.
Two pushes are used to store the Program Counter (current PC+3) on the stack. The current PC
value is defined as the PC value that corresponds to the ROM address of the first byte of the instruction.
First, the upper 8 bits of the PC+3 are placed on the stack followed by the lower 8 bits. The Stack
Pointer is post-incremented for each push. For PSoC microcontrollers with more than 256 bytes of
RAM, the stack is confined to a single designated stack page defined in the device data sheet. The
M8C automatically selects the stack page as the destination for the push during the LCALL instruction. Therefore, a LCALL instruction may be issued in any RAM page. After the LCALL instruction
has completed, user code will be operating from the same RAM page as before the LCALL instruction was executed.
This instruction has a 16-bit unsigned address. A three-byte instruction format is used where the first
byte is a full 8-bit opcode.
Instructions
Mnemonic
LCALL
Operation
Argument
ram [ SP ] ← ( PC + 3 ) [ 15:8 ]
SP ← SP + 1
ram [ SP ] ← ( PC + 3 ) [ 7:0 ]
SP ← SP + 1
PC ← k, ( 0 ≤ k ≤ 65535 )
expr
Conditional
Flags:
CF
Unaffected.
ZF
Unaffected.
Example:
0000
0000
0003
7C 00 05
8F FC
Opcode
0x7C
Cycles Bytes
13
3
_main:
[13]
lcall SubFun
[05]
jmp _main
Although in this example a full 16-bit address is not needed for the call to SubFun,
the listing above shows that the lcall instruction is using a three byte format
which accommodates the 16-bit absolute jump address of 0x0005.
0005
0005
0005
56
7F
SubFun:
[08]
ret
ImageCraft Assembly Language Guide, Document # 001-44475 Rev. **
[+] Feedback
M8C Instruction Set
4.20
Long Jump
LJMP
Jump, unconditionally, to the unsigned address indicated by the instruction’s argument. The LJMP
instruction uses a three-byte instruction format to accommodate a full 16-bit argument. The first byte
of the instruction is a full 8-bit opcode.
Instructions
Mnemonic
LJMP
Operation
Argument
PC ← K, ( 0 ≤ k ≤ 65535 )
expr
Conditional
Flags:
CF
Unaffected.
ZF
Unaffected.
Example:
0000
0000
Opcode
0x7D
Cycles Bytes
7
3
_main:
7D 00 03 [07]
ljmp SubFun
Although in this example a full 16-bit address is not needed for the jump to SubFun
the listing above shows that the ljmp instruction is using a three byte format which
accommodates the 16-bit absolute jump address of 0x0003.
0003
0003
0003
SubFun:
7D 00 00 [07]
ljmp _main
Note that this instruction is jumping backwards, relative to the current PC value,
and the address in the instruction is a positive number (0x0000). This is because
the ljmp instruction uses an absolute address.
ImageCraft Assembly Language Guide, Document # 001-44475 Rev. **
57
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M8C Instruction Set
4.21
Move
MOV
Allows for a number of combinations of moves: immediate, direct, and indexed addressing are supported.
Instructions
Mnemonic
58
Operation
Argument
Opcode
Cycles
Bytes
MOV
X, SP
X ← SP
0x4F
4
1
MOV
A, expr
A←k
0x50
4
2
MOV
A, [expr]
A ← ram [ k ]
0x51
5
2
MOV
A, [X+expr]
A ← ram [ X + k ]
0x52
6
2
MOV
[expr], A
ram [ k ] ← A
0x53
5
2
MOV
[X+expr], A
ram [ X + k ] ← A
0x54
6
2
MOV
[expr], expr
ram [ k 1 ] ← k 2
0x55
8
3
MOV
[X+expr], expr
ram [ X + k 1 ] ← k 2
0x56
9
3
MOV
X, expr
X←k
0x57
4
2
MOV
X, [expr]
X ← ram [ k ]
0x58
6
2
MOV
X, [X+expr]
X ← ram [ X + k ]
0x59
7
2
MOV
[expr], X
ram [ k ] ← X
0x5A
5
2
MOV
A, X
A←X
0x5B
4
1
MOV
X, A
X←A
0x5C
4
1
MOV
A, reg[expr]
A ← reg [ k ]
0x5D
6
2
MOV
A, reg[X+expr]
A ← reg [ X + k ]
0x5E
7
2
MOV
[expr], [expr]
ram [ k 1 ] ← ram [ k 2 ]
0x5F
10
3
MOV
REG[expr], A
reg [ k ] ← A
0x60
5
2
MOV
REG[X+expr], A
reg [ X + k ] ← A
0x61
6
2
MOV
REG[expr], expr
reg [ k 1 ] ← k 2
0x62
8
3
MOV
REG[X+expr],
expr
reg [ X + k 1 ] ← k 2
0x63
9
3
Conditional
Flags:
CF
Unaffected.
ZF
Set if A is the destination and the result is zero.
Example:
mov
mov
A, 0x01
A, 0x00
;accumulator will equal 1, ZF=0
;accumulator will equal 0, ZF=1
ImageCraft Assembly Language Guide, Document # 001-44475 Rev. **
[+] Feedback
M8C Instruction Set
4.22
Move Indirect, Post-Increment to Memory
MVI
A data pointer in RAM is used to move data between another RAM address and the Accumulator.
The data pointer is incremented after the data transfer has completed.
For PSoC microcontrollers with more than 256 bytes of RAM, special page pointers are used to
allow the MVI instructions to access data in remote RAM pages. Two page pointers are available,
one for MVI read (MVI A, [[expr]++]) and another for MVI write (MVI [[expr]++], A). The
data pointer is always found in the current RAM page. The page pointers determine which RAM
page the data pointer’s address will use. At the end of an MVI instruction, user code will be operating
from the same RAM page as before the MVI instruction was executed.
Instructions
Mnemonic
Operation
Argument
Opcode
Cycles
Bytes
MVI
A, [[expr]++]
A ← ram [ ram [ k ] ]
ram [ k ] ← ram [ k ] + 1
0x3E
10
2
MVI
[[expr]++], A
ram [ ram [ k ] ] ← A
ram [ k ] ← ram [ k ] + 1
0x3F
10
2
Conditional
Flags:
CF
Unaffected.
ZF
Set if A is updated with zero.
Example 1:
mov
mov
mov
mvi
mvi
[10h], 4
[11h], 3
[EBh], 10h
A, [EBh]
A, [EBh]
mov
mov
mvi
mov
mvi
[EBh], 10h
A, 8
[EBh], A
A, 1
[EBh], A
;initialize MVI write pointer to 10h
Multi-Page
Example 3:
mov
mov
mov
mov
mov
mov
mvi
mvi
reg[CUR_PP], 2
[10h], 4
[11h], 3
reg[CUR_PP], 0
reg[MVR_PP], 2
[EBh], 10h
A, [EBh]
A, [EBh]
;set Current Page Pointer to 2
;ram_2[10h]=4
;ram_2[11h]=3
;set Current Page Pointer back to 0
;set MVI write RAM page pointer
;initialize MVI read pointer to 10h
;A=4, ram_0[EBh]=11h
;A=3, ram_0[EBh]=12h
Multi-Page
Example 4:
mov
mov
mov
mov
mvi
mov
mvi
reg[CUR_PP], 0
reg[MVW_PP], 3
[EBh], 10h
A, 8
[EBh], A
A, 1
[EBh], A
;set Current Page Pointer to 0
;set MVI read RAM page pointer
;initialize MVI write pointer to 10h
Example 2:
;initialize MVI read pointer to 10h
;A=4, ram[EBh]=11h
;A=3, ram[EBh]=12h
;ram[10h]=8, ram[EBh]=11h
;ram[11h]=1, ram[EBh]=12h
;ram_3[10h]=8, ram_0[EBh]=11h
;ram_3[11h]=1, ram_0[EBh]=12h
ImageCraft Assembly Language Guide, Document # 001-44475 Rev. **
59
[+] Feedback
M8C Instruction Set
4.23
No Operation
NOP
Performs no operation but consumes 4 CPU clock cycles. This is a one-byte instruction.
Instructions
Mnemonic
None
NOP
Conditional
Flags:
60
Operation
Argument
CF
Unaffected.
ZF
Unaffected.
Opcode
Cycles
Bytes
0x40
4
1
ImageCraft Assembly Language Guide, Document # 001-44475 Rev. **
[+] Feedback
M8C Instruction Set
4.24
Bitwise OR
OR
Computes the logical OR for each bit position using both arguments. The result of the logical OR is
placed in the corresponding bit position for the first argument.
The Carry Flag is only changed when the OR F, expr instruction is used. The Carry Flag will be
set to the result of the logical OR of the Carry Flag at the beginning of instruction execution and the
second argument’s value at bit position 2 (i.e., F[2] and expr[2]).
For the OR F, expr instruction, the Zero Flag is handled the same as the Carry Flag in that it is
changed as a result of the logical OR of the Zero Flag’s value at the beginning of instruction execution, and the value of the second arguments value at bit position 1 (i.e., F[1] and expr[1]). However,
for all other OR instructions the Zero Flag will be set or cleared based on the result of the logical OR
operation. If the result of the OR instruction is that all bits are zero, the Zero Flag will be set; otherwise, the Zero Flag is cleared.
Note that OR (or AND or XOR, as appropriate) is a read-modify write instruction. When operating on
a register, that register must be of the read/write type. Bitwise OR to a write only register will generate nonsense.
Instructions
Mnemonic
Operation
Argument
Opcode
Cycles
Bytes
OR
A, expr
A←A k
0x29
4
2
OR
A, [expr]
A ← A ram [ k ]
0x2A
6
2
OR
A, [X+expr]
A ← A ram [ X + k ]
0x2B
7
2
OR
[expr], A
ram [ k ] ← ram [ k ] A
0x2C
7
2
OR
[X+expr], A
ram [ X + k ] ← ram [ X + k ] A
0x2D
8
2
OR
[expr], expr
ram [ k 1 ] ← ram [ k 1 ] k 2
0x2E
9
3
OR
[X+expr], expr
ram [ X + k 1 ] ← ram [ X + k 1 ] k 2
0x2F
10
3
OR
REG[expr], expr
reg [ k 1 ] ← reg [ k 1 ] k 2
0x43
9
3
OR
REG[X+expr],
expr
reg [ X + k 1 ] ← reg [ X + k 1 ] k 2
0x44
10
3
OR
F, expr
0x71
4
2
F←F k
Conditional
Flags:
CF
Unaffected (unless F is destination).
ZF
Set if the result is zero; cleared otherwise (unless F is destination).
Example 1:
mov
or
A, 0x00
A, 0xAA
;A=0xAA, CF=unchanged, ZF=0
and
or
F, 0x00
F, 0x01
;F=1 therefore CF=0, ZF=0
Example 2:
ImageCraft Assembly Language Guide, Document # 001-44475 Rev. **
61
[+] Feedback
M8C Instruction Set
4.25
Pop Stack into Register
POP
Removes the last byte placed on the stack and put it in the specified M8C register. The Stack
Pointer is automatically decremented. The Zero Flag is set if the popped value is zero; otherwise,
the Zero Flag is cleared. The Carry Flag is not affected by this instruction.
For PSoC devices with more than 256 bytes of RAM, the stack is confined to a single designated
stack page defined by the value of the STK_PP Register. The M8C automatically selects the stack
page as the source for the memory read during the POP instruction. Therefore, a POP instruction may
be issued in any RAM page. After the POP instruction has completed, user code will be operating
from the same RAM page as before the POP instruction was executed.
See the RAM Paging chapter of the PSoC Technical Reference Manual (TRM) for details.
Instructions
Mnemonic
Opcode
Cycles Bytes
POP
A
A ← ram [ SP – 1 ]
SP ← SP – 1
0x18
5
1
POP
X
X ← ram [ SP – 1 ]
SP ← SP – 1
0x20
5
1
Conditional
Flags:
CF
Unaffected.
ZF
Set if A is updated to zero.
Example 1:
mov
push
mov
pop
Example 2:
62
Operation
Argument
A, 34
A
A, 0
A
;top value of stack is now 34, SP+1
;clear the Accumulator
;A=34, SP-1
mov A, 34
push A
pop X
;top value of stack is now 34, SP+1
;X=34, SP-1
ImageCraft Assembly Language Guide, Document # 001-44475 Rev. **
[+] Feedback
M8C Instruction Set
4.26
Push Register onto Stack
PUSH
Transfers the value from the specified M8C register to the top of the stack, as indicated by the value
of the CPU_SP register (SP) at the start of the instruction. After placing the value on the stack, the
SP is incremented. The Zero Flag is set if the pushed value is zero, else the Zero Flag is cleared.
The Carry Flag is not affected by this instruction.
For PSoC microcontrollers with more than 256 bytes of RAM, the stack is confined to a single designated stack page defined by the value of the STK_PP Register. The M8C automatically selects the
stack page as the source for the memory write during the PUSH instruction. Therefore, a PUSH
instruction may be issued in any PUSH page. After the PUSH instruction has completed, user code
will be operating from the same RAM page as before the PUSH instruction was executed.
See the RAM Paging chapter of the PSoC Technical Reference Manual (TRM) for details.
Instructions
Mnemonic
Operation
Argument
Opcode
Cycles
Bytes
PUSH
A
ram [ SP ] ← A
SP ← SP + 1
0x08
4
1
PUSH
X
ram [ SP ] ← X
SP ← SP + 1
0x10
4
1
Conditional
Flags:
CF
Unaffected.
ZF
Unaffected.
Example 1:
mov A, 0x3E
push A
;top value of stack is now 0x3E, SP+1
mov X, 0x3F
push X
;top value of stack is now 0x3F, SP+1
Example 2:
ImageCraft Assembly Language Guide, Document # 001-44475 Rev. **
63
[+] Feedback
M8C Instruction Set
4.27
Return
RET
The last two bytes placed on the stack are used to change the PC (CPU_PC register). The lower 8
bits of the PC are popped off the stack first, followed by the SP being decremented by one. Next, the
upper 8 bits of the PC are popped off the stack, followed by a decrement of the SP. Neither Carry or
Zero Flag is affected by this instruction.
For PSoC devices with more than 256 bytes of RAM, the stack is confined to a single designated
stack page defined by the value of the STK_PP Register. The M8C automatically selects the stack
page as the source for the pop during the RET instruction. Therefore, a RET instruction may be
issued in any RAM page. After the RET instruction has completed, user code will be operating from
the same RAM page as before the RET instruction was executed.
See the RAM Paging chapter of the PSoC Technical Reference Manual (TRM) for details.
Instructions
Mnemonic
Operation
Argument
Opcode
SP ← SP – 1
PC [ 7:0 ] ← ram [ SP ]
SP ← SP – 1
PC [ 15:8 ] ← ram [ SP ]
RET
Conditional
Flags:
CF
Unaffected.
ZF
Unaffected.
Example:
0000
0000
0002
0003
0004
0004
0004
0005
90 02
40
30
_main:
[11]
call
[04]
nop
[04]
halt
40
7F
SubFun:
[04]
nop
[08]
ret
0x7F
Cycles Bytes
8
1
SubFun
The RET instruction will set the PC to 0x0002, which is the starting address of the
first instruction after the CALL.
64
ImageCraft Assembly Language Guide, Document # 001-44475 Rev. **
[+] Feedback
M8C Instruction Set
4.28
Return from Interrupt
RETI
When the M8C takes an interrupt, three bytes are pushed onto the stack. One for CPU_F and two
for the PC. When a RETI is executed, the last three bytes placed on the stack are used to change
the CPU_F register and the CPU_PC register. The first byte removed from the stack is used to
restore the CPU_F register. The SP (CPU_SP register) is decremented after the first byte is
removed. The lower 8 bits of the PC are popped off the stack next, followed by the SP being decremented by one again. Finally, the upper 8 bits of the PC are popped off the stack, followed by a last
decrement of the SP. The Carry and Zero Flags are updated with the values from the first byte
popped off the stack.
For PSoC devices with more than 256 bytes of RAM, the stack is confined to a single designated
stack page defined by the value of the STK_PP Register. The M8C automatically selects the stack
page as the source for the pop during the RETI instruction. Therefore, an RETI instruction may be
issued in any RAM page. After the RETI instruction has completed, user code will be operating from
the same RAM page as before the RETI instruction was executed.
See the RAM Paging chapter of the PSoC Technical Reference Manual (TRM) for details.
Instructions
Mnemonic
SP ← SP – 1
F ← ram [ SP ]
SP ← SP – 1
PC [ 7:0 ] ← ram [ SP ]
SP ← SP – 1
PC [ 15:8 ] ← ram [ SP ]
RETI
Conditional
Flags:
Operation
Argument
Opcode
0x7E
Cycles Bytes
10
CF
All Flag bits are restored to the value pushed during an interrupt call.
ZF
All Flag bits are restored to the value pushed during an interrupt call.
ImageCraft Assembly Language Guide, Document # 001-44475 Rev. **
1
65
[+] Feedback
M8C Instruction Set
4.29
Rotate Left through Carry
RLC
Shifts all bits of the instruction’s argument one bit to the left. Bit 0 is loaded with the Carry Flag. The
most significant bit of the specified location is loaded into the Carry Flag.
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
CF
.
Instructions
Mnemonic
RLC
RLC
RLC
Conditional
Flags:
Example:
66
Operation
Argument
Opcode
Cycles Bytes
A
CF ← A:7
A:7 ← A:6
A:6 ← A:5
A:5 ← A4
A ← A:4 ← A:3
A:3 ← A:2
A:2 ← A:1
A:1 ← A:0
A:0 ← CF
0x6A
4
1
[expr]
CF ← ram [ k ]:7
ram [ k ]:7 ← ram [ k ]:6
ram [ k ]:6 ← ram [ k ]:5
ram [ k ]:5 ← ram [ k ]:4
ram [ k ] ← ram [ k ]:4 ← ram [ k ]:3
ram [ k ]:3 ← ram [ k ]:2
ram [ k ]:2 ← ram [ k ]:1
ram [ k ]:1 ← ram [ k ]:0
ram [ k [ 0 ] ] ← CF
0x6B
7
2
[X+expr]
CF ← ram [ ( X + k ) ]:7
ram [ ( X + k ) ]:7 ← ram [ ( X + k ) ]:6
ram [ ( X + k ) ]:6 ← ram [ ( X + k ) ]:5
ram [ ( X + k ) ]:5 ← ram [ ( X + k ) ]:4
ram [ X + k ] ← ram [ ( X + k ) ]:4 ← ram [ ( X + k ) ]:3
ram [ ( X + k ) ]:3 ← ram [ ( X + k ) ]:2
ram [ ( X + k ) ]:2 ← ram [ ( X + k ) ]:1
ram [ ( X + k ) ]:1 ← ram [ ( X + k ) ]:0
ram [ ( X + k ) ]:0 ← CF
0x6C
8
2
CF
Set if the MSB of the specified operand was set before the shift, cleared
otherwise.
ZF
Set if the result is zero; cleared otherwise.
and
mov
rlc
F, 0xFB
A, 0x7F
A
;clear carry flag
;initialize A with 127
;A=0xFE, CF=0, ZF=0
ImageCraft Assembly Language Guide, Document # 001-44475 Rev. **
[+] Feedback
M8C Instruction Set
4.30
Absolute Table Read
ROMX
Moves any byte from ROM (Flash) into the Accumulator. The address of the byte to be retrieved is
determined by the 16-bit value formed by the concatenation of the CPU_A and CPU_X registers.
The CPU_A register is the most significant byte and the CPU_X register is the least significant byte
of the address. The Zero Flag is set if the retrieved byte is zero; otherwise, the Zero Flag is cleared.
The Carry Flag is not affected by this instruction.
Instructions
Mnemonic
Operation
Argument
t1 ← PC [ 7:0 ]
PC [ 7:0 ] ← X
t2 ← PC [ 15:8 ]
PC [ 15:8 ] ← A
A ← rom [ PC ]
PC [ 7:0 ] ← t1
PC [ 15:8 ] ← t2
ROMX
Conditional
Flags:
CF
Unaffected.
ZF
Set if A is zero; cleared otherwise.
Example:
0000
0000
0002
0004
0005
0007
0008
50 00
57 08
28
60 00
40
30
_main:
[04]
[04]
[11]
[05]
[04]
[04]
Opcode
Cycles
Bytes
0x28
11
1
mov A, 00h
mov X, 08h
romx
mov reg[00h], A
nop
halt
The ROMX instruction will read a byte from Flash at address 0x0008. The halt
opcode is at address 0x0008; therefore, register 0x00 will receive the value
0x30.
ImageCraft Assembly Language Guide, Document # 001-44475 Rev. **
67
[+] Feedback
M8C Instruction Set
4.31
Rotate Right through Carry
RRC
Shifts all bits of the instruction’s argument one bit to the right. The Carry Flag is loaded into the most significant
bit of the argument. Bit 0 of the argument is loaded into the Carry Flag.
CF
7
6
5
4
3
2
Instructions
Mnemonic
RRC
RRC
RRC
Conditional
Flags:
68
1
0
Operation
Argument
Opcode
Cycles Bytes
A
CF ← A:0, A:0 ← A:1, A:1 ← A:2
A ← A:2 ← A:3, A:3 ← A:4, A:4 ← A:5
A:5 ← A:6, A:6 ← A:7, A:7 ← CF
0x6D
4
1
[expr]
CF ← ram [ ( k ) ]:0
ram [ k ]:0 ← ram [ k ]:1
ram [ k ]:1 ← ram [ k ]:2
ram [ k ]:2 ← ram [ k ]:3
ram [ k ] ← ram [ k ]:3 ← ram [ k ]:4
ram [ k ]:4 ← ram [ k ]:5
ram [ k ]:5 ← ram [ k ]:6
ram [ k ]:6 ← ram [ k ]:7
ram [ k ]:7 ← CF
0x6E
7
2
[X+expr]
CF ← ram [ ( X + k ) ]:0
ram [ ( X + k ) ]:0 ← ram [ ( X + k ) ]:1
ram [ ( X + k ) ]:1 ← ram [ ( X + k ) ]:2
ram [ ( X + k ) ]:2 ← ram [ ( X + k ) ]:3
ram [ X + k ] ← ram [ ( X + k ) ]:3 ← ram [ ( X + k ) ]:4
ram [ ( X + k ) ]:4 ← ram [ ( X + k ) ]:5
ram [ ( X + k ) ]:5 ← ram [ ( X + k ) ]:6
ram [ ( X + k ) ]:6 ← ram [ ( X + k ) ]:7
ram [ ( X + k ) ]:7 ← CF
0x6F
8
2
CF
Set if LSB of the specified operand was set before the shift; cleared otherwise.
ZF
Set if the result is zero; cleared otherwise.
Example 1:
or
and
rrc
F, 0x04
A, 0x00
A
;set carry flag
;clear the accumulator
;A=0x80, CF=0, ZF=0
Example 2:
and
mov
and
rrc
F, 0xFB
A, 0xFF
A, 0x00
A
;clear carry flag
;initialize A to 255
;make sure all flags are cleared
;A=0x7F, CF=1, ZF=0
Example 3:
or
mov
rrc
F, 0x04
[0xEB], 0xAA
[0xEB]
;set carry flag
;initialize A to 170
;ram[0xEB]=0xD5, CF=1, ZF=0
ImageCraft Assembly Language Guide, Document # 001-44475 Rev. **
[+] Feedback
M8C Instruction Set
4.32
Subtract with Borrow
SBB
Computes the difference of the two operands plus the carry value from the Flag register. The first
operand’s value is replaced by the computed difference. If the difference is less than ‘0’ the Carry
Flag is set in the Flag register. If the difference is zero, the Zero Flag is set in the Flag register; otherwise, the Zero Flag is cleared.
Instructions
Mnemonic
Operation
Argument
Opcode
Cycles
Bytes
SBB
A, expr
A ← A – ( K + CF )
0x19
4
2
SBB
A, [expr]
A ← A – ( ram [ k ] + CF )
0x1A
6
2
SBB
A, [X+expr]
A ← A – ( ram [ X + k ] + CF )
0x1B
7
2
SBB
[expr], A
ram [ k ] ← ram [ k ] – ( A + CF )
0x1C
7
2
SBB
[X+expr], A
ram [ X + k ] ← ram [ X + k ] – ( A + CF )
0x1D
8
2
SBB
[expr], expr
ram [ k 1 ] ← ram [ k 1 ] – ( k 2 + CF )
0x1E
9
3
SBB
[X+expr], expr
ram [ X + k 1 ] ← ram [ X + k 1 ] – ( k 2 + CF )
0x1F
10
3
Conditional
Flags:
CF
Set if treating the numbers as unsigned, the difference < 0; cleared otherwise.
ZF
Set if the result is zero; cleared otherwise.
Example 1:
mov
or
sbb
A, 0
F, 0x02
A, 12
;set accumulator to zero
;set carry flag
;accumulator value is now 0xF3
Example 2:
mov
mov
inc
sbb
[0x39], 2
[0x40], FFh
[0x40]
[0x39], 0
;initialize ram[0x39]=0x02
;initialize ram[0x40]=0xff
;ram[0x40]=0x00, CF=1
;ram[0x39]=0x01
ImageCraft Assembly Language Guide, Document # 001-44475 Rev. **
69
[+] Feedback
M8C Instruction Set
4.33
Subtract without Borrow
SUB
Computes the difference of the two operands. The first operand’s value is replaced by the computed
difference. If the difference is less than zero, the Carry Flag is set in the Flag register. If the difference is zero, the Zero Flag is set in the Flag register; otherwise, the Zero Flag is cleared.
Instructions
Mnemonic
Opcode
Cycles Bytes
SUB
A, expr
A←A–K
0x11
4
2
SUB
A, [expr]
A ← A – ram [ k ]
0x12
6
2
SUB
A, [X+expr]
A ← A – ram [ X + k ]
0x13
7
2
SUB
[expr], A
ram [ k ] ← ram [ k ] – A
0x14
7
2
SUB
[X+expr], A
ram [ X + k ] ← ram [ X + k ] – A
0x15
8
2
SUB
[expr], expr
ram [ k 1 ] ← ram [ k 1 ] – k 2
0x16
9
3
SUB
[X+expr], expr
ram [ X + k 1 ] ← ram [ X + k 1 ] – k 2
0x17
10
3
Conditional
Flags:
70
Operation
Argument
CF
Set if treating the numbers as unsigned, the difference < 0; cleared otherwise.
ZF
Set if the result is zero; cleared otherwise.
Example 1:
mov
or
sub
A, 0
F, 0x04
A, 12
;set accumulator to zero
;set carry flag
;accumulator value is now 0xF4
Example 2:
mov
mov
inc
sub
[0x39], 2
[0x40], FFh
[0x40]
[0x39], 0
;initialize ram[0x39]=0x02
;initialize ram[0x40]=0xff
;ram[0x40]=0x00, CF=1
;ram[0x39]=0x02
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M8C Instruction Set
4.34
Swap
SWAP
Each argument is updated with the other argument’s value. The Zero Flag is set if the Accumulator is
updated with zero, else the Zero Flag is cleared. The swap X, [expr] instruction does not affect
either the Carry or Zero Flags.
Instructions
Mnemonic
Operation
Argument
Opcode
Cycles
Bytes
SWAP
A, X
t←X
X←A
A←t
0x4B
5
1
SWAP
A, [expr]
t ← ram [ k ]
ram [ k ] ← A
A←t
0x4C
7
2
SWAP
X, [expr]
t ← ram [ k ]
ram [ k ] ← X
X←t
0x4D
7
2
SWAP
A, SP
t ← SP
SP ← A
A←t
0x4E
5
1
Conditional
Flags:
CF
Unaffected.
ZF
Set if Accumulator is cleared.
Example:
mov A, 0x30
swap A, SP
;SP=0x30, A equals previous SP value
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M8C Instruction Set
4.35
System Supervisor Call
SSC
Provides the method for users to access pre-existing routines in the Supervisory ROM. The supervisory routines perform various system-related functions. The CPU_PC and CPU_F registers are
pushed on the stack prior to the execution of the supervisory routine. All bits of the Flag register are
cleared before any supervisory routine code is executed; therefore, interrupts and page mode are
disabled.
All supervisory routines return using the RETI instruction, causing the CPU_PC and CPU_F register
to be restored to their pre-supervisory routine state.
Supervisory routines are device specific. Reference the data sheet for the device you are using for
detailed information on the available supervisory routines.
Instructions
Mnemonic
ram [ SP ] ← PC [ 15:8 ]
SP ← SP + 1
ram [ SP ] ← PC [ 7:0 ]
SP ← SP + 1
ram [ SP ] ← F
PC ← 0x0000
F ← 0x00
SSC
Opcode
Cycles
Bytes
0x00
15
1
Conditional
Flags:
CF
Unaffected.
ZF
Unaffected.
Example:
The following example is one way to set up an SSC operation for the CY8C25xxx
and CY8C26xxx PSoC devices. PSoC Designer uses the signature created by the
following lines of code to recognize supervisory system calls and configures the InCircuit Emulator for SSC debugging. It is recommended that users take advantage
of the SSC Macro provided in PSoC Designer, to ensure that the debugger recognizes and therefore debugs supervisory operations correctly. See separate data
sheets for complete device-specific options.
mov
mov
add
mov
mov
mov
SSC
72
Operation
Argument
X, SP
A, X
A, 3
[0xF9], A
[0xF8], 0x3A
A, 2
;get stack pointers current value
;move SP to A
;add 3 to SP value
;store SP+3 value in ram[0xF9]=KEY2
;set ram[0xF9]=0x3A=KEY1
;set supervisory function code = 2
;call supervisory function
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M8C Instruction Set
4.36
Test for Mask
TST
Calculates a bitwise AND with the value of argument one and argument two. Argument one’s value
is not affected by the TST instruction. If the result of the AND is zero, the Zero Flag is set; otherwise,
the Zero Flag is cleared. The Carry Flag is not affected by the TST instruction.
Instructions
Mnemonic
Operation
Argument
Opcode
Cycles Bytes
TST
[expr], expr
ram [ k 1 ] & k 2
0x47
8
3
TST
[X+expr], expr
ram [ X + k 1 ] & k 2
0x48
9
3
TST
REG[expr], expr
reg [ k 1 ] & k 2
0x49
9
3
TST
REG[X+expr],
expr
reg [ X + k 1 ] & k 2
0x4A
10
3
Conditional
Flags:
CF
Unaffected.
ZF
Set if the result of AND is zero; cleared otherwise.
Example:
mov
tst
tst
tst
tst
[0x00],
[0x00],
[0x00],
[0x00],
[0x00],
0x03
0x02
0x01
0x03
0x04
;CF=0,
;CF=0,
;CF=0,
;CF=0,
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ZF=0
ZF=0
ZF=0
ZF=1
(i.e.
(i.e.
(i.e.
(i.e.
bit
bit
bit
bit
1
0
0
2
is 1)
is 1)
and 1 are 1)
is 0)
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M8C Instruction Set
4.37
Bitwise XOR
XOR
Computes the logical XOR for each bit position using both arguments. The result of the logical XOR
is placed in the corresponding bit position for the argument.
The Carry Flag is only changed when the XOR F, expr instruction is used. The CF will be set to
the result of the logical XOR of the CF at the beginning of instruction execution and the second argument’s value at bit position 2 (i.e., F[2] and expr[2]).
For the XOR F, expr instruction, the Zero Flag is handled the same as the Carry Flag in that it is
changed as a result of the logical XOR of the Zero Flag’s value at the beginning of instruction execution, and the value of the second argument’s value at bit position 1 (i.e., F[1] and expr[1]). However,
for all other XOR instructions, the Zero Flag will be set or cleared based on the result of the logical
XOR operation. If the result of the XOR instruction is that all bits are zero, the Zero Flag will be set;
otherwise, the Zero Flag is cleared. The Carry Flag is not affected.
Note that XOR (or AND or OR, as appropriate) is a read-modify write instruction. When operating on
a register, that register must be of the read/write type. Bitwise XOR to a write only register will generate nonsense.
Instructions
Mnemonic
74
Operation
Argument
Opcode
Cycles
Bytes
0x31
4
2
A←A⊕k
XOR
A, expr
XOR
A, [expr]
A ← A ⊕ ram [ k ]
0x32
6
2
XOR
A, [X+expr]
A ← A ⊕ ram [ X + k ]
0x33
7
2
XOR
[expr], A
ram [ k ] ← ram [ k ] ⊕ A
0x34
7
2
XOR
[X+expr], A
ram [ X + k ] ← ram [ X + k ] ⊕ A
0x35
8
2
XOR
[expr], expr
ram [ k 1 ] ← ram [ k 1 ] ⊕ k 2
0x36
9
3
XOR
[X+expr], expr
0x37
10
3
XOR
REG[expr], expr
reg [ k 1 ] ← reg [ k 1 ] ⊕ k 2
0x45
9
3
XOR
REG[X+expr],
expr
reg [ X + k 1 ] ← reg [ X + k 1 ] ⊕ k 2
0x46
10
3
XOR
F, expr
F←F⊕k
0x72
4
2
ram [ X + k 1 ] ← ram [ X + k 1 ] ⊕ k 2
Conditional
Flags:
CF
Unaffected (unless F is destination).
ZF
Set if the result is zero; cleared otherwise (unless F is destination).
Example 1:
mov
xor
A, 0x00
A, 0xAA
;A=0xAA, CF=unchanged, ZF=0
Example 2:
and
xor
F, 0x00
F, 0x01
;F=0
;F=1 therefore CF=0, ZF=0
Example 3:
mov
xor
A, 0x5A
A, 0xAA
;A=0xF0, CF=unchanged, ZF=0
ImageCraft Assembly Language Guide, Document # 001-44475 Rev. **
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5.
Assembler Directives
This chapter covers all of the assembler directives currently supported by the ImageCraft Assembler. A description of each directive and its syntax will be given for each directive. ImageCraft
Assembler directives are used to communicate with the ImageCraft Assembler and do not generate
code. The directives allow a firmware developer to conditionally assemble source files, define symbolic equates for values, locate code or data at specific addresses, etc.
While the directives are often shown in all capital letters, the ImageCraft Assembler ignores case for
directives and instructions mnemonics. However, the ImageCraft Assembler does consider case for
user-defined symbols (i.e., labels). Table 5-1 presents a summary of the assembler directives.
Table 5-1. ImageCraft Assembler Directives Summary
Symbol
Directive
AREA
Area
ASCIZ
NULL Terminated ASCII String
BLK
RAM Byte Block
BLKW
RAM Word Block
DB
Define Byte
DF
Define Floating-point Number
DS
Define ASCII String
DSU
Define UNICODE String
DW
Define Word
DWL
Define Word With Little Endian Ordering
ELSE
Alternative Result of IF Directive
ENDIF
End Conditional Assembly
ENDM
End Macro
EQU
Equate Label to Variable Value
EXPORT
Export
IF
Start Conditional Assembly
INCLUDE
Include Source File
.LITERAL, .ENDLITERAL
Prevent Code Compression of Data
MACRO
Start Macro Definition
ORG
Area Origin
.SECTION, .ENDSECTION Section for Dead-Code Elimination
Suspend - OR F,0
Resume - ADD SP,0
Suspend and Resume Code Compressor
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Assembler Directives
5.1
Area
AREA
Defines where code or data is located in Flash or RAM by the Linker. The Linker gathers all areas
with the same name together from the source files, and either concatenates or overlays them,
depending on the attributes specified. All areas with the same name must have the same attributes,
even if they are used in different modules.
The following is a complete list of valid key words that can be used with the AREA directive:
RAM – Specifies that data is stored in RAM. Only used for variable storage. Commonly used with
the BLK directive. Note that RAM AREAs are always overlay AREAs.
ROM – Specifies that code or data is stored in Flash.
ABS – Absolute, i.e., non-relocatable, location for code or data specified by the ORG directive.
Default value of AREAs for type ABS or REL directives is not specified.
REL – Allows the Linker to relocate the code or data.
CON – Specifies that sequential AREAs follow each other in memory. Each AREA is allocated its
own memory. The total size of the AREA directive is the sum of all AREA sizes. Default value of the
AREAs for type CON or OVR directives is not specified.
OVR – Specifies that sequential AREAs start at the same address. This is a union of the AREAs.
The total size of the AREA directive is the size of the largest area.
Directive
AREA
Example:
Arguments
<name> ( < RAM | ROM >, [ ABS | REL ], [ CON | OVR ] )
A code area is defined at address 2000.
AREA MyArea(ROM,ABS,CON)
ORG 2000h
_MyArea_start:
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Assembler Directives
5.1.1
Code Compressor and the AREA Directive
The Code Compressor looks for duplicate code within the “text” Area. The text area is the default
area in which all C code is placed.
Function A
Not Allowed
Function X
Function B
Calls
Function Y
"text"
Area
Allowed
"non_text"
Area
The above diagram shows a scenario that is problematic. Code areas created with the AREA directive, using a name other than text, are not compressed or fixed up following compression. If Function
Y calls Function B, there is the potential that the location of Function B will be changed by the Code
Compressor. The call or jump generated in the code for Function Y will go to the wrong location.
It is allowable for Function A to call a function in a “non_text” Area. The location for Function B can
change because it is in the text area. Calls and jumps are fixed up in the text area only. Following
code compression, the call location to Function B from Function X in the non_text area will not be
fixed up.
If Sublimation is on, there is another scenario that is problematic. Since Sublimation changes the
UserModules Area, you cannot call routines in this area from a code area created with AREA directive, using a name other than “text”.
All normal user code that is to be compressed must be in the default text area. If you create code in
other areas (for example, in a bootloader), then it must not call any functions in the text area. However, it is acceptable for a function in the text area to call functions in other areas. The exception is
the TOP area where the interrupt vectors and the startup code can call functions in the text area.
Addresses within the text area must be not used directly.
If you reference any text area function by address, then it must be done indirectly. Its address must
be put in a word in the area "func_lit." At runtime, you must de-reference the content of this word to
get the correct address of the function. Note that if you are using C to call a function indirectly, the
compiler will take care of all these details for you. The information is useful if you are writing assembly code.
For further details on enabling and using code compression, see:
■
PSoC Designer C Language Compiler Guide
■
PSoC Designer IDE Guide
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Assembler Directives
5.2
NULL Terminated ASCII String
ASCIZ
Stores a string of characters as ASCII values and appends a terminating NULL (00h) character. The
string must start and end with quotation marks ("").
The string is stored character by character in ASCII HEX format. The backslash character (\) is used
in the string as an escape character. Non-printing characters, such as \n and \r, can be used. A quotation mark (") can be entered into a string using the backslash (\"), a single quote (‘) as (\’), and a
backslash (\) as (\\).
Directive
ASCIZ
Example:
Arguments
< “character string“ >
My"String\ is defined with a terminating NULL character.
MyString:
ASCIZ "My\"String\\"
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Assembler Directives
5.3
RAM Block in Bytes
BLK
Reserves blocks of RAM in bytes. The argument is an expression, specifying the size of the block, in
bytes, to reserve. The AREA directive must be used to ensure the block of bytes will reside in the correct memory location.
PSoC Designer requires that the AREA bss be used for RAM variables.
Directive
BLK
Example:
Arguments
< size >
A 4-byte variable called MyVariable is allocated.
AREA bss
MyVariable:
BLK 4
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Assembler Directives
5.4
RAM Block in Words
BLKW
Reserves a block of RAM. The amount of RAM reserved is determined by the size argument to the
directive. The units for the size argument is words (16 bits).
PSoC Designer requires that the AREA bss be used for RAM variables.
Directive
BLKW
Example:
Arguments
< size >
A 4-byte variable called MyVariable is allocated.
AREA bss
MyVariable:
BLKW 2
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Assembler Directives
5.5
Define Byte
DB
Reserves bytes of ROM and assigns the specified values to the reserved bytes. This directive is
useful for creating data tables in ROM.
Arguments may be constants or labels. The length of the source line limits the number of arguments
in a DB directive.
Directive
DB
Example:
Arguments
< value1 > [ , value2, ..., valuen ]
3 bytes are defined starting at address 3000.
MyNum:
EQU 77h
ORG 3000h
MyTable:
DB 55h, 66h, MyNum
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Assembler Directives
5.6
Define Floating-point Number
DF
Reserves four-byte pairs of ROM and assigns the specified values to each reserved pair. The format
used is the IEEE-754 Single Format stored in big-endian format. This directive is useful for creating
data tables in ROM.
Arguments must be constants. Only the length of the source line limits the number of arguments in a
DF directive.
Directive
DF
Example:
Arguments
< value1 > [ , value2, ..., valuen ]
MyTable:
DF 1.2345, -1.07e-03f
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Assembler Directives
5.7
Define ASCII String
DS
Stores a string of characters as ASCII values. The string must start and end with quotation marks
("").
The string is stored character by character in ASCII HEX format. The backslash character (\) is used
in the string as an escape character. Non-printing characters, such as \n and \r, can be used. A quotation mark (") can be entered into a string using the backslash (\"), a single quote (‘) as (\’), and a
backslash (\) as (\\).
The string is not null terminated. To create a null terminated string; follow the DS directive with a DB
00h or use ASCIZ directive.
Directive
DS
Example:
Arguments
< “character string“ >
My"String\ is defined:
MyString:
DS "My\"String\\"
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Assembler Directives
5.8
Define UNICODE String
DSU
Stores a string of characters as UNICODE values with little ENDIAN byte order. The string must start
and end with quotation marks ("").
The string is stored character by character in UNICODE format. Each character in the string is
stored with the low byte followed by the high byte.
The backslash character (\) is used in the string as an escape character. Non-printing characters,
such as \n and \r, can be used. A quotation mark (") can be entered into a string using the backslash
(\"), a single quote (‘) as (\’), and a backslash (\) as (\\).
Directive
DSU
Example:
Arguments
< “character string“ >
My"String\ is defined with little endian byte order.
MyString:
DSU "My\"String\\"
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Assembler Directives
5.9
Define Word, Big Endian Ordering
DW
Reserves two-byte pairs of ROM and assigns the specified words to each reserved byte. This directive is useful for creating tables in ROM.
The arguments may be constants or labels. Only the length of the source line limits the number of
arguments in a DW directive.
Directive
DW
Example:
Arguments
< value1 > [ , value2, ..., valuen ]
6 bytes are defined starting at address 2000.
MyNum:
EQU 3333h
ORG 2000h
MyTable:
DW 1111h, 2222h, MyNum
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Assembler Directives
5.10
Define Word, Little Endian Ordering
DWL
Reserves two-byte pairs of ROM and assigns the specified words to each reserved byte, swapping
the order of the upper and lower bytes.
The arguments may be constants or labels. The length of the source line limits the number of arguments in a DWL directive.
Directive
DWL
Example:
Arguments
< value1 > [ , value2, ..., valuen ]
6 bytes are defined starting at address 2000.
MyNum:
EQU 6655h
ORG 2000h
MyTable:
DWL 2211h, 4433h, MyNum
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Assembler Directives
5.11
Equate Label
EQU
Assigns an integer value to a label. The label and operand are required for an EQU directive. The
argument must be a constant or label or “.” (the current PC). Each EQU directive may have only one
argument and, if a label is defined more than once, an assembly error will occur.
To use the same equate in more than one assembly source file, place the equate in an .inc file and
include that file in the referencing source files. Do not export equates from assembly source files, or
the PSoC Designer Linker will resolve the directive in unpredictable ways.
Directive
EQU
Example:
Arguments
< label> EQU < value | address >
BITMASK is equated to 1Fh.
BITMASK: EQU 1Fh
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Assembler Directives
5.12
Export
EXPORT
Designates that a label is global and can be referenced in another file. Otherwise, the label is not visible to another file. Another way to export a label is to end the label definition with two colons (::)
instead of one.
Directive
EXPORT
Example:
88
Arguments
EXPORT < label >
Export MyVariable
AREA bss
MyVariable:
BLK 1
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Assembler Directives
5.13
Conditional Source
IF, ELSE, ENDIF
All source lines between the IF and ENDIF (or IF and ELSE) directives are assembled if the condition is true. These statements can be nested.
ELSE delineates a “not true” action for a previous IF directive.
ENDIF finishes a section of conditional assembly that began with an IF directive.
Directive
IF
ELSE
ENDIF
Example:
Arguments
value
Sections of the source code are conditional.
Cond1:
Cond2:
EQU 1
EQU 0
ORG 1000h
IF (Cond1)
ADD A, 33h
IF (Cond2)
ADD A, FFh
ENDIF ;Cond1
NOP ;Cond1
ELSE
MOV A, FFh
ENDIF ;Cond2
// The example creates the following code
ADD A, 33h
NOP
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Assembler Directives
5.14
Include Source File
INCLUDE
Used to add additional source files to the file being assembled. When an INCLUDE directive is
encountered, the ImageCraft Assembler reads in the specified source file until either another
INCLUDE directive is encountered or the end of file is reached. If additional INCLUDE directives are
encountered, additional source files are read in. When an end of file is encountered, the Assembler
resumes reading the previous file.
Specify the full (or relative) path to the file if the source file does not reside in the current directory.
Directive
INCLUDE
Example:
Arguments
< file name >
Three files are included into the source code.
INCLUDE "MyInclude1.inc"
INCLUDE "MyIncludeFiles\MyInclude2.inc"
INCLUDE "C:\MyGlobalIncludeFiles\MyInclude3.inc"
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Assembler Directives
5.15
Prevent Code Compression of Data
.LITERAL, .ENDLITERAL
Used to avoid code compression of the data defined between the .LITERAL and .ENDLITERAL
directives. For the code compressor to function, all data defined in ROM with the ASCIZ, DB, DS,
DSU, DW, or DWL directives must use this directive. The .LITERAL directive must be followed by an
exported global label. The .ENDLITERAL directive resumes code compression.
Directive
.LITERAL
.ENDLITERAL
Example:
Arguments
< none >
Code compression is suspended for the data table.
Export DataTable
.LITERAL
DataTable:
DB 01h, 02h, 03h
.ENDLITERAL
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Assembler Directives
5.16
Macro Definition
MACRO, ENDM
Used to specify the start and end of a macro definition. The lines of code defined between a MACRO
directive and an ENDM directive are not directly assembled into the program. Instead, it forms a
macro that can later be substituted into the code by a macro call. The following MACRO directive is
used to call the macro as well as a list of parameters. Each time a parameter is used in the macro
body of a macro call, it will be replaced by the corresponding value from the macro call.
Any assembly statement is allowed in a macro body except for another macro statement. Within a
macro body, the expression @digit, where digit is between 0 and 9, is replaced by the corresponding macro argument when the macro is invoked. You cannot define a macro name that conflicts with
an instruction mnemonic or an assembly directive.
Directive
MACRO
ENDM
Example:
Arguments
< name >< arguments >
A MACRO is defined and used in the source code.
MACRO MyMacro
ADD A, 42h
MOV X, 33h
ENDM
// The Macro instructions are expanded at address 2400
ORG 2400h
MyMacro
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Assembler Directives
5.17
Area Origin
ORG
Allows the programmer to set the value of the Program/Data Counter during assembly. This is most
often used to set the start of a table in conjunction with the define directives DB, DS, and DW. The ORG
directive can only be used in areas with the ABS mode.
An operand is required for an ORG directive and may be an integer constant, a label, or “.” (the current PC). The ImageCraft Assembler does not keep track of areas previously defined and will not
flag overlapping areas in a single source file.
Directive
ORG
Example:
Arguments
< address >
The bytes defined after the ORG directive are at address 1000.
ORG 1000h
DB 55h, 66h, 77h
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Assembler Directives
5.18
Section for Dead-Code Elimination
.SECTION, .ENDSECTION
Allows the removal of code specified between the .SECTION and .ENDSECTION directives. The
.SECTION directive must be followed by an exported global label. If there is no call to the global
label, the code will be eliminated and call offsets will be adjusted appropriately. The .ENDSECTION
directive ends the dead-code section. Note that use of this directive is not limited to removing dead
code.
PSoC Designer takes care of dead code. Check the “Enable Elimination of un-used User Modules
(area) APIs” field under the Project > Settings > Compiler tab. If you check this field upon a build, the
system will go in and remove all dead code from the APIs in an effort to free up space.
Directive
.SECTION
.ENDSECTION
Example:
Arguments
< none >
The section of code is designated as possible dead code.
Export Counter8_1_WriteCompareValue
.SECTION
Counter8_1_WriteCompareValue:
MOV
reg[Counter8_1_COMPARE_REG], A
RET
.ENDSECTION
5.19
Suspend/Resume Code Compressor
OR F,0; ADD SP,0
Used to prevent code compression of the code between the OR F,0 and ADD SP,0 instructions.
The code compressor may need to be suspended for timing loops and jump tables. If the JACC
instruction is used to access fixed offset boundaries in a jump table, any LJMP and/or LCALL instruction entries in the table may be optimized to relative jumps or calls, changing the proper offset value
for the JACC. A RET or RETI instruction will resume code compression if it is encountered before an
ADD SP,0 instruction. These instructions are defined as the macros Suspend_CodeCompressor
and Resume_CodeCompressor in the file m8c.inc.
Directive
OR F,0
ADD SP,0
Example:
Arguments
< none >
Code compression is suspended for the jump table.
OR F,0
MOV A, [State]
JACC StateTable
StateTable:
LJMP State1
LJMP State2
LJMP State3
ADD SP,0
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Assembler Directives
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95
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Assembler Directives
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6.
Builds and Error Messages
This chapter briefly describes the PSoC Designer assemble and build process, linker operations,
and errors you might encounter with your code.
6.1
Assemble and Build
Once you have added and modified assembly language source files, you must assemble the files
and build the project. This is done so PSoC Designer can generate a HEX file to be used to download to the ICE and debug the PSoC program. Each time you assemble files or build the project, the
Output Status window is cleared and the current status is entered as the process occurs.
To compile the source files for the current project, click the Compile/Assemble
icon in the toolbar.
To build the current project, click the Build icon in the toolbar.
When building is complete, you will see the number of errors. Zero errors signifies that the assemblage or build was successful. One or more errors indicate problems with one or more files. For more
information on the PSoC Designer Output Status Window refer to the PSoC Designer IDE Guide.
6.2
Linker Operations
The main purpose of the Linker is to combine multiple object files into a single output file, suitable to
be downloaded to the In-Circuit Emulator for debugging the code and programming the device. Linking takes place in PSoC Designer when a project build is executed. The linker can also take input
from a library which is basically a file containing multiple object files. In producing the output file, the
Linker resolves any references between the input files. In some detail, the linking steps involve:
1. Making the startup file (boot.asm) the first file to be linked. The startup file initializes the execution
environment for the C program to run.
2. Appending any libraries that you explicitly request (or in most cases, as are requested by the
IDE) to the list of files to be linked. Library modules that are directly or indirectly referenced will be
linked. All user-specified object files (e.g., your program files) are linked.
3. Scanning the object files to find unresolved references. The linker marks the object file (possibly
in the library) that satisfies the references and adds it to its list of unresolved references. It
repeats the process until there are no outstanding unresolved references.
4. Combining all marked object files into an output file, and generating map and listing files as
needed.
For additional information about the Linker and specifying Linker settings, refer to the PSoC
Designer IDE Guide.
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Builds and Error Messages
6.3
Code Compressor and Dead-Code Elimination Error Messages
Problem –
!X The compiler has failed an internal consistency check. This may be due
to incorrect input or an internal error. Please report the information
target == 0 || new_target at ..\optm8c.c(340) to "Cypress" at
www.cypress.com/support.
Designer\tools\make: *** [output/drc_test.rom] Error 1
Note To obtain support go to http://www.cypress.com/support/login.cfm or www.cypress.com and
click on Technical and Support KnowledgeBase at the bottom of the page.
Possible Causes –
1. The label in a .LITERAL or .SECTION segment of code has not been made global using the
EXPORT directive or a double colon.
2. A .LITERAL segment has only a label and no defined data.
a. .SECTION was not followed by a label.
b. .LITERAL was not followed by a label.
c. .ENDSECTION has no matching .SECTION.
d. .ENDLITERAL has no matching .LITERAL.
e. .SECTION has no .ENDSECTION.
f. Unmatched .LITERAL directive.
g. Directive creating data may not be compatible with Code Compression and other advanced
technologies.
3. Data defined in ROM does not have the .LITERAL and .ENDLITERAL directives.
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A. Reference Tables Appendix
The tables in this appendix are intended to serve as a quick reference to the M8C assembler directives. The tables are also found in the body of this guide. For detailed information on the instruction
set and the assembler directives, refer to the Instruction Set Summary on page 14 and the Assembler Directives chapter on page 75.
A.1
Assembly Syntax Expressions
Table A-1. Assembly Syntax Expressions
Precedence
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
A.2
Expression
Bitwise Complement
Multiplication/Division/Modulo
Addition / Subtraction
Bitwise AND
Bitwise XOR
Bitwise OR
High Byte of an Address
Low Byte of an Address
Symbol
~
*, /, %
+, &
^
|
>
<
Form
(~a)
(a*b), (a/b), (a%b)
(a+b), (a-b)
(a&b)
(a^b)
(a|b)
(>a)
(<a)
Operand Constant Formats.
Table A-2. Constants Formats
Radix
Name
Formats
Example
127
ASCII Character
‘J’
mov
mov
mov
A, ‘J’
A, ‘\’’
A, ‘\\’
;character constant
;use “\” to escape “‘”
;use “\” to escape “\”
16
Hexadecimal
0x4A
4Ah
$4A
mov
mov
mov
A, 0x4A
A, 4Ah
A, $4A
;hex--”0x” prefix
;hex--append “h”
;hex--”$” prefix
10
Decimal
74
mov
A, 74
;decimal--no prefix
8
Octal
0112
mov
A, 0112
;octal--zero prefix
2
Binary
0b01001010
%01001010
mov
mov
A, 0b01001010 ;bin--“0b” prefix
A, %01001010 ;bin--”%” prefix
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A.3
Assembler Directives Summary
Table A-3. Assembler Directives Summary
Symbol
AREA
ASCIZ
BLK
BLKW
DB
DS
DSU
DW
DWL
ELSE
ENDIF
ENDM
EQU
EXPORT
IF
INCLUDE
.LITERAL, .ENDLITERAL
MACRO
ORG
.SECTION, .ENDSECTION
Suspend - OR F,0
Resume - ADD SP,0
100
Directive
Area
NULL Terminated ASCII String
RAM Byte Block
RAM Word Block
Define Byte
Define ASCII String
Define UNICODE String
Define Word
Define Word With Little Endian Ordering
Alternative Result of IF Directive
End Conditional Assembly
End Macro
Equate Label to Variable Value
Export
Start Conditional Assembly
Include Source File
Prevent Code Compression of Data
Start Macro Definition
Area Origin
Section for Dead-Code Elimination
Suspend and Resume Code Compressor
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A.4
ASCII Code Table
Table A-4. ASCII Code Table
Dec
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
HEX
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
0A
0B
0C
0D
0E
0F
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
1A
1B
1C
1D
1E
1F
Oct
000
001
002
003
004
005
006
007
010
011
012
013
014
015
016
017
020
021
022
023
024
025
026
027
030
031
032
033
034
035
036
037
Char
NULL
SOH
STX
ETX
EOT
ENQ
ACK
BEL
BS
HT
LF
VT
FF
CR
SO
SI
DLE
DC1
DC2
DC3
DC4
NAK
SYN
ETB
CAN
EM
SUB
ESC
FS
GS
RS
US
Dec
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
HEX
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
2A
2B
2C
2D
2E
2F
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
3A
3B
3C
3D
3E
3F
Oct
040
041
042
043
044
045
046
047
050
051
052
053
054
055
056
057
060
061
062
063
064
065
066
067
070
071
072
073
074
075
076
077
Char
space
!
“
#
$
%
&
‘
(
)
*
+
,
.
/
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
:
;
<
=
>
?
Dec
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
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HEX
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
4A
4B
4C
4D
4E
4F
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
5A
5B
5C
5D
5E
5F
Oct
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
Char
@
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
[
\
]
^
_
Dec
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
HEX
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
6A
6B
6C
6D
6E
6F
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
7A
7B
7C
7D
7E
7F
Oct
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
Char
‘
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
r
s
t
u
v
w
x
y
z
{
|
}
~
DEL
101
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A.5
Instruction Set Summary
Opcode HEX
Cycles
8
2 OR [X+expr], A
Z
5A
5
2 MOV [expr], X
2 ADD A, expr
C, Z
2E
9
3 OR [expr], expr
Z
5B
4
1 MOV A, X
02
6
2 ADD A, [expr]
C, Z
2F 10
3 OR [X+expr], expr
Z
5C
4
1 MOV X, A
03
7
2 ADD A, [X+expr]
C, Z
30
9
1 HALT
5D
6
2 MOV A, reg[expr]
Z
04
7
2 ADD [expr], A
C, Z
31
4
2 XOR A, expr
Z
5E
7
2 MOV A, reg[X+expr]
Z
05
8
2 ADD [X+expr], A
C, Z
32
6
2 XOR A, [expr]
Z
5F 10
3 MOV [expr], [expr]
06
9
Flags
Instruction Format
Flags
Bytes
Cycles
2D
4
Instruction Format
Bytes
Opcode HEX
1 SSC
01
Bytes
00 15
Cycles
Opcode HEX
Table A-5. Instruction Set Summary Sorted Numerically by Opcode
Instruction Format
Flags
Z
3 ADD [expr], expr
C, Z
33
7
2 XOR A, [X+expr]
Z
60
5
2 MOV reg[expr], A
07 10
3 ADD [X+expr], expr
C, Z
34
7
2 XOR [expr], A
Z
61
6
2 MOV reg[X+expr], A
08
4
1 PUSH A
35
8
2 XOR [X+expr], A
Z
62
8
3 MOV reg[expr], expr
09
4
2 ADC A, expr
C, Z
36
9
3 XOR [expr], expr
Z
63
9
3 MOV reg[X+expr], expr
0A
6
2 ADC A, [expr]
C, Z
37 10
3 XOR [X+expr], expr
Z
64
4
1 ASL A
C, Z
0B
7
2 ADC A, [X+expr]
C, Z
38
5
2 ADD SP, expr
65
7
2 ASL [expr]
C, Z
0C
7
2 ADC [expr], A
C, Z
39
5
2 CMP A, expr
66
8
2 ASL [X+expr]
C, Z
0D
8
2 ADC [X+expr], A
C, Z
3A
7
2 CMP A, [expr]
67
4
1 ASR A
C, Z
0E
9
3 ADC [expr], expr
C, Z
3B
8
2 CMP A, [X+expr]
68
7
2 ASR [expr]
C, Z
0F 10
3 ADC [X+expr], expr
C, Z
3C
8
3 CMP [expr], expr
69
8
2 ASR [X+expr]
C, Z
10
4
1 PUSH X
3D
9
3 CMP [X+expr], expr
6A
4
1 RLC A
C, Z
11
4
2 SUB A, expr
C, Z
3E 10
2 MVI A, [ [expr]++ ]
6B
7
2 RLC [expr]
C, Z
12
6
2 SUB A, [expr]
C, Z
3F 10
2 MVI [ [expr]++ ], A
6C
8
2 RLC [X+expr]
C, Z
13
7
2 SUB A, [X+expr]
C, Z
40
4
1 NOP
6D
4
1 RRC A
C, Z
14
7
2 SUB [expr], A
C, Z
41
9
3 AND reg[expr], expr
Z
6E
7
2 RRC [expr]
C, Z
15
8
2 SUB [X+expr], A
C, Z
42 10
3 AND reg[X+expr], expr
Z
6F
8
2 RRC [X+expr]
C, Z
16
9
3 SUB [expr], expr
C, Z
43
3 OR reg[expr], expr
Z
70
4
2 AND F, expr
C, Z
17 10
3 SUB [X+expr], expr
C, Z
44 10
3 OR reg[X+expr], expr
Z
71
4
2 OR F, expr
C, Z
18
5
1 POP A
45
3 XOR reg[expr], expr
Z
72
4
2 XOR F, expr
C, Z
19
4
2 SBB A, expr
C, Z
46 10
3 XOR reg[X+expr], expr
Z
73
4
1 CPL A
Z
1A
6
2 SBB A, [expr]
C, Z
47
8
3 TST [expr], expr
Z
74
4
1 INC A
C, Z
Z
9
9
if (A=B) Z=1
if (A<B) C=1
Z
1B
7
2 SBB A, [X+expr]
C, Z
48
9
3 TST [X+expr], expr
Z
75
4
1 INC X
C, Z
1C
7
2 SBB [expr], A
C, Z
49
9
3 TST reg[expr], expr
Z
76
7
2 INC [expr]
C, Z
1D
8
2 SBB [X+expr], A
C, Z
4A 10
3 TST reg[X+expr], expr
Z
77
8
2 INC [X+expr]
C, Z
1E
9
3 SBB [expr], expr
C, Z
4B
5
1 SWAP A, X
Z
78
4
1 DEC A
C, Z
1F 10
3 SBB [X+expr], expr
C, Z
4C
7
2 SWAP A, [expr]
Z
79
4
1 DEC X
C, Z
20
5
1 POP X
4D
7
2 SWAP X, [expr]
7A
7
2 DEC [expr]
C, Z
21
4
2 AND A, expr
Z
4E
5
1 SWAP A, SP
7B
8
2 DEC [X+expr]
C, Z
22
6
2 AND A, [expr]
Z
4F
4
1 MOV X, SP
23
7
2 AND A, [X+expr]
Z
50
4
2 MOV A, expr
24
7
2 AND [expr], A
Z
51
5
2 MOV A, [expr]
25
8
2 AND [X+expr], A
Z
52
6
2 MOV A, [X+expr]
26
9
Z
7C 13
3 LCALL
Z
7D
7
3 LJMP
Z
7E 10
1 RETI
Z
7F
8
1 RET
5
2 JMP
3 AND [expr], expr
Z
53
5
2 MOV [expr], A
8x
27 10
3 AND [X+expr], expr
Z
54
6
2 MOV [X+expr], A
9x 11
2 CALL
28 11
1 ROMX
Z
55
8
3 MOV [expr], expr
Ax
5
2 JZ
29
4
2 OR A, expr
Z
56
9
3 MOV [X+expr], expr
Bx
5
2 JNZ
2A
6
2 OR A, [expr]
Z
57
4
2 MOV X, expr
Cx
5
2 JC
2B
7
2 OR A, [X+expr]
Z
58
6
2 MOV X, [expr]
Dx
5
2 JNC
2C
7
2 OR [expr], A
Z
59
7
2 MOV X, [X+expr]
Ex
7
2 JACC
Note 1 Interrupt acknowledge to Interrupt Vector table = 13 cycles.
Fx 13
2 INDEX
C, Z
Z
Note 2 The number of cycles required by an instruction is increased by one for instructions that
span 256 byte page boundaries in the Flash memory space.
102
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[+] Feedback
09 4 2 ADC A, expr
C, Z
76
7 2 INC [expr]
C, Z
0A 6 2 ADC A, [expr]
C, Z
77 8 2 INC [X+expr]
C, Z
0B 7 2 ADC A, [X+expr]
C, Z
Fx 13 2 INDEX
Z
0C 7 2 ADC [expr], A
C, Z
Ex 7 2 JACC
0D 8 2 ADC [X+expr], A
C, Z
Cx 5 2 JC
0E 9 3 ADC [expr], expr
C, Z
8x 5 2 JMP
0F 10 3 ADC [X+expr], expr
C, Z
Dx 5 2 JNC
01 4 2 ADD A, expr
C, Z
Bx 5 2 JNZ
02 6 2 ADD A, [expr]
C, Z
Ax 5 2 JZ
03 7 2 ADD A, [X+expr]
C, Z
7C 13 3 LCALL
04 7 2 ADD [expr], A
C, Z
7D 7 3 LJMP
05 8 2 ADD [X+expr], A
C, Z
4F 4 1 MOV X, SP
06 9 3 ADD [expr], expr
C, Z
50 4 2 MOV A, expr
Z
07 10 3 ADD [X+expr], expr
C, Z
51 5 2 MOV A, [expr]
Z
38 5 2 ADD SP, expr
52 6 2 MOV A, [X+expr]
Z
21
4 2 AND A, expr
Z
53 5 2 MOV [expr], A
22
6 2 AND A, [expr]
Z
54 6 2 MOV [X+expr], A
23
7 2 AND A, [X+expr]
Z
55 8 3 MOV [expr], expr
24
7 2 AND [expr], A
Z
56 9 3 MOV [X+expr], expr
25
8 2 AND [X+expr], A
Z
57 4 2 MOV X, expr
26
9 3 AND [expr], expr
Z
58 6 2 MOV X, [expr]
27 10 3 AND [X+expr], expr
Z
59 7 2 MOV X, [X+expr]
70
4 2 AND F, expr
C, Z
5A 5 2 MOV [expr], X
41
9 3 AND reg[expr], expr
Z
5B 4 1 MOV A, X
Z
42 10 3 AND reg[X+expr], expr Z
5C 4 1 MOV X, A
64
4 1 ASL A
C, Z
5D 6 2 MOV A, reg[expr]
Z
65
7 2 ASL [expr]
C, Z
5E 7 2 MOV A, reg[X+expr]
Z
66
8 2 ASL [X+expr]
C, Z
5F 10 3 MOV [expr], [expr]
67
4 1 ASR A
C, Z
60 5 2 MOV reg[expr], A
68
7 2 ASR [expr]
C, Z
61 6 2 MOV reg[X+expr], A
69
8 2 ASR [X+expr]
C, Z
62 8 3 MOV reg[expr], expr
9x 11 2 CALL
63 9 3 MOV reg[X+expr], expr
39
5 2 CMP A, expr
3E 10 2 MVI A, [ [expr]++ ]
Z
if (A=B) 3F 10 2 MVI [ [expr]++ ], A
3A 7 2 CMP A, [expr]
Z=1
3B 8 2 CMP A, [X+expr]
40 4 1 NOP
if (A<B)
3C 8 3 CMP [expr], expr
29 4 2 OR A, expr
Z
C=1
3D 9 3 CMP [X+expr], expr
2A 6 2 OR A, [expr]
Z
73
4 1 CPL A
Z
2B 7 2 OR A, [X+expr]
Z
78
4 1 DEC A
C, Z
2C 7 2 OR [expr], A
Z
79
4 1 DEC X
C, Z
2D 8 2 OR [X+expr], A
Z
7A 7 2 DEC [expr]
C, Z
2E 9 3 OR [expr], expr
Z
7B 8 2 DEC [X+expr]
C, Z
2F 10 3 OR [X+expr], expr
Z
30 9 1 HALT
43 9 3 OR reg[expr], expr
Z
74
4 1 INC A
C, Z
44 10 3 OR reg[X+expr], expr Z
75
4 1 INC X
C, Z
71 4 2 OR F, expr
C, Z
Note 1 Interrupt acknowledge to Interrupt Vector table = 13 cycles.
Note 2 The number of cycles required by an instruction is increased by one for instructions
that span 256 byte page boundaries in the Flash memory space.
ImageCraft Assembly Language Guide, Document # 001-44475 Rev. **
Bytes
Flags
Cycles
Instruction Format
Opcode HEX
Bytes
Flags
Cycles
Instruction Format
Opcode HEX
Bytes
Cycles
Opcode HEX
Table A-6. Instruction Set Summary Sorted Alphabetically by Mnemonic
20
18
10
08
7E
7F
6A
6B
6C
28
6D
6E
6F
19
1A
1B
1C
1D
1E
1F
00
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
4B
4C
4D
4E
47
48
49
4A
72
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
45
46
5
5
4
4
10
8
4
7
8
11
4
7
8
4
6
7
7
8
9
10
15
4
6
7
7
8
9
10
5
7
7
5
8
9
9
10
4
4
6
7
7
8
9
10
9
10
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
1
2
2
1
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
Instruction Format
POP X
POP A
PUSH X
PUSH A
RETI
RET
RLC A
RLC [expr]
RLC [X+expr]
ROMX
RRC A
RRC [expr]
RRC [X+expr]
SBB A, expr
SBB A, [expr]
SBB A, [X+expr]
SBB [expr], A
SBB [X+expr], A
SBB [expr], expr
SBB [X+expr], expr
SSC
SUB A, expr
SUB A, [expr]
SUB A, [X+expr]
SUB [expr], A
SUB [X+expr], A
SUB [expr], expr
SUB [X+expr], expr
SWAP A, X
SWAP A, [expr]
SWAP X, [expr]
SWAP A, SP
TST [expr], expr
TST [X+expr], expr
TST reg[expr], expr
TST reg[X+expr], expr
XOR F, expr
XOR A, expr
XOR A, [expr]
XOR A, [X+expr]
XOR [expr], A
XOR [X+expr], A
XOR [expr], expr
XOR [X+expr], expr
XOR reg[expr], expr
XOR reg[X+expr], expr
Flags
Z
C, Z
C, Z
C, Z
C, Z
Z
C, Z
C, Z
C, Z
C, Z
C, Z
C, Z
C, Z
C, Z
C, Z
C, Z
C, Z
C, Z
C, Z
C, Z
C, Z
C, Z
C, Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
C, Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
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ImageCraft Assembly Language Guide, Document # 001-44475 Rev. **
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Index
A
absolute table read instruction 67
ADD instruction 39
ADD SP,0 directive 94
add with carry instruction 38
add without carry instruction 39
address spaces 12
addressing modes, M8C 18
AND instruction 40
AREA directive 76
area origin directive 93
arithmetic shift left instruction 41
arithmetic shift right instruction 42
ASCII code table 101
ASCIZ directive 78
ASL instruction 41
ASR instruction 42
assembler
comments 29
directives 30, 75
errors and warnings 97
Intel HEX file format 31
labels 26
listing file format 30
map file format 30
mnemonics 27
operands 28
ROM file format 30
source file format 25
assembly syntax expressions 99
B
bitwise AND instruction 40
bitwise OR instruction 61
bitwise XOR instruction 74
BLK directive 79
BLKW directive 80
build current project 97
complement accumulator instruction 45
components of assembly source file 25
compressor and dead code error message
elimination 98
conditional source directive 89
constants format table 99
conventions 8
CPL instruction 45
CPU core
addressing modes 18
instruction formats 16
instruction set summary 14–15, 102
D
DB directive 81
debugging 97
DEC instruction 46
decrement instruction 46
define ASCII string directive 83
define byte directive 81
define floating-point number directive 82
define UNICODE string directive 84
define word, big endian ordering directive 85
define word, little endian ordering directive 86
destination instructions
direct 20
direct source direct 22
direct source immediate 21
indexed 20
indexed source immediate 21
indirect post increment 23
DF directive 82
directives summary 75, 100
documentation
conventions 8
overview 7
DS directive 83
DSU directive 84
DW directive 85
DWL directive 86
C
call function instruction 43
CALL instruction 43
CMP instruction 44
compiling file into library module 33
compiling source files 97
E
elimination of compressor and dead code error
messages 98
ELSE directive 89
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ENDIF directive 89
ENDLITERAL directive 91
ENDM directive 92
ENDSECTION directive 94
EQU directive 87
equate label directive 87
errors 97
L
global labels 27
LCALL instruction 56
library module, compiling file 33
linker
operations 97
listing file format 30
LITERAL directive 91
LJMP instruction 57
local labels 26
long call instruction 56
long jump instruction 57
H
M
HALT instruction 47
help, getting 8, 97
M8C microprocessor 11
address spaces 12
addressing modes 18
instruction formats 16
instruction set 37
instructions set summary 14
internal registers 11
macro definition directive 92
MACRO directive 92
map file format 30
mnemonics 27
MOV instruction 58
move indirect, post-increment to memory
instruction 59
move instruction 58
MVI instruction 59
G
I
IF directive 89
INC instruction 48
INCLUDE directive 90
include source file directive 90
increment instruction 48
INDEX instruction 49
instruction formats
1-byte instructions 16
2-byte instructions 16
3-byte instructions 17
instruction set summary 14–15, 102
instruction set, M8C 37
Intel HEX file format 31
internal registers
accumulator 11
flags 11
index 11
program counter 11
restoring 33
stack pointer 11
introduction 7
J
JACC instruction 50
JC instruction 51
JMP instruction 52
JNC instruction 53
JNZ instruction 54
jump accumulator instruction 50
jump if carry 51
jump if no carry instruction 53
jump if not zero instruction 54
jump if zero instruction 55
jump instruction 52
JZ instruction 55
N
no operation instruction 60
non-destructive compare instruction 44
NOP instruction 60
NULL terminated ASCII string directive 78
O
operands
constants 28
constants format table 99
dot operator 28
expressions 29
labels 28
RAM 29
registers 29
OR F,0 directive 94
OR instruction 61
ORG directive 93
overview of chapters 7
P
POP instruction 62
pop stack into register instruction 62
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Index
prevent code compression of data 91
product
support 8
upgrades 8
PUSH instruction 63
push register onto stack instruction 63
TST instruction 73
R
W
RAM block in bytes directive 79
RAM block in words directive 80
relative table read instruction 49
restoring internal registers 33
resume code compressor directive 94
RET instruction 64
RETI instruction 65
return from interrupt instruction 65
return instruction 64
re-usable local labels 27
RLC instruction 66
ROM file format 30
ROMX instruction 67
rotate left through carry instruction 66
rotate right through carry instruction 68
RRC instruction 68
U
upgrades 8
warnings 97
X
XOR instruction 74
S
SBB instruction 69
SECTION directive 94
section for dead-code elimination directive 94
source file components
comments 29
directives 30
labels 26
mnemonics 27
operands 28
source file format 25
source instructions
direct 19
immediate 18
indexed 19
indirect post increment 22
SSC instruction 72
SUB instruction 70
subtract with borrow instruction 69
subtract without borrow instruction 70
support 8
suspend code compressor directive 94
SWAP instruction 71
syntax expressions 99
system supervisor call instruction 72
T
technical support 8
test for mask instruction 73
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Index
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ImageCraft Assembly Language Guide, Document # 001-44475 Rev. **
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