LTM4601/LTM4601-1 12A DC/DC µModules with PLL, Output Tracking and Margining DESCRIPTIO U FEATURES ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Complete Switch Mode Power Supply Wide Input Voltage Range: 4.5V to 20V 12A DC Typical, 14A Peak Output Current 0.6V to 5V Output Voltage Output Voltage Tracking and Margining Parallel Multiple µModules for Current Sharing Differential Remote Sensing for Precision Regulation (LTM4601 Only) PLL Frequency Synchronization ±1.5% Regulation Current Foldback Protection (Disabled at Start-Up) Pb-Free (e4) RoHS Compliant Package with Gold Finish Pads Ultrafast Transient Response Current Mode Control Up to 95% Efficiency at 5VIN, 3.3VOUT Programmable Soft-Start Output Overvoltage Protection Small Footprint, Low Profile (15mm × 15mm × 2.8mm) Surface Mount LGA Package U APPLICATIO S ■ ■ ■ Telecom and Networking Equipment Servers Industrial Equipment Point of Load Regulation The low profile (2.8mm) and light weight (1.7g) package easily mounts in unused space on the back side of PC boards for high density point of load regulation. The µModule can be synchronized with an external clock for reducing undesirable frequency harmonics and allows PolyPhase® operation for high load currents. A high switching frequency and adaptive on-time current mode architecture deliver a very fast transient response to line and load changes without sacrificing stability. An onboard differential remote sense amplifier can be used to accurately regulate an output voltage independent of load current. The onboard remote sense amplifier is not available in the LTM4601-1. , LTC, LT and PolyPhase are registered trademarks of Linear Technology Corporation. µModule is a trademark of Linear Technology Corporation. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Protected by U.S. Patents, including 5481178, 5847554, 6580258, 6304066, 6476589, 6774611, 6677210 U ■ The LTM®4601 is a complete 12A step-down switch mode DC/DC power supply with onboard switching controller, MOSFETs, inductor and all support components. The µModuleTM is housed in a small surface mount 15mm ×15mm × 2.8mm LGA package. Operating over an input voltage range of 4.5 to 20V, the LTM4601 supports an output voltage range of 0.6V to 5V as well as output voltage tracking and margining. The high efficiency design delivers 12A continuous current (14A peak). Only bulk input and output capacitors are needed to complete the design. TYPICAL APPLICATIO Efficiency and Power Loss vs Load Current 1.5V/12A Power Supply with 4.5V to 20V Input 95 ON/OFF CIN R1 392k 5% MARGIN RUN COMP INTVCC DRVCC MPGM SGND PLLIN TRACK/SS VOUT LTM4601 PGND VFB MARG0 MARG1 VOUT 1.5V 12A 100pF MARGIN CONTROL COUT VOUT_LCL DIFFVOUT VOSNS+ VOSNS– fSET 5VIN 3.5 85 12VIN 3.0 80 2.5 75 12VIN 70 2.0 5VIN 65 1.5 POWER LOSS (W) VIN PGOOD 90 EFFICIENCY (%) VIN 4.5V TO 20V 4.0 EFFICIENCY CLOCK SYNC TRACK/SS CONTROL 60 POWER LOSS 1.0 55 RSET 40.2k 4601 TA01a 50 0.5 0 2 4 6 8 10 OUTPUT CURRENT (A) 12 14 4601 TA01b 4601f 1 LTM4601/LTM4601-1 U W W W ABSOLUTE AXI U RATI GS U W U PACKAGE/ORDER I FOR ATIO (Note 1) INTVCC, DRVCC, VOUT_LCL, VOUT (VOUT ≤ 3.3V with DIFFVOUT) .................................................... –0.3V to 6V PLLIN, TRACK/SS, MPGM, MARG0, MARG1, PGOOD, fSET .............................. –0.3V to INTVCC + 0.3V RUN ............................................................. –0.3V to 5V VFB, COMP ................................................ –0.3V to 2.7V VIN ............................................................. –0.3V to 20V VOSNS+, VOSNS– ............................. –0.3V to INTVCC – 1V Operating Temperature Range (Note 2) ... –40°C to 85°C Junction Temperature ........................................... 125°C Storage Temperature Range................... –55°C to 125°C INTVCC PLLIN TRACK/SS RUN COMP MPGM TOP VIEW VIN fSET MARG0 MARG1 DRVCC VFB PGOOD SGND VOSNS+/NC2* DIFFVOUT/NC3* VOUT_LCL VOSNS–/NC1* PGND VOUT LGA PACKAGE 118-LEAD (15mm ´ 15mm ´ 2.8mm) TJMAX = 125°C, θJA = 15°C/W, θJC = 6°C/W, θJA DERIVED FROM 95mm × 76mm PCB WITH 4 LAYERS WEIGHT = 1.7g *LTM4601-1 ONLY ORDER PART NUMBER LGA PART MARKING* LTM4601EV#PBF LTM4601IV#PBF LTM4601EV-1#PBF LTM4601IV-1#PBF LTM4601V LTM4601V LTM4601V-1 LTM4601V-1 Consult LTC Marketing for parts specified with wider operating temperature ranges. *The temperature grade is identified by a label on the shipping container. ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS The ● denotes the specifications which apply over the –40°C to 85°C temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25°C, VIN = 12V. Per typical application (front page) configuration. SYMBOL PARAMETER VIN(DC) Input DC Voltage VOUT(DC) Output Voltage CONDITIONS CIN = 10µF ×3, COUT = 200µF VIN = 5V, VOUT = 1.5V, IOUT = 0A VIN = 12V, VOUT = 1.5V, IOUT = 0A MIN ● 4.5 ● ● 1.478 1.478 TYP MAX UNITS 20 V 1.5 1.5 1.522 1.522 V V 4 V Input Specifications VIN(UVLO) Undervoltage Lockout Threshold IOUT = 0A 3.2 IINRUSH(VIN) Input Inrush Current at Startup IOUT = 0A. VOUT = 1.5V VIN = 5V VIN = 12V 0.6 0.7 A A VIN = 12V, VOUT = 1.5V, No Switching VIN = 12V, VOUT = 1.5V, Switching Continuous VIN = 5V, VOUT = 1.5V, No Switching VIN = 5V, VOUT = 1.5V, Switching Continuous Shutdown, RUN = 0, VIN = 12V 3.8 38 mA mA 2.5 42 22 mA mA µA VIN = 12V, VOUT = 1.5V, IOUT = 12A VIN = 12V, VOUT = 3.3V, IOUT = 12A VIN = 5V, VOUT = 1.5V, IOUT = 12A 1.81 3.63 4.29 A A A IQ(VIN,NOLOAD) IS(VIN) Input Supply Bias Current Input Supply Current 4601f 2 LTM4601/LTM4601-1 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS The ● denotes the specifications which apply over the –40°C to 85°C temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25°C, VIN = 12V. Per typical application (front page) configuration. SYMBOL PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX INTVCC VIN = 12V, RUN > 2V No Load 4.7 5 5.3 UNITS V 12 A Output Specifications IOUTDC Output Continuous Current Range VIN = 12V, VOUT = 1.5V (See Output Current Derating Curves for Different VIN, VOUT and TA) 0 ΔVOUT(LINE) Line Regulation Accuracy VOUT = 1.5V, IOUT = 0A, VIN from 4.5V to 20V ● 0.3 % Load Regulation Accuracy VOUT = 1.5V, 0A to 12A VIN = 12V, Remote Sense Amplifier VIN = 12V (LTM4601-1) ● ● 0.25 1 % % VOUT(MIN) ΔVOUT(0A-12A) VOUT(MIN) VOUT(AC) Output Ripple Voltage IOUT = 0A, COUT = 2×, 100µF/X5R/Ceramic VIN = 12V, VOUT = 1.5V VIN = 5V, VOUT = 1.5V 20 18 mVP-P mVP-P fS Output Ripple Voltage Frequency IOUT = 5A, VIN = 12V, VOUT = 1.5V 850 kHz ΔVOUT(START) Turn-On Overshoot, TRACK/SS = 10nF COUT = 200µF, VOUT = 1.5V, IOUT = 0A VIN = 12V VIN = 5V 20 20 mV mV Turn-On Time, TRACK/SS = Open COUT = 200µF, VOUT = 1.5V, IOUT = 1A Resisitive Load VIN = 12V VIN = 5V 0.5 0.7 ms ms Load: 0% to 50% to 0% of Full Load, COUT = 2 × 22µF/Ceramic, 470µF, 4V Sanyo POSCAP VIN = 12V VIN = 5V 35 35 mV mV 25 µs 17 17 A A tSTART ΔVOUTLS Peak Deviation for Dynamic Load tSETTLE Settling Time for Dynamic Load Step Load: 0% to 50%, or 50% to 0% of Full Load VIN = 12V IOUTPK Output Current Limit COUT = 200µF, Table 2 VIN = 12V, VOUT = 1.5V VIN = 5V, VOUT = 1.5V Remote Sense Amp (Note 3) (LTM4601 Only, Not Supported in the LTM4601-1) VOSNS+, VOSNS– CM Range Common Mode Input Voltage Range VIN = 12V, RUN > 2V 0 INTVCC – 1 DIFFVOUT Range Output Voltage Range 0 INTVCC VOS Input Offset Voltage Magnitude AV Differential Gain 1 V/V GBP Gain Bandwidth Product 3 MHz SR Slew Rate 2 V/µs 20 kΩ 100 dB RIN Input Resistance CMRR Common Mode Rejection Mode VIN = 12V, DIFF OUT Load = 100k 1.25 VOSNS+ to GND V V mV Control Stage VFB Error Amplifier Input Voltage Accuracy IOUT = 0A, VOUT = 1.5V VRUN RUN Pin On/Off Threshold ISS/TRACK Soft-Start Charging Current VSS/TRACK = 0V tON(MIN) Minimum On Time (Note 4) ● 0.594 0.6 0.606 V 1 1.5 1.9 V –1.0 –1.5 –2.0 µA 50 100 ns 4601f 3 LTM4601/LTM4601-1 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS The ● denotes the specifications which apply over the –40°C to 85°C temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25°C, VIN = 12V. Per typical application (front page) configuration. SYMBOL PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS tOFF(MIN) Minimum Off Time (Note 4) 250 400 ns RPLLIN PLLIN Input Resistance IDRVCC Current into DRVCC Pin 18 25 mA RFBHI Resistor Between VOUT and VFB 60.4 60.702 kΩ VMPGM Margin Reference Voltage 1.18 V VMARG0, VMARG1 MARG0, MARG1 Voltage Thresholds 1.4 V 50 VOUT = 1.5V, IOUT = 1A, Frequency = 850kHz, DRVCC = 5V 60.098 kΩ PGOOD Output ΔVFBH PGOOD Upper Threshold VFB Rising 7 10 13 % ΔVFBL PGOOD Lower Threshold VFB Falling –7 –10 –13 % ΔVFB(HYS) PGOOD Hysteresis VFB Returning Note 1: Stresses beyond those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings may cause permanent damage to the device. Exposure to any Absolute Maximum Rating condition for extended periods may affect device reliability and lifetime. 1.5 % Note 2: The LTM4601E/LTM4601E-1 are guaranteed to meet performance specifications from 0°C to 85°C. Specifications over the –40°C to 85°C operating temperature range are assured by design, characterization and correlation with statistical process controls. The LTM4601I/LTM4601I-1 are guaranteed and tested over the –40°C to 85°C temperature range. Note 3: Remote sense amplifier recommended for ≤3.3V output. Note 4: 100% tested at wafer level only. 4601f 4 LTM4601/LTM4601-1 U W TYPICAL PERFOR A CE CHARACTERISTICS (See Figure 18 for all curves) Efficiency vs Load Current with 5VIN Efficiency vs Load Current with 20VIN Efficiency vs Load Current with 12VIN 100 100 100 95 95 95 90 85 80 75 0.6VOUT 1.2VOUT 1.5VOUT 2.5VOUT 3.3VOUT 70 65 60 90 85 EFFICIENCY (%) EFFICIENCY (%) EFFICIENCY (%) 90 80 75 70 0.6VOUT 1.2VOUT 1.5VOUT 2.5VOUT 3.3VOUT 5VOUT 65 60 55 5 10 OUTPUT CURRENT (A) 75 1.2VOUT 1.5VOUT 2.5VOUT 3.3VOUT 5.0VOUT 65 10 5 OUTPUT CURRENT (A) 0 15 80 70 50 0 85 15 60 4601 G02 4601 G01 1.2V Transient Response 1.5V Transient Response 1.8V Transient Response VOUT 50mV/DIV VOUT 50mV/DIV IOUT 5A/DIV IOUT 5A/DIV IOUT 5A/DIV 4601 G04 20µs/DIV 1.5V AT 6A/µs LOAD STEP COUT = 3 • 22µF 6.3V CERAMICS 470µF 4V SANYO POSCAP C3 = 100pF 2.5V Transient Response 4601 G05 20µs/DIV 1.8V AT 6A/µs LOAD STEP COUT = 3 • 22µF 6.3V CERAMICS 470µF 4V SANYO POSCAP C3 = 100pF 4601 G06 3.3V Transient Response VOUT 50mV/DIV VOUT 50mV/DIV IOUT 5A/DIV IOUT 5A/DIV 20µs/DIV 2.5V AT 6A/µs LOAD STEP COUT = 3 • 22µF 6.3V CERAMICS 470µF 4V SANYO POSCAP C3 = 100pF 15 4601 G03 VOUT 50mV/DIV 20µs/DIV 1.2V AT 6A/µs LOAD STEP COUT = 3 • 22µF 6.3V CERAMICS 470µF 4V SANYO POSCAP C3 = 100pF 10 5 OUTPUT CURRENT (A) 0 4601 G07 20µs/DIV 3.3V AT 6A/µs LOAD STEP COUT = 3 • 22µF 6.3V CERAMICS 470µF 4V SANYO POSCAP C3 = 100pF 4601 G08 4601f 5 LTM4601/LTM4601-1 U W TYPICAL PERFOR A CE CHARACTERISTICS (See Figure 18 for all curves) Start-Up, IOUT = 12A (Resistive Load) Start-Up, IOUT = 0A VOUT 0.5V/DIV VOUT 0.5V/DIV IIN 1A/DIV IIN 0.5A/DIV 5ms/DIV VIN = 12V VOUT = 1.5V COUT = 470µF 3 × 22µF SOFT-START = 10nF 4601 G09 2ms/DIV VIN = 12V VOUT = 1.5V COUT = 470µF 3 × 22µF SOFT-START = 10nF VIN to VOUT Step-Down Ratio Track, IOUT = 12A 5.5 3.3V OUTPUT WITH 130k FROM VOUT TO ION 5.0 OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) 4.5 TRACK/SS 0.5V/DIV VFB 0.5V/DIV 5V OUTPUT WITH 100k RESISTOR ADDED FROM fSET TO GND 4.0 3.5 3.0 VOUT 1V/DIV 2.0 5V OUTPUT WITH NO RESISTOR ADDED FROM fSET TO GND 1.5 2.5V OUTPUT 1.0 1.8V OUTPUT 2.5 1.5V OUTPUT 0.5 0 1.2V OUTPUT 0 2 4 4601 G10 2ms/DIV VIN = 12V VOUT = 1.5V COUT = 470mF 3 ´ 22mF SOFT-START = 10nF 4601 G12 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) 4601 G11 Short-Circuit Protection, IOUT = 0A Short-Circuit Protection, IOUT = 12A VOUT 0.5V/DIV VOUT 0.5V/DIV IIN 1A/DIV IIN 1A/DIV 50µs/DIV VIN = 12V VOUT = 1.5V COUT = 470µF 3 × 22µF SOFT-START = 10nF 4601 G13 50µs/DIV VIN = 12V VOUT = 1.5V COUT = 470µF 3 × 22µF SOFT-START = 10nF 4601 G14 4601f 6 LTM4601/LTM4601-1 U U U PI FU CTIO S (See Package Description for Pin Assignment) VIN (Bank 1): Power Input Pins. Apply input voltage between these pins and PGND pins. Recommend placing input decoupling capacitance directly between VIN pins and PGND pins. PLLIN (Pin A8): External Clock Synchronization Input to the Phase Detector. This pin is internally terminated to SGND with a 50k resistor. Apply a clock above 2V and below INTVCC. See Applications Information. VOUT (Bank 3): Power Output Pins. Apply output load between these pins and PGND pins. Recommend placing output decoupling capacitance directly between these pins and PGND pins. Review the figure below. TRACK/SS (Pin A9): Output Voltage Tracking and SoftStart Pin. When the module is configured as a master output, then a soft-start capacitor is placed on this pin to ground to control the master ramp rate. A soft-start capacitor can be used for soft-start turn on as a stand alone regulator. Slave operation is performed by putting a resistor divider from the master output to the ground, and connecting the center point of the divider to this pin. See Applications Information. PGND (Bank 2): Power ground pins for both input and output returns. VOSNS– (Pin M12): (–) Input to the Remote Sense Amplifier. This pin connects to the ground remote sense point. The remote sense amplifier is used for VOUT ≤3.3V. NC1 (Pin M12): No Connect On the LTM4601-1. VOSNS+ (Pin J12): (+) Input to the Remote Sense Amplifier. This pin connects to the output remote sense point. The remote sense amplifier is used for VOUT ≤3.3V. NC2 (Pin J12): No Connect On the LTM4601-1. DIFFVOUT (Pin K12): Output of the Remote Sense Amplifier. This pin connects to the VOUT_LCL pin. NC3 (Pin K12): No Connect On the LTM4601-1. DRVCC (Pin E12): This pin normally connects to INTVCC for powering the internal MOSFET drivers. This pin can be biased up to 6V from an external supply with about 50mA capability, or an external circuit shown in Figure 16. This improves efficiency at the higher input voltages by reducing power dissipation in the module. INTVCC (Pin A7): This pin is for additional decoupling of the 5V internal regulator. MPGM (Pin A12): Programmable Margining Input. A resistor from this pin to ground sets a current that is equal to 1.18V/R. This current multiplied by 10kΩ will equal a value in millivolts that is a percentage of the 0.6V reference voltage. See Applications Information. To parallel LTM4601s, each requires an individual MPGM resistor. Do not tie MPGM pins together. fSET (Pin B12): Frequency Set Internally to 850kHz. An external resistor can be placed from this pin to ground to increase frequency. This pin can be decoupled with a 1000pF capacitor. See Applications Information for frequency adjustment. VFB (Pin F12): The Negative Input of the Error Amplifier. Internally, this pin is connected to VOUT_LCL pin with a 60.4k precision resistor. Different output voltages can be programmed with an additional resistor between VFB and SGND pins. See Applications Information. INTVCC PLLIN TRACK/SS RUN COMP MPGM TOP VIEW A VIN B BANK 1 C D E PGND F BANK 2 G H J VOUT K BANK 3 L M fSET MARG0 MARG1 DRVCC VFB PGOOD SGND VOSNS+/NC2* DIFFVOUT/NC3* VOUT_LCL VOSNS–/NC1* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 *LTM4601-1 ONLY 4601f 7 LTM4601/LTM4601-1 U U U PI FU CTIO S (See Package Description for Pin Assignment) MARG0 (Pin C12): This pin is the LSB logic input for the margining function. Together with the MARG1 pin will determine if margin high, margin low or no margin state is applied. The pin has an internal pull-down resistor of 50k. See Applications Information. PGOOD (Pin G12): Output Voltage Power Good Indicator. Open-drain logic output that is pulled to ground when the output voltage is not within ±10% of the regulation point, after a 25µs power bad mask timer expires. RUN (Pin A10): Run Control Pin. A voltage above 1.9V will turn on the module, and when below 1.9V, will turn off the module. A programmable UVLO function can be accomplished with a resistor from VIN to this pin that has a 5.1V zener to ground. Maximum pin voltage is 5V. Limit current into the RUN pin to less than 1mA. MARG1 (Pin D12): This pin is the MSB logic input for the margining function. Together with the MARG0 pin will determine if margin high, margin low or no margin state is applied. The pin has an internal pull-down resistor of 50k. See Applications Information. VOUT_LCL (Pin L12): VOUT connects directly to this pin to bypass the remote sense amplifier, or DIFFVOUT connects to this pin when remote sense amplifier is used. VOUT_LCL can be connected to VOUT on the LTM4601-1, VOUT is internally connected to VOUT_LCL with 50Ω in the LTM4601-1. SGND (Pin H12): Signal Ground. This pin connects to PGND at output capacitor point. COMP (Pin A11): Current Control Threshold and Error Amplifier Compensation Point. The current comparator threshold increases with this control voltage. The voltage ranges from 0V to 2.4V with 0.7V corresponding to zero sense voltage (zero current). W W SI PLIFIED BLOCK DIAGRA VOUT_LCL >2V = ON <0.9V = OFF MAX = 5V VOUT 1M (50Ω, LTM4601-1) RUN PGOOD 5.1V ZENER COMP 1.5µF VIN 4.5V TO 20V + CIN 60.4k INTERNAL COMP POWER CONTROL SGND Q1 VOUT 1.5V 12A MARG1 MARG0 22µF VFB RSET 40.2k 50k 50k + fSET COUT Q2 39.2k PGND MPGM 10k TRACK/SS PLLIN 4.7µF INTVCC 50k + – CSS INTVCC VOSNS– 10k 10k VOSNS+ 10k DRVCC NOT INCLUDED IN THE LTM4601-1 VOSNS– = NC1 VOSNS+ = NC2 DIFFVOUT = NC3 DIFFVOUT 4601 F01 Figure 1. Simplified LTM4601/LTM4601-1 Block Diagram 4601f 8 LTM4601/LTM4601-1 U W U DECOUPLI G REQUIRE E TS TA = 25°C, VIN = 12V. Use Figure 1 configuration. SYMBOL PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN TYP CIN External Input Capacitor Requirement (VIN = 4.5V to 20V, VOUT = 1.5V) COUT External Output Capacitor Requirement (VIN = 4.5V to 20V, VOUT = 1.5V) MAX UNITS IOUT = 12A, 3× 10µF Ceramics 20 30 µF IOUT = 12A 100 200 µF U OPERATIO Power Module Description The LTM4601 is a standalone nonisolated switching mode DC/DC power supply. It can deliver up to 12A of DC output current with some external input and output capacitors. This module provides precisely regulated output voltage programmable via one external resistor from 0.6VDC to 5.0VDC over a 4.5V to 20V wide input voltage. The typical application schematic is shown in Figure 18. The LTM4601 has an integrated constant on-time current mode regulator, ultralow RDS(ON) FETs with fast switching speed and integrated Schottky diodes. The typical switching frequency is 850kHz at full load. With current mode control and internal feedback loop compensation, the LTM4601 module has sufficient stability margins and good transient performance under a wide range of operating conditions and with a wide range of output capacitors, even all ceramic output capacitors. Current mode control provides cycle-by-cycle fast current limit. Besides, foldback current limiting is provided in an overcurrent condition while VFB drops. Internal overvoltage and undervoltage comparators pull the open-drain PGOOD output low if the output feedback voltage exits a ±10% window around the regulation point. Furthermore, in an overvoltage condition, internal top FET Q1 is turned off and bottom FET Q2 is turned on and held on until the overvoltage condition clears. Pulling the RUN pin below 1V forces the controller into its shutdown state, turning off both Q1 and Q2. At low load current, the module works in continuous current mode by default to achieve minimum output voltage ripple. When DRVCC pin is connected to INTVCC an integrated 5V linear regulator powers the internal gate drivers. If a 5V external bias supply is applied on the DRVCC pin, then an efficiency improvement will occur due to the reduced power loss in the internal linear regulator. This is especially true at the higher input voltage range. The LTM4601 has a very accurate differential remote sense amplifier with very low offset. This provides for very accurate remote sense voltage measurement. The MPGM pin, MARG0 pin and MARG1 pin are used to support voltage margining, where the percentage of margin is programmed by the MPGM pin, and the MARG0 and MARG1 select margining. The PLLIN pin provides frequency synchronization of the device to an external clock. The TRACK/SS pin is used for power supply tracking and soft-start programming. 4601f 9 LTM4601/LTM4601-1 U U W U APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO The typical LTM4601 application circuit is shown in Figure 18. External component selection is primarily determined by the maximum load current and output voltage. Refer to Table 2 for specific external capacitor requirements for a particular application. VIN to VOUT Step-Down Ratios There are restrictions in the maximum VIN and VOUT step down ratio that can be achieved for a given input voltage. These constraints are shown in the Typical Performance Characteristics curves labeled VIN to VOUT Step-Down Ratio. Note that additional thermal derating may apply. See the Thermal Considerations and Output Current Derating section of this data sheet. VOUT(MARGIN) = %VOUT • VOUT 100 where %VOUT is the percentage of VOUT you want to margin, and VOUT(MARGIN) is the margin quantity in volts: RPGM = VOUT 1.18 V • • 10k 0.6 V VOUT(MARGIN) where RPGM is the resistor value to place on the MPGM pin to ground. Output Voltage Programming and Margining The PWM controller has an internal 0.6V reference voltage. As shown in the Block Diagram, a 1M and a 60.4k 0.5% internal feedback resistor connects VOUT and VFB pins together. The VOUT_LCL pin is connected between the 1M and the 60.4k resistor. The 1M resistor is used to protect against an output overvoltage condition if the VOUT_LCL pin is not connected to the output, or if the remote sense amplifier output is not connected to VOUT_LCL. The output voltage will default to 0.6V. Adding a resistor RSET from the VFB pin to SGND pin programs the output voltage: VOUT = 0.6 V The MPGM pin programs a current that when multiplied by an internal 10k resistor sets up the 0.6V reference ± offset for margining. A 1.18V reference divided by the RPGM resistor on the MPGM pin programs the current. Calculate VOUT(MARGIN): 60.4k + RSET RSET Table 1. Standard 1% Resistor Values RSET (kΩ) Open 60.4 40.2 30.1 25.5 19.1 13.3 8.25 VOUT (V) 0.6 1.2 1.5 1.8 2 2.5 3.3 5 The output margining will be ± margining of the value. This is controlled by the MARG0 and MARG1 pins. See the truth table below: MARG0 MARG1 MODE LOW LOW NO MARGIN LOW HIGH MARGIN UP HIGH LOW MARGIN DOWN HIGH HIGH NO MARGIN Input Capacitors LTM4601 module should be connected to a low AC impedance DC source. Input capacitors are required to be placed adjacent to the module. In Figure 18, the 10µF ceramic input capacitors are selected for their ability to handle the large RMS current into the converter. An input bulk capacitor of 100µF is optional. This 100µF capacitor is only needed if the input source impedance is compromised by long inductive leads or traces. 4601f 10 LTM4601/LTM4601-1 U W U U APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO D= VOUT VIN Without considering the inductor current ripple, the RMS current of the input capacitor can be estimated as: ICIN(RMS) = IOUT(MAX ) η% • D • ( 1– D ) In the above equation, η% is the estimated efficiency of the power module. CIN can be a switcher-rated electrolytic aluminum capacitor, OS-CON capacitor or high volume ceramic capacitor. Note the capacitor ripple current ratings are often based on temperature and hours of life. This makes it advisable to properly derate the input capacitor, or choose a capacitor rated at a higher temperature than required. Always contact the capacitor manufacturer for derating requirements. In Figure 18, the 10µF ceramic capacitors are together used as a high frequency input decoupling capacitor. In a typical 12A output application, three very low ESR, X5R or X7R, 10µF ceramic capacitors are recommended. These decoupling capacitors should be placed directly adjacent to the module input pins in the PCB layout to minimize the trace inductance and high frequency AC noise. Each 10µF ceramic is typically good for 2A to 3A of RMS ripple current. Refer to your ceramics capacitor catalog for the RMS current ratings. Multiphase operation with multiple LTM4601 devices in parallel will lower the effective input RMS ripple current due to the interleaving operation of the regulators. Application Note 77 provides a detailed explanation. Refer to Figure 2 for the input capacitor ripple current requirement as a function of the number of phases. The figure provides a ratio of RMS ripple current to DC load current as function of duty cycle and the number of paralleled phases. Pick the corresponding duty cycle and the number of phases to arrive at the correct ripple current value. For example, the 2-phase parallel LTM4601 design provides 24A at 2.5V output from a 12V input. The duty cycle is DC = 2.5V/12V = 0.21. The 2-phase curve has a ratio of ~0.25 for a duty cycle of 0.21. This 0.25 ratio of RMS ripple current to a DC load current of 24A equals ~6A of input RMS ripple current for the external input capacitors. Output Capacitors The LTM4601 is designed for low output voltage ripple. The bulk output capacitors defined as COUT are chosen with low enough effective series resistance (ESR) to meet the output voltage ripple and transient requirements. COUT can be a low ESR tantalum capacitor, a low ESR polymer capacitor or a ceramic capacitor. The typical capacitance is 200µF if all ceramic output capacitors are used. Additional output filtering may be required by the system designer, if further reduction of output ripple or dynamic transient spike is required. Table 2 shows a matrix of different output voltages and output capacitors to minimize the voltage droop and overshoot during a 5A/µs transient. The table optimizes total equivalent ESR and total bulk capacitance to maximize transient performance. 0.6 RMS INPUT RIPPLE CURRENT DC LOAD CURRENT For a buck converter, the switching duty-cycle can be estimated as: 0.5 1-PHASE 2-PHASE 3-PHASE 4-PHASE 6-PHASE 12-PHASE 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 DUTY FACTOR (VOUT/VIN) 0.8 0.9 4601 F02 Figure 2. Normalized Input RMS Ripple Current vs Duty Factor for One to Six Modules (Phases) 4601f 11 LTM4601/LTM4601-1 U W U U APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO Multiphase operation with multiple LTM4601 devices in parallel will lower the effective output ripple current due to the interleaving operation of the regulators. For example, each LTM4601’s inductor current of a 12V to 2.5V multiphase design can be read from the Inductor Ripple Current verses Duty Cycle graph (Figure 3). The large ripple current at low duty cycle and high output voltage can be reduced 12 2.5V OUTPUT 10 5V OUTPUT 1.8V OUTPUT 1.5V OUTPUT IL (A) 8 1.2V OUTPUT 6 3.3V OUTPUT WITH 130k ADDED FROM VOUT TO fSET 4 5V OUTPUT WITH 100k ADDED FROM fSET TO GND 2 0 0 20 40 60 DUTY CYCLE (VOUT/VIN) 80 4601 F03 Figure 3. Inductor Ripple Current vs Duty Cycle by adding an external resistor from fSET to ground which increases the frequency. If the duty cycle is DC = 2.5V/12V = 0.21, the inductor ripple current for 2.5V output at 21% duty cycle is ~6A in Figure 3. Figure 4 provides a ratio of peak-to-peak output ripple current to the inductor current as a function of duty cycle and the number of paralleled phases. Pick the corresponding duty cycle and the number of phases to arrive at the correct output ripple current ratio value. If a 2-phase operation is chosen at a duty cycle of 21%, then 0.6 is the ratio. This 0.6 ratio of output ripple current to inductor ripple of 6A equals 3.6A of effective output ripple current. Refer to Application Note 77 for a detailed explanation of output ripple current reduction as a function of paralleled phases. The output voltage ripple has two components that are related to the amount of bulk capacitance and effective series resistance (ESR) of the output bulk capacitance. Therefore, the output voltage ripple can be calculated with the known effective output ripple current. The equation: ΔVOUT(P-P) ≈ (ΔIL/(8 • f • m • COUT) + ESR • ΔIL), where f 1.00 0.95 1-PHASE 2-PHASE 3-PHASE 4-PHASE 6-PHASE 0.90 0.85 RATIO = PEAK-TO-PEAK OUTPUT RIPPLE CURRENT DIr 0.80 0.75 0.70 0.65 0.60 0.55 0.50 0.45 0.40 0.35 0.30 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 DUTY CYCLE (VO/VIN) 4601 F04 Figure 4. Normalized Output Ripple Current vs Duty Cycle, Dlr = VOT/LI, Dlr = Each Phase’s Inductor Current 4601f 12 LTM4601/LTM4601-1 U W U U APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO is frequency and m is the number of parallel phases. This calculation process can be easily fulfilled using our Linear Technology µModule Design Tool. Fault Conditions: Current Limit and Overcurrent Foldback LTM4601 has a current mode controller, which inherently limits the cycle-by-cycle inductor current not only in steady-state operation, but also in transient. To further limit current in the event of an overload condition, the LTM4601 provides foldback current limiting. If the output voltage falls by more than 50%, then the maximum output current is progressively lowered to about one sixth of its full current limit value. down with another regulator. The master regulator’s output is divided down with an external resistor divider that is the same as the slave regulator’s feedback divider. Figure 5 shows an example of coincident tracking. Ratiometric modes of tracking can be achieved by selecting different resistor values to change the output tracking ratio. The master output must be greater than the slave output for the tracking to work. Figure 6 shows the coincident output tracking characteristics. MASTER OUTPUT TRACK CONTROL VIN 100k Soft-Start and Tracking The TRACK/SS pin provides a means to either soft-start the regulator or track it to a different power supply. A capacitor on this pin will program the ramp rate of the output voltage. A 1.5µA current source will charge up the external soft-start capacitor to 80% of the 0.6V internal voltage reference minus any margin delta. This will control the ramp of the internal reference and the output voltage. The total soft-start time can be calculated as: ( t SOFTSTART = 0.8 V • 0.6 V – VOUT(MARGIN) ) MPGM RUN COMP INTVCC DRVCC CIN SGND PLLIN TRACK/SS VOUT LTM4601 PGND R1 40.2k SLAVE OUTPUT VFB MARG0 MARG1 COUT VOUT_LCL DIFFVOUT VOSNS+ VOSNS– fSET RSET 40.2k 4601 F05 Figure 5 C • SS 1.5µA When the RUN pin falls below 1.5V, then the SS pin is reset to allow for proper soft-start control when the regulator is enabled again. Current foldback and force continuous mode are disabled during the soft-start process. The soft-start function can also be used to control the output ramp up time, so that another regulator can be easily tracked to it. VIN PGOOD 60.4k FROM VOUT TO VFB R2 60.4k MASTER OUTPUT SLAVE OUTPUT OUTPUT VOLTAGE Output Voltage Tracking Output voltage tracking can be programmed externally using the TRACK/SS pin. The output can be tracked up and TIME 4601 F06 Figure 6 4601f 13 LTM4601/LTM4601-1 U W U U APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO Run Enable The RUN pin is used to enable the power module. The pin has an internal 5.1V zener to ground. The pin can be driven with a logic input not to exceed 5V. The RUN pin can also be used as an undervoltage lock out (UVLO) function by connecting a resistor divider from the input supply to the RUN pin: VUVLO = R1+ R2 • 1.5V R2 through the LDO is about 20mA. The internal LDO power dissipation can be calculated as: PLDO_LOSS = 20mA • (VIN – 5V) The LTM4601 also provides the external gate driver voltage pin DRVCC. If there is a 5V rail in the system, it is recommended to connect DRVCC pin to the external 5V rail. This is especially true for higher input voltages. Do not apply more than 6V to the DRVCC pin. A 5V output can be used to power the DRVCC pin with an external circuit as shown in Figure 16. Power Good Parallel Operation of the Module The PGOOD pin is an open-drain pin that can be used to monitor valid output voltage regulation. This pin monitors a ±10% window around the regulation point and tracks with margining. The LTM4601 device is an inherently current mode controlled device. Parallel modules will have very good current sharing. This will balance the thermals on the design. Figure 19 shows a schematic of the parallel design. The voltage feedback equation changes with the variable n as modules are paralleled: COMP Pin This pin is the external compensation pin. The module has already been internally compensated for most output voltages. Table 2 is provided for most application requirements. A spice model will be provided for other control loop optimization. PLLIN The power module has a phase-locked loop comprised of an internal voltage controlled oscillator and a phase detector. This allows the internal top MOSFET turn-on to be locked to the rising edge of the external clock. The frequency range is ±30% around the operating frequency of 850kHz. A pulse detection circuit is used to detect a clock on the PLLIN pin to turn on the phase lock loop. The pulse width of the clock has to be at least 400ns and 2V in amplitude. During the start-up of the regulator, the phase-lock loop function is disabled. INTVCC and DRVCC Connection An internal low dropout regulator produces an internal 5V supply that powers the control circuitry and DRVCC for driving the internal power MOSFETs. Therefore, if the system does not have a 5V power rail, the LTM4601 can be directly powered by VIN. The gate driver current 60.4k + RFB VOUT = 0.6 V n RFB η is the number of paralleled modules. Figure 19 shows an LTM4601 and an LTM4601-1 used in a parallel design. The 2nd LTM4601 device does not require the remote sense amplifier, therefore, the LTM4601-1 device is used. An LTM4601 device can be used without the diff amp. VOSNS+ can be tied to ground and the VOSNS– can be tied to INTVCC. DIFFVOUT can float. When using multiple LTM4601-1 devices in parallel with an LTM4601, limit the number to five for a total of six modules in parallel. Thermal Considerations and Output Current Derating The power loss curves in Figures 7 and 8 can be used in coordination with the load current derating curves in Figures 9 to 14 for calculating an approximate θJA for the module with various heat sinking methods. Thermal models are derived from several temperature measurements at the bench and thermal modeling analysis. Thermal Application Note 103 provides a detailed explanation of the analysis for the thermal models and the derating curves. Tables 3 and 4 provide a summary of the equivalent θJA 4601f 14 LTM4601/LTM4601-1 U U W U APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO 6 5.0 4.5 5 3.5 POWER LOSS (W) POWER LOSS (W) 4.0 20V LOSS 3.0 12V LOSS 2.5 2.0 1.5 4 20V LOSS 3 12V LOSS 2 5V LOSS 1.0 1 0.5 0 0 0 2 6 8 4 OUTPUT CURRENT (A) 12 10 0 2 4 6 8 OUTPUT CURRENT (A) 10 4601 F08 4601 F07 Figure 8. 3.3V Power Loss 12 12 10 10 MAXIMUM LOAD CURRENT (A) MAXIMUM LOAD CURRENT (A) Figure 7. 1.5V Power Loss 8 6 4 5VIN, 1.5VOUT 0LFM 5VIN, 1.5VOUT 200LFM 5VIN, 1.5VOUT 400LFM 2 0 50 8 6 4 5VIN, 1.5VOUT 0LFM 5VIN, 1.5VOUT 200LFM 5VIN, 1.5VOUT 400LFM 2 0 100 60 70 80 90 AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (°C) 4600 F09 Figure 9. No Heat Sink 5VIN 12 50 100 60 70 80 90 AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (°C) 4601 F10 Figure 10. BGA Heat Sink 5VIN 4601f 15 LTM4601/LTM4601-1 U W U U 12 12 10 10 MAXIMUM LOAD CURRENT (A) MAXIMUM LOAD CURRENT (A) APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO 8 6 4 5VIN, 1.5VOUT 0LFM 5VIN, 1.5VOUT 200LFM 5VIN, 1.5VOUT 400LFM 2 0 50 8 6 4 5VIN, 1.5VOUT 0LFM 5VIN, 1.5VOUT 200LFM 5VIN, 1.5VOUT 400LFM 2 0 50 100 60 70 80 90 AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (°C) 4601 F12 4601 F11 Figure 12. BGA Heat Sink 12VIN 12 12 10 10 MAXIMUM LOAD CURRENT (A) MAXIMUM LOAD CURRENT (A) Figure 11. No Heat Sink 12VIN 8 6 4 0LFM 200LFM 400LFM 2 0 40 60 80 AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (°C) 100 60 70 80 90 AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (°C) 100 4601 F13 Figure 13. 12VIN, 3.3VOUT, No Heat Sink 8 6 4 0LFM 200LFM 400LFM 2 0 40 60 80 AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (°C) 100 4601 F14 Figure 14. 12VIN, 3.3VOUT, BGA Heat Sink 4601f 16 LTM4601/LTM4601-1 U W U U APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO Table 2. Output Voltage Response Versus Component Matrix (Refer to Figure 18), 0A to 6A Load Step TYPICAL MEASURED VALUES COUT1 VENDORS TDK TAIYO YUDEN TAIYO YUDEN VOUT (V) 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 5 5 CIN (CERAMIC) 2 × 10µF 25V 2 × 10µF 25V 2 × 10µF 25V 2 × 10µF 25V 2 × 10µF 25V 2 × 10µF 25V 2 × 10µF 25V 2 × 10µF 25V 2 × 10µF 25V 2 × 10µF 25V 2 × 10µF 25V 2 × 10µF 25V 2 × 10µF 25V 2 × 10µF 25V 2 × 10µF 25V 2 × 10µF 25V 2 × 10µF 25V 2 × 10µF 25V 2 × 10µF 25V 2 × 10µF 25V 2 × 10µF 25V 2 × 10µF 25V 2 × 10µF 25V 2 × 10µF 25V 2 × 10µF 25V 2 × 10µF 25V 2 × 10µF 25V 2 × 10µF 25V 2 × 10µF 25V 2 × 10µF 25V 2 × 10µF 25V 2 × 10µF 25V 2 × 10µF 25V 2 × 10µF 25V 2 × 10µF 25V 2 × 10µF 25V 2 × 10µF 25V 2 × 10µF 25V 2 × 10µF 25V 2 × 10µF 25V 2 × 10µF 25V 2 × 10µF 25V PART NUMBER C4532X5R0J107MZ (100UF,6.3V) JMK432BJ107MU-T ( 100µF, 6.3V) JMK316BJ226ML-T501 ( 22µF, 6.3V) CIN (BULK) 150µF 35V 150µF 35V 150µF 35V 150µF 35V 150µF 35V 150µF 35V 150µF 35V 150µF 35V 150µF 35V 150µF 35V 150µF 35V 150µF 35V 150µF 35V 150µF 35V 150µF 35V 150µF 35V 150µF 35V 150µF 35V 150µF 35V 150µF 35V 150µF 35V 150µF 35V 150µF 35V 150µF 35V 150µF 35V 150µF 35V 150µF 35V 150µF 35V 150µF 35V 150µF 35V 150µF 35V 150µF 35V 150µF 35V 150µF 35V 150µF 35V 150µF 35V 150µF 35V 150µF 35V 150µF 35V 150µF 35V 150µF 35V 150µF 35V COUT1 (CERAMIC) 3 × 22µF 6.3V 1 × 100µF 6.3V 2 × 100µF 6.3V 4 × 100µF 6.3V 3 × 22µF 6.3V 1 × 100µF 6.3V 2 × 100µF 6.3V 4 × 100µF 6.3V 3 × 22µF 6.3V 1 × 100µF 6.3V 2 × 100µF 6.3V 4 × 100µF 6.3V 3 × 22µF 6.3V 1 × 100µF 6.3V 2 × 100µF 6.3V 4 × 100µF 6.3V 3 × 22µF 6.3V 1 × 100µF 6.3V 2 × 100µF 6.3V 4 × 100µF 6.3V 3 × 22µF 6.3V 1 × 100µF 6.3V 2 × 100µF 6.3V 4 × 100µF 6.3V 1 × 100µF 6.3V 2 × 100µF 6.3V 3 × 22µF 6.3V 4 × 100µF 6.3V 1 × 100µF 6.3V 3 × 22µF 6.3V 2 × 100µF 6.3V 4 × 100µF 6.3V 2 × 100µF 6.3V 1 × 100µF 6.3V 3 × 22µF 6.3V 4 × 100µF 6.3V 1 × 100µF 6.3V 3 × 22µF 6.3V 2 × 100µF 6.3V 4 × 100µF 6.3V 4 × 100µF 6.3V 4 × 100µF 6.3V COUT2 (BULK) 470µF 4V 470µF 2.5V 330µF 6.3V NONE 470µF 4V 470µF 2.5V 330µF 6.3V NONE 470µF 4V 470µF 2.5V 330µF 6.3V NONE 470µF 4V 470µF 2.5V 330µF 6.3V NONE 470µF 4V 470µF 2.5V 330µF 6.3V NONE 470µF 4V 470µF 2.5V 330µF 6.3V NONE 470µF 4V 330µF 6.3V 470µF 4V NONE 470µF 4V 470µF 4V 330µF 6.3V NONE 330µF 6.3V 470µF 4V 470µF 4V NONE 470µF 4V 470µF 4V 330µF 6.3V NONE NONE NONE COUT2 VENDORS SANYO POS CAP SANYO POS CAP SANYO POS CAP CCOMP NONE NONE NONE NONE NONE NONE NONE NONE NONE NONE NONE NONE NONE NONE NONE NONE NONE NONE NONE NONE NONE NONE NONE NONE NONE NONE NONE NONE NONE NONE NONE NONE NONE NONE NONE NONE NONE NONE NONE NONE NONE NONE C3 47pF 100pF 22pF 100pF 100pF 100pF 22pF 100pF 100pF 33pF 100pF 100pF 100pF 33pF 100pF 100pF 47pF 100pF 100pF 100pF 100pF 100pF 100pF 100pF 100pF 220pF NONE 100pF 100pF NONE 220pF 220pF 100pF 100pF 100pF 100pF 100pF 150pF 100pF 100pF 22pF 22pF VIN (V) 5 5 5 5 12 12 12 12 5 5 5 5 12 12 12 12 5 5 5 5 12 12 12 12 5 5 5 5 12 12 12 12 7 7 7 7 12 12 12 12 15 20 DROOP (mV) 70 35 70 40 70 35 70 49 48 54 44 61 48 54 44 54 48 44 68 65 60 60 68 65 48 56 57 60 48 51 56 70 120 110 110 114 110 110 110 114 188 159 PART NUMBER 6TPE330MIL (330µF, 6.3V) 2R5TPE470M9 (470µF, 2.5V) 4TPE470MCL (470µF, 4V) PEAK TO PEAK (mV) 140 70 140 93 140 70 140 98 100 109 84 118 100 109 89 108 100 90 140 130 120 120 140 130 103 113 116 115 103 102 113 140 240 214 214 230 214 214 214 230 375 320 RECOVERY TIME (µs) 30 20 20 30 30 20 20 20 35 30 30 30 35 30 25 25 30 20 30 30 30 30 30 20 30 30 30 25 30 30 30 25 30 30 30 30 30 35 35 30 25 25 LOAD STEP (A/µs) 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 RSET (kΩ) 60.4 60.4 60.4 60.4 60.4 60.4 60.4 60.4 40.2 40.2 40.2 40.2 40.2 40.2 40.2 40.2 30.1 30.1 30.1 30.1 30.1 30.1 30.1 30.1 19.1 19.1 19.1 19.1 19.1 19.1 19.1 19.1 13.3 13.3 13.3 13.3 13.3 13.3 13.3 13.3 8.25 8.25 4601f 17 LTM4601/LTM4601-1 U U W U APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO Table 3. 1.5V Output at 12A DERATING CURVE VIN (V) POWER LOSS CURVE AIR FLOW (LFM) HEAT SINK θJA (°C/W) Figures 9, 11 5, 12 Figure 7 0 None 15.2 Figures 9, 11 5, 12 Figure 7 200 None 14 Figures 9, 11 5, 12 Figure 7 400 None 12 Figures 10, 12 5, 12 Figure 7 0 BGA Heat Sink 13.9 Figures 10, 12 5, 12 Figure 7 200 BGA Heat Sink 11.3 Figures 10, 12 5, 12 Figure 7 400 BGA Heat Sink 10.25 DERATING CURVE VIN (V) POWER LOSS CURVE AIR FLOW (LFM) HEAT SINK θJA (°C/W) Figure 13 12 Figure 8 0 None 15.2 Figure 13 12 Figure 8 200 None 14.6 Figure 13 12 Figure 8 400 None 13.4 Figure 14 12 Figure 8 0 BGA Heat Sink 13.9 Figure 14 12 Figure 8 200 BGA Heat Sink 11.1 Figure 14 12 Figure 8 400 BGA Heat Sink 10.5 Table 4. 3.3V Output at 12A Heat Sink Manufacturer Wakefield Engineering Part No: 20069 Phone: 603-635-2800 4601f 18 LTM4601/LTM4601-1 U W U U APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO for the noted conditions. These equivalent θJA parameters are correlated to the measured values, and are improved with air flow. The case temperature is maintained at 100°C or below for the derating curves. The maximum case temperature of 100°C is to allow for a rise of about 13°C to 25°C inside the µModule with a thermal resistance θJC from junction to case between 6°C/W to 9°C/W. This will maintain the maximum junction temperature inside the µModule below 125°C. Safety Considerations The LTM4601 modules do not provide isolation from VIN to VOUT. There is no internal fuse. If required, a slow blow fuse with a rating twice the maximum input current needs to be provided to protect each unit from catastrophic failure. Layout Checklist/Example The high integration of LTM4601 makes the PCB board layout very simple and easy. However, to optimize its electrical and thermal performance, some layout considerations are still necessary. • Use large PCB copper areas for high current path, including VIN, PGND and VOUT. It helps to minimize the PCB conduction loss and thermal stress. • Place high frequency ceramic input and output capacitors next to the VIN, PGND and VOUT pins to minimize high frequency noise. • Place a dedicated power ground layer underneath the unit. Refer frequency synchronization source to power ground. • To minimize the via conduction loss and reduce module thermal stress, use multiple vias for interconnection between top layer and other power layers. • Do not put vias directly on pads. • Use a separated SGND ground copper area for components connected to signal pins. Connect the SGND to PGND underneath the unit. Figure 15 gives a good example of the recommended layout. VIN CIN CIN GND SIGNAL GND COUT COUT VOUT 4601 F15 Figure 15. Recommended Layout 4601f 19 LTM4601/LTM4601-1 U W U U APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO Frequency Adjustment The LTM4601 is designed to typically operate at 850kHz across most input conditions. The fSET pin is normally left open or decoupled with an optional 1000pF capacitor. The switching frequency has been optimized for maintaining constant output ripple noise over most operating ranges. The 850kHz switching frequency and the 400ns minimum off time can limit operation at higher duty cycles like 5V to 3.3V, and produce excessive inductor ripple currents for lower duty cycle applications like 20V to 5V. The 5V and 3.3V drop out curves are modified by adding an external resistor on the fSET pin to allow for lower input voltage operation, or higher input voltage operation. Example for 5V Output LTM4601 minimum on-time = 100ns; tON = ((4.8 • 10pf)/IfSET) LTM4601 minimum off-time = 400ns; tOFF = t – tON, where t = 1/Frequency Duty Cycle = tON/t or VOUT/VIN Equations for setting frequency: IfSET = (VIN/(3 • RfSET)), for 20V operation, ISET = 170µA, tON = ((4.8 • 10pF)/IfSET), tON = 282ns, where the internal RfSET is 39.2k. Frequency = (VOUT/(VIN • tON)) = (5V/(20 • 282ns)) ~ 886kHz. The inductor ripple current begins to get high at the higher input voltages due to a larger voltage across the inductor. This is noted in the Typical Inductor Ripple Current verses Duty Cycle graph (Figure 3) where IL ≈ 10A at 25% duty cycle. The inductor ripple current can be lowered at the higher input voltages by adding an external resistor from fSET to ground to increase the switching frequency. An 8A ripple current is chosen, and the total peak current is equal to 1/2 of the 8A ripple current plus the output current. The 5V output current is limited to 8A, so the total peak current is less than 12A. This is below the 14A peak specified value. A 100k resistor is placed from fSET to ground, and the parallel combination of 100k and 39.2k equates to 28k. The IfSET calculation with 28k and 20V input voltage equals 238µA. This equates to a tON of 200ns. This will increase the switching frequency from ~886kHz to ~1.25MHz for the 20V to 5V conversion. The minimum on time is above 100ns at 20V input. Since the switching frequency is approximately constant over input and output conditions, then the lower input voltage range is limited to 10V for the 1.25MHz operation due to the 400ns minimum off time. Equation: tON = (VOUT/VIN) • (1/Frequency) equates to a 400ns on time, and a 400ns off time. The “VIN to VOUT Step Ratio Curve” reflects an operating range of 10V to 20V for 1.25MHz operation with a 100k resistor to ground, and an 8V to 16V operation for fSET floating. These modifications are made to provide wider input voltage ranges for the 5V output designs while limiting the inductor ripple current, and maintaining the 400ns minimum off time. Example for 3.3V Output LTM4601 minimum on-time = 100ns; tON = ((3.3 • 10pF)/IfSET) LTM4601 minimum off-time = 400ns; tOFF = t – tON, where t = 1/Frequency Duty Cycle (DC) = tON/t or VOUT/VIN Equations for setting frequency: IfSET = (VIN/(3 • RfSET)), for 20V operation, IfSET = 170µA, tON = ((3.3 • 10pf)/IfSET), tON = 195ns, where the internal RfSET is 39.2k. Frequency = (VOUT/(VIN • tON)) = (3.3V/(20 • 195ns)) ~ 846kHz. The minimum on-time and minimumoff time are within specification at 195ns and 980ns. The 4.5V minimum input for converting 3.3V output will not meet the minimum off-time specification of 400ns. tON = 868ns, Frequency = 850kHz, tOFF = 315ns. 4601f 20 LTM4601/LTM4601-1 U U W U APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO Solution Lower the switching frequency at lower input voltages to allow for higher duty cycles, and meet the 400ns minimum off-time at 4.5V input voltage. The off-time should be about 500ns with 100ns guard band. The duty cycle for (3.3V/4.5) = ~73%. Frequency = (1 – DC)/tOFF, or (1 – 0.73)/500ns = 540kHz. The switching frequency needs to be lowered to 540kHz at 4.5V input. tON = DC/frequency, or 1.35µs. The fSET pin voltage compliance is 1/3 of VIN, and the IfSET current equates to 38µA with the internal 39.2k. The IfSET current needs to be 24µA for 540kHz operation. A resistor can be placed from VOUT to fSET to lower the effective IfSET current out of the fSET pin to 24µA. The fSET pin is 4.5V/3 =1.5V and VOUT = 3.3V, therefore 130k will source 14µA into the fSET node and lower the IfSET current to 24µA. This enables the 540kHz operation and the 4.5V to 20V input operation for down converting to 3.3V output. The frequency will scale from 540kHz to 1.1 MHz over this input range. This provides for an effective output current of 8A over the input range. VOUT VIN 10V TO 20V R2 100k R4 100k 5% MARGIN C2 10µF 25V R1 392k 1% C1 10µF 25V TRACK/SS CONTROL VIN PGOOD MPGM RUN COMP INTVCC DRVCC SGND PLLIN TRACK/SS VOUT LTM4601-1 PGND REVIEW TEMPERATURE DERATING CURVE C6 100pF VFB MARG0 MARG1 + VOUT 5V 8A C3 100µF REFER TO 6.3V SANYO POSCAP TABLE 2 VOUT_LCL NC3 NC1 NC2 fSET RfSET 100k RSET 8.25k MARGIN CONTROL IMPROVE EFFICIENCY FOR ≥12V INPUT SOT-323 DUAL CMSSH-3C3 4601 F16 Figure 16. 5V at 8A Design Without Differential Amplifier 4601f 21 LTM4601/LTM4601-1 U U W U APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO VOUT VIN 4.5V TO 16V R2 100k TRACK/SS CONTROL R4 100k PGOOD C2 10µF 25V ×3 PLLIN TRACK/SS VOUT VIN PGOOD MPGM RUN COMP INTVCC DRVCC LTM4601 R1 392k SGND PGND 5% MARGIN REVIEW TEMPERATURE DERATING CURVE C6 100pF VFB MARG0 MARG1 + VOUT_LCL DIFFVOUT VOSNS+ VOSNS– RfSET 130k fSET MARGIN CONTROL VOUT 3.3V 10A C3 100µF 6.3V SANYO POSCAP RSET 13.3k 4601 F17 Figure 17. 3.3V at 10A Design CLOCK SYNC C5 0.01µF VOUT VIN 4.5V TO 20V R2 100k R4 100k PGOOD CIN BULK OPT + CIN 10µF 25V ×3 CER VIN PGOOD MPGM RUN ON/OFF COMP INTVCC DRVCC R1 392k SGND 5% MARGIN PLLIN TRACK/SS VOUT LTM4601 PGND VFB MARG0 MARG1 REVIEW TEMPERATURE DERATING CURVE C3 100pF COUT1 100µF 6.3V MARGIN CONTROL VOUT_LCL DIFFVOUT VOSNS+ VOSNS– fSET RSET 40.2k 4601 F18 + COUT2 470µF 6.3V VOUT 1.5V 12A REFER TO TABLE 2 FOR DIFFERENT OUTPUT VOLTAGE Figure 18. Typical 4.5V-20VIN, 1.5V at 12A Design 4601f 22 LTM4601/LTM4601-1 U U W U APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO VOUT CLOCK SYNC 0° PHASE VIN 4.5V TO 20V + C1 0.1µF 118k 1% LTC6908-1 1 2 3 V+ OUT1 GND OUT2 SET MOD 6 5 4 R4 100k R2 100k C5* 100µF 25V C2 10µF 25V ×2 VIN PGOOD MPGM RUN COMP INTVCC DRVCC R1 392k SGND PLLIN TRACK/SS VOUT LTM4601 PGND 5% MARGIN 2-PHASE OSCILLATOR 60.4k + R SET N RSET N = NUMBER OF PHASES VOUT = 0.6V TRACK/SS CONTROL C6 220pF VFB MARG0 MARG1 VOUT_LCL DIFFVOUT VOSNS+ VOSNS– C3 22µF 6.3V C4 470µF 6.3V VOUT 1.5V 24A + REFER TO TABLE 2 fSET RSET 20k 100pF MARGIN CONTROL CLOCK SYNC 180° PHASE TRACK/SS CONTROL 4.5V TO 20V C7 0.033µF VIN PGOOD PGOOD MPGM RUN COMP INTVCC DRVCC C8 10µF 25V ×2 PLLIN TRACK/SS VOUT LTM4601-1 392k SGND PGND C3 22µF 6.3V VFB MARG0 MARG1 C4 470µF 6.3V REFER TO TABLE 2 VOUT_LCL NC3 NC2 NC1 fSET + 4601 F19 *C5 OPTIONAL TO REDUCE ANY LC RINGING. NOT NEEDED FOR LOW INDUCTANCE PLANE CONNECTION Figure 19. 2-Phase Parallel, 1.5V at 24A Design 4601f 23 24 + C11 100µF 35V OPT C2 10µF 25V ×3 R1 392k ON/OFF R3 100k 8V TO 16V 5% MARGIN PGOOD R2 100k 3.3V VIN PGOOD SGND MPGM RUN COMP INTVCC DRVCC VIN PGOOD SGND MPGM RUN ON/OFF COMP INTVCC DRVCC R27 392k 5% MARGIN C8 10µF 25V ×3 PGOOD R7 100k 8V TO 16V INTERMEDIATE BUS 3.3V R6 100k –48V INPUT fSET VOUT_LCL DIFFVOUT VOSNS+ VOSNS– PGND LTM4601 fSET VOUT_LCL DIFFVOUT VOSNS+ VOSNS– VFB MARG0 MARG1 PLLIN TRACK/SS VOUT MARGIN CONTROL C8 100pF R19 30.1k MARGIN CONTROL R12 30.1k R21 60.4k R8 13.3k C7 0.15µF C12 100pF TRACK 2.5V CLOCK SYNC 3 PGND LTM4601 VFB MARG0 MARG1 PLLIN TRACK/SS VOUT TRACK/SS CONTROL CLOCK SYNC 1 3.3V + REFER TO TABLE 2 C3 22µF 6.3V + 1.8V AT 12A REFER TO TABLE 2 C9 22µF 6.3V R17 59k LTC6902 C4 470µF 6.3V C10 470µF 6.3V V+ SET DIV MOD PH GND OUT1 OUT4 OUT2 OUT3 3.3V AT 10A 4-PHASE OSCILLATOR 8V TO 16V 3.3V R14 392k ON/OFF R16 100k 8V TO 16V 5% MARGIN PGOOD VIN PGOOD PGND SGND MPGM RUN COMP INTVCC DRVCC VIN PGOOD fSET VOUT_LCL DIFFVOUT VOSNS+ VOSNS– PGND LTM4601 fSET VOUT_LCL DIFFVOUT VOSNS+ VOSNS– VFB MARG0 MARG1 PLLIN TRACK/SS VOUT CLOCK SYNC 4 SGND LTM4601 VFB MARG0 MARG1 PLLIN TRACK/SS VOUT CLOCK SYNC 2 MPGM RUN ON/OFF COMP INTVCC DRVCC R9 392k 5% MARGIN 3.3V R15 100k 8V TO 16V R11 100k PGOOD R10 100k C14 10µF 25V ×3 C14 10µF 25V ×3 C26 0.1µF 4-Phase, Four Outputs (3.3V, 2.5V, 1.8V and 1.5V) with Tracking MARGIN CONTROL C24 100pF R26 40.2k MARGIN CONTROL C18 100pF R24 19.1k R13 40.2k R25 60.4k R18 19.1k R23 60.4k 3.3V 3.3V + REFER TO TABLE 2 C16 22µF 6.3V + 1.5V AT 12A REFER TO TABLE 2 C16 22µF 6.3V 2.5V AT 12A C15 470µF 6.3V C15 470µF 6.3V LTM4601/LTM4601-1 TYPICAL APPLICATIO S 4601f U C(0.30) PAD 1 1.27 BSC 13.97 BSC 0.12 – 0.28 6.9850 5.7150 4.4450 3.1750 1.9050 0.6350 0.0000 0.6350 1.9050 3.1750 4.4450 5.7150 6.9850 6.9850 1 5.7150 2 4.4450 3.1750 1.9050 0.6350 0.0000 0.6350 1.9050 3.1750 4.4450 3 4 6 7 8 BOTTOM VIEW 5 13.97 BSC 9 10 SUGGESTED SOLDER PAD LAYOUT TOP VIEW 5.7150 11 12 DETAIL A 6.9850 bbb Z PADS SEE NOTES 3 A eee M X Y 0.27 – 0.37 SUBSTRATE DETAIL A 0.60 – 0.66 DETAIL B 0.60 – 0.66 B C D E F G H J K L M 2.45 – 2.55 MOLD CAP Z DETAIL B 2.72 – 2.92 aaa Z 4 PAD 1 CORNER (Reference LTM DWG # 05-05-1801, Rev Ø) LGA Package 118-Lead (15mm × 15mm) X DETAILS OF PAD #1 IDENTIFIER ARE OPTIONAL, BUT MUST BE LOCATED WITHIN THE ZONE INDICATED. THE PAD #1 IDENTIFIER MAY BE EITHER A MOLD OR MARKED FEATURE 4 SYMBOL TOLERANCE 0.10 aaa 0.10 bbb 0.03 eee LGA 118 0306 REV Ø 6. THE TOTAL NUMBER OF PADS: 118 5. PRIMARY DATUM -Z- IS SEATING PLANE LAND DESIGNATION PER JESD MO-222, SPP-010 3 2. ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS NOTES: 1. DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING PER ASME Y14.5M-1994 TOP VIEW 15 BSC 15 BSC Y aaa Z LTM4601/LTM4601-1 PACKAGE DESCRIPTIO 4601f 25 U LTM4601/LTM4601-1 U PACKAGE DESCRIPTIO Pin Assignment Tables (Arranged by Pin Number) PIN NAME A1 VIN A2 VIN A3 VIN A4 VIN A5 VIN A6 VIN A7 INTVCC A8 PLLIN A9 TRACK/SS A10 RUN A11 COMP A12 MPGM PIN NAME B1 VIN B2 VIN B3 VIN B4 VIN B5 VIN B6 VIN B7 B8 B9 B10 B11 B12 fSET PIN NAME C1 VIN C2 VIN C3 VIN C4 VIN C5 VIN C6 VIN C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 - PIN NAME D1 PGND D2 PGND D3 PGND D4 PGND D5 PGND D6 PGND D7 D8 D9 D10 D11 - PIN NAME E1 PGND E2 PGND E3 PGND E4 PGND E5 PGND E6 PGND E7 PGND E8 E9 E10 E11 - PIN NAME F1 PGND F2 PGND F3 PGND F4 PGND F5 PGND F6 PGND F7 PGND F8 PGND F9 PGND F10 F11 - C12 MARG0 D12 MARG1 E12 DRVCC F12 VFB PIN NAME G1 PGND G2 PGND G3 PGND G4 PGND G5 PGND G6 PGND G7 PGND G8 PGND G9 PGND G10 G11 G12 PGOOD PIN NAME H1 PGND H2 PGND H3 PGND H4 PGND H5 PGND H6 PGND H7 PGND H8 PGND H9 PGND H10 H11 H12 SGND PIN NAME J1 VOUT J2 VOUT J3 VOUT J4 VOUT J5 VOUT J6 VOUT J7 VOUT J8 VOUT J9 VOUT J10 VOUT J11 J12 VOSNS+ PIN NAME K1 VOUT K2 VOUT K3 VOUT K4 VOUT K5 VOUT K6 VOUT K7 VOUT K8 VOUT K9 VOUT K10 VOUT K11 VOUT K12 DIFFVOUT PIN NAME L1 VOUT L2 VOUT L3 VOUT L4 VOUT L5 VOUT L6 VOUT L7 VOUT L8 VOUT L9 VOUT L10 VOUT L11 VOUT L12 VOUT_LCL PIN NAME M1 VOUT M2 VOUT M3 VOUT M4 VOUT M5 VOUT M6 VOUT M7 VOUT M8 VOUT M9 VOUT M10 VOUT M11 VOUT M12 VOSNS– 4601f 26 LTM4601/LTM4601-1 U PACKAGE DESCRIPTIO Pin Assignment Tables (Arranged by Pin Function) PIN NAME PIN NAME PIN NAME A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 VIN VIN VIN VIN VIN VIN D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 PGND PGND PGND PGND PGND PGND B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 VIN VIN VIN VIN VIN VIN C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 VIN VIN VIN VIN VIN VIN E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 E7 PGND PGND PGND PGND PGND PGND PGND F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 PGND PGND PGND PGND PGND PGND PGND PGND PGND G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 G7 G8 G9 PGND PGND PGND PGND PGND PGND PGND PGND PGND H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6 H7 H8 H9 PGND PGND PGND PGND PGND PGND PGND PGND PGND PIN NAME J1 J2 J3 J4 J5 J6 J7 J8 J9 J10 VOUT VOUT VOUT VOUT VOUT VOUT VOUT VOUT VOUT VOUT A7 A8 A9 A10 A11 A12 INTVCC PLLIN TRACK/SS RUN COMP MPGM B12 fSET C12 MARG0 D12 MARG1 K1 K2 K3 K4 K5 K6 K7 K8 K9 K10 K11 VOUT VOUT VOUT VOUT VOUT VOUT VOUT VOUT VOUT VOUT VOUT E12 DRVCC F12 VFB G12 PGOOD H12 SGND J12 VOSNS+ K12 DIFFVOUT L12 VOUT_LCL M12 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11 VOUT VOUT VOUT VOUT VOUT VOUT VOUT VOUT VOUT VOUT VOUT VOSNS– M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10 M11 VOUT VOUT VOUT VOUT VOUT VOUT VOUT VOUT VOUT VOUT VOUT PIN NAME B7 B8 B9 B10 B11 - C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 - D7 D8 D9 D10 D11 - E8 E9 E10 E11 - F10 F11 - G10 G11 - H10 H11 - J11 - 4601f Information furnished by Linear Technology Corporation is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed for its use. Linear Technology Corporation makes no representation that the interconnection of its circuits as described herein will not infringe on existing patent rights. 27 LTM4601/LTM4601-1 RELATED PARTS PART NUMBER DESCRIPTION COMMENTS LTC2900 Quad Supply Monitor with Adjustable Reset Timer Monitors Four Supplies; Adjustable Reset Timer LTC2923 Power Supply Tracking Controller Tracks Both Up and Down; Power Supply Sequencing LT3825/LT3837 Synchronous Isolated Flyback Controllers No Optocoupler Required; 3.3V, 12A Output; Simple Design LTM4600 10A DC/DC µModule Basic 10A DC/DC µModule LTM4601 12A DC/DC µModule with PLL, Output Tracking/ Margining and Remote Sensing Synchronizable, PolyPhase Operation to 48A, LTM4601-1 Version has no Remote Sensing LTM4602 6A DC/DC µModule Pin Compatible with the LTM4600 LTM4603 6A DC/DC µModule with PLL and Outpupt Tracking/ Synchronizable, PolyPhase Operation to 48A, LTM4601-1 Version has no Margining and Remote Sensing Remote Sensing, Pin Compatible with the LTM4601 This product contains technology licensed from Silicon Semiconductor Corporation. 28 Linear Technology Corporation ® 4601f LT 0107 • PRINTED IN USA 1630 McCarthy Blvd., Milpitas, CA 95035-7417 (408) 432-1900 ● FAX: (408) 434-0507 ● www.linear.com © LINEAR TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION 2007