M PIC16F72 FLASH Memory Programming Specification This document includes the programming specifications for the following device: 1.2 The Programming mode for the PIC16F72 allows programming of user program memory, special locations used for ID, and the configuration word. PIC16F72 PROGRAMMING THE PIC16F72 Pin Diagram The PIC16F72 is programmed using a serial method. The Serial mode allows the PIC16F72 to be programmed while in the users’ system, allowing for increased design flexibility. This programming specification applies to PIC16F72 devices in all packages. 1.1 PDIP, SOIC, SSOP, MLF MCLR/VPP RA0/AN0 RA1/AN1 RA2/AN2 RA3/AN3/VREF RA4/T0CKI RA5/AN4/SS VSS OSC1/CLKI OSC2/CLKO RC0/T1OSO/T1CKI RC1/T1OSI RC2/CCP1 RC3/SCK/SCL Hardware Requirements The PIC16F72 requires two programmable power supplies, one for VDD (2.0V to 5.5V) and the other for VPP of 12.75V to 13.25V. Both supplies should have a minimum resolution of 0.25V. TABLE 1-1: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 PIC16F72 1.0 Programming Mode 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 RB7/PGD RB6/PGC RB5 RB4 RB3 RB2 RB1 RB0/INT VDD VSS RC7 RC6 RC5/SDO RC4/SDI/SDA PIN DESCRIPTIONS (DURING PROGRAMMING): PIC16F72 During Programming Pin Name RB6/PGC Function Pin Type CLOCK I Pin Description Clock Input RB7/PGD DATA I/O MCLR/VPP VTEST MODE P Data Input/Output VDD VDD P Power Supply VSS VSS P Ground Program Mode Select Legend: I = Input, O = Output, P = Power 2002 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary DS39588A-page 1 PIC16F72 2.0 PROGRAM MODE ENTRY 2.2 2.1 User Program Memory Map A user may store identification information (ID) in four ID locations mapped to [0x2000:0x2003]. It is recommended that each ID location word is written as ‘11 1111 1000 bbbb’, where ‘bbbb’ is ID information. The ID locations can be read even after code protection is enabled. The user memory space extends from 0x0000 to 0x07FF (2K). Table 2-1 shows the actual implementation of program memory in the PIC16F72. Configuration memory begins at 0x2000, and continues to 0x3FFF. The PC will increment from 0x0000 to 0x1FFF and wrap to 0x0000, 0x2000 to 0x3FFF and wrap around to 0x2000 (not to 0x0000). Once in configuration memory, the highest bit of the PC stays a ‘1’, thus, always pointing to the configuration memory. The only way to point to program memory is to reset the part and re-enter Program/Verify mode, as described in Section 2.3. ID Locations To understand the program memory read mechanism after code protection is enabled, refer to Section 4.0. Table 4-1 shows specific calculations and behavior for the PIC16F72 device. Configuration memory is selected when the PC points to any address in the range of 0x2000-0x201F; however, only locations 0x2000 through 0x2007 are implemented. Addressing locations beyond 0x201F will access program memory (see Figure 2-1). TABLE 2-1: PROGRAM MEMORY IMPLEMENTATION IN THE PIC16F72 Device Program Memory Size PIC16F72 0x0000 – 0x07FF (2K) DS39588A-page 2 Preliminary 2002 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F72 FIGURE 2-1: PROGRAM MEMORY MAPPING 2K words 0h Implemented 1FFh Implemented 3FFh 400h 7FFh Reserved 2000h ID Location 2001h ID Location 2002h ID Location 2003h ID Location 2004h Reserved 2005h Reserved 1FFFh 2000h 2007h 2008h Reserved 201Fh 2020h 2006h Device ID 2007h Configuration Word Accesses 0x0020 to 0X0FFF 3FFFh 2002 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary DS39588A-page 3 PIC16F72 2.3 Program/Verify Mode The address and program counter is reset to 0x0000 by resetting the device (taking MCLR below VIL) and re-entering Programming mode. Program and configuration memory may then be read or verified using the ‘Read Data’ and ‘Increment Address’ commands. The Program/Verify mode is entered by holding pins RB6 and RB7 low, while raising MCLR pin from VIL to VPP. Once in this mode, the user program memory and the configuration memory can be accessed and programmed in serial fashion (RB6 and RB7 are Schmitt Trigger inputs in this mode). 2.3.1 The sequence that enters the device into the Programming/Verify mode places all other logic into the RESET state. All I/O are in the RESET state (high impedance inputs). RB6 is used as a clock input pin, and RB7 is used for entering command bits and data input/output. To enter a command, the clock pin (RB6) is pulsed six times. Each command bit is latched on the falling edge of the clock (RB6), with the Least Significant bit (LSb) of the command being entered first. The data on pin RB7 needs a minimum setup (tset1) and hold time (thold1), with respect to the falling edge of the clock. The read and load commands are specified to have a minimum delay (tdly1) between the command and data. After this delay, the clock pin is cycled 16 times with the first cycle being a START bit (0) and the last cycle being a STOP bit (0). Data is transferred LSb first (see Figure 5-1). A device RESET will clear the PC and point to address 0x0000. The ‘Increment Address’ command will increment the PC. The ‘Load Configuration’ command will set the PC to 0x2000. The available commands are shown in Table 2-2. The normal sequence for programming two program memory words at a time is as follows: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Issue the ‘Load Data’ command to load a word at the current (even) program memory address. Issue an ‘Increment Address’ command. Load a word at the current (odd) program memory address using the ‘Load Data’ command. Issue a ‘Begin Programming’ command to begin programming. Wait tprog (about 1 ms). Issue an ‘End Programming’ command. Increment to the next address. Repeat this sequence as required to write program and configuration memory. During a read operation, the LSb will be output to pin RB7 on the rising edge of the second clock pulse and during a load operation, the LSb will be latched on the falling edge of the second clock pulse. A minimum delay (tdly2) is required between consecutive commands (see Figure 5-2). To allow for decoding of commands and reversal of data pin configuration, a time separation of at least (tdly1) is required between a command and a data word, or another command (see Figure 5-3). The available commands are listed below: The alternative sequence for programming one program memory word at a time is as follows: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. • • • • • • • Set a word for the current memory location using the ‘Load Data’ command. Issue a ‘Begin Programming’ command to begin programming. Wait tprog. Issue an ‘End Programming’ command. Increment to the next address. Repeat this alternative sequence as required to write program and configuration memory. TABLE 2-2: SERIAL PROGRAM/VERIFY OPERATION Load Configuration Load Data for Memory Read Data from Memory Increment Address Begin Programming Bulk Erase Program Memory End Programming COMMAND MAPPING FOR PIC16F72 Command Mapping (MSb … LSb) Data Load Configuration (Set PC = 2000h) X X 0 0 0 0 0, data (14), 0 Load Data for Memory X X 0 0 1 0 0, data (14), 0 0, data (14), 0 Read Data from Memory X X 0 1 0 0 Increment Address X X 0 1 1 0 Begin Programming X X 1 0 0 0 Bulk Erase Program Memory (Chip Erase) X X 1 0 0 1 End Programming X X 1 1 1 0 DS39588A-page 4 Preliminary 2002 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F72 2.3.1.1 Load Configuration 2.3.1.6 After receiving the Load Configuration command, the PC will be set to 0x2000 and the data sent with the command is discarded. The four ID locations and the configuration word can then be programmed using the normal programming sequence, as described in Section 2.3. A description of the memory mapping schemes of the program memory for normal operation and Configuration mode operation is shown in Figure 2-1. After the configuration memory is entered, the only way to get back to the user program memory is to exit the Program/Verify Test mode by taking MCLR low. Erasure of configuration and program memory begins after this command is received and decoded. The erase sequence is self-timed and it is not necessary to issue an ‘End Programming’ command, only to wait for the appropriate time interval (tera) for the entire erase sequence, before issuing another command. This procedure will disable code protection (code protect bit = 1); however, all data within the program memory will be erased when this command is executed and thus, the security of the data or code is not compromised. Note: 2.3.1.2 Load Data for Memory The device will load in a 14-bit “data word” when 16 cycles are applied, as described previously. A timing diagram for the load data command is shown in Figure 5-1. 2.3.1.3 Read Data from Memory The device will transmit data bits out of the memory (program or configuration) currently addressed by the PC, starting with the second rising edge of the clock input. RB7 will go into Output mode on the second rising clock edge and will revert back to Input mode (hi-impedance) after the 16th rising edge. A timing diagram for this command is shown in Figure 5-2. If the device is code protected, user program memory will read all ‘0’s. Configuration memory can still be read. 2.4 Programming Algorithm Requires Variable VDD The actual chip erase and programming must be done with VDD in the VDDP range (see Table 5-1). VDDP = VDD range required during programming VDDAPP = VDD in the target application Programmers must verify the PIC16F72 at VDDAPP. Since Microchip may introduce future versions of the PIC16F72 with a broader VDD range, it is best that these levels are user selectable (defaults are OK). Increment Address The PC is incremented by one. A timing diagram for this command is shown in Figure 5-3. 2.3.1.5 All CHIP ERASE operations must take place with VDD between 4.75V and 5.25V. The PIC16F72 uses an intelligent algorithm, which calls for program verification at VDDAPP. Note: 2.3.1.4 Chip Erase (Program Memory) Any programmer not meeting this requirement may only be classified as a “prototype” or “development” programmer, but not a “production quality” programmer. Begin Programming A ‘Load Data’ command must be issued before every ‘Begin Programming’ command. Programming of memory (configuration or program) will begin after this command is received and decoded. Programming requires (tprog) time and is terminated using an ‘End Programming’ command. 2002 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary DS39588A-page 5 PIC16F72 FIGURE 2-2: PROGRAMMING METHOD FLOW CHART (SHEET 1 OF 3) START CHIP ERASE LOAD CONFIGURATION BLANK CHECK AT VDD = VDDMIN PASS? NO REPORT POSSIBLE ERASE FAILURE. CONTINUE PROGRAMMING AT USER’S OPTION PROGRAM TWO ID LOCATIONS VPP = 12.75 TO 13.25V VDD = VDDP YES ALL ID LOCATIONS DONE? PROGRAM TWO LOCATIONS VPP = 12.75 TO 13.25V VDD = VDDP NO YES A ALL LOCATIONS DONE? NO YES VERIFY ALL PROGRAM MEMORY LOCATIONS AT VDD = VDDAPP PASS? NO REPORT VERIFY FAILURE AT VDDAPP YES DS39588A-page 6 Preliminary 2002 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F72 FIGURE 2-3: A PROGRAMMING METHOD FLOW CHART (SHEET 2 OF 3) INCREMENT ADDRESS TO CONFIGURATION WORD LOAD DATA FOR MEMORY (ODD ADDRESS) BEGIN PROGRAMMING WAIT tprog END PROGRAMMING VERIFY ALL CONFIGURATION MEMORY LOCATIONS AT VDD = VDDAPP NO PASS? REPORT VERIFY ERROR YES DONE 2002 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary DS39588A-page 7 PIC16F72 FIGURE 2-4: PROGRAMMING METHOD FLOW CHART (SHEET 3 OF 3) VERIFY ALL LOCATIONS PROGRAM TWO LOCATIONS START START LOAD DATA FOR MEMORY (EVEN ADDRESS) RESET DEVICE, RETURN TO PROGRAMMING MODE HAS PROGRAM YES MEMORY BEEN VERIFIED? LOAD CONFIGURATION NO INCREMENT ADDRESS LOAD DATA FOR MEMORY (ODD ADDRESS) READ DATA FROM MEMORY COMPARE DATA TO EXPECTED DATA BEGIN PROGRAMMING DOES DATA MATCH? NO FAIL YES WAIT tprog INCREMENT ADDRESS END PROGRAMMING ALL LOCATIONS VERIFIED? RETURN NO YES INCREMENT ADDRESS PASS RETURN RETURN DS39588A-page 8 Preliminary 2002 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F72 3.0 CONFIGURATION WORD TABLE 3-1: Device ID Word (0x2006) The PIC16F72 has configuration bits in a configuration word located at 0x2007. These bits can be cleared (reads ‘0’), or left unchanged (reads ‘1’), to select various device configurations. 3.1 DEVICE ID VALUE Device PIC16F72 Dev Rev 000 000 101 n nnnn Device ID Word The device ID word for the PIC16F72 is located at 2006h. The nine Most Significant bits are the device ID number, while the five Least Significant bits are the device revision number. REGISTER 3-1: – – CONFIGURATION WORD FOR PIC16F72 – – – – – BOREN – CP PWRTEN WDTEN F0SC1 F0SC0 bit 13 bit 0 bit 13-7 Unimplemented: Read as ‘1’ bit 6 BOREN: Brown-out Reset Enable bit(1) 1 = BOR enabled 0 = BOR disabled bit 5 Unimplemented: Read as ‘1’ bit 4 CP: Program Memory Code Protection bit 1 = Code protection off 0 = 0000h to 07FFh code protected (All) bit 3 PWRTEN: Power-up Timer Enable bit(1) 1 = PWRT disabled 0 = PWRT enabled bit 2 WDTEN: Watchdog Timer Enable bit 1 = WDT enabled 0 = WDT disabled bit 1-0 FOSC1:FOSC0: Oscillator Selection bits 11 = RC oscillator 10 = HS oscillator 01 = XT oscillator 00 = LP oscillator Note 1: Enabling Brown-out Reset automatically enables Power-up Timer (PWRT), regardless of the value of bit PWRTEN. Ensure the Power-up Timer is enabled any time Brown-out Reset is enabled. Legend: R = Readable bit W = Writable bit U = Unimplemented bit, read as ‘0’ -n = Value at POR 1 = bit is set 0 = bit is cleared 2002 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary x = bit is unknown DS39588A-page 9 PIC16F72 4.0 CODE PROTECTION 4.1 Disabling Code Protection The following procedure should be performed before any other programming is attempted. This procedure also turns off code protection (code protect bit = 1); however, all program memory will be erased when this procedure is executed and thus, the security of the code is not compromised. Once code protection is enabled, all program memory locations read all ‘0’s; further programming of program memory is disabled. ID locations and the configuration word may still be read and programmed (1’s to 0’s only). Procedure to disable code protection: a) b) 4.2 Issue the ‘Chip Erase’ command. Wait for the erase cycle time (tera) to pass. The program memory is erased, then the configuration memory is erased. Embedding Configuration Word and ID Information in the HEX File To allow portability of code, the programmer is required to read the configuration word and ID locations from the HEX file, when loading the HEX file. If configuration word information was not present in the HEX file, then a simple warning message may be issued. Similarly, while saving a HEX file, configuration word and ID information must be included. An option to not include this information may be provided. Microchip Technology Inc. feels strongly that this feature is important for the benefit of the end customer. 4.3 Checksum Computation Table 4-1 describes how to calculate the checksum for the PIC16F72. Note that the checksum calculation differs depending on the code protection setting. Since the program memory locations read out differently depending on the code protection setting, the table describes how to manipulate the actual program memory values to simulate the values that would be read from a protected device. When calculating a checksum of a non-protected device, the entire program memory can simply be read and summed. The configuration word and ID locations can always be read. The checksum is calculated by reading the contents of the PIC16F72 memory locations and adding up the opcodes, up to the maximum user addressable location (i.e., 0x07FFh for the PIC16F72). Any carry bits exceeding 16 bits are neglected. Finally, the configuration word (appropriately masked) is added to the checksum. The checksum is calculated by summing the following: • The contents of all program memory locations • The configuration word, appropriately masked • Masked ID locations (when applicable) The Least Significant 16 bits of this sum are the checksum. TABLE 4-1: CHECKSUM COMPUTATION Device PIC16F72 Legend: CFWD SUM[a:b] SUM_ID Checksum + & DS39588A-page 10 Code Protect Checksum Blank Value 0x05E6 at 0x0000 and max address OFF SUM[0x000:0x07FF] + CFWD & 0x005F 0xF85F 0x842D ALL CFWD & 0x005F + SUM_ID 0x005E 0x005E = Configuration Word = [Sum of locations a to b inclusive] = ID locations masked by 0x0F, then concatenated into a 16-bit value with ID0 as the most significant nibble. For example, ID0 = 0x01, ID2 = 0x02, ID3 = 0x03, ID4 = 0x04, then SUM_ID = 0x1234 = [Sum of all the individual expressions] MODULO [0xFFFF] = Addition = Bitwise AND Preliminary 2002 Microchip Technology Inc. PIC16F72 5.0 PROGRAM/VERIFY MODE ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS 5.1 AC/DC Characteristics TABLE 5-1: TIMING REQUIREMENTS FOR PROGRAM/VERIFY MODE Standard Operating Conditions (unless otherwise stated) Operating Temperature: +10°C ≤ TA ≤ +40°C Operating Voltage: 4.5V ≤ VDD ≤ 5.5V Characteristics Sym Min VDD level for read and verification VDD VDD level for programming and erasing Typ Max Units 2.0 5.5 V VDDP 4.75 5.25 V High voltage on MCLR for chip erase and program write operations VPP 12.75 13.25 V MCLR rise time (VSS to VPP) for Test mode entry tVHHR 1.0 µs Conditions/Comments General (Notes 1, 2) (RB6, RB7) input high level VIH1 0.8 VDD V Schmitt Trigger input (RB6, RB7) input low level VIL1 0.2 VDD V Schmitt Trigger input Data in setup time before clock↓ tset1 100 ns Data in hold time after clock↓ thld1 100 ns Data input not driven to next clock input (delay required between command/data or command/command) tdly1 1.0 µs Delay between clock↓ to clock↑ of next command or data tdly2 1.0 µs Clock↑ to data out valid (during read data) tdly3 200 ns Erase cycle time tera 30 Serial Program/Verify Programming cycle time tprog 1 ms — 3(4) (Note 3) ms Note 1: VPP should be current limited to about 100 mA. 2: VPP must remain above VDDP + 4.0V to remain in Programming mode, while not actually erasing or programming. 3: The chip erase is self-timed. 4: tprog is expected to be reduced to 1 ms max. 2002 Microchip Technology Inc. Preliminary DS39588A-page 11 PIC16F72 FIGURE 5-1: LOAD DATA COMMAND MODE (PROGRAM/VERIFY) VPP 1 µs min. MCLR tset0 RB6 (CLOCK) 1 2 3 4 5 6 tdly2 1 2 3 4 5 15 16 thld0 RB7 (DATA) 1 0 0 0 X tset1 STOP bit START bit X tset1 } } thld1 } } tdly1 1 µs min. thld1 100 ns min. 100 ns min. Program/Verify Test Mode RESET FIGURE 5-2: READ DATA COMMAND MODE (PROGRAM/VERIFY) VPP MCLR tset0 tdly2 thld0 1 2 3 4 5 1 0 6 1 µs min. 1 2 3 RB6 (CLOCK) 4 5 15 16 tdly3 RB7 (DATA) 0 0 X STOP bit START bit X tdly1 tset1 thld1 } } 1 µs min. 100 ns min. RB7 = Output RB7 = Input RB7 Input Program/Verify Test Mode RESET FIGURE 5-3: INCREMENT ADDRESS COMMAND MODE (PROGRAM/VERIFY) VPP MCLR tdly2 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 µs min. Next Command 1 2 RB6 (CLOCK) RB7 (DATA) 0 1 1 0 X X X 0 tdly1 tset1 thld1 } } 1 µs min. 100 ns min. RESET DS39588A-page 12 Program/Verify Test Mode Preliminary 2002 Microchip Technology Inc. Note the following details of the code protection feature on PICmicro® MCUs. • • • • • • The PICmicro family meets the specifications contained in the Microchip Data Sheet. Microchip believes that its family of PICmicro microcontrollers is one of the most secure products of its kind on the market today, when used in the intended manner and under normal conditions. There are dishonest and possibly illegal methods used to breach the code protection feature. All of these methods, to our knowledge, require using the PICmicro microcontroller in a manner outside the operating specifications contained in the data sheet. The person doing so may be engaged in theft of intellectual property. Microchip is willing to work with the customer who is concerned about the integrity of their code. Neither Microchip nor any other semiconductor manufacturer can guarantee the security of their code. Code protection does not mean that we are guaranteeing the product as “unbreakable”. Code protection is constantly evolving. We at Microchip are committed to continuously improving the code protection features of our product. If you have any further questions about this matter, please contact the local sales office nearest to you. Information contained in this publication regarding device applications and the like is intended through suggestion only and may be superseded by updates. It is your responsibility to ensure that your application meets with your specifications. No representation or warranty is given and no liability is assumed by Microchip Technology Incorporated with respect to the accuracy or use of such information, or infringement of patents or other intellectual property rights arising from such use or otherwise. Use of Microchip’s products as critical components in life support systems is not authorized except with express written approval by Microchip. No licenses are conveyed, implicitly or otherwise, under any intellectual property rights. Trademarks The Microchip name and logo, the Microchip logo, FilterLab, KEELOQ, MPLAB, PIC, PICmicro, PICMASTER, PICSTART, PRO MATE, SEEVAL and The Embedded Control Solutions Company are registered trademarks of Microchip Technology Incorporated in the U.S.A. and other countries. dsPIC, ECONOMONITOR, FanSense, FlexROM, fuzzyLAB, In-Circuit Serial Programming, ICSP, ICEPIC, microID, microPort, Migratable Memory, MPASM, MPLIB, MPLINK, MPSIM, MXDEV, PICC, PICDEM, PICDEM.net, rfPIC, Select Mode and Total Endurance are trademarks of Microchip Technology Incorporated in the U.S.A. Serialized Quick Term Programming (SQTP) is a service mark of Microchip Technology Incorporated in the U.S.A. All other trademarks mentioned herein are property of their respective companies. © 2002, Microchip Technology Incorporated, Printed in the U.S.A., All Rights Reserved. Printed on recycled paper. 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Le Colleoni 1 20041 Agrate Brianza Milan, Italy Tel: 39-039-65791-1 Fax: 39-039-6899883 United Kingdom Arizona Microchip Technology Ltd. 505 Eskdale Road Winnersh Triangle Wokingham Berkshire, England RG41 5TU Tel: 44 118 921 5869 Fax: 44-118 921-5820 01/18/02 DS39588A-page 14 Preliminary 2002 Microchip Technology Inc.