WM8144-10 Production Data October 1997 Rev. 3.0 Integrated 10-bit Data Acquisition system for Imaging Applications Description Features WM8144-10 integrates the analogue signal conditioning required by CCD sensors with a 10-bit ADC and optional pixel-by-pixel image compensation. WM8144-10 requires minimal external circuitry and provides a cost effective sensor-to-digital domain system solution. • • • • • • Each analogue conditioning channel provides reset level clamp, CDS, fine offset level shifting and gain amplification. The three channels are multiplexed into the ADC. Output from the ADC can either be direct or passed through a digital post-processing function. The postprocessing provides compensation for variations in offset and shading on a pixel-by-pixel basis. Reset level clamp Correlated Double Sampling (CDS) Fine offset level shifting Programmable Gain Amplification 10-Bit ADC with maximum 6 MSPS Digital post-processing for pixel-by-pixel image compensation Simple clocking scheme Control by serial or parallel interface Time-multiplexed eight-bit data output mode 48 pin TQFP package Pin compatible with WM8144-12 • • • • • The flexible output architecture allows ten-bit data to be accessed either on a ten-bit bus or via a time-multiplexed eight-bit bus. The WM8144-10 can be configured for pixelby-pixel or line-by-line multiplexing operation. Reset level clamp and/or CDS features can be optionally bypassed. Device configuration is either by a simple serial or eightbit parallel interface. Applications • • • Document scanners CCD sensor interfaces Contact image sensor (CIS) interfaces Block Diagram VRLC VRU VRT VRB VRL VSMP VMID MCLK RLC AVDD AGND DVDD1 DVDD2 DGND MUX CC[2:0] VMID CL RS TIMING CONTROL VS OFFSET S/H RINP DV PGA S/H WM8144-10 5-BIT REG CDS 8-BIT + SIGN DAC EXTERNAL DATA STORE INTERFACE CDATA(7:0) VMID ORNG OFFSET S/H GINP M U X PGA S/H 5-BIT REG CDS 8-BIT + SIGN DAC S/H CDS 10/8 MUX OEB OP[9:0] VMID OFFSET S/H BINP 10 BIT ADC IMAGE COMPENSATION PROCESSING PNS PGA 5-BIT REG 8-BIT + SIGN DAC CONFIGURABLE SERIAL/PARALLEL CONTROL INTERFACE VMID SDI / DNA SCK / RNW SEN / STB NRESET Production Data data sheets contain final specifications current on publication date. Supply of products conforms to Wolfson Microelectronics standard terms and conditions Wolfson Microelectronics Lutton Court, Bernard Terrace, Edinburgh EH8 9NX, UK Tel: +44 (0) 131 667 9386 Fax: +44 (0) 131 667 5176 email: [email protected] www: http://www.wolfson.co.uk © 1997 Wolfson Microelectronics WM8144-10 CDATA7 MCLK VSMP DVDD1 RLC SCK/RNW SDI/DNA SEN/STB OEB 33 32 31 30 28 27 26 25 29 CDATA6 34 35 CDATA4 CDATA5 Ordering Information 36 Package Outline DEVICE TEMP RANGE 0 0 WM8144-10CFT/V 0 C - 70 C CDATA3 37 24 CDATA2 CDATA1 38 39 23 PNS RINP 22 GINP CDATA0 21 BINP DGND 40 41 VMID OP9 42 20 19 OP8 43 18 OP7 44 17 AGND AVDD OP6 OP5 45 46 16 VRL 15 VRU OP4 47 14 OP3 48 13 VRB VRT 5 6 7 8 9 10 NC NC DV CC2 CC1 CC0 ORNG NRESET 4 VRLC 11 12 2 OP1 OP0 DVDD2 3 1 OP2 WM8144-10 PACKAGE 48 Pin TQFP NC - Make no external connection Absolute Maximum Ratings Analogue Supply Voltage. . . AGND - 0.3 V, AGND +7 V Digital Supply Voltage. . . . DGND - 0.3 V, DGND +7 V Digital Inputs . . . . . . . . DGND - 0.3 V, DVDD + 0.3 V Digital Outputs. . . . . . . .DGND - 0.3 V, DVDD + 0.3 V Reference inputs . . . . . . AGND - 0.3 V, AVDD + 0.3 V RINP, GINP, BINP . . . . . .AGND - 0.3 V, AVDD + 0.3 V Operating temperature range, TA . . . . . 0oC to +70oC Storage Temperature . . . . . . . . . . -50oC to +150oC Lead Temperature (soldering, 10 sec) . . . . . . +260oC Note: Absolute Maximum Ratings are stress ratings only. Permanent damage to the device may be caused by continuously operating at or beyond these limits. Device functional operating range limits and guaranteed performance specifications are given under Electrical Characteristics at the test conditions specified. ESD Sensitive Device. The WM8144-10 is manufactured on a CMOS process. It is therefore generically susceptible to damage from excessive static voltages. Proper ESD precautions must be taken during handling and storage of this device. As per JEDEC specifications A112-A and A113-A this product requires specific storage conditions prior to surface mount assembly. It has been classified as having a Moisture Sensitivity level of 2 and as such will be supplied in vacuum sealed moisture barrier bags. Recommended Operating Conditions PARAMETER TEST CONDITIONS Supply Voltage Operating Temperature Range Input Common Mode Range TA VCMR MIN MAX UNIT 5.25 0 0.5 70 4.5 Wolfson Microelectronics 2 TYP 4.75 V o C V WM8144-10 Electrical Characteristics VDD = 4.75V to 5.25V, GND = 0 V, ........T A = 0oC to +70oC, MLCK = 12MHz unless otherwise stated. PARAMETER TEST CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNIT Supply Current - Active 110.0 150 mA Supply Current - Standby 10.0 15 mA Digital Inputs High Level Input Voltage VIH Low Level Input Voltage V IL 0.2*DVDD V High Level Input Current IIH 1.0 µA Low Level Input Current I IL 1.0 µA 0.8*DVDD Input Capacitance V 10.0 pF Digital Outputs High Level Output Voltage VOH IOH = 1.0mA Voltage output range High Impedance Output Current VOL IOL = 1.0mA V DVDD-0.75 DGND+0.75 1.0 I OZ V µA Input Multiplexer Channel to Channel Gain Matching 0.5 % ns Input Video Set-up Time tVSU 10 Input Video Hold Time tVH tRSU CDS Mode only tRH CDS Mode only 25 ns 10 ns 25 ns Reset Video Set-up Time Reset Video Hold Time Reference String Reference Voltage - Top VRT VRU = 5.00 V, V RL = 0.00V 3.465 3.5 3.535 V Reference Voltage - Bottom V RB VRU = 5.00 V, V RL = 0.00V 1.465 1.5 1.535 V DAC Reference Voltage VMID VRU = 5.00 V, V RL = 0.00V 2.475 2.5 2.525 R.L.C. Switch Impedence Reset Level Clamp Options 200 V Ohms 1.425 1.5 1.575 V 2.375 2.5 2.625 V 3.325 3.5 3.675 V Impedance VRT to V RB 490 700 910 Ohms Impedance VRU to VRL 1190 1700 2210 Ohms VRLC VRU = 5.00 V, V RL = 0.00V Voltage set by user configuration - Table 7 8-bit DACs Resolution 8 Zero Code Voltage VDAC -10 Full Scale Voltage Error 0 Bits VDAC +10 mV 10 mV Differential Non Linearity DNL 0.1 1 LSB Integral Non Linearity INL 0.4 1 LSB Wolfson Microelectronics 3 WM8144-10 Electrical Characteristics (Contd.) VDD = 4.75V to 5.25V, GND = 0 V, ........TA = 0oC to +70oC, MLCK = 12MHz unless otherwise stated. PARAMETER TEST CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNIT 10-Bit ADC Resolution VDD = 5V 10 Bits Maximum Sampling Rate VDD = 5V 6 MSPS Full Scale Transition Error Voltage at VINP DAC Code = 000H, VDD=5V, measured relative to VRT +/-50 +/-200 mV Zero Scale Transition Error Voltage at VINP DAC Code = 000H, VDD=5V, measured relative to VRB +/-50 +/-200 mV Differential Non Linearity DNL VDD = 5V -1 Number of missing codes +1.25 LSB 0 Code PGA Gain Red Channel Max. Gain, Note 1 Gr 12 4 Times Green Channel Max. Gain, Note 2 Gg12 Mode=1 MCLK=12MHz; VDD=5V 7 Times Blue Channel Max. Gain, Note 2 Gb12 7 Times Red Channel Max. Gain, Note 2 Gr 8 MCLK=8MHz; VDD=5V 6 Times Green Channel Max. Gain, Note 2 Blue Channel Max. Gain, Note 2 Gg8 Gb8 Mode=1 7 7 Times Times Note 1: Guaranteed monotonic up to PGA Gain code 0Fh Note 2: Guaranteed monotonic up to PGA Gain code 1Fh Wolfson Microelectronics 4 WM8144-10 Electrical Characteristics (Contd.) VDD = 4.75V to 5.25V, GND = 0 V, ........TA = 0oC to +70oC, MLCK = 12MHz unless otherwise stated. PARAMETER Switching Characteristics TEST CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNIT MCLK Period tPER 83.3 ns MCLK High tCKH 37.5 ns MCLK Low tCKL 37.5 ns Data Set-up time tDSU ns VSMP, RLC Data Hold Time tDH 10 10 CDATA Data Hold Time tDH 30 Output Propagation Delay tPD Output Enable TIme Output Disable Time Serial Interface ns ns IOH = 1.0mA 75 ns tPZE IOL = 1.0mA tPEZ 75 ns 25 ns SCK Period tSPER 83.3 ns SCK High SCK Low tSCKH ns ns tSCKL 37.5 37.5 SDI Set up time tSSU 10 ns SDI Hold Time tSH 10 ns Set up time - SCK to SEN tSCE 20 ns Set up time - SEN to SCK tSEC 20 ns SEN Pulse W idth tSEW 50 ns Parallel Interface RNW Low to OP[9:2] Tristate tOPZ Address Setup Time to STB Low DNA Low Setup Time to STB Low tASU tADLS 0 10 ns ns ns Strobe Low Time 20 ns tSTB 50 Address Hold Time from STB High tAH 10 ns DNA Low Hold Time from STB High tADLH 10 ns Data Set-up Time to STB Low DNA High Setup Time to STB Low Data Hold Time from STB High DNA High Hold Time from STB High RNW High to OP[9:2] Output tDSU 0 ns tADHS 10 ns tDH 10 ns tADHH tOPD 10 0 ns ns Wolfson Microelectronics 5 WM8144-10 Pin Descriptions Pin No. Name Type Description 23 RINP Analogue IP Red Channel input video 22 GINP Analogue IP Green Channel input video 21 BINP Analogue IP Blue Channel input video 33 CDATA[7] Digital IO Image compensation data read/write at twice ADC conversion rate 34 CDATA[6] Digital IO 35 CDATA[5] Digital IO 36 CDATA[4] Digital IO 37 CDATA[3] Digital IO 38 CDATA[2] Digital IO 39 CDATA[1] Digital IO 40 CDATA[0] Digital IO 32 MCLK Digital IP Master clock. This clock is applied at either six, four or two times the input pixel rate depending on the operational mode. MCLK is divided internally to define the ADC samples rate and to provide the clock source for digital logic. 31 VSMP Digital IP Video sample synchronisation pulse. This signal is applied synchronously with MLCK to specify the point in time that the input is sampled. The timing of internal multiplexing between the R, G and B channels is derived from this signal 29 RLC Digital IP 19 VRLC Analogue OP Selects whether reset level clamp is applied on a pixel-by-pixel basis. If RLC is required on each pixel then this pin can be tied high Selectable analogue output voltage for RLC 13 VRT Analogue IP ADC reference voltages. The ADC reference range is applied between 14 VRB Analogue IP VRT (full scale) and VRB (zero level). VRU and VRL can be used to 15 VRU Analogue IP derive optimum reference voltages from an external 5V reference 16 VRL Analogue IP 20 VMID Analogue OP 42 OP[9] Digital IO Buffered mid-point of ADC reference string. Tri-state digital 10-bit bi-directional bus. There are four modes: 43 OP[8] Digital IO Tri-state: when OEB = 1 44 OP[7] Digital IO Output ten-bit: ten bit data is output from bus 45 OP[6] Digital IO Output 8-bit multiplexed: data output on OP[9:2] at 2*ADC conversion rate 46 OP[5] Digital IO Input 8-bit: control data is input on bits OP[9:2] 47 OP[4] Digital IO 48 OP[3] Digital IO 1 OP[2] Digital IO 2 3 OP[1] OP[0] Digital IO Digital IO Wolfson Microelectronics 6 WM8144-10 Pin Descriptions (contd.) Pin No. Name Type Description 8 CC[2] Digital OP Colour code outputs. These outputs indicate from which channel the 9 CC[1] Digital OP current output sample was taken (R = 00X, G = 01X, B = 10X). 10 11 CC[0] ORNG Digital OP Digital OP Two codes are provided per channel. Out-of-range signal, active high. This signal indicates that the current output pixel has exceeded the maximum or minimum achievable somewhere within the pixel processing. 25 OEB Digital IP 7 DV Digital OP Output tri-state control, all outputs (OP[9:0], DV, ORNG, CC[2:]) enabled when OEB=0 Data valid output, active low. 12 NRESET Digital IP Reset input, active low. This signal forces a reset of all internal registers. 24 PNS Digital IP Control interface parallel (high) or serial (low, default) 27 SDI/DNA Digital IP Serial Interface: serial interface input data signal 28 SCK/RNW Digital IP Parallel interface: high = data, low = address Serial Interface: serial interface clock signal 26 SEN/STB Digital IP Serial Interface: enable, active high 30 DVDD1 Digital supply Parallel interface: strobe, active low Positive Digital Supply (5V) 4 DVDD2 Digital supply Positive Digital Supply (5V) 41 DGND Digital supply Digital ground (0V) 17 18 AVDD AGND Analogue supply Positive Analogue supply (5V) Analogue supply Analogue Ground (0V) 5 NC Unused Pin must be left unconnected 6 NC Unused Pin must be left unconnected Parallel interface: high = OP[9:2] is output, low = OP[9:2] is input bus Wolfson Microelectronics 7 WM8144-10 Typical Performance VDD = 5V, GND = 0 V, ........TA = 25oC. WM8144 10 Bit INL Plot 0.8 4 0.6 3 0.4 2 0.2 1 0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 LSB's 5 LSB's LSB's LSB's WM8144 10 Bit DNL Plot 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -0.8 -4 -1 -5 0 256 512 768 1024 0 256 512 ADC Code ADC 10 Bit DNL Gr een Blue Actual Gain Actual Gain PGA Gain Red 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 7 6 DNL DNL 3 4 5 PGA Gain Code 6 7 8 PGA DNL @ MCLK = 12.3MHz 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 3 4 5 6 7 8 Red Gr een Blue 0 1 2 3 4 5 PGA Gain Code 6 7 8 MCLK = 8MHz. Input 2.5V +/ - 100mV . Other 2 are at 2.5V. Colour. Vdd = Gain PGA DNL @ MCLK = 8MHz Wolfson Microelectronics 8 2 PGA Gain Code vs. Actual Gain @ MCLK = 8MHz Gai n DNL Blue 2 1 Gain Gr een 1 Blue 0 Red 0 Gr een MCLK = 8MHz. Input set to 2.5V +/100mV. Other 2 are at 2.5V Colour. PGA Gain Code PGA Gain Code vs. Actual Gain @ MCLK = 12.3MHz Gai n DNL MCLK = 12.3MHz. Input 2.5V + /- 100mV. Ot her 2 are at 2.5V. Colour. Gain Vd Red 5 4 3 2 1 0 8 PGA Gain CodeOther 2 are at 2.5VGain MCLK = 12.3MHz. Input set to 2.5V +/- 100mV. Colo 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 1024 ADC 10 Bit INL PGA Gain 8 7 6 5 4 3 768 ADC Code ADC Code ADC Code COLOUR CCD SENSOR BLUE GREEN RED CLAMP S/H S/H CDS S/H S/H S/H S/H GAIN AMPS OFFSET DAC VMID VMID VMID INTEGRATED TIMING CONTROL SIMPLE TWO PIN TIMING INTERFACE M U X 10 BIT ADC CONTROL INTERFACE IMAGE COMPENSATION LOGIC WM8144 OPTIONAL EXTERNAL RAM SIMPLE SERIAL OR PARALLEL CONTROL INTERFACE TEN BIT IMAGE DATA AT UPTO 6MSPS WM8144-10 System Diagram Wolfson Microelectronics 9 WM8144-10 Theory of Operation S/H, Offset DAC’s and PGA Each analogue input (RINP, GINP, BINP) of the WM814410 consists of a sample and hold, a programmable gain amplifier, and a DC offset correction block. The operation of the red input stage is summarised in Figure 1. The output from the offset DAC stage is referenced to the VMID voltage. This allows the input to the ADC to maximise the dynamic range, and is shown diagrammatically in Figure 1 by the final VMID addition. For the input stage the final analogue voltage applied to the ADC can be expressed as: RINP DAC_ CODE VMID VADC = G( Vvs − Vrs) + (1− 2 * Sign) * * + VMID 255 2 S/H + Gain=G VS + Voffset VMID VADC - S/H VMID + RS Figure 1 The sample/hold block can operate in two modes of operation, CDS (Correlated Double Sampling) or Single Ended. In CDS operation the video signal processed is the difference between the voltage applied at the RINP input when RS occurs, and the voltage at the RINP input when VS occurs. This is summarised in Figure 2. Vrs Vvs RS VS Figure 2 When using CDS the actual DC value of the input signal is not important, as long as the signal extremes are maintained within 0.5 volts of the chip power supplies. This is because the signal processed is the difference between the two sample voltages, with the common DC voltage being rejected. In single ended operation, the VS and RS control signals occur simultaneously, and the voltage applied to the reset switch is fixed at VMID. This means that the voltage processed is the difference between the voltage applied to RINP when VS/RS occurs, and VMID. When using Single ended operation the DC content of the video signal is not rejected. The Programmable Gain Amplifier block multiplies the resulting input voltage by a value between 0.5 and 8.25 which can be programmed independently for each of the three input channels via the serial (or parallel) interface. PGA gain is dependent on the 5-bit binary code programmed in the PGA registers. A typical plot of PGA gain versus code is shown on Page 8. The DC value of the gained signal can then be trimmed by the 8 bit plus sign DAC. The voltage output by this DAC is shown as Voffset in Figure 1. The range of the DAC is (VMID/2). Where: VADC is the voltage applied to the ADC G is the programmed gain Vvs is the voltage of the video sample Vrs is the voltage of the reset sample Sign is the Offset DAC sign bit DAC_CODE is the offset DAC value VMID is the WM8144-10 generated VMID voltage The ADC has a lower reference of VRB (typically 1.5 V) and an upper reference of VRT (typically 3.5 V). When an ADC input voltage is applied to the ADC equal to VRB the resulting code is 000(hex). When an ADC input voltage is applied to the ADC equal to VRT the resulting code is 3FF(hex). Reset Level Clamp Both CDS and Single ended operation can be used with Reset Level Clamping. A typical input configuration is shown in Figure 3. WM8144 RINP + Gain=G VS S/H VRLC Figure 3 Wolfson Microelectronics 10 S/H Cin VMID RS - WM8144-10 Theory of Operation (contd.) The position of the clamp relative to the video sample is programmable by CDSREF1-0 (see Table 7). By default, the reset sample occurs on the fourth MCLK rising edge after VSMP. The relative timing between the reset sample ( and CL) and video sample can be altered as shown in Figure 4. Video Input Clamp Pulse Figure 5 A reset level clamp is activated if the RLC pin is high on an MCLK rising edge (Figure 6). By default this initiates an internal clamp pulse three MCLK pulses later (Figure 4: CL). The relationship between CL and RS is fixed. Therefore altering the RS position also alters the CL position (Figure 4). Table 7 shows the three possible voltages to which the reset level can be clamped. Figure 6: RLC Timing Figure 4: Reset Sample and Clamp Timing When the clamp pulse is active the voltage on the WM8144-10 side of Cin, i.e. RINP, will be forced to be equal to the VRLC clamp voltage (see Figure 5). The VRLC clamp voltage is programmable to three different levels via the serial interface (1.5V, 2.5V or 3.5V). The voltage to which the clamp voltage should be programmed is dependent on the type of sampling selected and the polarity of the input video signal. For CDS operation it is important to match the clamp voltage to the amplitude and polarity of the video signal. This will allow the best use of the wide input common-mode range offered by the WM8144-10. If the input video is positive going it is advisable to clamp to Vcl (Lower clamp voltage). If the video is negative going it is advisable to clamp to Vcu (Upper clamp voltage). Regardless of where the video is clamped the offset DAC is programmed to move the ADC output corresponding to the reset level to an appropriate value to maximise the ADC dynamic range. For Single Ended operation it is recommended that the clamp voltage is set to Vcm (Middle clamp voltage). RINP, GINP and BINP Input Impedence The input impedence of the WM8144-10 analogue inputs is dependent on the sampling frequency of the input signal and the configuration of the internal gain amplifiers. The input impedence = 1/(Capacitance * frequency) where the Capacitance value changes from 0.3pF for minimum gain to 9.6pF for maximum gain. Table 1 illustrates the minimum and maximum input impedence at different frequencies. Sampling Frequency (MHz) 0.5 1 Impedence with minimum gain (MΩ ) 6.6 3.3 Impedence with maximum gain (KΩ) 208 104 2 1.6 52 4 0.8 26 6 0.5 17 Table 1: Effects of Frequency on Input Impedence Wolfson Microelectronics 11 WM8144-10 Theory of Operation (Contd) Example of Gain and Offset Operation Input Video polarity negative Input sampling CDS Input voltage amplitude (VVS - VRS) 1.6V Programmable gain x1 Clamping Yes, VCL = 3.5V After the input capacitor the input to the WM8144-10 can be represented as: Vrs Vvs RS VS Figure 7 For a black pixel: For a white pixel: For the white pixel, using the same offset DAC value, the ADC input can be expressed as: VADC = 1*(VCL - 1.6 - VCL) + (1 - 2*0) * Assuming that the offset DAC is set to 00dec: 0 VMID VADC = 1* (Vcl - Vcl) + (1− 2 * 0) * VMID * + VMID 255 2 VADC = 0 + 0 + VMID VADC = VMID VMID 2 + VMID Therefore the output codes from the ADC are between 921(dec) and 102(dec), which implies that the ADC input has been set up to maximise the dynamic range available. If a digital representation of the ADC output with a black level near 000(dec) and a white level near 1023(dec) is required then the INVOP control bit should now be set To maximise the dynamic range of the ADC input it is necessary to program the offset DAC code to move the ADC code corresponding to the black level towards code 1024(dec). Hence set the offset DAC to 164(dec) with the sign bit not set. * VMID 2 + VMID 82 VADC = 0 + 255 * VMID + VMID 337 VADC = 255 * VMID When the VMID is 2.5v, the ADC input voltage becomes 3.3 volts which will result in an ADC code of 921(dec). This is near the ideal full-scale of 1023(dec). Wolfson Microelectronics 12 * 337 VADC = 255 * VMID - 1.6 to ONE. 255 255 82 VADC = -1.6 + 255 * VMID + VMID An input voltage of VMID corresponds to a code of 512(dec) from the ADC. 164 164 When the VMID is 2.5V, the ADC input voltage becomes 1.7 volts which will result in a code of 102(dec). This is near the ideal full-scale of 000(dec). VRS = VCL VVS = VCL VADC = 1*(VCL - VCL) + (1 - 2*0) * VRS = VCL VVS = VCL - 1.6 WM8144-10 Theory of Operation (contd.) DEMUX AND MUX CDATA DEFAULT DATA PARTITIONING DEFAULT 6 4,5 or 6 10 PIXEL OFFSET ADDER 12 12,11 or 10 MUX ADCOP DATA VALID GENERATION MUX DV OUTPUT DEFAULT MUX 11 LIMIT 10 PIXEL GAIN ADJUST Figure 12 Figure 8 22 LIMIT 10 DATA LATCH 10 OUT OF RANGE GENERATION ADC Digital Signal Processing By default, the output from the ADC passes through the digital compensation block without being altered and is output directly on the OP[9:0] pins. If required, the pixel data from the ADC can be processed further by the digital compensation block (Figure 8). This section describes the sub-blocks of the digital compensation block. CDATA Demultiplexor The input to this block is coefficient data presented to the CDATA[7:0] pins at twice the pixel rate. i.e. two eight-bit words are input for each pixel of video data. Data Partitioning The sixteen bits of data per pixel from the CDATA Demultiplexor is partitioned into pixel offset, pixel gain and pixel valid bits (Table 3) . Table 4 details the resulting range and resolution options. Pixel Offset Adder This uses the offset coefficients that are either supplied externally via the CDATA interface or from the internal default registers. The object of this block is to correct for the small offsets which can occur from the CCD on a pixel-by-pixel basis. The output from the Pixel Offset Adder is limited to be between 0 and 1023(dec). Pixel Gain Adjust This block corrects for the pixel-by-pixel shading curve non-uniformity and photo response non-uniformity within the CCD sensor. This block has a gain range of 0 to 2. The output word from the Pixel Gain Adjust is limited to between 0 and 1023(dec). OP[9:0] INPUT TO 8/10 MUX BLOCK ORNG INPUT TO 8/10 MUX BLOCK Effect of digital compensation on ADC output The combined effect of the digital compensation sections on the ADC output is summarised by the formula: OP[9:0] = (ADCOP + POC) * PSCF where: All values are decimal OP[9:0] is the 10 bit result output from the WM8144-10 ADCOP is a 10 bit unsigned number from the ADC POC is a 2's compliment number divided byNUMBER OF POC BITS ALLOCATED/2 PSCF is an unsigned number divided by NUMBER OF PSC BITS ALLOCATED/2 For this example assume PSC is allocated 12 bits and POC is allocated 4 bits (refer to table 3:DVMODE,PWP0,PWP1 = 0). Table 1 shows some examples of the effect of the digital backend on the ADC output. Range Default Ex 1 Ex 2 Ex 3 Ex 4 Ex 5 Ex 6 Ex 7 Ex 8 Ex 9 ADCOP 0:1023 512 512 512 1022 1022 512 512 512 511 POC -8:7 0 0 -7 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 PSC 0:4095 2048 (x1) 2048 2048 2048 2048 512 2560 512 4095 4095 OP[9:0] 0:1023 ORNG 0:1 512 505 518 1023 257 640 128 1023 1021 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 Table 2: Examples of digital backend calculation Wolfson Microelectronics 13 WM8144-10 Theory of Operation (contd.) P W P 1 D V M O D E P B7 W P 0 B6 CDATA WORD 1 B5 B4 B3 B2 B1 B0 B7 B6 CDATA WORD 2 B5 B4 B3 B2 B1 B0 0 0 0 G11 G10 G9 G8 G7 G6 G5 G4 G3 G2 G1 G0 O3 O2 O1 O0 0 0 1 G10 G9 G8 G7 G6 G5 G4 G3 G2 G1 G0 O4 O3 O2 O1 O0 0 1 1 0 0 0 G9 G8 G10 G9 G7 G8 G6 G5 G7 G6 G4 G5 G3 G4 G2 G1 G3 G2 G0 G1 O5 O4 O3 G0 DV O3 O2 O2 O1 O0 O1 O0 1 0 1 G9 G7 G6 G5 G4 G3 G2 G1 G0 DV O4 O2 O1 O0 offset range No. of gain bits gain range -8 : 7 -16 - 15 -32 - 31 -8 - 7 -16 : 15 12 11 10 11 10 0:2 0:2 0:2 0:2 0:2 G8 O3 Table 3: Bit Allocation Assignment DVMODE PWP1 PWP0 No. of offset bits 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 4 5 6 4 5 DV bits gain resolution (LSB steps) 0.25 0 0.5 0 1 0 0.5 1 1 1 Table 4: Bit Range and Resolution Options Data Valid Generation The DV pin can be controlled to determine whether a DV pulse will be generated for a particular pixel. For example, if red pixels only are required the following DV pulse can be generated. OP[9:0] B R G B R Output data interface By default, data is output from the device as a ten-bit wide word on OP[9:0]. Optionally, data can be output in an eight-bit word format. Figure 11 shows this function. Data is presented on pins OP[9:2] at twice pixel rate. G DV Figure 9 Data Latch Under control of the LATCHOP bit the output data bus can be prevented from clamping until the next Data Valid pulse. Hence the above output would become: OP[9:0] DV Figure 10 R R A = d9,d8,d7,d6,d5,d4,d3,d2 B = d1,d0,X,X,X,X,X,ORNG Figure 11: Eight-bit Multiplexed Bus Output Wolfson Microelectronics 14 WM8144-10 Operational Modes Video Sampling Options WM8144-10 can interface to CCD sensors using four basic modes of operation ( summarised in Table 4). Mode configurations are controlled by a combination of control bits and timing applied to MCLK and VMSP pins. The default operational mode is mode 1: colour with CDS enabled. Colour mode definition (mode 1) Figure 12 summarises the timing relationships within the Colour mode. MCLK is applied at twice the required ADC conversion rate. Synchronisation of sampling and channel multiplexing to the incoming video signal is performed by the VSMP pulse (active high). The three input channels (R,G,B) are sampled in parallel on the rising edge of MCLK following a VSMP pulse. The sampled data is multiplexed into a single data stream at three times the VSMP rate and passes through the internal pipeline and emerges on the OP[9:0] bus 20.5 MCLK periods later. If the digital post-processing stage is activated, compensation data will be clocked into the device at twice the ADC conversion rate (e.g. two reads per red pixel ). The first of the two bytes will be required on the CDATA bus 15.5 MCLK periods after the corresponding VSMP pulse. CC[2:0] can be used to control the three lower address lines of an external RAM. Both Correlated Double Sampling (CDS) and single sample modes of operation are available. MSPS. This is achieved by altering the MCLK:VSMP ratio to 3:1. In this mode, the timing of RS and CL must be fixed (refer to Table 5). The sampled video data will pass through the internal pipeline and emerge on the OP[9:0] bus 29.5 MCLK periods later. If the digital post-processing stage is activated compensation data will be clocked into the device at twice the internal pixel rate (e.g. two reads per red pixel ). The first of the two bytes will be required on the CDATA bus 22.5 MCLK periods after the corresponding VSMP pulse. Details of Max. Speed Monochrome mode (mode 4) Figure 15 summarises the timing relationships. This mode allows the maximum sample rate to be increased to 6 MSPS. This is achieved by altering the MCLK:VSMP ratio to 2:1. The latency through the device is identical to modes 1 and 2. CDS is not available in this mode. Monochrome mode definitions One input channel is continuously sampled on the rising edge of MCLK following a VSMP pulse. The user can specify which input channel (R,G,B) to be sampled by writing to WM8144-10 internal control registers. There are three separate monochrome modes with different maximum sample rates and CDS availability. Details of Monochrome mode timing (mode 2) Figure 13 summarises the timing relationships. The timing in this mode is identical to mode 1 except for the CC[2:0] outputs. One input channel is sampled three times ( due to the multiplexer being held in one position) and passes through the device as three separate samples. Two of the samples can be ignored at the output. The CC[2:1] output pins reflect the input channel selected (R,G or B). Details of Fast Monochrome mode timing (mode 3) Figure 14 summarises the timing relationships. This mode allows the maximum sample rate to be increased to 4 Wolfson Microelectronics 15 16 Table 5: WM8144-10 Mode Summary Wolfson Microelectronics Fast Monochrome Max Speed Monochrome 3 4 No Yes Yes Yes CDS available * Only indicates relevant register bits Monochrome Colour Description 2 1 Mode 6 MSPS Identical to Mode 2 4 MSPS Identical to Mode 2 MCLK max. 12MHz. MCLK:VSMP ratio is 2:1. MCLK max. 12MHz. MCLK:VSMP ratio is 3:1. 2 MSPS One input channel is Identical to Mode 1 continuously sampled. The internal multiplexer is held in one position under control of the user. Max. Sensor Interface Timing Requirements Sample Description Rate 2 MSPS The three input MCLK max. 12MHz. channels (R,G,B) are MCLK:VSMP ratio is 6:1. sampled in parallel at max. 2MSPS. The sampled data is multiplexed into a single data stream before the internal ADC giving an internal serial data rate of max. 6MSPS. Setup Reg 1: 1D(H) Setup Reg 3: bits b[76] define which channel to be sampled Setup Reg 1: 19(H) Register Contents without CDS* Not Applicable Setup Reg 1: 5D(H) Setup Reg 3: bits b[76] define which channel to be sampled Identical to Mode 2 Identical to Mode 2 plus Setup Reg 3: bits b[5-4] must be set to 00(H) Setup Reg 1: 1F(H) Setup Reg 3: bits b[7-6] define which channel to be sampled Setup Reg 1: 1B(H) Register Contents with CDS* WM8144-10 Operational Modes (Contd.) OUTPUT SIGNALS INTERNAL SIGNALS INPUT SIGNALS MCLK CC[2:1] CC[2] 1 b0 1 r1,g1,b1 g1 2 0 20.5 MCLK periods r1 2 1 b1 r2,g2,b2 15.5 MCLK periods 2 2 r2 0 g2 3 1 b2 r3,g3,b3 3 2 r3 0 g3 4 1 b3 4 2 r4 r1:1 r1:2 g1:1 g1:2 b1:1 b1:2 r4,g4,b4 0 r1 g4 5 1 g1 b4 r5,g5,b5 5 2 b1 Operational Modes (Contd.) CC[1] CC[0] DV ORNG OP[9:0] ADC sample ADC input VS RS CDATA[7:0] Input video VSMP WM8144-10 Device timing for mode 1 Figure 12: Default Timing in CDS Colour Mode Wolfson Microelectronics 17 18 OUTPUT SIGNALS INTERNAL SIGNALS INPUT SIGNALS Wolfson Microelectronics Figure 13: Default Timing in CDS Monochrome Mode CC[2:1] CC[2]* X X 1 r1 X 2 X 0 X 0 20.5 MCLK periods X 0 X X X X r2,g2,b2 15.5 MCLK periods 2 0 X X X 0 3 X 0 X X X X r3,g3,b3 3 0 X X X 0 4 X r1:1 r1:2 0 X X X X r4,g4,b4 4 0 X X X 'X' indicates don't care * This example shows function when Red channel selected. CC[1] and CC[2] indicate the selected channel (R,G or B) 0 X X r1,g1,b1 0 r1 5 X 0 X X X X r5,g5,b5 5 0 X X Operational Modes (Contd.) CC[1]* CC[0] DV ORNG OP[9:0]* ADC sample ADC input VS RS CDATA[7:0] Input video VSMP MCLK WM8144-10 Device timing for mode 2 OUTPUT SIGNALS INTERNAL SIGNALS INPUT SIGNALS CC[2:1]* CC[2]* CC[1]* 0 29.5 MCLK periods n n+1 22.5 MCLK periods 0 0 0 0 0 * This example shows function when Red channel selected. CC[1] and CC[2] indicate the selected channel (R,G or B) 0 n 0 n:1 n:2 0 0 n 0 Operational Modes (Contd.) CC[0] DV ORNG OP[9:0] ADC sample ADC input VS RS CDATA[7:0] Input video VSMP MCLK WM8144-10 Device timing for mode 3 Figure 14: Default Timing in Fast CDS Monochrome Mode Wolfson Microelectronics 19 20 OUTPUT SIGNALS INTERNAL SIGNALS INPUT SIGNALS Wolfson Microelectronics CC[2:1]* CC[2]* CC[1]* 0 0 20.5 MCLK periods n 15.5 MCLK periods 0 0 0 0 0 0 n:1 n:2 0 0 0 n 0 * This example shows function when Red channel selected. CC[1] and CC[2] indicate the selected channel (R,G or B) 0 1 n 0 Operational Modes (Contd.) CC[0] DV ORNG OP[9:0] ADC sample ADC input VS CDATA[7:0] Input video VSMP MCLK WM8144-10 Device timing for mode 4 Figure 15: Default Timing in Max. Speed non-CDS Monochrome Mode WM8144-10 Configuration of the WM8144-10 The WM8144-10 can be configured through a serial interface or a parallel interface. Selection of the interface type is by the PNS pin which must be tied high (parallel) or low (serial). Figure 16: Serial Interface Timing Serial Interface The serial interface consists of three pins (refer to figure 16 ). A six-bit address is clocked in MSB first followed by an eight-bit data word, also MSB first. Each bit is latched on the rising edge of SCK, which can operate at upto 12MHz. Once the data has been shifted into the device, a pulse is applied to SEN to transfer the data to the appropriate internal register. Figure 17: Parallel Interface Timing Parallel Interface The parallel interface uses bits [9:2] of the OP bus as well as the STB, DNA and RNW pins (refer to figure 17). Pin RNW must be low during a write operation. The DNA pin defines whether the data byte is address (low) or data (high). The data bus OP[9:2] is latched in during the low period of STB. This interface is compatible with the Extended Parallel Port interface. the address location of internal data registers. In each case, a further three sub-addresses are defined for the red, green and blue register. Selection between the red, green and blue registers is performed by address bits a1 and a0, as defined in the table. Setting both a1 and a0 equal to 1 forces all three registers to be updated to the same data value. Blank entries can be taken as 'don't care' values. Internal Register Definition Table 5 summarises the internal register content. The first 4 addresses in the table are used to program setup registers and to provide a software reset feature ( 00H is reserved ). The remaining 7 entries in the table define Address <a5:a0> 000000 000001 000010 000011 000100 000101 1000xx 1001xx 1010xx 1011xx 1100xx 1101xx 1110xx xx Description Reserved Setup Register 1 Setup Register 2 Setup Register 3 Software Reset Setup Register 4 DAC values DAC signs PGA Gains Pixel Offsets Pixel Gain MSB Pixel Gain LSB Data Valid Def'lt (Hex) 1B 00 11 00 00 00 00 00 00 80 00 01 Bit b7 b6 DVMODE VSMP6M CHAN[1] CHAN[0] DAC[7] DAC[6] DAC[5] GAIN[11] GAIN[10] OFF[5] GAIN[9] a1 0 0 1 1 a0 0 1 0 1 Address LSB decode Red Register Green Register Blue Register Red, Green and Blue b5 b4 b3 b2 b1 b0 DEFPG LATCHOP PWP[1] MONO INVOP PWP[0] CDS RLC[1] ENADC MUXOP RLC[0] DAC[4] DAC[3] DAC[2] DACRNG DAC[1] PGA[4] OFF[4] GAIN[8] PGA[3] OFF[3] GAIN[7] GAIN[3] PGA[2] OFF[2] GAIN[6] GAIN[2] PGA[1] OFF[1] GAIN[5] GAIN[1] DEFDV DEFPO CDATOUT BYPASS CDSREF[1] CDSREF[0] DAC[0] DSIGN PGA[0] OFF[0] GAIN[4] GAIN[0] DV Table 6: Register Map Contents Wolfson Microelectronics 21 WM8144-10 Configuration of the WM8144-10 (Contd.) Register Setup Register 1 Setup Register 2 Bit No 0 1 Bit(s) ENADC CDS Default 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 MONO DEFPG DEFPO DEFDV VSMP6M 0 1 1 0 0 Description ADC standby control: 0 = standby, 1 = active Select Correlated double sampling mode: 0 = normal sampling, 1 = CDS mode Mono/Colour select: 0 = colour, 1 = monochrome operation Select Default Pixel Gain: 0 = external pixel gain, 1 = internal Select Default Pixel Offsets: 0 = external pixel offsets, 1 = internal Select default internal Data Valid: 0 = external DV, 1 = internal Required when VSMP at 6MSPS: 0 = other mode, 1 = VSMP at 6MSPS 7 DVMODE 0 External Data Valid control (refer to Bit Allocation Assignment table) 0 1 2 3 MUXOP 0 Eight bit output mode: 0 = ten-bit, 1 = 8-bit multiplexed INVOP LATCHOP 0 0 4 5 BYPASS CDATOUT 0 0 Inverts ADC output: 0 = non-inverting, 1 = inverting OP bus updated on DV pulse; OP bus updated each sample, 1 = update only on DV pulse Bypass digital post-processing; 0 = no bypass, 1 = bypass Data on OP pins available on CDAT pins; 0 = no, 1 = yes 1-0 RLC1-0 01 3-2 PWP1-0 00 5-4 CDSREF1-0 01 7-6 CHAN1-0 00 1 DACRNG 0 6 7 Setup Register 3 Setup Register 4 Reset Level Clamp voltage 00 = 1.5V 01 = 2.5V 10 = 3.5V 11 = Reserved Parallel Word Partitioning See Bit Allocation Assignment (Table 3) CDS Mode Reset Timing Adjust 00 = Advance 1 MCLK Period 01 = Normal 10 = Retard 1 MCLK Period 11 = Retard 2 MCLK Period Monochrome mode channel select 00 = Red Channel 01 = Green Channel 10 = Blue Channel 11 = Reserved Alters range of offset DAC output 0 = DAC output range equal to Vmid/2 (1.25V) 1 = DAC output range equal to 1.5 * Vmid/2 (1.875V) Table 7: Control Bit Descriptions Wolfson Microelectronics 22 WM8144-10 Detailed timing diagrams Figure 18: Detailed Video Input Timing - Modes 1 and 2 Figure 19: Detailed Digital Timing - Modes 1 and 2 Wolfson Microelectronics 23 WM8144-10 Detailed timing Diagrams (Contd.) Figure 20: Detailed Video Input Timing - Mode 3 Figure 21: Detailed Digital Timing - Mode 3 Figure 22: Detailed Video Input Timing - Mode 4 Figure 23: Detailed Digital Timing - Mode 4 Wolfson Microelectronics 24 WM8144-10 Detailed timing Diagrams (Contd.) tSPER tSCKH tSCKL SCK tSSU tSH SDI tSCE tSEW tSEC SEN Figure 24: Detailed Timing Diagram for Serial Interface OP[9:2] tSTB tSTB STB 8144 Out Z tASU tAH tDSU Address In tADLS tDH Data In tADLH tADHS Z 8144 Out tADHH DNA RNW tOPD tOPZ Figure 25: Detailed Timing Diagram for Parallel Interface Wolfson Microelectronics 25 WM8144-10 External component recommendations DVDD + 2 2µF C6 + C13 C5 0 . 1µF C7 1 0µF + C14 0 . 1µF 3 3µF C8 DGND 0 . 1µF OP9 OEB SDI/DNA SEN/STB RLC DVDD1 MCLK VSMP CDATA7 SCK/RNW VRLC WM8144-10 OP8 AGND OP7 AVDD VRU OP4 VRB OP3 VRT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0µF 0 . 1µF 22 21 C1 20 1 0µF C2 19 18 0 . 1µF 17 16 15 14 13 C3 0 . 1µF C9 1 0µF C10 0 . 1µF C11 + C16 + C15 10 11 12 23 + DVDD NRESET VRL OP5 ORNG OP6 CC0 48 VMID CC1 47 DGND CC2 46 BINP DV 45 CDATA0 NC 44 GINP NC DGND 43 RINP CDATA1 DVDD2 42 AVDD 24 PNS CDATA2 OP0 41 AGND 1 0µF C12 0 . 1µF DGND AGND Wolfson Microelectronics 26 + 40 OP1 39 CDATA3 OP2 38 CDATA6 37 CDATA5 CDATA4 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 AGND WM8144-10 Package Dimensions 0.27 0.17 0.50 36 0.08 M 25 37 24 48 13 0.13NOM 1 12 5.50TYP Gage Plane 7.002 9.002 0.25 0.05MIN 0o - 7o 1.45 1.35 0.75 0.45 Seating Plane 0.08 1.60MAX 48 Pin TQFP Notes: A . B. C. All linear dimensions are in millimeters This drawing is subject to change without notice. Falls within JEDEC MO-026 Wolfson Microelectronics 27