AD AD9516-1BCPZ

14-Output Clock Generator with
Integrated 2.5 GHz VCO
AD9516-1
APPLICATIONS
Low jitter, low phase noise clock distribution
Clocking high speed ADCs, DACs, DDSs, DDCs, DUCs, MxFEs
High performance wireless transceivers
High performance instrumentation
Broadband infrastructure
ATE
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The AD9516-1 1 provides a multi-output clock distribution
function with subpicosecond jitter performance, along with an onchip PLL and VCO. The on-chip VCO tunes from 2.30 GHz to
2.65 GHz. Optionally, an external VCO/VCXO of up to 2.4 GHz
may be used.
The AD9516-1 emphasizes low jitter and phase noise to
maximize data converter performance and can benefit other
applications with demanding phase noise and jitter requirements.
FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM
CP
REFIN
REF2
LF
STATUS
MONITOR
PLL
REF1
SWITCHOVER
AND MONITOR
Low phase noise, phase-locked loop
On-chip VCO tunes from 2.30 GHz to 2.65 GHz
External VCO/VCXO to 2.4 GHz optional
One differential or two single-ended reference inputs
Reference monitoring capability
Auto and manual reference switchover/holdover modes
Autorecover from holdover
Accepts references to 250 MHz
Programmable delays in path to PFD
Digital or analog lock detect, selectable
3 pairs of 1.6 GHz LVPECL outputs
Each pair shares 1 to 32 dividers with coarse phase delay
Additive output jitter 225 fS rms
Channel-to-channel skew paired outputs <10 ps
2 pairs of 800 MHz LVDS clock outputs
Each pair shares two cascaded 1 to 32 dividers with coarse
phase delay
Additive output jitter 275 fS rms
Fine delay adjust (ΔT) on each LVDS output
Eight 250 MHz CMOS outputs (two per LVDS output)
Automatic synchronization of all outputs on power-up
Manual synchronization of outputs as needed
Serial control port
64-lead LFCSP
VCO
DIVIDER
AND MUXs
CLK
DIV/Φ
LVPECL
DIV/Φ
LVPECL
DIV/Φ
DIV/Φ
DIV/Φ
DIV/Φ
DIV/Φ
LVPECL
ΔT
ΔT
ΔT
ΔT
SERIAL CONTROL PORT
AND
DIGITAL LOGIC
LVDS/CMOS
LVDS/CMOS
OUT0
OUT1
OUT2
OUT3
OUT4
OUT5
OUT6
OUT7
OUT8
OUT9
AD9516-1
06420-001
FEATURES
Figure 1.
The AD9516-1 features six LVPECL outputs (in three pairs);
four LVDS outputs (in two pairs); and eight CMOS outputs
(two per LVDS output). The LVPECL outputs operate to
1.6 GHz, the LVDS outputs operate to 800 MHz, and the CMOS
outputs operate to 250 MHz.
Each pair of outputs has dividers that allow both the divide
ratio and coarse delay (or phase) to be set. The range of division
for the LVPECL outputs is 1 to 32. The LVDS/CMOS outputs
allow a range of divisions up to a maximum of 1024.
The AD9516-1 is available in a 64-lead LFCSP and can be
operated from a single 3.3 V supply. An external VCO, which
requires an extended voltage range, can be accommodated
by connecting the charge pump supply (VCP) to 5.5 V. A
separate LVPECL power supply can be from 2.375 V to 3.6 V.
The AD9516-1 is specified for operation over the industrial
range of −40°C to +85°C.
1
AD9516 is used throughout to refer to all the members of the AD9516
family. However, when AD9516-1 is used, it is referring to that specific
member of the AD9516 family.
Rev. 0
Information furnished by Analog Devices is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no
responsibility is assumed by Analog Devices for its use, nor for any infringements of patents or other
rights of third parties that may result from its use. Specifications subject to change without notice. No
license is granted by implication or otherwise under any patent or patent rights of Analog Devices.
Trademarks and registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
One Technology Way, P.O. Box 9106, Norwood, MA 02062-9106, U.S.A.
Tel: 781.329.4700
www.analog.com
Fax: 781.461.3113
©2007 Analog Devices, Inc. All rights reserved.
AD9516-1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Features .............................................................................................. 1
Clock Distribution or External VCO <1600 MHz ............ 31
Applications....................................................................................... 1
Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) .................................................... 33
General Description ......................................................................... 1
Configuration of the PLL ...................................................... 33
Functional Block Diagram .............................................................. 1
Phase Frequency Detector (PFD) ........................................ 33
Revision History ............................................................................... 3
Charge Pump (CP)................................................................. 34
Specifications..................................................................................... 4
On-Chip VCO ........................................................................ 34
Power Supply Requirements ....................................................... 4
PLL External Loop Filter....................................................... 34
PLL Characteristics ...................................................................... 4
PLL Reference Inputs............................................................. 34
Clock Inputs .................................................................................. 6
Reference Switchover............................................................. 35
Clock Outputs ............................................................................... 6
Reference Divider R............................................................... 35
Timing Characteristics ................................................................ 7
VCXO/VCO Feedback Divider N: P, A, B, R ..................... 35
Clock Output Additive Phase Noise (Distribution Only; VCO
Divider Not Used) ........................................................................ 8
Digital Lock Detect (DLD) ....................................................... 37
Clock Output Absolute Phase Noise (Internal VCO Used).... 9
Current Source Digital Lock Detect (DLD) ....................... 37
Clock Output Absolute Time Jitter (Clock Generation Using
Internal VCO) ............................................................................. 10
External VCXO/VCO Clock Input (CLK/CLK) ................ 37
Clock Output Absolute Time Jitter (Clock Cleanup Using
Internal VCO) ............................................................................. 10
Manual Holdover Mode ........................................................ 38
Analog Lock Detect (ALD)................................................... 37
Holdover.................................................................................. 38
Clock Output Absolute Time Jitter (Clock Generation Using
External VCXO) ......................................................................... 10
Automatic/Internal Holdover Mode.................................... 38
Clock Output Additive Time Jitter (VCO Divider Not Used)
....................................................................................................... 11
VCO Calibration .................................................................... 40
Frequency Status Monitors ................................................... 39
Clock Distribution ..................................................................... 41
Clock Output Additive Time Jitter (VCO Divider Used) ..... 11
Internal VCO or External CLK as Clock Source ............... 41
Delay Block Additive Time Jitter.............................................. 12
CLK or VCO Direct to LVPECL Outputs........................... 41
Serial Control Port ..................................................................... 12
Clock Frequency Division..................................................... 42
PD, SYNC, and RESET Pins ..................................................... 13
VCO Divider........................................................................... 42
LD, STATUS, REFMON Pins.................................................... 13
Channel Dividers—LVPECL Outputs................................. 42
Power Dissipation....................................................................... 14
Channel Dividers—LVDS/CMOS Outputs ........................ 44
Timing Diagrams............................................................................ 15
Synchronizing the Outputs—SYNC Function ................... 47
Absolute Maximum Ratings.......................................................... 16
Clock Outputs......................................................................... 49
Thermal Resistance .................................................................... 16
LVPECL Outputs: OUT0 to OUT5 ..................................... 49
ESD Caution................................................................................ 16
LVDS/CMOS Outputs: OUT6 to OUT9............................. 50
Pin Configuration and Function Descriptions........................... 17
Reset Modes ................................................................................ 50
Typical Performance Characteristics ........................................... 19
Terminology .................................................................................... 25
Power-On Reset—Start-Up Conditions When VS Is
Applied .................................................................................... 50
Detailed Block Diagram ................................................................ 26
Asynchronous Reset via the RESET Pin ............................. 50
Theory of Operation ...................................................................... 27
Soft Reset via 0x00<5> .......................................................... 50
Operational Configurations...................................................... 27
Power-Down Modes .................................................................. 50
High Frequency Clock Distribution—CLK or External
VCO >1600 MHz ................................................................... 27
Chip Power-Down via PD .................................................... 50
Internal VCO and Clock Distribution................................. 29
Rev. 0 | Page 2 of 84
PLL Power-Down................................................................... 51
Distribution Power-Down .................................................... 51
AD9516-1
Individual Clock Output Power-Down................................51
Register Map Overview ..................................................................56
Individual Circuit Block Power-Down ................................51
Register Map Descriptions.............................................................60
Serial Control Port ..........................................................................52
Application Notes............................................................................79
Serial Control Port Pin Descriptions........................................52
Using the AD9516 Outputs for ADC Clock Applications ....79
General Operation of Serial Control Port ...............................52
LVPECL Clock Distribution......................................................79
Communication Cycle—Instruction Plus Data..................52
LVDS Clock Distribution...........................................................79
Write .........................................................................................52
CMOS Clock Distribution.........................................................80
Read ..........................................................................................53
Outline Dimensions........................................................................81
The Instruction Word (16 Bits).................................................53
Ordering Guide ...........................................................................81
MSB/LSB First Transfers ............................................................53
REVISION HISTORY
4/07—Revision 0: Initial Version
Rev. 0 | Page 3 of 84
AD9516-1
SPECIFICATIONS
Typical (typ) is given for VS = VS_LVPECL = 3.3 V ± 5%; VS ≤ VCP ≤ 5.25 V; TA = 25°C; RSET = 4.12 kΩ; CPRSET = 5.1 kΩ,
unless otherwise noted. Minimum (min) and maximum (max) values are given over full VS and TA (−40°C to +85°C) variation.
POWER SUPPLY REQUIREMENTS
Table 1.
Parameter
VS
VS_LVPECL
VCP
RSET Pin Resistor
CPRSET Pin Resistor
Min
3.135
2.375
VS
BYPASS Pin Capacitor
Typ
3.3
Max
3.465
VS
5.25
4.12
5.1
Unit
V
V
V
kΩ
kΩ
220
nF
Test Conditions/Comments
This is 3.3 V ± 5%
This is nominally 2.5 V to 3.3 V ± 5%
This is nominally 3.3 V to 5.0 V ± 5%
Sets internal biasing currents; connect to ground
Sets internal CP current range, nominally 4.8 mA (CP_lsb = 600 μA);
actual current can be calculated by: CP_lsb = 3.06/CPRSET; connect to ground
Bypass for internal LDO regulator; necessary for LDO stability; connect to ground
PLL CHARACTERISTICS
Table 2.
Parameter
VCO (ON-CHIP)
Frequency Range
VCO Gain (KVCO)
Tuning Voltage (VT)
Min
2300
0.5
Unit
Test Conditions/Comments
2650
MHz
MHz/V
V
See Figure 15
See Figure 10
VCP ≤ VS when using internal VCO; outside of this
range, the CP spurs may increase due to CP up/
down mismatch
VCP − 0.5
1
−105
−124
0
Input Sensitivity
Self-Bias Voltage, REFIN
Self-Bias Voltage, REFIN
Input Resistance, REFIN
Input Resistance, REFIN
Dual Single-Ended Mode (REF1, REF2)
Input Frequency (AC-Coupled)
Input Frequency (DC-Coupled)
Input Sensitivity (AC-Coupled)
Input Logic High
Input Logic Low
Input Current
Input Capacitance
Max
50
Frequency Pushing (Open-Loop)
Phase Noise @ 100 kHz Offset
Phase Noise @ 1 MHz Offset
REFERENCE INPUTS
Differential Mode (REFIN, REFIN)
Input Frequency
Typ
MHz/V
dBc/Hz
dBc/Hz
250
250
1.35
1.30
4.0
4.4
1.60
1.50
4.8
5.3
20
0
mV p-p
1.75
1.60
5.9
6.4
V
V
kΩ
kΩ
250
250
MHz
MHz
V p-p
V
V
μA
pF
0.8
2.0
0.8
+100
−100
2
MHz
Rev. 0 | Page 4 of 84
f = 2475 MHz
f = 2475 MHz
Differential mode (can accommodate singleended input by ac grounding undriven input)
Frequencies below about 1 MHz should be
dc-coupled; be careful to match VCM (self-bias voltage)
PLL figure of merit will increase with increasing
slew rate; see Figure 14
Self-bias voltage of REFIN 1
Self-bias voltage of REFIN1
Self-biased1
Self-biased1
Two single-ended CMOS-compatible inputs
Slew rate > 50 V/μs
Slew rate > 50 V/μs; CMOS levels
Should not exceed VS p-p
Each pin, REFIN/REFIN (REF1/REF2)
AD9516-1
Parameter
PHASE/FREQUENCY DETECTOR (PFD)
PFD Input Frequency
Antibacklash Pulse Width
CHARGE PUMP (CP)
ICP Sink/Source
High Value
Low Value
Absolute Accuracy
CPRSET Range
ICP High Impedance Mode Leakage
Sink-and-Source Current Matching
ICP vs. CPV
ICP vs. Temperature
PRESCALER (PART OF N DIVIDER)
Prescaler Input Frequency
P = 1 FD
P = 2 FD
P = 3 FD
P = 2 DM (2/3)
P = 4 DM (4/5)
P = 8 DM (8/9)
P = 16 DM (16/17)
P = 32 DM (32/33)
Prescaler Output Frequency
PLL DIVIDER DELAYS
000
001
010
011
100
101
110
111
NOISE CHARACTERISTICS
In-Band Phase Noise of the Charge
Pump/Phase Frequency Detector
(In-Band Means Within the LBW
of the PLL)
@ 500 kHz PFD Frequency
@ 1 MHz PFD Frequency
@ 10 MHz PFD Frequency
@ 50 MHz PFD Frequency
PLL Figure of Merit (FOM)
Min
Typ
Max
Unit
Test Conditions/Comments
100
45
1.3
2.9
6.0
MHz
MHz
ns
ns
ns
Antibacklash pulse width = 1.3 ns, 2.9 ns
Antibacklash pulse width = 6.0 ns
0x17<1:0> = 01b
0x17<1:0> = 00b; 0x17<1:0> = 11b
0x17<1:0> = 10b
4.8
0.60
2.5
2.7/10
1
2
1.5
2
mA
mA
%
kΩ
nA
%
%
%
300
600
900
600
1000
2400
3000
3000
300
Off
330
440
550
660
770
880
990
MHz
MHz
MHz
MHz
MHz
MHz
MHz
MHz
MHz
Programmable
With CPRSET = 5.1 kΩ
CPV = VCP/2
0.5 < CPV < VCP − 0.5 V
0.5 < CPV < VCP − 0.5 V
CPV = VCP/2 V
A, B counter input frequency (prescaler
input frequency divided by P)
Register 0x19: R <5:3>, N <2:0>; see Table 53
ps
ps
ps
ps
ps
ps
ps
ps
The PLL in-band phase noise floor is estimated
by measuring the in-band phase noise at the
output of the VCO and subtracting 20log(N)
(where N is the value of the N divider)
−165
−162
−151
−143
−220
dBc/Hz
dBc/Hz
dBc/Hz
dBc/Hz
dBc/Hz
Rev. 0 | Page 5 of 84
Reference slew rate > 0.25 V/ns. FOM +10log (fPFD)
is an approximation of the PFD/CP in-band
phase noise (in the flat region) inside the PLL
loop bandwidth. When running closed loop,
the phase noise, as observed at the VCO output,
is increased by 20log(N)
AD9516-1
Parameter
PLL DIGITAL LOCK DETECT WINDOW 2
Min
Typ
Required to Lock (Coincidence of Edges)
Low Range (ABP 1.3 ns, 2.9 ns)
High Range (ABP 1.3 ns, 2.9 ns)
High Range (ABP 6 ns)
To Unlock After Lock (Hysteresis)2
Low Range (ABP 1.3 ns, 2.9 ns)
High Range (ABP 1.3 ns, 2.9 ns)
High Range (ABP 6 ns)
1
2
Max
Unit
3.5
7.5
3.5
ns
ns
ns
Test Conditions/Comments
Signal available at LD, STATUS, and REFMON pins
when selected by appropriate register settings
Selected by 0x17<1:0> and 0x18<4>
0x17<1:0> = 00b, 01b,11b; 0x18<4> = 1b
0x17<1:0> = 00b, 01b, 11b; 0x18<4> = 0b
0x17<1:0> = 10b; 0x18<4> = 0b
7
15
11
ns
ns
ns
0x17<1:0> = 00b, 01b, 11b; 0x18<4> = 1b
0x17<1:0> = 00b, 01b, 11b; 0x18<4> = 0b
0x17<1:0> = 10b; 0x18<4> = 0b
REFIN and REFIN self-bias points are offset slightly to avoid chatter on an open input condition.
For reliable operation of the digital lock detect, the period of the PFD frequency must be greater than the unlock-after-lock time.
CLOCK INPUTS
Table 3.
Parameter
CLOCK INPUTS (CLK, CLK)
Input Frequency
Min
Typ
01
01
Input Sensitivity, Differential
1
Unit
2.4
1.6
GHz
GHz
mV p-p
2
V p-p
1.8
1.8
V
V
mV p-p
kΩ
pF
150
Input Level, Differential
Input Common-Mode Voltage, VCM
Input Common-Mode Range, VCMR
Input Sensitivity, Single-Ended
Input Resistance
Input Capacitance
Max
1.3
1.3
3.9
1.57
150
4.7
2
5.7
Test Conditions/Comments
Differential input
High frequency distribution (VCO divider)
Distribution only (VCO divider bypassed)
Measured at 2.4 GHz. Jitter performance is improved
with slew rates > 1 V/ns
Larger voltage swings may turn on the protection
diodes and can degrade jitter performance
Self-biased; enables ac coupling
With 200 mV p-p signal applied; dc-coupled
CLK ac-coupled; CLK ac-bypassed to RF ground
Self-biased
Below about 1 MHz, the input should be dc-coupled. Care should be taken to match VCM.
CLOCK OUTPUTS
Table 4.
Parameter
LVPECL CLOCK OUTPUTS
OUT0, OUT1, OUT2, OUT3, OUT4, OUT5
Output Frequency, Maximum
Output High Voltage (VOH)
Output Low Voltage (VOL)
Output Differential Voltage (VOD)
LVDS CLOCK OUTPUTS
OUT6, OUT7, OUT8, OUT9
Output Frequency
Differential Output Voltage (VOD)
Delta VOD
Output Offset Voltage (VOS)
Delta VOS
Short-Circuit Current (ISA, ISB)
Min
Typ
Max
Unit
2950
VS − 1.12
VS − 2.03
550
VS − 0.98
VS − 1.77
790
VS − 0.84
VS − 1.49
980
MHz
V
V
mV
247
360
1.125
1.24
14
800
454
25
1.375
25
24
Rev. 0 | Page 6 of 84
MHz
mV
mV
V
mV
mA
Test Conditions/Comments
Termination = 50 Ω to VS − 2 V
Differential (OUT, OUT)
Using direct to output; see Figure 25
Differential termination 100 Ω @ 3.5 mA
Differential (OUT, OUT)
See Figure 26
Output shorted to GND
AD9516-1
Parameter
CMOS CLOCK OUTPUTS
OUT6A, OUT6B, OUT7A, OUT7B, OUT8A,
OUT8B, OUT9A, OUT9B
Output Frequency
Output Voltage High (VOH)
Output Voltage Low (VOL)
Min
Typ
Max
Unit
Test Conditions/Comments
Single-ended; termination = 10 pF
250
MHz
V
V
VS − 0.1
0.1
see Figure 27
@ 1 mA load
@ 1 mA load
TIMING CHARACTERISTICS
Table 5.
Parameter
LVPECL
Output Rise Time, tRP
Output Fall Time, tFP
PROPAGATION DELAY, tPECL, CLK-TO-LVPECL OUTPUT
High Frequency Clock Distribution Configuration
Clock Distribution Configuration
Variation with Temperature
OUTPUT SKEW, LVPECL OUTPUTS 1
LVPECL Outputs That Share the Same Divider
LVPECL Outputs on Different Dividers
All LVPECL Outputs Across Multiple Parts
LVDS
Output Rise Time, tRL
Output Fall Time, tFL
PROPAGATION DELAY, tLVDS, CLK-TO-LVDS OUTPUT
OUT6, OUT7, OUT8, OUT9
For All Divide Values
Variation with Temperature
OUTPUT SKEW, LVDS OUTPUTS1
LVDS Outputs That Share the Same Divider
LVDS Outputs on Different Dividers
All LVDS Outputs Across Multiple Parts
CMOS
Output Rise Time, tRC
Output Fall Time, tFC
PROPAGATION DELAY, tCMOS, CLK-TO-CMOS OUTPUT
For All Divide Values
Variation with Temperature
OUTPUT SKEW, CMOS OUTPUTS1
CMOS Outputs That Share the Same Divider
All CMOS Outputs on Different Dividers
All CMOS Outputs Across Multiple Parts
DELAY ADJUST 3
Shortest Delay Range 4
Zero Scale
Full Scale
Longest Delay Range4
Zero Scale
Quarter Scale
Full Scale
Min
835
773
1.4
Typ
Max
Unit
70
70
180
180
ps
ps
995
933
0.8
1180
1090
ps
ps
ps/°C
5
13
15
40
220
ps
ps
ps
170
160
350
350
ps
ps
1.8
1.25
2.1
ns
ps/°C
6
25
62
150
430
ps
ps
ps
495
475
1000
985
ps
ps
2.1
2.6
2.6
ns
ps/°C
Test Conditions/Comments
Termination = 50 Ω to VS − 2 V; level = 810 mV
20% to 80%, measured differentially
80% to 20%, measured differentially
See Figure 42
See Figure 44
Termination = 100 Ω differential; 3.5 mA
20% to 80%, measured differentially 2
20% to 80%, measured differentially2
Delay off on all outputs
Delay off on all outputs
1.6
Termination = open
20% to 80%; CLOAD = 10 pF
80% to 20%; CLOAD = 10 pF
Fine delay off
Fine delay off
4
28
66
180
675
ps
ps
ps
50
540
315
880
680
1180
ps
ps
200
1.72
5.7
570
2.31
8.0
950
2.89
10.1
ps
ns
ns
Rev. 0 | Page 7 of 84
LVDS and CMOS
0xA1 (0xA4) (0xA7) (0xAA) <5:0> 101111b
0xA2 (0xA5) (0xA8) (0xAB) <5:0> 000000b
0xA2 (0xA5) (0xA8) (0xAB) <5:0> 101111b
0xA1 (0xA4) (0xA7) (0xAA) <5:0> 000000b
0xA2 (0xA5) (0xA8) (0xAB) <5:0> 000000b
0xA2 (0xA5) (0xA8) (0xAB) <5:0> 001100b
0xA2 (0xA5) (0xA8) (0xAB) <5:0> 101111b
AD9516-1
Parameter
Delay Variation with Temperature
Short Delay Range5
Zero Scale
Full Scale
Long Delay Range 5
Zero Scale
Full Scale
Min
Typ
Max
Unit
0.23
−0.02
ps/°C
ps/°C
0.3
0.24
ps/°C
ps/°C
Test Conditions/Comments
1
This is the difference between any two similar delay paths while operating at the same voltage and temperature.
Corresponding CMOS drivers set to A for noninverting and B for inverting.
The maximum delay that can be used is a little less than one-half the period of the clock. A longer delay disables the output.
4
Incremental delay; does not include propagation delay.
5
All delays between zero scale and full scale can be estimated by linear interpolation.
2
3
CLOCK OUTPUT ADDITIVE PHASE NOISE (DISTRIBUTION ONLY; VCO DIVIDER NOT USED)
Table 6.
Parameter
CLK-TO-LVPECL ADDITIVE PHASE NOISE
CLK = 1 GHz, OUTPUT = 1 GHz
Divider = 1
@ 10 Hz Offset
@ 100 Hz Offset
@ 1 kHz Offset
@ 10 kHz Offset
@ 100 kHz Offset
@ 1 MHz Offset
@ 10 MHz Offset
@ 100 MHz Offset
CLK = 1 GHz, OUTPUT = 200 MHz
Divider = 5
@ 10 Hz Offset
@ 100 Hz Offset
@ 1 kHz Offset
@ 10 kHz Offset
@ 100 kHz Offset
@ 1 MHz Offset
>10 MHz Offset
CLK-TO-LVDS ADDITIVE PHASE NOISE
CLK = 1.6 GHz, OUTPUT = 800 MHz
Divider = 2
@ 10 Hz Offset
@ 100 Hz Offset
@ 1 kHz Offset
@ 10 kHz Offset
@ 100 kHz Offset
@ 1 MHz Offset
@ 10 MHz Offset
@ 100 MHz Offset
Min
Typ
Max
−109
−118
−130
−139
−144
−146
−147
−149
Unit
Test Conditions/Comments
Distribution section only; does not
include PLL and VCO
Input slew rate > 1 V/ns
dBc/Hz
dBc/Hz
dBc/Hz
dBc/Hz
dBc/Hz
dBc/Hz
dBc/Hz
dBc/Hz
Input slew rate > 1 V/ns
−120
−126
−139
−150
−155
−157
−157
dBc/Hz
dBc/Hz
dBc/Hz
dBc/Hz
dBc/Hz
dBc/Hz
dBc/Hz
Distribution section only; does not
include PLL and VCO
Input slew rate > 1 V/ns
−103
−110
−120
−127
−133
−138
−147
−149
Rev. 0 | Page 8 of 84
dBc/Hz
dBc/Hz
dBc/Hz
dBc/Hz
dBc/Hz
dBc/Hz
dBc/Hz
dBc/Hz
AD9516-1
Parameter
CLK = 1.6 GHz, OUTPUT = 400 MHz
Divider = 4
@ 10 Hz Offset
@ 100 Hz Offset
@ 1 kHz Offset
@ 10 kHz Offset
@ 100 kHz Offset
@ 1 MHz Offset
>10 MHz Offset
CLK-TO-CMOS ADDITIVE PHASE NOISE
Min
Typ
Max
−114
−122
−132
−140
−146
−150
−155
Unit
Test Conditions/Comments
Input slew rate > 1 V/ns
dBc/Hz
dBc/Hz
dBc/Hz
dBc/Hz
dBc/Hz
dBc/Hz
dBc/Hz
Distribution section only; does not
include PLL and VCO
Input slew rate > 1 V/ns
CLK = 1 GHz, OUTPUT = 250 MHz
Divider = 4
@ 10 Hz Offset
@ 100 Hz Offset
@ 1 kHz Offset
@ 10 kHz Offset
@ 100 kHz Offset
@ 1 MHz Offset
>10 MHz Offset
CLK = 1 GHz, OUTPUT = 50 MHz
Divider = 20
@ 10 Hz Offset
@ 100 Hz Offset
@ 1 kHz Offset
@ 10 kHz Offset
@ 100 kHz Offset
@ 1 MHz Offset
>10 MHz Offset
−110
−120
−127
−136
−144
−147
−154
dBc/Hz
dBc/Hz
dBc/Hz
dBc/Hz
dBc/Hz
dBc/Hz
dBc/Hz
Input slew rate > 1 V/ns
−124
−134
−142
−151
−157
−160
−163
dBc/Hz
dBc/Hz
dBc/Hz
dBc/Hz
dBc/Hz
dBc/Hz
dBc/Hz
CLOCK OUTPUT ABSOLUTE PHASE NOISE (INTERNAL VCO USED)
Table 7.
Parameter
LVPECL ABSOLUTE PHASE NOISE
VCO = 2.65 GHz; OUTPUT = 2.65 GHz
@ 1 kHz Offset
@ 10 kHz Offset
@ 100 kHz Offset
@ 1 MHz Offset
@ 10 MHz Offset
@ 40 MHz Offset
VCO = 2.475 GHz; OUTPUT = 2.475 GHz
@ 1 kHz Offset
@ 10 kHz Offset
@ 100 kHz Offset
@ 1 MHz Offset
@ 10 MHz Offset
@ 40 MHz Offset
Min
Typ
Max
Unit
−46
−76
−104
−123
−140
−146
dBc/Hz
dBc/Hz
dBc/Hz
dBc/Hz
dBc/Hz
dBc/Hz
−47
−77
−105
−124
−141
−146
dBc/Hz
dBc/Hz
dBc/Hz
dBc/Hz
dBc/Hz
dBc/Hz
Rev. 0 | Page 9 of 84
Test Conditions/Comments
Internal VCO; direct to LVPECL output
AD9516-1
Parameter
VCO = 2.3 GHz; OUTPUT = 2.3 GHz
@ 1 kHz Offset
@ 10 kHz Offset
@ 100 kHz Offset
@ 1 MHz Offset
@ 10 MHz Offset
@ 40 MHz Offset
Min
Typ
Max
−54
−78
−106
−125
−141
−146
Unit
Test Conditions/Comments
dBc/Hz
dBc/Hz
dBc/Hz
dBc/Hz
dBc/Hz
dBc/Hz
CLOCK OUTPUT ABSOLUTE TIME JITTER (CLOCK GENERATION USING INTERNAL VCO)
Table 8.
Parameter
LVPECL OUTPUT ABSOLUTE TIME JITTER
Min
VCO = 2.46 GHz; LVPECL = 491.52 MHz; PLL LBW = 55 kHz
Typ
Max
142
370
145
356
195
402
VCO = 2.46 GHz; LVPECL = 122.88 MHz; PLL LBW = 55 kHz
VCO = 2.46 GHz; LVPECL = 61.44 MHz; PLL LBW = 55 kHz
Unit
fS rms
fS rms
fS rms
fS rms
fS rms
fS rms
Test Conditions/Comments
Application example based on a typical
setup where the reference source is
clean, so a wider PLL loop bandwidth is
used; reference = 15.36 MHz; R = 1
Integration BW = 200 kHz to 10 MHz
Integration BW = 12 kHz to 20 MHz
Integration BW = 200 kHz to 10 MHz
Integration BW = 12 kHz to 20 MHz
Integration BW = 200 kHz to 10 MHz
Integration BW = 12 kHz to 20 MHz
CLOCK OUTPUT ABSOLUTE TIME JITTER (CLOCK CLEANUP USING INTERNAL VCO)
Table 9.
Parameter
LVPECL OUTPUT ABSOLUTE TIME JITTER
Min
VCO = 2.49 GHz; LVPECL = 622.08 MHz; PLL LBW = 125 Hz
VCO = 2.49 GHz; LVPECL = 155.52 MHz; PLL LBW = 125 Hz
VCO = 2.46 GHz; LVPECL = 122.88 MHz; PLL LBW = 125 Hz
Typ
745
712
700
Max
Unit
fS rms
fS rms
fS rms
Test Conditions/Comments
Application example based on a typical
setup where the reference source is
jittery, so a narrower PLL loop bandwidth
is used; reference = 10.0 MHz; R = 20
Integration BW = 12 kHz to 20 MHz
Integration BW = 12 kHz to 20 MHz
Integration BW = 12 kHz to 20 MHz
CLOCK OUTPUT ABSOLUTE TIME JITTER (CLOCK GENERATION USING EXTERNAL VCXO)
Table 10.
Parameter
LVPECL OUTPUT ABSOLUTE TIME JITTER
LVPECL = 245.76 MHz; PLL LBW = 125 Hz
LVPECL = 122.88 MHz; PLL LBW = 125 Hz
LVPECL = 61.44 MHz; PLL LBW = 125 Hz
Min
Typ
54
77
109
79
114
163
124
176
259
Max
Unit
fS rms
fS rms
fS rms
fS rms
fS rms
fS rms
fS rms
fS rms
fS rms
Rev. 0 | Page 10 of 84
Test Conditions/Comments
Application example based on a typical setup using an
external 245.76 MHz VCXO (Toyocom TCO-2112);
reference = 15.36 MHz; R = 1
Integration BW = 200 kHz to 5 MHz
Integration BW = 200 kHz to 10 MHz
Integration BW = 12 kHz to 20 MHz
Integration BW = 200 kHz to 5 MHz
Integration BW = 200 kHz to 10 MHz
Integration BW = 12 kHz to 20 MHz
Integration BW = 200 kHz to 5 MHz
Integration BW = 200 kHz to 10 MHz
Integration BW = 12 kHz to 20 MHz
AD9516-1
CLOCK OUTPUT ADDITIVE TIME JITTER (VCO DIVIDER NOT USED)
Table 11.
Parameter
LVPECL OUTPUT ADDITIVE TIME JITTER
Min
Typ
Max
Unit
CLK = 622.08 MHz; LVPECL = 622.08 MHz; Divider = 1
CLK = 622.08 MHz; LVPECL = 155.52 MHz; Divider = 4
CLK = 1.6 GHz; LVPECL = 100 MHz; Divider = 16
40
80
215
fS rms
fS rms
fS rms
CLK = 500 MHz; LVPECL = 100 MHz; Divider = 5
245
fS rms
85
113
280
fS rms
fS rms
fS rms
365
fS rms
LVDS OUTPUT ADDITIVE TIME JITTER
CLK = 1.6 GHz; LVDS = 800 MHz; Divider = 2; VCO Divider Not Used
CLK = 1 GHz; LVDS = 200 MHz; Divider = 5
CLK = 1.6 GHz; LVDS= 100 MHz; Divider = 16
CMOS OUTPUT ADDITIVE TIME JITTER
CLK = 1.6 GHz; CMOS = 100 MHz; Divider = 16
Test Conditions/Comments
Distribution section only; does not
include PLL and VCO; uses rising edge
of clock signal
BW = 12 kHz to 20 MHz
BW = 12 kHz to 20 MHz
Calculated from SNR of ADC method.
DCC not used for even divides
Calculated from SNR of ADC method.
DCC on
Distribution section only; does not
include PLL and VCO; uses rising edge
of clock signal
BW = 12 kHz to 20 MHz
BW = 12 kHz to 20 MHz
Calculated from SNR of ADC method.
DCC not used for even divides
Distribution section only; does not
include PLL and VCO; uses rising edge
of clock signal
Calculated from SNR of ADC method.
DCC not used for even divides
CLOCK OUTPUT ADDITIVE TIME JITTER (VCO DIVIDER USED)
Table 12.
Parameter
LVPECL OUTPUT ADDITIVE TIME JITTER
Min
Typ
CLK = 2.4 GHz; VCO Div = 2; LVPECL = 100 MHz;
Divider = 12; Duty-Cycle Correction = Off
LVDS OUTPUT ADDITIVE TIME JITTER
210
CLK = 2.4 GHz; VCO Div = 2; LVDS = 100 MHz;
Divider = 12; Duty-Cycle Correction = Off
CMOS OUTPUT ADDITIVE TIME JITTER
285
CLK = 2.4 GHz; VCO Div = 2; CMOS = 100 MHz;
Divider = 12; Duty-Cycle Correction = Off
350
Max
Unit
fS rms
Test Conditions/Comments
Distribution section only; does not include PLL and VCO;
uses rising edge of clock signal
Calculated from SNR of ADC method
fS rms
Distribution section only; does not include PLL and VCO;
uses rising edge of clock signal
Calculated from SNR of ADC method
fS rms
Distribution section only; does not include PLL and VCO;
uses rising edge of clock signal
Calculated from SNR of ADC method
Rev. 0 | Page 11 of 84
AD9516-1
DELAY BLOCK ADDITIVE TIME JITTER
Table 13.
Parameter
DELAY BLOCK ADDITIVE TIME JITTER 1
100 MHz Output
Delay (1600 μA, 1C) Fine Adj. 000000
Delay (1600 μA, 1C) Fine Adj. 101111
Delay (800 μA, 1C) Fine Adj. 000000
Delay (800 μA, 1C) Fine Adj. 101111
Delay (800 μA, 4C) Fine Adj. 000000
Delay (800 μA, 4C) Fine Adj. 101111
Delay (400 μA, 4C) Fine Adj. 000000
Delay (400 μA, 4C) Fine Adj. 101111
Delay (200 μA, 1C) Fine Adj. 000000
Delay (200 μA, 1C) Fine Adj. 101111
Delay (200 μA, 4C) Fine Adj. 000000
Delay (200 μA, 4C) Fine Adj. 101111
1
Min
Typ
Max
0.54
0.60
0.65
0.85
0.79
1.2
1.2
2.0
1.3
2.5
1.9
3.8
Unit
Test Conditions/Comments
Incremental additive jitter
ps rms
ps rms
ps rms
ps rms
ps rms
ps rms
ps rms
ps rms
ps rms
ps rms
ps rms
ps rms
This value is incremental. That is, it is in addition to the jitter of the LVDS or CMOS output without the delay. To estimate the total jitter, the LVDS or CMOS output jitter
should be added to this value using the root sum of squares (RSS) method.
SERIAL CONTROL PORT
Table 14.
Parameter
CS (INPUT)
Input Logic 1 Voltage
Input Logic 0 Voltage
Input Logic 1 Current
Input Logic 0 Current
Input Capacitance
SCLK (INPUT)
Input Logic 1 Voltage
Input Logic 0 Voltage
Input Logic 1 Current
Input Logic 0 Current
Input Capacitance
SDIO (WHEN INPUT)
Input Logic 1 Voltage
Input Logic 0 Voltage
Input Logic 1 Current
Input Logic 0 Current
Input Capacitance
SDIO, SDO (OUTPUTS)
Output Logic 1 Voltage
Output Logic 0 Voltage
Min
Typ
Max
2.0
0.8
3
110
2
Unit
Test Conditions/Comments
CS has an internal 30 kΩ pull-up resistor
V
V
μA
μA
pF
SCLK has an internal 30 kΩ pull-down resistor
2.0
0.8
110
1
2
2.0
0.8
10
20
2
2.7
0.4
V
V
μA
μA
pF
V
V
nA
nA
pF
V
V
Rev. 0 | Page 12 of 84
AD9516-1
Parameter
TIMING
Clock Rate (SCLK, 1/tSCLK)
Pulse Width High, tHI
Pulse Width Low, tLO
SDIO to SCLK Setup, tDS
SCLK to SDIO Hold, tDH
SCLK to Valid SDIO and SDO, tDV
CS to SCLK Setup and Hold, tS, tH
CS Minimum Pulse Width High, tPWH
Min
Typ
Max
Unit
25
MHz
ns
ns
ns
ns
ns
ns
ns
16
16
2
1.1
8
2
3
Test Conditions/Comments
PD, SYNC, AND RESET PINS
Table 15.
Parameter
INPUT CHARACTERISTICS
Logic 1 Voltage
Logic 0 Voltage
Logic 1 Current
Logic 0 Current
Capacitance
RESET TIMING
Pulse Width Low
SYNC TIMING
Pulse Width Low
Min
Typ
Max
2.0
0.8
110
1
2
Unit
Test Conditions/Comments
These pins each have a 30 kΩ internal pull-up resistor
V
V
μA
μA
pF
50
ns
1.5
High speed clock cycles
High speed clock is CLK input signal
LD, STATUS, REFMON PINS
Table 16.
Parameter
OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS
Min
Output Voltage High (VOH)
Output Voltage Low (VOL)
MAXIMUM TOGGLE RATE
2.7
Max
Unit
0.4
100
V
V
MHz
3
pF
On-chip capacitance; used to calculate RC time constant
for analog lock detect readback; use a pull-up resistor
1.02
MHz
8
kHz
Frequency above which the monitor always indicates the
presence of the reference
Frequency above which the monitor always indicates the
presence of the reference
ANALOG LOCK DETECT
Capacitance
REF1, REF2, AND VCO FREQUENCY STATUS MONITOR
Normal Range
Extended Range (REF1 and REF2 Only)
LD PIN COMPARATOR
Trip Point
Hysteresis
Typ
1.6
260
V
mV
Rev. 0 | Page 13 of 84
Test Conditions/Comments
When selected as a digital output (CMOS); there are other
modes in which these pins are not CMOS digital outputs;
see Table 53, 0x17, 0x1A, and 0x1B
Applies when mux is set to any divider or counter output
or PFD up/down pulse; also applies in analog lock detect
mode; usually only debug mode; beware that spurs may
couple to output when any of these pins are toggling
AD9516-1
POWER DISSIPATION
Table 17.
Parameter
POWER DISSIPATION, CHIP
Power-On Default
Typ
Max
Unit
Test Conditions/Comments
1.0
1.2
W
Full Operation; CMOS Outputs at 206 MHz
1.6
2.2
W
Full Operation; LVDS Outputs at 206 MHz
1.6
2.3
W
PD Power-Down
75
185
mW
PD Power-Down, Maximum Sleep
31
mW
1.5
mW
30
20
4
mW
mW
mW
70
75
30
160
90
120
50
100
0
30
50
mW
mW
mW
mW
mW
mW
mW
mW
mW
mW
mW
No clock; no programming; default register values;
does not include power dissipated in external resistors
PLL on; internal VCO = 2476 MHz; VCO divider = 2;
all channel dividers on; six LVPECL outputs @ 619 MHz;
eight CMOS outputs (10 pF load) @ 206 MHz; all fine
delay on, maximum current; does not include power
dissipated in external resistors
PLL on; internal VCO = 2476 MHz, VCO divider = 2;
all channel dividers on; six LVPECL outputs @ 619 MHz;
four LVDS outputs @ 206 MHz; all fine delay on,
maximum current; does not include power dissipated
in external resistors
PD pin pulled low; does not include power dissipated
in terminations
PD pin pulled low; PLL power-down 0x10<1:0> = 01b;
SYNC power-down 0x230<2> = 1b; REF for distribution
power-down 0x230<1> = 1b
PLL operating; typical closed loop configuration
Power delta when a function is enabled/disabled
VCO divider not used
All references off to differential reference enabled
All references off to REF1 or REF2 enabled; differential
reference not enabled
CLK input selected to VCO selected
PLL off to PLL on, normal operation; no reference enabled
Divider bypassed to divide-by-2 to 32
No LVPECL output on to one LVPECL output on
Second LVPECL output turned on, same channel
No LVDS output on to one LVDS output on
Second LVDS output turned on, same channel
Static; no CMOS output on to one CMOS output on
Static; second CMOS output, same pair, turned on
Static; first output, second pair, turned on
Delay block off to delay block enabled; maximum
current setting
VCP Supply
POWER DELTAS, INDIVIDUAL FUNCTIONS
VCO Divider
REFIN (Differential)
REF1, REF2 (Single-Ended)
VCO
PLL
Channel Divider
LVPECL Channel (Divider Plus Output Driver)
LVPECL Driver
LVDS Channel (Divider Plus Output Driver)
LVDS Driver
CMOS Channel (Divider Plus Output Driver)
CMOS Driver (Second in Pair)
CMOS Driver (First in Second Pair)
Fine Delay Block
Min
Rev. 0 | Page 14 of 84
AD9516-1
TIMING DIAGRAMS
tCLK
CLK
DIFFERENTIAL
tPECL
80%
LVDS
tRL
06420-060
tCMOS
tFL
06420-062
20%
tLVDS
Figure 4. LVDS Timing, Differential
Figure 2. CLK/CLK to Clock Output Timing, DIV = 1
DIFFERENTIAL
SINGLE-ENDED
80%
80%
LVPECL
CMOS
10pF LOAD
20%
tFP
tRC
tFC
Figure 5. CMOS Timing, Single-Ended, 10 pF Load
Figure 3. LVPECL Timing, Differential
Rev. 0 | Page 15 of 84
06420-063
tRP
06420-061
20%
AD9516-1
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS
Table 18.
Parameter or Pin
VS, VS_LVPECL
VCP
REFIN, REFIN
REFIN
RSET
CPRSET
CLK, CLK
CLK
SCLK, SDIO, SDO, CS
OUT0, OUT0, OUT1,
OUT1, OUT2, OUT2,
OUT3, OUT3, OUT4,
OUT4, OUT5, OUT5,
OUT6, OUT6, OUT7, OUT7,
OUT8, OUT8, OUT9, OUT9
SYNC
REFMON, STATUS, LD
Junction Temperature1
Storage Temperature
Range
Lead Temperature (10 sec)
1
With
Respect to
GND
GND
GND
REFIN
GND
GND
GND
CLK
GND
GND
Rating
−0.3 V to +3.6 V
−0.3 V to +5.8 V
−0.3 V to VS + 0.3 V
−3.3 V to +3.3 V
−0.3 V to VS + 0.3 V
−0.3 V to VS + 0.3 V
−0.3 V to VS + 0.3 V
−1.2 V to +1.2 V
−0.3 V to VS + 0.3 V
−0.3 V to VS + 0.3 V
Stresses above those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings
may cause permanent damage to the device. This is a stress
rating only; functional operation of the device at these or any
other conditions above those indicated in the operational
section of this specification is not implied. Exposure to absolute
maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect
device reliability.
THERMAL RESISTANCE
Table 19.
Package Type1
64-Lead LFCSP
1
Unit
°C/W
Thermal impedance measurements were taken on a 4-layer board in still air
in accordance with EIA/JESD51-7.
ESD CAUTION
GND
GND
θJA
24
−0.3 V to VS + 0.3 V
−0.3 V to VS + 0.3 V
150°C
−65°C to +150°C
300°C
See Table 19 for θJA.
Rev. 0 | Page 16 of 84
AD9516-1
PIN 1
INDICATOR
AD9516-1
TOP VIEW
(Not to Scale)
LVPECL LVPECL
LVDS/CMOS
w/FINE DELAY ADJUST
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
LVDS/CMOS
w/FINE DELAY ADJUST
LVPECL LVPECL
VS
REFMON
LD
VCP
CP
STATUS
REF_SEL
SYNC
LF
BYPASS
VS
VS
CLK
CLK
NC
SCLK
LVPECL LVPECL
64
63
62
61
60
59
58
57
56
55
54
53
52
51
50
49
REFIN (REF1)
REFIN (REF2)
CPRSET
VS
VS
GND
RSET
VS
OUT0
OUT0
VS_LVPECL
OUT1
OUT1
VS
VS
VS
PIN CONFIGURATION AND FUNCTION DESCRIPTIONS
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
OUT6 (OUT6A)
OUT6 (OUT6B)
OUT7 (OUT7A)
OUT7 (OUT7B)
GND
OUT2
OUT2
VS_LVPECL
OUT3
OUT3
VS
GND
OUT9 (OUT9B)
OUT9 (OUT9A)
OUT8 (OUT8B)
OUT8 (OUT8A)
06420-003
CS
NC
NC
NC
SDO
SDIO
RESET
PD
OUT4
OUT4
VS_LVPECL
OUT5
OUT5
VS
VS
VS
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
NC = NO CONNECT
Figure 6. Pin Configuration
Table 20. Pin Function Descriptions
Pin No.
1, 11, 12, 30, 31,
32, 38, 49, 50, 51,
57, 60, 61
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Mnemonic
VS
Description
3.3 V Power Pins.
REFMON
LD
VCP
CP
STATUS
REF_SEL
SYNC
9
10
13
14
15, 18, 19, 20
16
17
21
22
23
24
27, 41, 54
37, 44, 59, EPAD
56
LF
BYPASS
CLK
CLK
NC
SCLK
CS
SDO
SDIO
RESET
PD
VS_LVPECL
GND
OUT0
Reference Monitor (Output). This pin has multiple selectable outputs; see Table 53 0x1B.
Lock Detect (Output). This pin has multiple selectable outputs; see Table 53 0x1A.
Power Supply for Charge Pump (CP); VS < VCP < 5.0 V.
Charge Pump (Output). Connects to external loop filter.
Status (Output). This pin has multiple selectable outputs; see Table 53 0x17.
Reference Select. Selects REF1 (low) or REF2 (high). This pin has an internal 30 kΩ pull-down resistor.
Manual Synchronizations and Manual Holdover. This pin initiates a manual synchronization and is
also used for manual holdover. Active low. This pin has an internal 30 kΩ pull-up resistor.
Loop Filter (Input). Connects to VCO control voltage node internally.
This pin is for bypassing the LDO to ground with a capacitor.
Along with CLK, this is the differential input for the clock distribution section.
Along with CLK, this is the differential input for the clock distribution section.
No Connection.
Serial Control Port Data Clock Signal.
Serial Control Port Chip Select; Active Low. This pin has an internal 30 kΩ pull-up resistor.
Serial Control Port Unidirectional Serial Data Out.
Serial Control Port Bidirectional Serial Data In/Out.
Chip Reset; Active Low. This pin has an internal 30 kΩ pull-up resistor.
Chip Power Down; Active Low. This pin has an internal 30 kΩ pull-up resistor.
Extended Voltage 2.5 V to 3.3 V LVPECL Power Pins.
Ground Pins; Includes External Paddle (EPAD).
LVPECL Output; One Side of a Differential LVPECL Output.
Rev. 0 | Page 17 of 84
AD9516-1
Pin No.
55
53
52
43
42
40
39
25
26
28
29
48
47
46
45
33
34
35
36
58
62
63
Mnemonic
OUT0
OUT1
OUT1
OUT2
OUT2
OUT3
OUT3
OUT4
OUT4
OUT5
OUT5
OUT6 (OUT6A)
OUT6 (OUT6B)
OUT7 (OUT7A)
OUT7 (OUT7B)
OUT8 (OUT8A)
OUT8 (OUT8B)
OUT9 (OUT9A)
OUT9 (OUT9B)
RSET
CPRSET
REFIN (REF2)
64
REFIN (REF1)
Description
LVPECL Output; One Side of a Differential LVPECL Output.
LVPECL Output; One Side of a Differential LVPECL Output.
LVPECL Output; One Side of a Differential LVPECL Output.
LVPECL Output; One Side of a Differential LVPECL Output.
LVPECL Output; One Side of a Differential LVPECL Output.
LVPECL Output; One Side of a Differential LVPECL Output.
LVPECL Output; One Side of a Differential LVPECL Output.
LVPECL Output; One Side of a Differential LVPECL Output.
LVPECL Output; One Side of a Differential LVPECL Output.
LVPECL Output; One Side of a Differential LVPECL Output.
LVPECL Output; One Side of a Differential LVPECL Output.
LVDS/CMOS Output; One Side of a Differential LVDS Output, or a Single-Ended CMOS Output.
LVDS/CMOS Output; One Side of a Differential LVDS Output, or a Single-Ended CMOS Output.
LVDS/CMOS Output; One Side of a Differential LVDS Output, or a Single-Ended CMOS Output.
LVDS/CMOS Output; One Side of a Differential LVDS Output, or a Single-Ended CMOS Output.
LVDS/CMOS Output; One Side of a Differential LVDS Output, or a Single-Ended CMOS Output.
LVDS/CMOS Output; One Side of a Differential LVDS Output, or a Single-Ended CMOS Output.
LVDS/CMOS Output; One Side of a Differential LVDS Output, or a Single-Ended CMOS Output.
LVDS/CMOS Output; One Side of a Differential LVDS Output, or a Single-Ended CMOS Output.
Resistor Connected Here Sets Internal Bias Currents. Nominal value = 4.12 kΩ.
Resistor Connected Here Sets the CP Current Range. Nominal value = 5.1 kΩ.
Along with REFIN, this is the differential input for the PLL reference. Alternatively, this pin is a
single-ended input for REF2.
Along with REFIN, this is the differential input for the PLL reference. Alternatively, this pin is a
single-ended input for REF1.
Rev. 0 | Page 18 of 84
AD9516-1
TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
300
65
3 CHANNELS—6 LVPECL
280
60
260
55
KVCO (MHz/V)
CURRENT (mA)
240
220
200
3 CHANNELS—3 LVPECL
180
50
45
160
2 CHANNELS—2 LVPECL
140
40
1 CHANNEL—1 LVPECL
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
FREQUENCY (MHz)
35
2.3
06420-007
100
2.4
Figure 7. Current vs. Frequency, Direct to Output, LVPECL Outputs
2.7
5.0
4.5
2 CHANNELS—4 LVDS
CURRENT FROM CP PIN (mA)
160
140
2 CHANNELS—2 LVDS
120
100
PUMP DOWN
PUMP UP
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
600
800
FREQUENCY (MHz)
0
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
06420-011
400
06420-008
80
200
3.5
0.5
1 CHANNEL—1 LVDS
0
4.0
3.0
VOLTAGE ON CP PIN (V)
Figure 8. Current vs. Frequency—LVDS Outputs
Figure 11. Charge Pump Characteristics @ VCP = 3.3 V
240
5.0
4.5
CURRENT FROM CP PIN (mA)
220
200
2 CHANNEL—8 CMOS
180
2 CHANNEL—2 CMOS
160
140
120
1 CHANNEL—2 CMOS
100
4.0
3.5
PUMP DOWN
3.0
PUMP UP
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
80
0
50
100
150
200
FREQUENCY (MHz)
250
06420-009
1 CHANNEL—1 CMOS
Figure 9. Current vs. Frequency—CMOS Outputs
0
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
VOLTAGE ON CP PIN (V)
Figure 12. Charge Pump Characteristics @ VCP = 5.0 V
Rev. 0 | Page 19 of 84
5.0
06420-012
CURRENT (mA)
2.6
Figure 10. VCO KVCO vs. Frequency
180
CURRENT (mA)
2.5
VCO FREQUENCY (GHz)
06420-010
120
–140
10
–145
–10
RELATIVE POWER (dB)
0
–150
–155
–160
–20
–30
–40
–50
–60
–70
–80
–90
–165
–170
0.1
1
10
100
–110
PFD FREQUENCY (MHz)
CENTER 122.88MHz
5MHz/DIV
SPAN 50MHz
06420-137
–100
06420-013
PFD PHASE NOISE REFERRED TO PFD INPUT
(dBc/Hz)
AD9516-1
Figure 16. PFD/CP Spurs; 122.88 MHz; PFD = 15.36 MHz;
LBW = 55 kHz; ICP = 4.8 mA; FVCO = 2.46 GHz
Figure 13. PFD Phase Noise Referred to PFD Input vs. PFD Frequency
–210
10
–212
–10
RELATIVE POWER (dB)
PLL FIGURE OF MERIT (dBc/Hz)
0
–214
–216
–218
–220
–20
–30
–40
–50
–60
–70
–80
–90
–222
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
SLEW RATE (V/ns)
–110
06420-136
–224
CENTER 122.88MHz
100kHz/DIV
SPAN 1MHz
06420-135
–100
Figure 17. Output Spectrum, LVPECL; 122.88 MHz; PFD = 15.36 MHz;
LBW = 55 kHz; ICP = 4.8 mA; FVCO = 2.46 GHz
Figure 14. PLL Figure of Merit (FOM) vs. Slew Rate at REFIN/REFIN
1.9
10
1.8
–10
RELATIVE POWER (dB)
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
–20
–30
–40
–50
–60
–70
–80
–90
1.3
1.2
2.3
–110
2.4
2.5
2.6
FREQUENCY (GHz)
2.7
CENTER 122.88MHz
100kHz/DIV
SPAN 1MHz
Figure 18. Output Spectrum, LVDS; 122.88 MHz; PFD = 15.36 MHz;
LBW = 55 kHz; ICP = 4.8 mA; FVCO = 2.46 GHz
Figure 15. VCO Tuning Voltage vs. Frequency
Rev. 0 | Page 20 of 84
06420-134
–100
06420-138
VCO TUNING VOLTAGE (V)
0
AD9516-1
0.4
DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT (V)
0.2
–0.2
–0.6
–1.0
0
5
10
15
20
25
TIME (ns)
0.2
0
–0.2
–0.4
0
1
06420-017
0.6
06420-014
DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT (V)
1.0
2
TIME (ns)
Figure 19. LVPECL Output (Differential) @ 100 MHz
Figure 22. LVDS Output (Differential) @ 800 MHz
1.0
DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT (V)
0.2
–0.2
1.8
0.8
–0.2
–1.0
0
1
2
TIME (ns)
0
20
40
60
80
100
TIME (ns)
Figure 20. LVPECL Output (Differential) @ 1600 MHz
06420-018
–0.6
06420-015
DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT (V)
2.8
0.6
Figure 23.CMOS Output @ 25 MHz
0.4
OUTPUT (V)
0.2
0
1.8
0.8
–0.2
–0.4
0
5
10
15
20
TIME (ns)
25
Figure 21. LVDS Output (Differential) @ 100 MHz
0
2
4
6
8
TIME (ns)
Figure 24. CMOS Output @ 250 MHz
Rev. 0 | Page 21 of 84
10
12
06420-019
–0.2
06420-016
DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT (V)
2.8
AD9516-1
1600
–70
1400
PHASE NOISE (dBc/Hz)
DIFFERENTIAL SWING (mV p-p)
–80
1200
1000
–90
–100
–110
–120
–130
0
1
2
3
FREQUENCY (GHz)
–150
10k
06420-020
800
100k
1M
10M
100M
FREQUENCY (Hz)
06420-023
–140
Figure 28. Internal VCO Phase Noise (Absolute) Direct to LVPECL @ 2650 MHz
Figure 25. LVPECL Differential Swing vs. Frequency
–70
–80
PHASE NOISE (dBc/Hz)
DIFFERENTIAL SWING (mV p-p)
700
600
–90
–100
–110
–120
–130
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
FREQUENCY (MHz)
–150
10k
06420-021
500
Figure 26. LVDS Differential Swing vs. Frequency
1M
10M
100M
FREQUENCY (Hz)
Figure 29. Internal VCO Phase Noise (Absolute) Direct to LVPECL @ 2475 MHz
–70
CL = 2pF
3
–80
PHASE NOISE (dBc/Hz)
CL = 10pF
2
CL = 20pF
1
–90
–100
–110
–120
–130
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
OUTPUT FREQUENCY (MHz)
Figure 27. CMOS Output Swing vs. Frequency and Capacitive Load
–150
10k
100k
1M
FREQUENCY (Hz)
10M
100M
06420-025
–140
0
06420-133
OUTPUT SWING (V)
100k
06420-024
–140
Figure 30. Internal VCO Phase Noise (Absolute) Direct to LVPECL @ 2300 MHz
Rev. 0 | Page 22 of 84
AD9516-1
–120
–110
–125
PHASE NOISE (dBc/Hz)
PHASE NOISE (dBc/Hz)
–120
–130
–135
–140
–145
–150
–130
–140
–150
100
1k
10k
100k
1M
10M
–160
10
06420-026
100M
FREQUENCY (Hz)
–120
–110
PHASE NOISE (dBc/Hz)
100k
1M
10M
100M
–130
–140
–120
–130
–140
1k
10k
100k
1M
10M
100M
FREQUENCY (Hz)
–150
10
06420-027
100
100
1k
10k
100k
1M
10M
100M
FREQUENCY (Hz)
06420-130
PHASE NOISE (dBc/Hz)
–100
–150
Figure 35. Phase Noise (Additive) LVDS @ 800 MHz, Divide-by-2
Figure 32. Phase Noise (Additive) LVPECL @ 200 MHz, Divide-by-5
–120
–110
–130
PHASE NOISE (dBc/Hz)
–100
–120
–130
–140
–150
–160
–140
100
1k
10k
100k
1M
10M
100M
FREQUENCY (Hz)
06420-128
PHASE NOISE (dBc/Hz)
10k
Figure 34. Phase Noise (Additive) LVDS @ 200 MHz, Divide-by-1
–110
–150
10
1k
FREQUENCY (Hz)
Figure 31. Phase Noise (Additive) LVPECL @ 245.76 MHz, Divide-by-1
–160
10
100
–170
10
100
1k
10k
100k
1M
10M
100M
FREQUENCY (Hz)
Figure 36. Phase Noise (Additive) CMOS @ 50 MHz, Divide-by-20
Figure 33. Phase Noise (Additive) LVPECL @ 1600 MHz, Divide-by-1
Rev. 0 | Page 23 of 84
06420-131
–160
10
06420-142
–155
AD9516-1
–100
–70
–80
–110
PHASE NOISE (dBc/Hz)
PHASE NOISE (dBc/Hz)
–90
–120
–130
–140
–100
–110
–120
–130
–140
–150
1k
10k
100k
1M
10M
100M
FREQUENCY (Hz)
Figure 37. Phase Noise (Additive) CMOS @ 250 MHz, Divide-by-4
–130
–130
PHASE NOISE (dBc/Hz)
–120
–140
–150
10k
100k
1M
FREQUENCY (Hz)
10M
100M
100k
1M
10M
100M
Figure 39. Phase Noise (Absolute) Clock Cleanup; Internal VCO @ 2.488 GHz;
PFD = 19.44 MHz; LBW = 12.8 kHz; LVPECL Output = 155.52 MHz
–120
–160
1k
10k
FREQUENCY (Hz)
Figure 38. Phase Noise (Absolute) Clock Generation; Internal VCO @
2.4576 GHz; PFD = 15.36 MHz; LBW = 55 kHz; LVPECL Output = 122.88 MHz
–140
–150
–160
1k
06420-141
PHASE NOISE (dBc/Hz)
–160
1k
10k
100k
1M
FREQUENCY (Hz)
10M
100M
06420-140
100
06420-132
–160
10
06420-139
–150
Figure 40. Phase Noise (Absolute), External VCXO (Toyocom TCO-2112)
@ 245.76 MHz; PFD = 15.36 MHz; LBW = 250 Hz; LVPECL Output = 245.76 MHz
Rev. 0 | Page 24 of 84
AD9516-1
TERMINOLOGY
Phase Jitter and Phase Noise
An ideal sine wave can be thought of as having a continuous
and even progression of phase with time from 0° to 360° for
each cycle. Actual signals, however, display a certain amount
of variation from ideal phase progression over time. This
phenomenon is called phase jitter. Although many causes can
contribute to phase jitter, one major cause is random noise,
which is characterized statistically as being Gaussian (normal)
in distribution.
This phase jitter leads to a spreading out of the energy of the
sine wave in the frequency domain, producing a continuous
power spectrum. This power spectrum is usually reported as a
series of values whose units are dBc/Hz at a given offset in
frequency from the sine wave (carrier). The value is a ratio
(expressed in dB) of the power contained within a 1 Hz
bandwidth with respect to the power at the carrier frequency.
For each measurement, the offset from the carrier frequency is
also given.
It is meaningful to integrate the total power contained within
some interval of offset frequencies (for example, 10 kHz to
10 MHz). This is called the integrated phase noise over that
frequency offset interval and can be readily related to the time
jitter due to the phase noise within that offset frequency interval.
Phase noise has a detrimental effect on the performance of
ADCs, DACs, and RF mixers. It lowers the achievable dynamic
range of the converters and mixers, although they are affected
in somewhat different ways.
Time Jitter
Phase noise is a frequency domain phenomenon. In the time
domain, the same effect is exhibited as time jitter. When
observing a sine wave, the time of successive zero crossings
varies. In a square wave, the time jitter is a displacement of the
edges from their ideal (regular) times of occurrence. In both
cases, the variations in timing from the ideal are the time jitter.
Because these variations are random in nature, the time jitter is
specified in units of seconds root mean square (rms) or 1 sigma
of the Gaussian distribution.
Time jitter that occurs on a sampling clock for a DAC or an
ADC decreases the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and dynamic
range of the converter. A sampling clock with the lowest possible
jitter provides the highest performance from a given converter.
Additive Phase Noise
Additive phase noise is the amount of phase noise that is
attributable to the device or subsystem being measured. The
phase noise of any external oscillators or clock sources are
subtracted. This makes it possible to predict the degree to which
the device impacts the total system phase noise when used in
conjunction with the various oscillators and clock sources, each
of which contribute its own phase noise to the total. In many
cases, the phase noise of one element dominates the system
phase noise. When there are multiple contributors to phase
noise, the total is the square root of the sum of squares of the
individual contributors.
Additive Time Jitter
Additive time jitter is the amount of time jitter that is
attributable to the device or subsystem being measured. The
time jitter of any external oscillators or clock sources are subtracted.
This makes it possible to predict the degree to which the device
impacts the total system time jitter when used in conjunction with
the various oscillators and clock sources, each of which
contribute its own time jitter to the total. In many cases, the
time jitter of the external oscillators and clock sources dominates
the system time jitter.
Rev. 0 | Page 25 of 84
AD9516-1
DETAILED BLOCK DIAGRAM
REF_SEL
VS
GND
RSET
REFMON
CPRSET VCP
DISTRIBUTION
REFERENCE
REFERENCE
SWITCHOVER
LD
REF1
STATUS
REF2
R
DIVIDER
STATUS
REFIN (REF1)
PROGRAMMABLE
R DELAY
VCO STATUS
REFIN (REF2)
BYPASS
PLL
REFERENCE
LOCK
DETECT
LOW DROPOUT
REGULATOR (LDO)
P, P + 1
PRESCALER
A/B
COUNTERS
PROGRAMMABLE
N DELAY
PHASE
FREQUENCY
DETECTOR
HOLD
CHARGE
PUMP
CP
N DIVIDER
LF
VCO
STATUS
DIVIDE BY
2, 3, 4, 5, OR 6
CLK
CLK
1
0
OUT0
DIVIDE BY
1 TO 32
PD
SYNC
OUT0
LVPECL
OUT1
DIGITAL
LOGIC
OUT1
RESET
OUT2
DIVIDE BY
1 TO 32
OUT3
SERIAL
CONTROL
PORT
OUT3
OUT4
DIVIDE BY
1 TO 32
OUT4
LVPECL
OUT5
OUT5
OUT6 (OUT6A)
ΔT
DIVIDE BY
1 TO 32
DIVIDE BY
1 TO 32
OUT6 (OUT6B)
LVDS/CMOS
OUT7 (OUT7A)
ΔT
OUT7 (OUT7B)
OUT8 (OUT8A)
ΔT
DIVIDE BY
1 TO 32
DIVIDE BY
1 TO 32
AD9516-1
OUT8 (OUT8B)
LVDS/CMOS
ΔT
OUT9 (OUT9A)
OUT9 (OUT9B)
06420-002
SCLK
SDIO
SDO
CS
OUT2
LVPECL
Figure 41. Detailed Block Diagram
Rev. 0 | Page 26 of 84
AD9516-1
THEORY OF OPERATION
OPERATIONAL CONFIGURATIONS
Table 21. Default Settings of Some PLL Registers
The AD9516 can be configured in several ways. These
configurations must be setup by loading the control registers
(see Table 51 and Table 52 through Table 61). Each section or
function must be individually programmed by setting the
appropriate bits in the corresponding control register or registers.
Register
0x10<1:0> = 01b
0x1E0<2:0> = 010b
0x1E1<0> = 0b
0x1E1<1> = 0b
High Frequency Clock Distribution—CLK or External
VCO >1600 MHz
The AD9516 power-up default configuration has the PLL
powered off and the routing of the input set so that the
CLK/CLK input is connected to the distribution section
through the VCO divider (divide-by-2/ divide-by-3/divide-by4/divide-by-5/divide-by-6). This is a distribution only mode
that allows for an external input up to 2400 MHz (see Table 3).
The maximum frequency that can be applied to the channel
dividers is 1600 MHz; therefore, higher input frequencies must
be divided down before reaching the channel dividers. This
input routing can also be used for lower input frequencies, but
the minimum divide is 2 before the channel dividers.
When the PLL is enabled, this routing also allows the use of the
PLL with an external VCO or VCXO with a frequency less than
2400 MHz. In this configuration, the internal VCO is not used,
and is powered off. The external VCO/VCXO feeds directly into
the prescaler.
The register settings shown in Table 21 are the default values of
these registers at power-up or after a reset operation. If the
contents of the registers are altered by prior programming after
power-up or reset, these registers may also be set intentionally
to these values.
Function
PLL asynchronous power-down (PLL off )
Set VCO divider = 4
Use the VCO divider
CLK selected as the source
When using the internal PLL with an external VCO, the PLL
must be turned on.
Table 22. Settings When Using an External VCO
Register
0x10 to 0x1E
0x1E1<1> = 0b
Function
PLL normal operation (PLL on)
PLL settings. Select and enable a reference
input; set R, N (P, A, B), PFD polarity, and ICP
according to the intended loop configuration.
An external VCO requires an external loop filter that must be
connected between CP and the tuning pin of the VCO. This
loop filter determines the loop bandwidth and stability of the
PLL. Make sure to select the proper PFD polarity for the VCO
being used.
Table 23. Setting the PFD Polarity
Register
0x10<7> = 0b
0x10<7> = 1b
Rev. 0 | Page 27 of 84
Function
PFD polarity positive (higher control
voltage produces higher frequency)
PFD polarity negative (higher control
voltage produces lower frequency)
AD9516-1
REF_SEL
VS
GND
RSET
REFMON
CPRSET VCP
DISTRIBUTION
REFERENCE
REFERENCE
SWITCHOVER
LD
REF1
STATUS
REF2
R
DIVIDER
STATUS
REFIN (REF1)
PROGRAMMABLE
R DELAY
VCO STATUS
REFIN (REF2)
BYPASS
PLL
REFERENCE
LOCK
DETECT
LOW DROPOUT
REGULATOR (LDO)
P, P + 1
PRESCALER
A/B
COUNTERS
PROGRAMMABLE
N DELAY
PHASE
FREQUENCY
DETECTOR
HOLD
CHARGE
PUMP
CP
N DIVIDER
LF
VCO
STATUS
DIVIDE BY
2, 3, 4, 5, OR 6
CLK
CLK
1
0
OUT0
DIVIDE BY
1 TO 32
PD
SYNC
OUT0
LVPECL
OUT1
DIGITAL
LOGIC
OUT1
RESET
OUT2
DIVIDE BY
1 TO 32
OUT3
SERIAL
CONTROL
PORT
OUT3
OUT4
DIVIDE BY
1 TO 32
OUT4
LVPECL
OUT5
OUT5
OUT6 (OUT6A)
ΔT
DIVIDE BY
1 TO 32
DIVIDE BY
1 TO 32
OUT6 (OUT6B)
LVDS/CMOS
OUT7 (OUT7A)
ΔT
OUT7 (OUT7B)
OUT8 (OUT8A)
ΔT
DIVIDE BY
1 TO 32
DIVIDE BY
1 TO 32
AD9516-1
OUT8 (OUT8B)
LVDS/CMOS
ΔT
OUT9 (OUT9A)
OUT9 (OUT9B)
06420-029
SCLK
SDIO
SDO
CS
OUT2
LVPECL
Figure 42. High Frequency Clock Distribution or External VCO > 1600 MHz
Rev. 0 | Page 28 of 84
AD9516-1
Internal VCO and Clock Distribution
Table 24. Settings When Using Internal VCO
When using the internal VCO and PLL, the VCO divider must
be employed to ensure the frequency presented to the channel
dividers does not exceed their specified maximum frequency
(1600 MHz, see Table 3). The internal PLL uses an external loop
filter to set the loop bandwidth. The external loop filter is also
crucial to the loop stability.
Register
0x10<1:0> = 00b
0x10 to 0x1E
When using the internal VCO, it is necessary to calibrate the
VCO (0x18<0>) to ensure optimal performance.
For internal VCO and clock distribution applications, the
register settings shown in Table 24 should be used.
0x18<0> = 0,
0x232<0> = 1
0x18<0> = 1,
0x232<0> = 1
0x1E0<2:0>
0x1E1<0> = 0b
0x1E1<1> = 1b
Rev. 0 | Page 29 of 84
Function
PLL normal operation (PLL on).
PLL settings. Select and enable a reference
input; set R, N (P, A, B), PFD polarity, and ICP
according to the intended loop configuration.
Reset VCO calibration (first time after
power-up, this does not have to be done
but must be done subsequently).
Initiate VCO calibration.
VCO divider set to divide-by-2, divide-by-3,
divide-by-4, divide-by-5, and divide-by-6.
Use the VCO divider as source for
distribution section.
VCO selected as the source.
AD9516-1
REF_SEL
VS
GND
RSET
REFMON
CPRSET VCP
DISTRIBUTION
REFERENCE
REFERENCE
SWITCHOVER
LD
REF1
STATUS
REF2
R
DIVIDER
STATUS
REFIN (REF1)
PROGRAMMABLE
R DELAY
VCO STATUS
REFIN (REF2)
BYPASS
PLL
REFERENCE
LOCK
DETECT
LOW DROPOUT
REGULATOR (LDO)
P, P + 1
PRESCALER
A/B
COUNTERS
PROGRAMMABLE
N DELAY
PHASE
FREQUENCY
DETECTOR
HOLD
CHARGE
PUMP
CP
N DIVIDER
LF
VCO
STATUS
DIVIDE BY
2, 3, 4, 5, OR 6
CLK
CLK
1
0
OUT0
DIVIDE BY
1 TO 32
PD
SYNC
OUT0
LVPECL
OUT1
DIGITAL
LOGIC
OUT1
RESET
OUT2
DIVIDE BY
1 TO 32
OUT3
SERIAL
CONTROL
PORT
OUT3
OUT4
DIVIDE BY
1 TO 32
OUT4
LVPECL
OUT5
OUT5
OUT6 (OUT6A)
ΔT
DIVIDE BY
1 TO 32
DIVIDE BY
1 TO 32
OUT6 (OUT6B)
LVDS/CMOS
OUT7 (OUT7A)
ΔT
OUT7 (OUT7B)
OUT8 (OUT8A)
ΔT
DIVIDE BY
1 TO 32
DIVIDE BY
1 TO 32
AD9516-1
OUT8 (OUT8B)
LVDS/CMOS
ΔT
OUT9 (OUT9A)
OUT9 (OUT9B)
06420-030
SCLK
SDIO
SDO
CS
OUT2
LVPECL
Figure 43. Internal VCO and Clock Distribution
Rev. 0 | Page 30 of 84
AD9516-1
Clock Distribution or External VCO <1600 MHz
When the external clock source to be distributed or the external
VCO/VCXO is less than 1600 MHz, a configuration that
bypasses the VCO divider can be used. This only differs from
the High Frequency Clock Distribution—CLK or External VCO
>1600 MHz section in that the VCO divider (divide-by-2,
divide-by-3, divide-by-4, divide-by-5, and divide-by-6) is
bypassed. This limits the frequency of the clock source to
<1600 MHz (due to the maximum input frequency allowed at
the channel dividers).
Configuration and Register Settings
For clock distribution applications where the external clock is
<1600 MHz, the register settings shown in Table 25 should be used.
Table 25. Settings for Clock Distribution <1600 MHz
Register
0x10<1:0> = 01b
0x1E1<0> = 1b
0x1E1<1> = 0b
Function
PLL asynchronous power-down (PLL off )
Bypass the VCO divider as source for
distribution section
CLK selected as the source
Table 26. Settings for Using Internal PLL with External VCO
<1600 MHz
Register
0x1E1<0> = 1b
0x10<1:0> = 00b
Function
Bypass the VCO divider as source for
distribution section
PLL normal operation (PLL on) along with
other appropriate PLL settings in 0x10 to 0x1E
An external VCO/VCXO requires an external loop filter that
must be connected between CP and the tuning pin of the
VCO/VCXO. This loop filter determines the loop bandwidth
and stability of the PLL. Make sure to select the proper PFD
polarity for the VCO/VCXO being used.
Table 27. Setting the PFD Polarity
Register
0x10<7> = 0
0x10<7> = 1
When using the internal PLL with an external VCO <1600 MHz,
the PLL must be turned on.
Rev. 0 | Page 31 of 84
Function
PFD polarity positive (higher control voltage
produces higher frequency)
PFD polarity negative (higher control
voltage produces lower frequency)
AD9516-1
REF_SEL
VS
GND
RSET
REFMON
CPRSET VCP
DISTRIBUTION
REFERENCE
REFERENCE
SWITCHOVER
LD
REF1
STATUS
REF2
R
DIVIDER
STATUS
REFIN (REF1)
PROGRAMMABLE
R DELAY
VCO STATUS
REFIN (REF2)
BYPASS
PLL
REFERENCE
LOCK
DETECT
LOW DROPOUT
REGULATOR (LDO)
P, P + 1
PRESCALER
A/B
COUNTERS
PROGRAMMABLE
N DELAY
PHASE
FREQUENCY
DETECTOR
HOLD
CHARGE
PUMP
CP
N DIVIDER
LF
VCO
STATUS
DIVIDE BY
2, 3, 4, 5, OR 6
CLK
CLK
1
0
OUT0
DIVIDE BY
1 TO 32
PD
SYNC
OUT0
LVPECL
OUT1
DIGITAL
LOGIC
OUT1
RESET
OUT2
DIVIDE BY
1 TO 32
OUT3
SERIAL
CONTROL
PORT
OUT3
OUT4
DIVIDE BY
1 TO 32
OUT4
LVPECL
OUT5
OUT5
OUT6 (OUT6A)
ΔT
DIVIDE BY
1 TO 32
DIVIDE BY
1 TO 32
OUT6 (OUT6B)
LVDS/CMOS
OUT7 (OUT7A)
ΔT
OUT7 (OUT7B)
OUT8 (OUT8A)
ΔT
DIVIDE BY
1 TO 32
DIVIDE BY
1 TO 32
AD9516-1
OUT8 (OUT8B)
LVDS/CMOS
ΔT
OUT9 (OUT9A)
OUT9 (OUT9B)
06420-028
SCLK
SDIO
SDO
CS
OUT2
LVPECL
Figure 44. Clock Distribution or External VCO <1600 MHz
Rev. 0 | Page 32 of 84
AD9516-1
Phase-Locked Loop (PLL)
REF_SEL
VS
GND
RSET
REFMON
CPRSET
VCP
DIST
REF
REFERENCE
SWITCHOVER
LD
LOCK
DETECT
REF1
STATUS
REF2
PROGRAMMABLE
R DELAY
R DIVIDER
STATUS
PLL
REF
HOLD
REFIN (REF1)
REFIN (REF2)
BYPASS
N DIVIDER
LOW DROPOUT
REGULATOR (LDO)
P, P + 1
PRESCALER
A/B
COUNTERS
PROGRAMMABLE
N DELAY
PHASE
FREQUENCY
DETECTOR
CHARGE PUMP
CP
VCO STATUS
LF
STATUS
DIVIDE BY
2, 3, 4, 5, OR 6
CLK
0
1
CLK
1
06420-064
VCO
0
Figure 45. PLL Functional Blocks
The AD9516 includes an on-chip PLL with an on-chip VCO.
The PLL blocks can be used either with the on-chip VCO to
create a complete phase-locked loop, or with an external VCO
or VCXO. The PLL requires an external loop filter, which
usually consists of a small number of capacitors and resistors.
The configuration and components of the loop filter help to
establish the loop bandwidth and stability of the operating PLL.
The AD9516 PLL is useful for generating clock frequencies
from a supplied reference frequency. This includes conversion
of reference frequencies to much higher frequencies for subsequent
division and distribution. In addition, the PLL can be exploited to
clean-up jitter and phase noise on a noisy reference. The exact
choices of PLL parameters and loop dynamics is very application
specific. The flexibility and depth of the AD9516 PLL allows the
part to be tailored to function in many different applications
and signal environments.
Configuration of the PLL
The AD9516 allows flexible configuration of the PLL,
accomodating various reference frequencies, PFD comparison
frequencies, VCO frequencies, internal or external VCO/VCXO,
and loop dynamics. This is accomplished by the various settings
that include the R divider, the N divider, the PFD polarity (only
applicable to external VCO/VCXO), the antibacklash pulse
width, the charge pump current, the selection of internal VCO
or external VCO/VCXO, and the loop bandwidth. These are
managed through programmable register settings (see Table 51
and Table 53) and by the design of the external loop filter.
Successful PLL operation and satisfactory PLL loop performance
are highly dependant upon proper configuration of the PLL
settings. The design of the external loop filter is crucial to the
proper operation of the PLL. A thorough knowledge of PLL
theory and design is helpful.
ADIsimCLK™ (V1.2 or later) is a free program that can help
with the design and exploration of the capabilities and features
of the AD9516, including the design of the PLL loop filter. It is
available at www.analog.com/clocks.
Phase Frequency Detector (PFD)
The PFD takes inputs from the R counter and N counter and
produces an output proportional to the phase and frequency
difference between them. The PFD includes a programmable
delay element that controls the width of the antibacklash pulse.
This pulse ensures that there is no dead zone in the PFD
transfer function and minimizes phase noise and reference
spurs. The antibacklash pulse width is set by 0x17<1:0>.
An important limit to keep in mind is the maximum frequency
allowed into the PFD. The maximum input frequency to the
PFD is a function of the antibacklash pulse setting, as specified
in the Phase/Frequency Detector section of Table 2.
Rev. 0 | Page 33 of 84
AD9516-1
Charge Pump (CP)
AD9516-1
On-Chip VCO
The AD9516 includes an on-chip VCO covering the frequency
range shown in Table 2. Achieving low VCO phase noise was a
priority in the design of the VCO.
To tune over the wide range of frequencies covered by this
VCO, ranges are used. This is largely transparent to the user but
is the reason that the VCO must be calibrated when the PLL
loop is first set up. The calibration procedure ensures that the
VCO is operating within the correct band range for the frequency
that it is asked to produce. See the VCO Calibration section for
additional information.
The on-chip VCO is powered by an on-chip, low drop out
(LDO), linear voltage regulator. The LDO provides some
isolation of the VCO from variations in the power supply
voltage level. The BYPASS pin should be connected to ground
by a 220 nF capacitor to ensure stability. This LDO employs the
same technology used in the anyCAP® line of regulators from
Analog Devices, Inc., making it insensitive to the type of
capacitor used. Driving an external load from the BYPASS pin
is not supported.
PLL External Loop Filter
When using the internal VCO, the external loop filter should be
referenced to the BYPASS pin for optimal noise and spurious
performance. An example of an external loop filter for the PLL
is shown in Figure 46. A loop filter must be calculated for each
desired PLL configuration. The values of the components
depend upon the VCO frequency, the KVCO, the PFD frequency,
the CP current, the desired loop bandwidth, and the desired
phase margin. The loop filter affects the phase noise, the loop
settling time, and the loop stability. A knowledge of PLL theory
is necessary for understanding the subject of loop filter design.
There are tools available, such as ADIsimCLK, that can help
with the calculation of a loop filter according to the application
requirements.
LF
VCO
R2
CP
CHARGE
PUMP
R1
BYPASS
C1
CBP = 220nF
C2
C3
06420-065
The charge pump is controlled by the PFD. The PFD monitors
the phase and frequency relationship between its two inputs,
and tells the CP to pump up or pump down to charge or
discharge the integrating node (part of the loop filter). The
integrated and filtered CP current is transformed into a voltage
that drives the tuning node of the internal VCO through the LF
pin (or the tuning pin of an external VCO) to move the VCO
frequency up or down. The CP can be set (0x10<6:4>) for high
impedance (allows holdover operation), for normal operation
(attempts to lock the PLL loop), pump up, or pump down (test
modes). The CP current is programmable in eight steps from
(nominally) 600 μA to 4.8 mA. The exact value of the CP current
LSB is set by the CP_RSET resistor, which is nominally 5.1 kΩ.
Figure 46. Example of External Loop Filter for PLL
PLL Reference Inputs
The AD9516 features a flexible PLL reference input circuit that
allows either a fully differential input or two separate singleended inputs. The input frequency range for the reference
inputs is specified in Table 2. Both the differential and
the single-ended inputs are self-biased, allowing for easy
ac coupling of input signals.
The differential input and the single-ended inputs share the two
pins, REFIN (REF1)/REFIN (REF2). The desired reference input
type is selected and controlled by 0x1C (see Table 51 and Table 53).
When the differential reference input is selected, the self-bias
level of the two sides is offset slightly (~100 mV, see Table 2) to
prevent chattering of the input buffer when the reference is slow
or missing. This increases the voltage swing required of the
driver and overcomes the offset.
The single-ended inputs can be driven by either a dc-coupled
CMOS level signal, or an ac-coupled sinewave or square wave.
Each single-ended input can be independently powered down
when not needed to increase isolation and reduce power. Either
a differential or a single-ended reference must be specifically
enabled. All PLL reference inputs are off by default.
The differential reference input is powered down whenever the
PLL is powered down, or when the differential reference input
is not selected. The single-ended buffers power down when the
PLL is powered down, and when their individual power down
registers are set. When the differential mode is selected, the
single-ended inputs are powered down.
In differential mode, the reference input pins are internally selfbiased so that they can be ac-coupled via capacitors. It is possible to
dc couple to these inputs. If the differential REFIN is driven by
a single-ended signal, the unused side (REFIN) should be
decoupled via a suitable capacitor to a quiet ground. Figure 47
shows the equivalent circuit of REFIN.
Rev. 0 | Page 34 of 84
AD9516-1
VS
In automatic mode, REF1 is monitored by REF2. If REF1
disappears (two consecutive falling edges of REF2 without an
edge transition on REF1), REF1 is considered missing. Upon
the next subsequent rising edge of REF2, REF2 is used as the
reference clock to the PLL. If 0x1C<3> = 0b (default), when
REF1 returns (four rising edges of REF1 without two falling
edges of REF2 between the REF1 edges), the PLL reference
switchs back to REF1. If 0x1C<3> = 1b, the user has control
over when to switch back to REF1. This is done by programming
the part to manual reference select mode (0x1C<4> = 0b) and
by ensuring that the registers and/or REF_SEL pin are set to
select the desired reference. Auto mode can be re-enabled once
REF1 is reselected.
85kΩ
REF1
VS
10kΩ
12kΩ
REFIN
150Ω
REFIN
150Ω
10kΩ
10kΩ
Manual switchover requires the presence of a clock on the
reference input that is being switched to, or that the deglitching
feature be disabled (0x1C<7>).
VS
REF2
Reference Divider R
06420-066
85kΩ
Figure 47. REFIN Equivalent Circuit
Reference Switchover
The AD9516 supports dual single-ended CMOS inputs, as well
as a single differential reference input. In the dual single-ended
reference mode, the AD9516 supports automatic and manual
PLL reference clock switching between REF1 (on Pin REFIN)
and REF2 (on Pin REFIN). This feature supports networking
and other applications that require redundant references. When
using reference switchover, the single-ended reference inputs
should be dc-coupled CMOS levels and never allowed to go to
high impedance. If these inputs are allowed to go high impedance,
noise may cause the buffer to chatter, causing a false detection
of the presence of a reference.
There are several configurable modes of reference switchover.
The switchover can be performed manually or automatically.
The manual switchover is done either through a register setting
(0x1D), or by using the REF_SEL pin. The automatic switchover
occurs when REF1 disappears. There is also a switchover deglitch
feature which ensures that the PLL does not receive rising edges
that are far out of alignment with the newly selected reference.
There are two reference automatic switchover modes (0x1C):
• Prefer REF1: Switch from REF1 to REF2 when REF1
disappears. Return to REF1 from REF2 when REF1 returns.
• Stay on REF2: Automatically switch to REF2 if REF1 disappears
but do not switch back to REF1 if it reappears. The reference
can be set back to REF1 manually at an appropriate time.
The reference inputs are routed to the reference divider, R.
R (a 14-bit counter) can be set to any value from 0 to 16383 by
writing to 0x11 and 0x12. (Both R = 0 and R = 1 give divide-by-1.)
The output of the R divider goes to one of the PFD inputs to be
compared to the VCO frequency divided by the N divider. The
frequency applied to the PFD must not exceed the maximum
allowable frequency, which depends on the antibacklash pulse
setting (see Table 2).
The R counter has its own reset. R counter can be reset using
the shared reset bit of the R, A, and B counters. It may also be
reset by a SYNC operation.
VCXO/VCO Feedback Divider N: P, A, B, R
The N divider is a combination of a prescaler (P) and two
counters, A and B. The total divider value is
N = (P × B) + A
where the value of P can be 2, 4, 8, 16, or 32.
Prescaler
The prescaler of the AD9516 allows for two modes of operation:
a fixed divide (FD) mode of 1, 2, or 3, and dual modulus (DM)
mode where the prescaler divides by P and (P + 1) {2 and 3, 4
and 5, 8 and 9, 16 and 17, or 32 and 33}. The prescaler modes of
operation are given in Table 53, 0x16<2:0>. Not all modes are
available at all frequencies (see Table 2).
When operating the AD9516 in dual modulus mode (P//P + 1),
the equation used to relate input reference frequency to VCO
output frequency is
fVCO = (fREF/R) × (P × B + A) = fREF × N/R
However, when operating the prescaler in FD mode, 1, 2, or 3,
the A counter is not used (A = 0) and the equation simplifies to
fVCO = (fREF/R) × (P × B) = fREF × N/R
Rev. 0 | Page 35 of 84
AD9516-1
When A = 0, the divide is a fixed divide of P = 2, 4, 8, 16, or 32,
in which case the previous equation also applies.
By using combinations of DM and FD modes, the AD9516 can
achieve values of N all the way down to N = 1. Table 28 shows
how a 10 MHz reference input may be locked to any integer
multiple of N.
Note that the same value of N may be derived in different ways,
as illustrated by the case of N = 12. The user may choose a fixed
divide mode P = 2 with B = 6, or use the dual modulus mode
2/3 with A = 0, B = 6, or use the dual modulus mode 4/5 with
A = 0, B = 3.
A and B Counters
The AD9516 B counter can be bypassed (B = 1). This B counter
bypass mode is only valid when using the prescaler in FD mode.
When A = 0, the divide is a fixed divide of P = 2, 4, 8, 16, or 32.
Unlike the R-counter, an A = 0 is actually a zero. The B counter
must be ≥3 or bypassed.
The maximum input frequency to the A/B counter is reflected
in the maximum prescaler output frequency (~300 MHz)
specified in Table 2. This is the prescaler input frequency (VCO
or CLK) divided by P.
Although manual reset is not normally required, the A/B counters
have their own reset bit. A and B counters can be reset using the
shared reset bit of the R, A, and B counters. They may also be
reset through a SYNC operation.
R, A, and B Counters: SYNC Pin Reset
The R, A and B counters may also be reset simultaneously
through the SYNC pin. This function is controlled by 0x19<7:6>
(see Table 53). The SYNC pin reset is disabled by default.
R and N Divider Delays
Both the R and N dividers feature a programmable delay cell.
These delays may be enabled to allow adjustment of the phase
relationship between the PLL reference clock and the VCO or
CLK. Each delay is controlled by three bits. The total delay
range is about 1 ns. See 0x19 in Table 53.
Table 28. How a 10 MHz Reference Input May Be Locked to Any Integer Multiple of N
FREF
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
R
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
P
1
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
4
4
A
X
X
X
X
X
X
0
1
2
1
X
0
1
X
0
0
1
B
1
1
3
4
5
3
3
3
3
4
5
5
5
6
6
3
3
N
1
2
3
4
5
6
6
7
8
9
10
10
11
12
12
12
13
FVCO
10
20
30
40
50
60
60
70
80
90
100
100
110
120
120
120
130
Rev. 0 | Page 36 of 84
Mode
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
DM
DM
DM
DM
FD
DM
DM
FD
DM
DM
DM
Notes
P = 1, B = 1 (bypassed)
P = 2, B = 1 (bypassed)
P = 1, B = 3
P = 1, B = 4
P = 1, B = 5
P = 2, B = 3
P and P + 1 = 2 and 3, A = 0, B = 3
P and P + 1 = 2 and 3, A = 1, B = 3
P and P + 1 = 2 and 3, A = 2, B = 3
P and P + 1 = 2 and 3, A = 1, B = 4
P = 2, B = 5
P and P + 1 = 2 and 3, A = 0, B = 5
P and P + 1 = 2 and 3, A = 1, B = 5
P = 2, B = 6
P and P + 1 = 2 and 3, A = 0, B = 6
P and P + 1 = 4 and 5, A = 0, B = 3
P and P + 1 = 4 and 5, A = 1, B = 3
AD9516-1
By selecting the proper output through the mux on each pin,
the DLD function is available at the LD, STATUS, and
REFMON pins. The digital lock detect circuit indicates a lock
when the time difference of the rising edges at the PFD inputs is
less than a specified value (the lock threshold). The loss of a
lock is indicated when the time difference exceeds a specified
value (the unlock threshold). Note that the unlock threshold is
wider than the lock threshold, which allows some phase error in
excess of the lock window to occur without chattering on the
lock indicator.
The lock detect window timing depends on three settings: the
digital lock detect window bit (0x18<4>), the antibacklash pulse
width setting (0x17<1:0>, see Table 2), and the lock detect
counter (0x18<6:5>). A lock is not indicated until there is a
programmable number of consecutive PFD cycles with a time
difference less than the lock detect threshold. The lock detect
circuit continues to indicate a lock until a time difference
greater than the unlock threshold occurs on a single subsequent
cycle. For the lock detect to work properly, the period of the
PFD frequency must be greater than the unlock threshold. The
number of consecutive PFD cycles required for lock is
programmable (0x18<6:5>).
current source lock detect function. This function is set by
selecting it as the output from the LD pin control (0x1A<5:0>).
The current source lock detect provides a current of 110 μA
when DLD is true and shorts to ground when DLD is false.
If a capacitor is connected to the LD pin, it charges at a rate
determined by the current source during the DLD true time
but is discharged nearly instantly when DLD is false. By
monitoring the voltage at the LD pin (top of the capacitor), it is
only possible to get a Logic High level after the DLD has been
true for a sufficiently long time. Any momentary DLD false
resets the charging. By selecting a properly sized capacitor, it is
possible to delay a lock detect indication until the PLL is stably
locked, and the lock detect does not chatter.
The voltage on the capacitor can be sensed by an external
comparator connected to the LD pin. However, there is an
internal LD pin comparator that can be read at the REFMON
pin control (0x1B<4:0>) or the STATUS pin control (0x17<7:2>)
as an active high signal. It is also available as an active low signal
(REFMON, 0x1B<4:0> and STATUS, 0x17<7:2>). The internal
LD pin comparator trip point and hysteresis are given in Table 16.
AD9516-1
110µA
Analog Lock Detect (ALD)
DLD
The AD9516 provides an ALD function that may be selected for
use at the LD pin. There are two versions of ALD:
C
LD PIN
COMPARATOR
• N-channel open-drain lock detect. This signal requires a
pull-up resistor to positive supply, VS. The output is normally
high with short, low going pulses. Lock is indicated by the
minimum duty cycle of the low-going pulses.
• P-channel open-drain lock detect. This signal requires a pulldown resistor to GND. The output is normally low with
short, high going pulses. Lock is indicated by the minimum
duty cycle of the high-going pulses.
The analog lock detect function requires a R-C filter to provide
a logic level indicating lock/unlock.
External VCXO/VCO Clock Input (CLK/CLK)
CLK is a differential input that can be used as an input to drive
the AD9516 clock distribution section. This input can receive
up to 2.4 GHz. The pins are internally self-biased and the input
signal should be ac-coupled via capacitors.
R2
CLK
VOUT
CLK
C
2.5kΩ
06420-067
ALD
R1
CLOCK INPUT
STAGE
VS
5kΩ
Figure 48. Example of Analog Lock Detect Filter, Using
N-Channel Open-Drain Driver
Figure 50. CLK Equivalent Input Circuit
Current Source Digital Lock Detect (DLD)
During the PLL locking sequence, it is normal for the DLD
signal to toggle a number of times before remaining steady
when the PLL is completely locked and stable. There may be
applications where it is desirable to have DLD asserted only
after the PLL is solidly locked. This is possible by using the
2.5kΩ
5kΩ
06420-032
LD
REFMON
OR
STATUS
Figure 49. Current Source Lock Detect
VS = 3.3V
AD9516-1
VOUT
LD
06420-068
DIGITAL LOCK DETECT (DLD)
The CLK/CLK input can be used either as a distribution only
input (with the PLL off), or as a feedback input for an external
VCO/VCXO using the internal PLL, when the internal VCO is
not used. The CLK/CLK input can be used for frequencies up
to 2.4 GHz.
Rev. 0 | Page 37 of 84
AD9516-1
Holdover
Automatic/Internal Holdover Mode
The AD9516 PLL has a holdover function. Holdover is
implemented by putting the charge pump into a high
impedance state. This is useful when the PLL reference clock is
lost. Holdover mode allows the VCO to maintain a relatively
constant frequency even though there is no reference clock.
Without this function, the charge pump is placed into a
constant pump-up or pump-down state resulting in a massive
VCO frequency shift. Because the charge pump is placed in a
high impedance state, any leakage that occurs at the charge
pump output or the VCO tuning node causes a drift of the VCO
frequency. This can be mitigated by using a loop filter that
contains a large capacitive component because this drift is
limited by the current leakage induced slew rate (ILEAK/C) of the
VCO control voltage.
When enabled, this function automatically puts the charge
pump into a high impedance state when the loop loses lock.
The assumption is that the only reason the loop loses lock is due
to the PLL losing the reference clock; therefore, the holdover
function puts the charge pump into a high impedance state to
maintain the VCO frequency as close as possible to the original
frequency before the reference clock disappeared.
A flow chart of the internal/automatic holdover function
operation is shown in Figure 51.
PLL ENABLED
Both a manual holdover, using the SYNC pin, and an automatic
holdover mode are provided. To use either function, the
holdover function must be enabled (0x1D<0> and 0x1D<2>).
[Note that the VCO cannot be calibrated with the holdover
enabled because the holdover resets the N divider during
calibration, which prevents proper calibration. Disable holdover
before issuing a VCO calibration.]
LOOP OUT OF LOCK. DIGITAL LOCK
DETECT SIGNAL GOES LOW WHEN THE
LOOP LEAVES LOCK AS DETERMINED
BY THE PHASE DIFFERENCE AT THE
INPUT OF THE PFD.
NO
DLD == LOW
YES
NO
ANALOG LOCK DETECT PIN INDICATES
LOCK WAS PREVIOUSLY ACHIEVED.
(0x1D<3> = 1: USE LD PIN VOLTAGE
WITH HOLDOVER.
0x1D<3> = 0: IGNORE LD PIN VOLTAGE,
TREAT LD PIN AS ALWAYS HIGH.)
WAS
LD PIN == HIGH
WHEN DLD WENT
LOW?
YES
Manual Holdover Mode
The B-counter (in the N divider) is reset synchronously with
the charge pump leaving high impedance state on the reference
path PFD event. This helps align the edges out of the R and N
dividers for faster settling of the PLL. Because the prescaler is
not reset, this feature works best when the B and R numbers are
close because this results in a smaller phase difference for the
loop to settle out.
When using this mode, the channel dividers should be set to
ignore the SYNC pin (at least after an initial SYNC event). If the
dividers are not set to ignore the SYNC pin, any time SYNC is
taken low to put the part into holdover the distribution outputs
turn off.
CHARGE PUMP IS MADE
HIGH IMPEDANCE.
PLL COUNTERS CONTINUE
OPERATING NORMALLY.
HIGH IMPEDANCE
CHARGE PUMP
YES
NO
CHARGE PUMP REMAINS HIGH
IMPEDANCE UNTIL THE REFERENCE
HAS RETURNED.
REFERENCE
EDGE AT PFD?
YES
YES
RELEASE
CHARGE PUMP
HIGH IMPEDANCE
TAKE CHARGE PUMP OUT OF
HIGH IMPEDANCE. PLL CAN
NOW RESETTLE.
YES
NO
DLD == HIGH
WAIT FOR DLD TO GO HIGH. THIS TAKES
5 TO 255 CYCLES (PROGRAMMING OF THE DLD
DELAY COUNTER) WITH THE REFERENCE AND
FEEDBACK CLOCKS INSIDE THE LOCK WINDOW AT
THE PFD. THIS ENSURES THAT THE HOLDOVER
FUNCTION WAITS FOR THE PLL TO SETTLE AND LOCK
BEFORE THE HOLDOVER FUNCTION CAN BE
RETRIGGERED.
06420-069
A manual holdover mode can be enabled that allows the user to
place the charge pump into a high impedance state when the
SYNC pin is asserted low. This operation is edge sensitive, not
level sensitive. The charge pump enters a high impedance state
immediately. To take the charge pump out of a high impedance
state, take the SYNC pin high. The charge pump then leaves
high impedance state synchronously with the next PFD rising
edge from the reference clock. This prevents extraneous charge
pump events from occurring during the time between SYNC
going high and the next PFD event. This also means the charge
pump stays in high impedance state as long as there is no
reference clock present.
Figure 51. Flow Chart of Automatic/Internal Holdover Mode
The holdover function senses the logic level of the LD pin as a
condition to enter holdover. The signal at LD can be from the
DLD, ALD, or current source LD mode. It is possible to disable
the LD comparator (0x1D<3>), which causes the holdover
function to always sense LD as high. If DLD is used, it is
possible for the DLD signal to chatter some while the PLL is
re-acquiring lock. The holdover function may retrigger, thereby
preventing the holdover mode from ever terminating. Use of
the current source lock detect mode is recommended to avoid this
situation (see the Current Source Digital Lock Detect section).
Rev. 0 | Page 38 of 84
AD9516-1
Once in holdover mode, the charge pump stays in a high
impedance state as long as there is no reference clock present.
For example, to use automatic holdover with:
As in the external holdover mode, the B counter (in the N
divider) is reset synchronously with the charge pump leaving
high impedance state on the reference path PFD event. This
helps align the edges out of the R and N dividers for faster
settling of the PLL and to reduce frequency errors during
settling. Because the prescaler is not reset, this feature works
best when the B and R numbers are close as this results in a
smaller phase difference for the loop to settle out.
• Digital lock detect: five PFD cycles, high range window.
After leaving holdover, the loop then re-acquires lock and the
LD pin must charge (if 0x1D<3> = 1) before it can re-enter
holdover (CP high impedance).
• 0x18<3> = 0b; DLD normal operation.
The holdover function always responds to the state of the
currently selected reference (0x1C). If the loop loses lock during
a reference switchover (see the Reference Switchover section),
holdover is triggered briefly until the next reference clock edge
at the PFD.
The following registers affect the internal/automatic holdover
function:
• 0x18<6:5>—lock detect counter. This changes how many
consecutive PFD cycles with edges inside the lock detect
window are required for the DLD indicator to indicate lock.
This impacts the time required before the LD pin can begin
to charge as well as the delay from the end of a holdover
event until the holdover function can be re-engaged.
• 0x18<3>—disable digital lock detect. This bit must be set to a
0 to enable the DLD circuit. Internal/automatic holdover does
not operate correctly without the DLD function enabled.
• 0x1A<5:0>—lock detect pin output select. Set this to 000100b
to put it in the current source lock detect mode if using the
LD pin comparator. Load the LD pin with a capacitor of an
appropriate value.
• Automatic reference switchover prefer REF1.
• Automatic holdover using the LD pin comparator.
The following registers are set (in addition to the normal PLL
registers):
• 0x18<6:5> = 00b; lock detect counter = five cycles.
• 0x18<4> = 0b; lock detect window = high range.
• 0x1A<5:0> = 000100b; current source lock detect mode.
• 0x1C<4> = 1b; automatic reference switchover enabled.
• 0x1C<3> = 0b; prefer REF1.
• 0x1C<2:1> = 11b; enable REF1 and REF2 input buffers.
• 0x1D<3> = 1b; enable LD pin comparator.
• 0x1D<2>=1b; enable the holdover function.
• 0x1D<1> = 0b; use internal/automatic holdover mode.
• 0x1D<0> = 1b; enable the holdover function.
Frequency Status Monitors
The AD9516 contains three frequency status monitors that are
used to indicate if the PLL reference (or references in the case of
single-ended mode) and the VCO have fallen below a threshold
frequency. A diagram showing their location in the PLL is
shown in Figure 52.
The PLL reference monitors have two threshold frequencies:
normal and extended (see Table 16). The reference frequency
monitor thresholds are selected in 0x1F.
• 0x1D<3>—enable LD pin comparator. 1 = enable; 0 =
disable. When disabled, the holdover function always senses
the LD pin as high.
• 0x1D<1>—enable external holdover control.
• 0x1D<0> and Register 0x1D<2>—holdover function enable.
If holdover is disabled, both external and internal/automatic
holdover are disabled.
Rev. 0 | Page 39 of 84
AD9516-1
REF_SEL
VS
GND
RSET
REFMON
CPRSET VCP
DISTRIBUTION
REFERENCE
REFERENCE
SWITCHOVER
LD
REF1
STATUS
R
DIVIDER
STATUS
REFIN (REF1)
PLL
REFERENCE
REF2
LOCK
DETECT
PROGRAMMABLE
R DELAY
REFIN (REF2)
BYPASS
LOW DROPOUT
REGULATOR (LDO)
N DIVIDER
P, P + 1
PRESCALER
A/B
COUNTERS
LF
PHASE
FREQUENCY
DETECTOR
PROGRAMMABLE
N DELAY
HOLD
CHARGE
PUMP
CP
VCO STATUS
VCO
STATUS
0
DIVIDE BY
2, 3, 4, 5, OR 6
CLK
1
1
06420-070
CLK
0
Figure 52. Reference and VCO Status Monitors
VCO Calibration
The AD9516 on-chip VCO must be calibrated to ensure proper
operation over process and temperature. The VCO calibration
is controlled by a calibration controller running off of a divided
REFIN clock. The calibration requires that the PLL be set up
properly to lock the PLL loop and that the REFIN clock be
present. During the first initialization after a power-up or a
reset of the AD9516, a VCO calibration sequence is initiated by
setting 0x18<0> = 1b. This can be done as part of the initial
setup, before executing update registers (0x232<0> = 1b).
Subsequent to the initial setup, a VCO calibration sequence is
initiated by resetting 0x18<0> = 0b, executing an update registers
operation, setting 0x18<0> = 1b, and executing another update
registers operation. A readback bit (0x1F<6>) indicates when a
VCO calibration is finished by returning a logic true (that is, 1b).
A SYNC is executed during the VCO calibration; therefore, the
outputs of the AD9516 are held static during the calibration,
which prevents unwanted frequencies from being produced.
However, at the end of a VCO calibration, the outputs may
resume clocking before the PLL loop is completely settled.
The VCO calibration clock divider is set as shown in Table 53
(0x18<2:1>).
The calibration divider divides the PFD frequency (reference
frequency divided by R) down to the calibration clock. The
calibration occurs at the PFD frequency divided by the
calibration divider setting. Lower VCO calibration clock
frequencies result in longer times for a calibration to be
completed.
The VCO calibration clock frequency is given by
fCAL_CLOCK = fREFIN/(R × cal_div)
The sequence of operations for the VCO calibration is:
• Program the PLL registers to the proper values for the PLL loop.
• For initial setting of registers after a power-up or reset,
initiate VCO calibration by setting 0x18<0> = 1. Subsequently,
whenever a calibration is desired, set 0x18<0> = 0b, update
registers, and set 0x18<0> = 1b, update registers.
• A SYNC operation is initiated internally, causing the outputs
to go to a static state determined by normal SYNC function
operation.
where:
fREFIN is the frequency of the REFIN signal.
R is the value of the R divider.
cal_div is the division set for the VCO calibration divider
(0x18<2:1>).
The VCO calibration takes 4400 calibration clock cycles.
Therefore, the VCO calibration time in PLL reference clock
cycles is given by
Time to Calibrate VCO =
• VCO calibrates to desired setting for requested VCO frequency.
• Internally, the SYNC signal is released, allowing outputs to
continue clocking.
• PLL loop is closed.
• PLL locks.
4400 × R × cal_div PLL Reference Clock Cycles
Table 29. Example Time to Complete a VCO Calibration with
Different fREFIN Frequencies
fREFIN (MHz)
100
10
10
Rev. 0 | Page 40 of 84
R Divider
1
10
100
PFD
100 MHz
1 MHz
100 kHz
Time to Calibrate VCO
88 μs
8.8 ms
88 ms
AD9516-1
VCO calibration must be manually initiated. This allows for
flexibility in deciding what order to program registers and when
to initiate a calibration, instead of having it happen every time
certain PLL registers have their values change. For example, this
allows for the VCO frequency to be changed by small amounts
without having an automatic calibration occur each time (this
should be done with caution and only where the user knows the
VCO control voltage is not going to exceed the nominal best
performance limits, for example, a few 100 kHz steps are fine, a
few MHz might not be). Additionally, as the calibration
procedure results in rapid changes in the VCO frequency, the
distribution section is automatically placed in SYNC until the
calibration is finished. Therefore, this temporary loss of outputs
must be expected.
A VCO calibration should be initiated under the following
conditions:
• After changing any of the PLL R, P, B, and A divider settings,
or after a change in the PLL reference clock frequency. This,
in effect, means any time a PLL register or reference clock is
changed such that a different VCO frequency results.
• Whenever system calibration is desired. The VCO is designed
to operate properly over extremes of temperatures even when
first calibrated at the opposite extreme. However, a VCO
calibration can be initiated at any time, if desired.
CLOCK DISTRIBUTION
A clock channel consists of a pair (or double pair, in the case of
CMOS) of outputs that share a common divider. A clock output
consists of the drivers that connect to the output pins. The clock
outputs have either LVPECL or LVDS/CMOS signal levels at
the pins.
The AD9516 has five clock channels: three channels are
LVPECL (six outputs); two channels are LVDS/CMOS (up
to four LVDS outputs, or up to eight CMOS outputs).
Each channel has its own programmable divider that divides
the clock frequency applied to its input. The LVPECL channel
dividers contain a divider that can divide by any integer from
1 to 32. Each LVDS/CMOS channel divider contains two
cascaded dividers that can be set to divide by any integer from
1 to 32. The total division of the channel is the product of the
divide value of the two cascaded dividers. This allows divide
values of (1 to 32) × (1 to 32), or up to 1024 (notice that this is
not all values from 1 to 1024 but only the set of numbers that
are the product of the two dividers).
Because the internal VCO frequency is above the maximum
channel divider input frequency (1600 MHz), the VCO divider
must be used after the on-chip VCO. The VCO divider can be
set to divide by 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. External clock signals connected
to the CLK input also require the VCO divider if the frequency
of the signal is greater than 1600 MHz.
The channel dividers allow for a selection of various duty cycles,
depending on the currently set division. That is, for any specific
division, D, the output of the divider can be set to high for
N + 1 input clock cycles and low for M + 1 input clock cycles
(where D = N + M + 2). For example, a divide-by-5 can be high
for one divider input cycle and low for four cycles, or a divideby-5 can be high for three divider input cycles and low for two
cycles. Other combinations are also possible.
The channel dividers include a duty-cycle correction function
that can be disabled. In contrast to the selectable duty cycle
just described, this function can correct a non-50% duty cycle
caused by an odd division. However, this requires that the
division be set by M = N + 1.
In addition, the channel dividers allow a coarse phase offset or
delay to be set. Depending on the division selected, the output
can be delayed by up to 31 input clock cycles. The divider
outputs can also be set to start high or start low.
Internal VCO or External CLK as Clock Source
The clock distribution of the AD9516 has two clock input
sources: internal VCO or an external clock connected to the
CLK/CLK pins. Either the internal VCO or CLK must be
chosen as the source of the clock signal to distribute. When the
internal VCO is selected as the source, the VCO divider must be
used. When CLK is selected as the source, it is not necessary to
use the VCO divider if the CLK frequency is less than the
maximum channel divider input frequency (1600 MHz);
otherwise, the VCO divider must be used to reduce the
frequency to one acceptable by the channel dividers. Table 30
shows how the VCO, CLK, and VCO divider are selected.
0x1E1<1:0> selects the channel divider source and determines
whether the VCO divider is used. It is not possible to select the
VCO without using the VCO divider.
Table 30. Selecting VCO or CLK as Source for Channel
Divider, and Whether VCO Divider Is Used
0x1E1
<1>
<0>
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
Channel Divider Source
CLK
CLK
VCO
Not allowed
VCO Divider
Used
Not used
Used
Not allowed
CLK or VCO Direct to LVPECL Outputs
It is possible to connect either the internal VCO or the CLK
(whichever is selected as the input to the VCO divider) directly
to the LVPECL outputs, OUT0 to OUT5. This configuration
can pass frequencies up to the maximum frequency of the VCO
directly to the LVPECL outputs. The LVPECL outputs may not
be able to provide full voltage swing at the highest frequencies.
Rev. 0 | Page 41 of 84
AD9516-1
To connect the LVPECL outputs directly to the internal VCO or
CLK, the VCO divider must be selected as the source to the
distribution section, even if no channel uses it.
Either the internal VCO or the CLK can be selected as the
source for the direct to output routing.
Table 31. Settings for Routing VCO Divider Input Directly
to LVPECL Outputs
Register Setting
0x1E1<1:0> = 00b
0x1E1<1:0> = 10b
0x192<1> = 1b
0x195<1> = 1b
0x198<1> = 1b
Selection
CLK is the source; VCO divider selected
VCO is the source; VCO divider selected
Direct to output OUT0, OUT1
Direct to output OUT2, OUT3
Direct to output OUT4, OUT5
VCO Divider
The VCO divider provides frequency division between the
internal VCO or the external CLK input and the clock
distribution channel dividers. The VCO divider can be set
to divide by 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 (see Table 59, 0x1E0<2:0>).
Clock Frequency Division
The total frequency division is a combination of the VCO
divider (when used) and the channel divider. When the VCO
divider is used, the total division from the VCO or CLK to the
output is the product of the VCO divider (2, 3, 4, 5, 6) and the
division of the channel divider. Table 32 and Table 33 indicate
how the frequency division for a channel is set. For the LVPECL
outputs, there is only one divider per channel. For the LVDS/
CMOS outputs, there are two dividers (X.1, X.2) cascaded
per channel.
Table 32. Frequency Division for Divider 0 to Divider 2
CLK or VCO
Selected
CLK/VCO
CLK/VCO
CLK/VCO
VCO
Divider
2 to 6
2 to 6
2 to 6
Channel
Divider
1 (bypassed)
1 (bypassed)
2 to 32
Direct to
Output
Yes
No
No
CLK
Not
used
Not
used
1 (bypassed)
No
Frequency
Division
1
(2 to 6) × (1)
(2 to 6) ×
(2 to 32)
1
2 to 32
No
2 to 32
CLK
Each pair of LVPECL outputs is driven by a channel divider.
There are three channel dividers (0, 1, and 2) driving a total of
six LVPECL outputs (OUT0 to OUT5). Table 34 gives the
register locations used for setting the division and other
functions of these dividers. The division is set by the values of
M and N. The divider can be bypassed (equivalent to divide-by-1,
divider circuit is powered down) by setting the bypass bit. The
duty-cycle correction can be enabled or disabled according to
the setting of the DCCOFF bits.
Table 34. Setting DX for Divider 0, Divider 1, and Divider 2
Divider
0
1
2
Low Cycles
M
0x190<7:4>
0x193<7:4>
0x196<7:4>
High Cycles
N
0x190<3:0>
0x193<3:0>
0x196<3:0>
Bypass
0x191<7>
0x194<7>
0x197<7>
DCCOFF
0x192<0>
0x195<0>
0x198<0>
For each channel (where the channel number is x: 0, 1, or 2),
the frequency division, DX, is set by the values of M and N
(four bits each, representing decimal 0 to 15), where
Number of Low Cycles = M + 1
CLK or
VCO
Selected
CLK/VCO
VCO
Divider
2 to 6
CLK/VCO
2 to 6
CLK/VCO
2 to 6
CLK
Not
used
Not
used
Not
used
CLK
Channel Dividers—LVPECL Outputs
Channel Frequency Division (0, 1, and 2)
Table 33. Frequency Division for Divider 3 and Divider 4
CLK
The channel dividers feeding the LVPECL output drivers
contain one 2-to-32 frequency divider. This divider provides for
division by 1 to 32. Division by 1 is accomplished by bypassing
the divider. The dividers also provide for a programmable duty
cycle, with optional duty-cycle correction when the divide ratio
is odd. A phase offset or delay in increments of the input clock
cycle is selectable. The channel dividers operate with a signal at
their inputs up to 1600 MHz. The features and settings of the
dividers are selected by programming the appropriate setup
and control registers (see Table 51 through Table 61).
Channel Divider
X.1
X.2
1
1
(bypassed) (bypassed)
2 to 32
1
(bypassed)
2 to 32
2 to 32
1
1
Frequency
Division
(2 to 6) ×
(1) × (1)
(2 to 6) ×
(2 to 32) × (1)
(2 to 6) ×
(2 to 32) ×
(2 to 32)
1
2 to 32
1
(2 to 32) × (1)
2 to 32
2 to 32
2 to 32 ×
(2 to 32)
Number of High Cycles = N + 1
The cycles are cycles of the clock signal currently routed to the
input of the channel dividers (VCO divider out or CLK).
When a divider is bypassed, DX = 1.
Otherwise, DX = (N + 1) + (M + 1) = N + M + 2. This allows
each channel divider to divide by any integer from 1 to 32.
Rev. 0 | Page 42 of 84
AD9516-1
Duty Cycle and Duty-Cycle Correction (0, 1, and 2)
Table 36. Duty Cycle with VCO Divider, Input Duty Cycle Is X%
The duty cycle of the clock signal at the output of a channel is a
result of some or all of the following conditions:
VCO
Divider
• What are the M and N values for the channel?
Even
• Is the DCC enabled?
• Is the VCO divider used?
Odd = 3
• What is the CLK input duty cycle? (The internal VCO has a
50% duty cycle.)
Odd = 5
Even
The DCC function is enabled by default for each channel
divider. However, the DCC function can be disabled
individually for each channel divider by setting the
DCCOFF bit for that channel.
DX
N+M+2
1 (divider
bypassed)
1 (divider
bypassed)
1 (divider
bypassed)
Even
Odd
Certain M and N values for a channel divider result in a non50% duty cycle. A non-50% duty cycle can also result with an
even division, if M ≠ N. The duty-cycle correction function
automatically corrects non-50% duty cycles at the channel
divider output to 50% duty cycle. Duty-cycle correction
requires the following channel divider conditions:
Odd = 3
Even
Odd = 3
Odd
Odd = 5
Even
Odd = 5
Odd
Output Duty Cycle
DCCOFF = 1 DCCOFF = 0
50%
50%
33.3%
(1 + X%)/3
40%
(2 + X%)/5
(N + 1)/
(N + M + 2)
(N + 1)/
(N + M + 2)
(N + 1)/
(N + M + 2)
(N + 1)/
(N + M + 2)
(N + 1)/
(N + M + 2)
(N + 1)/
(N + M + 2)
50%,
requires M = N
50%,
requires M = N + 1
50%,
requires M = N
(3N + 4 + X%)/(6N + 9),
requires M = N + 1
50%,
requires M = N
(5N + 7 + X%)/(10N + 15),
requires M = N + 1
• An even division must be set as M = N
• An odd division must be set as M = N + 1
When not bypassed or corrected by the DCC function, the duty
cycle of each channel divider output is the numerical value of
(N + 1)/(N + M + 2) expressed as a %.
The duty cycle at the output of the channel divider for various
configurations is shown in Table 35 to Table 37.
Table 35. Duty Cycle with VCO Divider, Input Duty Cycle Is 50%
VCO
Divider
Even, Odd
DX
N+M+2
1 (divider
bypassed)
1 (divider
bypassed)
1 (divider
bypassed)
Even
Even, Odd
Odd
Even
Odd = 3
Odd = 5
Output Duty Cycle
DCCOFF = 1 DCCOFF = 0
50%
50%
33.3%
50%
40%
50%
(N + 1)/
(N + M + 2)
(N + 1)/
(N + M + 2)
50%; requires M = N
Table 37. Channel Divider Output Duty Cycle When the
VCO Divider Is Not Used
Input Clock
Duty Cycle
Any
DX
N+M+2
1
Any
Even
50%
Odd
X%
Odd
Output Duty Cycle
DCCOFF = 1 DCCOFF = 0
1 (divider
Same as input
bypassed)
duty cycle
50%, requires M = N
(N + 1)/
(M + N + 2)
(N + 1)/
50%, requires
(M + N + 2)
M=N+1
(N + 1)/
(N + 1 + X%)/(2 × N + 3),
(M + N + 2)
requires M = N + 1
The internal VCO has a duty cycle of 50%. Therefore, when the
VCO is connected direct to output, the duty cycle is 50%. If the
CLK input is routed direct to output, the duty cycle of the output is
the same as the CLK input.
50%; requires M = N + 1
Rev. 0 | Page 43 of 84
AD9516-1
CHANNEL
DIVIDER INPUT
Each channel divider allows for a phase offset, or a coarse time
delay, to be programmed by setting register bits (see Table 38).
These settings determine the number of cycles (successive
rising edges) of the channel divider input frequency by which to
offset, or delay, the rising edge of the output of the divider. This
delay is with respect to a nondelayed output (that is, with a
phase offset of zero). The amount of the delay is set by 5 bits
loaded into the phase offset (PO) register plus the start high
(SH) bit for each channel divider. When the start high bit is set,
the delay is also affected by the number of low cycles (M)
programmed for the divider.
It is necessary to use the SYNC function to make phase offsets
effective (See the Synchronizing the Outputs—SYNC Function
section).
Table 38. Setting Phase Offset and Division for Divider 0,
Divider 1, and Divider 2
Divider
0
1
2
Start
High (SH)
0x191<4>
0x194<4>
0x197<4>
Phase
Offset (PO)
0x191<3:0>
0x194<3:0>
0x197<3:0>
Low Cycles
M
0x190<7:4>
0x193<7:4>
0x196<7:4>
High Cycles
N
0x190<3:0>
0x193<3:0>
0x196<3:0>
0
1
2
Tx
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 11 12 13 14 15
CHANNEL DIVIDER OUTPUTS
DIV = 4, DUTY = 50%
SH = 0
DIVIDER 0 PO = 0
DIVIDER 1
SH = 0
PO = 1
DIVIDER 2
SH = 0
PO = 2
06420-071
Phase Offset or Coarse Time Delay (0, 1, and 2)
1 × Tx
2 × Tx
Figure 53. Effect of Coarse Phase Offset (or Delay)
Channel Dividers—LVDS/CMOS Outputs
Channel Divider 3 and Channel Divider 4 each drive a pair of
LVDS outputs, giving a total of four LVDS outputs (OUT6 to
OUT9). Alternatively, each of these LVDS differential outputs
can be configured individually as a pair (A and B) of CMOS
single-ended outputs, providing for up to eight CMOS outputs.
By default, the B output of each pair is off but can be turned on
as desired.
Let
Δt = delay (in seconds).
Δc = delay (in cycles of clock signal at input to DX).
TX = period of the clock signal at the input of the divider, DX
(in seconds).
Φ=
16 × SH<4> + 8 × PO<3> + 4 × PO<2> + 2 × PO<1> + 1 × PO<0>
Channel Divider 3 and Channel Divider 4 each consist of two
cascaded, 1 to 32, frequency dividers. The channel frequency
division is DX.1 × DX.2 or up to 1024. Both of the dividers also
have DCC enabled by default, but this function can be disabled,
if desired, by setting the DCCOFF bit of the channel. A coarse
phase offset or delay is also programmable (see the Phase Offset
or Coarse Time Delay (Divider 3 and Divider 4) section). The
channel dividers operate up to 1600 MHz. The features and
settings of the dividers are selected by programming the
appropriate setup and control registers (see Table 51 and Table 52
through Table 61).
The channel divide-by is set as N = high cycles and M = low cycles.
Table 39. Setting Division (DX) for Divider 3, Divider 4
Case 1
Divider
3
3.1
3.2
4
4.1
4.2
For Φ ≤ 15:
Δt = Φ × TX
Δc = Δt/TX = Φ
Case 2
For Φ ≥ 16:
Δt = (Φ − 16 + M + 1) × TX
Δc = Δt/TX
M
0x199<7:4>
0x19B<7:4>
0x19E<7:4>
0x1A0<7:4>
N
0x199<3:0>
0x19B<3:0>
0x19E<3:0>
0x1A0<3:0>
Bypass
0x19C<4>
0x19C<5>
0x1A1<4>
0x1A1<5>
DCCOFF
0x19D<0>
0x19D<0>
0x1A2<0>
0x1A2<0>
Channel Frequency Division (Divider 3 and Divider 4)
By giving each divider a different phase offset, output-to-output
delays can be set in increments of the channel divider input
clock cycle. Figure 53 shows the results of setting such a coarse
offset between outputs.
The division for each channel divider is set by the bits in the
registers for the individual dividers (X.Y = 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, and 4.2).
Number of Low Cycles = MX.Y + 1
Number of High Cycles = NX.Y + 1
When both X.1 and X.2 are bypassed, DX = 1 × 1 = 1.
When only X.2 is bypassed, DX = (NX.1 + MX.1 + 2) × 1.
When both X.1 and X.2 are not bypassed, DX = (NX.1 + MX.1 + 2) ×
(NX.2 + MX.2 + 2).
Rev. 0 | Page 44 of 84
AD9516-1
By cascading the dividers, channel division up to 1024 can be
obtained. However, not all integer value divisions from 1 to
1024 are obtainable; only the values that are the product of the
separate divisions of the two dividers (DX.1 × DX.2) can be realized.
If only one divider is needed when using Divider 3 and Divider 4,
use the first one (X.1) and bypass the second one (X.2). Do not
bypass X.1 and use X.2.
Duty Cycle and Duty-Cycle Correction (Divider 3 and
Divider 4)
The same duty cycle and DCC considerations apply to Divider 3
and Divider 4 as to Divider 0, Divider 1, and Divider 2 (see
Duty Cycle and Duty-Cycle Correction (0, 1, and 2)); however,
with these channel dividers, the number of possible
configurations is even more complex.
Duty-cycle correction on Divider 3 and Divider 4 requires the
following channel divider conditions:
• An even DX.Y must be set with the MX.Y = NX.Y (low cycles =
high cycles).
• An odd DX.Y must be set as MX.Y = NX.Y + 1 (the number of
low cycles must be one greater than the number of high cycles).
• If only one divider is bypassed, it must be the second
divider, X.2.
• If only one divider has an even divide by, it must be the
second divider, X.2.
The possibilities for the duty cycle of the output clock from
Divider 3 and Divider 4 are shown in Table 40 through Table 44.
Table 40. Divider 3, Divider 4 Duty Cycle; VCO Divider
Used; Duty Cycle Correction Off (DCCOFF = 1)
VCO
Divider
Even
Odd = 3
Odd = 5
Even
DX.1
NX.1 + MX.1 + 2
1
1
1
Even, Odd
DX.2
NX.2 + MX.2 + 2
1
1
1
1
Odd
Even, Odd
1
Even
Even, Odd
Even, Odd
Odd
Even, Odd
Even, Odd
Table 41. Divider 3, Divider 4 Duty Cycle; VCO Divider Not
Used; Duty Cycle Correction Off (DCCOFF = 1)
Input Clock
Duty Cycle
50%
X%
50%
DX.1
NX.1 + MX.1 + 2
1
1
Even, Odd
DX.2
NX.2 + MX.2 + 2
1
1
1
X%
Even, Odd
1
50%
Even, Odd
Even, Odd
X%
Even, Odd
Even, Odd
Output
Duty Cycle
50%
X%
(NX.1 + 1)/
(NX.1 + MX.1 + 2)
(NX.1 + 1)/
(NX.1 + MX.1 + 2)
(NX.2 + 1)/
(NX.2 + MX.2 + 2)
(NX.2 + 1)/
(NX.2 + MX.2 + 2)
Table 42. Divider 3, Divider 4 Duty Cycle; VCO Divider
Used; Duty Cycle Correction Is On (DCCOFF = 0); VCO
Divider Input Duty Cycle = 50%
VCO
Divider
Even
Odd
Even
Odd
Even
Odd
Even
Odd
Even
Odd
Even
Odd
Output Duty Cycle
50%
33.3%
40%
(NX.1 + 1)/
(NX.1 + MX.1 + 2)
(NX.1 + 1)/
(NX.1 + MX.1 + 2)
(NX.2 + 1)/
(NX.2 + MX.2 + 2)
(NX.2 + 1)/
(NX.2 + MX.2 + 2)
Rev. 0 | Page 45 of 84
DX.1
DX.2
NX.1 + MX.1 + 2
1
1
Even (NX.1 = MX.1)
Even (NX.1 = MX.1)
Odd (MX.1 = NX.1 + 1)
Odd (MX.1 = NX.1 + 1)
Even (NX.1 = MX.1)
Even (NX.1 = MX.1)
Odd (MX.1 = NX.1 + 1)
Odd (MX.1 = NX.1 + 1)
Odd (MX.1 = NX.1 + 1)
Odd (MX.1 = NX.1 + 1)
NX.2 + MX.2 + 2
1
1
1
1
1
1
Even (NX.2 = MX.2)
Even (NX.2 = MX.2)
Even (NX.2 = MX.2)
Even (NX.2 = MX.2)
Odd (MX.2 = NX.2 + 1)
Odd (MX.2 = NX.2 + 1)
Output
Duty Cycle
50%
50%
50%
50%
50%
50%
50%
50%
50%
50%
50%
50%
AD9516-1
Table 44. Divider 3, Divider 4 Duty Cycle; VCO Divider Not
Used; Duty Cycle Correction On (DCCOFF = 0)
Table 43. Divider 3, Divider 4 Duty Cycle; VCO Divider
Used; Duty Cycle Correction On (DCCOFF = 0); VCO
Divider Input Duty Cycle = X%
VCO
Divider
Even
Odd = 3
Odd = 5
Even
Odd
Even
Odd = 3
Odd = 5
Even
Odd
Even
Odd
Even
Odd = 3
Odd = 5
Input
Clock
Duty
Cycle
50%
50%
DX.1
DX.2
NX.1 + MX.1 + 2
1
1
1
Even
(NX.1 = MX.1)
Even
(NX.1 = MX.1)
Odd
(MX.1 = NX.1 + 1)
Odd
(MX.1 = NX.1 + 1)
Odd
(MX.1 = NX.1 + 1)
Even
(NX.1 = MX.1)
Even
(NX.1 = MX.1)
Odd
(MX.1 = NX.1 + 1)
Odd
(MX.1 = NX.1 + 1)
Odd
(MX.1 = NX.1 + 1)
NX.2 + MX.2 + 2
1
1
1
Output
Duty Cycle
50%
(1 + X%)/3
(2 + X%)/5
1
50%
X%
X%
1
50%
50%
1
50%
X%
Odd
(MX.1 = NX.1 + 1)
Odd
(MX.2 = NX.2 + 1)
Odd
(MX.1 = NX.1 + 1)
1
1
Even
(NX.2 = MX.2)
Even
(NX.2 = MX.2)
Even
(NX.2 = MX.2)
Even
(NX.2 = MX.2)
Odd
(MX.2 = NX.2 + 1)
Odd
(MX.2 = NX.2 + 1)
DX.1
DX.2
NX.1 + MX.1 + 2
1
Even
(NX.1 = MX.1)
1
Even
(NX.1 = MX.1)
Odd
(MX.1 = NX.1 + 1)
Odd
(MX.1 = NX.1 + 1)
Odd
(MX.1 = NX.1 + 1)
Even
(NX.1 = MX.1)
Even
(NX.1 = MX.1)
Odd
(MX.1 = NX.1 + 1)
Odd
(MX.1 = NX.1 + 1)
Odd
(MX.1 = NX.1 + 1)
Odd
(MX.1 = NX.1 + 1)
NX.2 + MX.2 + 2
1
1
Output
Duty Cycle
50%
50%
1
1
X% (High)
50%
1
50%
1
(NX.1 + 1 + X%)/
(2NX.1 + 3)
(NX.1 + 1 + X%)/
(2NX.1 + 3)
50%
(3NX.1 + 4 + X%)/
(6NX.1 + 9)
(5NX.1 + 7 + X%)/
(10NX.1 + 15)
50%
50%
X%
50%
50%
50%
X%
50%
50%
50%
X%
(6NX.1NX.2 + 9NX.1 +
9NX.2 + 13 + X%)/
(3(2NX.1 + 3)
(2NX.2 + 3))
(10NX.1NX.2 + 15NX.1 +
15NX.2 + 22 + X%)/
(5(2 NX.1 + 3)
(2 NX.2 + 3))
Phase Offset or Coarse Time Delay (Divider 3 and Divider 4)
1
Even
(NX.2 = MX.2)
Even
(NX.2 = MX.2)
Even
(NX.2 = MX.2)
Even
(NX.2 = MX.2)
Odd
(MX.2 = NX.2 + 1)
Odd
(MX.2 = NX.2 + 1)
50%
50%
50%
50%
(2NX.1NX.2 + 3NX.1 +
3NX.2 + 4 + X%)/
((2NX.1 + 3)(2NX.2 + 3))
Divider 3 and Divider 4 can be set to have a phase offset or
delay. The phase offset is set by a combination of the bits in the
phase offset and start high registers (see Table 45).
Table 45. Setting Phase Offset and Division for Divider 3 and
Divider 4
Divider
3 3.1
3.2
4 4.1
4.2
Start
High (SH)
0x19C<0>
0x19C<1>
0x1A1<0>
0x1A1<1>
Phase
Offset (PO)
0x19A<3:0>
0x19A<7:4>
0x19F<3:0>
0x19F<7:4>
Low
Cycles M
0x199<7:4>
0x19B<7:4>
0x19E<7:4>
0x1A0<7:4>
High
Cycles N
0x199<3:0>
0x19B<3:0>
0x19E<3:0>
0x1A0<3:0>
Let Δt = delay (in seconds).
Φx.y = 16 × SH<0> + 8 × PO<3> + 4 × PO<2> + 2 × PO<1> +
1 × PO<0>.
TX.1 = period of the clock signal at the input to DX.1 (in seconds).
TX.2 = period of the clock signal at the input to DX.2 (in seconds).
Rev. 0 | Page 46 of 84
AD9516-1
Case 1
Calculating the Fine Delay
When Φx.1 ≤ 15 and Φx.2 ≤ 15:
The following values and equations are used to calculate the
delay of the delay block.
Δt = Φx.1 × TX.1 + ΦX.2 × Tx.2
Case 2
IRAMP (μA) = 200 × (Ramp Current + 1)
When Φx.1 ≤ 15 and Φx.2 ≥ 16:
Number of Capacitors = Number of <Bits> =
0 in Ramp Capacitors + 1
Δt = ΦX.1 × TX.1 + (ΦX.2 − 16 + MX.2 + 1) × TX.2
Example: 101 = 1 + 1 = 2; 110 = 1 + 1 = 2; 100 = 2 + 1 = 3;
001 = 2 + 1 = 3; 111 = 0 + 1 = 1.
Case 3
When ΦX.1 ≥ 16 and ΦX.2 ≤ 15:
Delay Range (ns) = 200 × ((No. of Caps + 3)/(IRAMP)) × 1.3286
Δt = (ΦX.1 − 16 + MX.1 + 1) × TX.1 + ΦX.2 × TX.2
⎛ No.of Caps − 1 ⎞
⎟×6
Offset (ns ) = 0.34 + (1600 − I RAMP )× 10 −4 + ⎜⎜
⎟
I RAMP
⎝
⎠
Delay Full Scale (ns) = Delay Range + Offset
Case 4
When ΦX.1 ≥ 16 and ΦX.2 ≥ 16:
Δt =
Fine Delay (ns) =
Delay Range × Delay Fraction × (1/63) + Offset
(ΦX.1 − 16 + MX.1 + 1) × TX.1 + (ΦX.2 − 16 + MX.2 + 1) × TX.2
Fine Delay Adjust (Divider 3 and Divider 4)
Note that only delay fraction values up to 47 decimal (101111b;
0x2F) are supported.
Each AD9516 LVDS/CMOS output (OUT6 to OUT9) includes
an analog delay element that can be programmed to give
variable time delays (Δt) in the clock signal at that output.
BYPASS
VCO
CLK DIVIDER
DIVIDER
X.1
In no case can the fine delay exceed one-half of the output clock
period. If a delay longer than half of the clock period is attempted,
the output stops clocking.
CMOS
ΔT
LVDS
FINE DELAY
ADJUST
CMOS
OUTM
OUTM
OUTPUT
DRIVERS
DIVIDER
X.2
BYPASS
LVDS
FINE DELAY
ADJUST
CMOS
OUTN
OUTN
06420-072
CMOS
ΔT
Figure 54. Fine Delay (OUT6 to OUT9)
Synchronizing the Outputs—SYNC Function
The amount of delay applied to the clock signal is determined
by programming four registers per output (see Table 46).
Table 46. Setting Analog Fine Delays
OUTPUT
(LVDS/CMOS)
OUT6
OUT7
OUT8
OUT9
Ramp
Capacitors
0xA1<5:3>
0xA4<5:3>
0xA7<5:3>
0xAA<5:3>
Ramp
Current
0xA1<2:0>
0xA4<2:0>
0xA7<2:0>
0xAA<2:0>
Delay
Fraction
0xA2<5:0>
0xA5<5:0>
0xA8<5:0>
0xAB<5:0>
The delay function adds some jitter greater than that specified
for the nondelayed output. This means that the delay function
should be used primarily for clocking digital chips, such as
FPGA, ASIC, DUC, and DDC. An output with this delay
enabled may not be suitable for clocking data converters. The
jitter is higher for long full scales because the delay block uses a
ramp and trip points to create the variable delay. A slower ramp
time produces more time jitter.
Delay
Bypass
0xA0<0>
0xA3<0>
0xA6<0>
0xA9<0>
The AD9516 clock outputs can be synchronized to each other.
Outputs can be individually excluded from synchronization.
Synchronization consists of setting the nonexcluded outputs to
a preset set of static conditions and subsequently releasing these
outputs to continue clocking at the same instant with the preset
conditions applied. This allows for the alignment of the edges of
two or more outputs or for the spacing of edges according to the
coarse phase offset settings for two or more outputs.
Rev. 0 | Page 47 of 84
AD9516-1
Synchronization of the outputs is executed in several ways:
The most common way to execute the SYNC function is to use
the SYNC pin to do a manual synchronization of the outputs.
This requires a low-going signal on the SYNC pin, which is held
low and then released when synchronization is desired. The
timing of the SYNC operation is shown in Figure 55 (using
VCO divider) and Figure 56 (VCO divider not used). There is
an uncertainty of up to 1 cycle of the clock at the input to the
channel divider due to the asynchronous nature of the SYNC
signal with respect to the clock edges inside the AD9516. The
delay from the SYNC rising edge to the beginning of synchronized
output clocking is between 14 and 15 cycles of clock at the
channel divider input, plus either one cycle of the VCO divider
input (see Figure 55), or one cycle of the channel divider input
(see Figure 56), depending on whether the VCO divider is used.
Cycles are counted from the rising edge of the signal.
• The SYNC pin is forced low and then released (manual sync).
• By setting and then resetting any one of the following three
bits: the soft sync bit (0x230<0>), the soft reset bit (0x00<5>
[mirrored]), and the distribution power-down bit (0x230<1>).
• Synchronization of the outputs can be executed as part of the
chip power-up sequence.
• The RESET pin is forced low and then released (chip reset).
• The PD pin is forced low and then released (chip power down).
• Whenever a VCO calibration is completed, an internal SYNC
signal is automatically asserted at the beginning and released
upon the completion of a VCO calibration.
Another common way to execute the SYNC function is by
setting and resetting the soft sync bit at 0x230<0> (see Table 52
through Table 61 for details). Both setting and resetting of the
soft sync bit require an update all registers (0x232<0> = 1)
operation to take effect.
CHANNEL DIVIDER
OUTPUT CLOCKING
CHANNEL DIVIDER
OUTPUT CLOCKING
CHANNEL DIVIDER OUTPUT STATIC
INPUT TO VCO DIVIDER
INPUT TO CHANNEL DIVIDER
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
SYNC PIN
OUTPUT OF
CHANNEL DIVIDER
06420-073
14 TO 15 CYCLES AT CHANNEL DIVIDER INPUT + 1 CYCLE AT VCO DIVIDER INPUT
Figure 55. SYNC Timing when VCO Divider Is Used—CLK or VCO Is Input
Rev. 0 | Page 48 of 84
AD9516-1
CHANNEL DIVIDER
OUTPUT CLOCKING
CHANNEL DIVIDER
OUTPUT CLOCKING
CHANNEL DIVIDER OUTPUT STATIC
INPUT TO CLK
IINPUT TO CHANNEL DIVIDER
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
SYNC PIN
OUTPUT OF
CHANNEL DIVIDER
06420-074
14 TO 15 CYCLES AT CHANNEL DIVIDER INPUT + 1 CYCLE AT CLK INPUT
Figure 56. SYNC Timing when VCO Divider Is Not Used—CLK Input Only
A SYNC operation brings all outputs that have not been
excluded (by the NOSYNC bit) to a preset condition before
allowing the outputs to begin clocking in synchronicity. The
preset condition takes into account the settings in each of the
channel’s start high bit and its phase offset. These settings
govern both the static state of each output when the SYNC
operation is happening and the state and relative phase of the
outputs when they begin clocking again upon completion of the
SYNC operation. Between outputs and after synchronization,
this allows for the setting of phase offsets.
The AD9516 outputs are in pairs, sharing a channel divider per
pair (two pairs of pairs, four outputs, in the case of CMOS). The
synchronization conditions apply to both outputs of a pair.
Each channel (a divider and its outputs) can be excluded from
any SYNC operation by setting the NOSYNC bit of the channel.
Channels that are set to ignore SYNC (excluded channels) do
not set their outputs static during a SYNC operation, and their
outputs are not synchronized with those of the nonexcluded
channels.
The LVPECL differential voltage (VOD) is selectable (from
~400 mV to ~960 mV, see 0xF0:0xF5<3:2>. The LVPECL
outputs have dedicated pins for power supply (VS_LVPECL),
allowing for a separate power supply to be used. VS_LVPECL can be
from 2.5 V to 3.3 V.
The LVPECL output polarity can be set as noninverting or
inverting, which allows for the adjustment of the relative
polarity of outputs within an application without requiring a
board layout change. Each LVPECL output can be powered
down or powered up as needed. Because of the architecture of
the LVPECL output stages, there is the possibility of electrical
overstress and breakdown under certain power-down conditions.
For this reason, the LVPECL outputs have several power-down
modes. This includes a safe power-down mode that continues
to protect the output devices while powered down, although it
consumes somewhat more power than a total power-down. If
the LVPECL output pins are terminated, it is best to select the
safe power-down mode. If the pins are not connected (unused),
it is acceptable to use the total power-down mode.
3.3V
The AD9516 offers three different output level choices:
LVPECL, LVDS, and CMOS. OUT0 to OUT5 are LVPECL
differential outputs; and OUT6 to OUT9 are LVDS/CMOS
outputs. These outputs can be configured as either LVDS
differential or as pairs of single-ended CMOS outputs.
OUT
OUT
GND
06420-033
Clock Outputs
LVPECL Outputs: OUT0 to OUT5
Figure 57. LVPECL Output Simplified Equivalent Circuit
Rev. 0 | Page 49 of 84
AD9516-1
LVDS/CMOS Outputs: OUT6 to OUT9
OUT6 to OUT9 can be configured as either an LVDS
differential output or as a pair of CMOS single-ended outputs.
The LVDS outputs allow for selectable output current from
~1.75 mA to ~7 mA.
The LVDS output polarity can be set as noninverting or
inverting, which allows for the adjustment of the relative
polarity of outputs within an application without requiring a
board layout change. Each LVDS output can be powered down
if not needed to save power.
3.5mA
Power-On Reset—Start-Up Conditions When VS Is
Applied
A power-on reset (POR) is issued when the VS power supply is
turned on. This initializes the chip to the power-on conditions
that are determined by the default register settings. These are
indicated in the Default Value column of Table 51. At power-on,
the AD9516 also executes a SYNC operation, which brings the
outputs into phase alignment according to the default settings.
Asynchronous Reset via the RESET Pin
An asynchronous hard reset is executed by momentarily pulling
RESET low. A reset restores the chip registers to the default
settings.
Soft Reset via 0x00<5>
A soft reset is executed by writing 0x00<5> and 0x00<2> = 1b.
This bit is not self-clearing; therefore, it must be cleared by
writing 0x00<5> and 0x00<2> = 0b to reset it and complete the
soft reset operation. A soft reset restores the default values to
the internal registers. The soft reset bit does not require an
update registers command (0x232) to be issued.
OUT
06420-034
OUT
3.5mA
Figure 58. LVDS Output Simplified Equivalent Circuit with
3.5 mA Typical Current Source
POWER-DOWN MODES
OUT6 to OUT9 can also be CMOS outputs. Each LVDS output
can be configured to be two CMOS outputs. This provides for
up to eight CMOS outputs: OUT6A, OUT6B, OUT7A, OUT7B,
OUT8A, OUT8B, OUT9A, and OUT9B. When an output is
configured as CMOS, the CMOS Output A is automatically
turned on. The CMOS Output B can be turned on or off
independently. The relative polarity of the CMOS outputs can also
be selected for any combination of inverting and noninverting. See
Table 56, 0x140<7:5>, 0x141<7:5>, 0x142<7:5>, and 0x143<7:5>.
Each LVDS/CMOS output can be powered-down as needed to
save power. The CMOS output power-down is controlled by the
same bit that controls the LVDS power-down for that output.
This power-down control affects both the CMOS A and
CMOS B outputs. However, when the CMOS A output is powered
up, the CMOS B output can be powered on or off separately.
VS
Chip Power-Down via PD
The AD9516 can be put into a power-down condition by
pulling the PD pin low. Power-down turns off most of the
functions and currents inside the AD9516. The chip remains in
this power-down state until PD is brought back to Logic High.
When woken up, the AD9516 returns to the settings programmed
into its registers prior to the power-down, unless the registers
are changed by new programming while the PD pin is held low.
The PD power-down shuts down the currents on the chip,
except the bias current necessary to maintain the LVPECL
outputs in a safe shutdown mode. This is needed to protect the
LVPECL output circuitry from damage that could be caused by
certain termination and load configurations when tristated.
Because this is not a complete power-down, it can be called
sleep mode.
When the AD9516 is in a PD power-down, the chip is in the
following state:
06420-035
OUT1/
OUT1
•
The PLL is off (asynchronous power-down).
•
The VCO is off.
•
The CLK input buffer is off.
•
All dividers are off.
RESET MODES
•
All LVDS/CMOS outputs are off.
The AD9516 has several ways to force the chip into a reset
condition that restores all registers to their default values, and
makes these settings active.
•
All LVPECL outputs are in safe off mode.
•
The serial control port is active, and the chip responds to
commands.
Figure 59. CMOS Equivalent Output Circuit
Rev. 0 | Page 50 of 84
AD9516-1
If the AD9516 clock outputs must be synchronized to each
other, a SYNC is required upon exiting power-down (see the
Synchronizing the Outputs—SYNC Function section). A VCO
calibration is not required when exiting power-down.
PLL Power-Down
The PLL section of the AD9516 can be selectively powered
down. There are three PLL operating modes set by 0x10<1:0>,
as shown in Table 53.
Individual Clock Output Power-Down
Any of the clock distribution outputs may be powered down
individually by writing to the appropriate registers. The register
map details the individual power-down settings for each output.
The LVDS/CMOS outputs may be powered down, regardless of
their output load configuration.
In synchronous power-down mode, the PLL power-down is
gated by the charge pump to prevent unwanted frequency
jumps. The device goes into power-down on the occurrence of
the next charge pump event after the registers are updated.
The LVPECL outputs have multiple power-down modes
(see Table 55), which give some flexibility in dealing with the
various output termination conditions. When the mode is set to
10b, the LVPECL output is protected from reverse bias to
2 VBE + 1 V. If the mode is set to 11b, the LVPECL output is
not protected from reverse bias and can be damaged under
certain termination conditions. This setting also affects the
operation when the distribution block is powered down with
0x230<1> = 1b (see the Distribution Power-Down section).
Distribution Power-Down
Individual Circuit Block Power-Down
The distribution section can be powered down by writing
0x230<1> = 1b. This turns off the bias to the distribution
section. If the LVPECL power-down mode is normal operation
(00b), it is possible for a low impedance load on that LVPECL
output to draw significant current during this power-down. If
the LVPECL power-down mode is set to 11b, the LVPECL
output is not protected from reverse bias and can be damaged
under certain termination conditions.
Other AD9516 circuit blocks (such as CLK, REF1, and REF2)
can be powered down individually. This gives flexibility in
configuring the part for power savings whenever certain chip
functions are not needed.
In asynchronous power-down mode, the device powers down as
soon as the registers are updated.
Rev. 0 | Page 51 of 84
AD9516-1
SERIAL CONTROL PORT
The AD9516 serial control port is a flexible, synchronous, serial
communications port that allows an easy interface with many
industry-standard microcontrollers and microprocessors. The
AD9516 serial control port is compatible with most synchronous
transfer formats, including both the Motorola SPI® and Intel®
SSR® protocols. The serial control port allows read/write access
to all registers that configure the AD9516. Single or multiple
byte transfers are supported, as well as MSB first or LSB first
transfer formats. The AD9516 serial control port can be
configured for a single bidirectional I/O pin (SDIO only) or
for two unidirectional I/O pins (SDIO/SDO). By default, the
AD9516 is in bidirectional mode, long instruction (long
instruction is only instruction mode supported).
During this period, the serial control port state machine enters
a wait state until all data is sent. If the system controller decides
to abort the transfer before all of the data is sent, the state machine
must be reset by either completing the remaining transfers or by
returning the CS low for at least one complete SCLK cycle (but
less than eight SCLK cycles). Raising the CS on a nonbyte
boundary terminates the serial transfer and flushes the buffer.
SERIAL CONTROL PORT PIN DESCRIPTIONS
Communication Cycle—Instruction Plus Data
SCLK (serial clock) is the serial shift clock. This pin is an input.
SCLK is used to synchronize serial control port reads and
writes. Write data bits are registered on the rising edge of this
clock, and read data bits are registered on the falling edge. This
pin is internally pulled down by a 30 kΩ resistor to ground.
SDIO (serial data input/output) is a dual-purpose pin and acts
as either an input only (unidirectional mode) or as both an
input/output (bidirectional mode). The AD9516 defaults to the
bidirectional I/O mode (0x00<7> = 0).
SDO (serial data out) is used only in the unidirectional I/O
mode (0x00<7>) as a separate output pin for reading back data.
CS (chip select bar) is an active low control that gates the read
and write cycles. When CS is high, SDO and SDIO are in a high
impedance state. This pin is internally pulled up by a 30 kΩ
resistor to VS.
16
CS
17
SDO
21
SDIO
22
AD9516-1
SERIAL
CONTROL
PORT
06420-036
SCLK
Figure 60. Serial Control Port
GENERAL OPERATION OF SERIAL CONTROL PORT
A write or a read operation to the AD9516 is initiated by
pulling CS low.
CS stall high is supported in modes where three or fewer bytes
of data (plus instruction data) are transferred (see Table 47).
In these modes, CS can temporarily return high on any byte
boundary, allowing time for the system controller to process the
next byte. CS can go high on byte boundaries only and can go
high during either part (instruction or data) of the transfer.
In the streaming mode (see Table 47), any number of data bytes
can be transferred in a continuous stream. The register address
is automatically incremented or decremented (see the MSB/LSB
First Transfers section). CS must be raised at the end of the last
byte to be transferred, thereby ending the stream mode.
There are two parts to a communication cycle with the AD9516.
The first writes a 16-bit instruction word into the AD9516,
coincident with the first 16 SCLK rising edges. The instruction
word provides the AD9516 serial control port with information
regarding the data transfer, which is the second part of the
communication cycle. The instruction word defines whether
the upcoming data transfer is a read or a write, the number of
bytes in the data transfer, and the starting register address for
the first byte of the data transfer.
Write
If the instruction word is for a write operation, the second part
is the transfer of data into the serial control port buffer of the
AD9516. Data bits are registered on the rising edge of SCLK.
The length of the transfer (1, 2, 3 bytes or streaming mode) is
indicated by two bits (W1:W0) in the instruction byte. When
the transfer is 1, 2, or 3 bytes, but not streaming, CS can be
raised after each sequence of eight bits to stall the bus (except
after the last byte, where it ends the cycle). When the bus is
stalled, the serial transfer resumes when CS is lowered. Raising CS
on a nonbyte boundary resets the serial control port. During a
write, streaming mode does not skip over reserved or blank
registers; therefore, the user must know what bit pattern to
write to the reserved registers to preserve proper operation of
the part. It does not matter what data is written to blank registers.
Because data is written into a serial control port buffer area, not
directly into the actual control registers of the AD9516, an
additional operation is needed to transfer the serial control port
buffer contents to the actual control registers of the AD9516,
thereby causing them to become active. The update registers
operation consists of setting 0x232<0> = 1b (this bit is selfclearing). Any number of bytes of data can be changed before
executing an update registers. The update registers simultaneously
actuates all register changes that have been written to the buffer
since any previous update.
Rev. 0 | Page 52 of 84
AD9516-1
Read
If the instruction word is for a read operation, the next N × 8
SCLK cycles clock out the data from the address specified in the
instruction word, where N is 1 to 3 as determined by W1:W0.
If N = 4, the read operation is in streaming mode, continuing
until CS is raised. Streaming mode does not skip over reserved
or blank registers. The readback data is valid on the falling
edge of SCLK.
The default mode of the AD9516 serial control port is the
bidirectional mode. In bidirectional mode, both the sent data
and the readback data appear on the SDIO pin. It is also possible to
set the AD9516 to unidirectional mode (SDO enable register,
0x00<7>). In unidirectional mode, the readback data appears
on the SDO pin.
A readback request reads the data that is in the serial control
port buffer area, or the data in the active registers (see Figure 61).
Readback of the buffer or active registers is controlled by 0x04<0>.
The AD9516 supports only the long instruction mode, therefore
0x00<4:3> must be set to 11b (this register uses mirrored bits).
Long instruction mode is the default at power-up or reset.
SDO
CS
SERIAL
CONTROL
PORT
UPDATE
REGISTERS
WRITE REGISTER 0x232 = 0x01
TO UDATE REGISTERS
06420-037
SDIO
ACTIVE REGISTERS
SCLK
BUFFER REGISTERS
The AD9516 uses Register Address 0x000 to Register
Address 0x232.
Figure 61. Relationship Between Serial Control Port Buffer Registers and
Active Registers of the AD9516
THE INSTRUCTION WORD (16 BITS)
The MSB of the instruction word is R/W, which indicates
whether the instruction is a read or a write. The next two bits,
W1:W0, indicate the length of the transfer in bytes. The final
13 bits are the address (A12:A0) at which to begin the read or
write operation.
For a write, the instruction word is followed by the number of
bytes of data indicated by Bits W1:W0, see Table 47.
Table 47. Byte Transfer Count
W1
0
0
1
1
W0
0
1
0
1
Bytes to Transfer
1
2
3
Streaming mode
A12:A0: These 13 bits select the address within the register map
that is written to or read from during the data transfer portion
of the communications cycle. Only Bits<A9:A0> are needed to
cover the range of the 0x232 registers used by the AD9516.
Bits<A12:A10> must always be 0b. For multibyte transfers, this
address is the starting byte address. In MSB first mode,
subsequent bytes increment the address.
MSB/LSB FIRST TRANSFERS
The AD9516 instruction word and byte data can be MSB first
or LSB first. Any data written to 0x000 must be mirrored, the
upper four bits (<7:4>) with the lower four bits (<3:0>). This
makes it irrelevant whether LSB first or MSB first is in effect. As
an example of this mirroring, see the default setting for this
register: 0x18, which mirrors Bit 4 and Bit 3. This sets the long
instruction mode (default, and only mode supported).
The default for the AD9516 is MSB first.
When LSB first is set by 0x000<2> and 0x000<6>, it takes effect
immediately, because it only affects the operation of the serial
control port and does not require that an update be executed.
When MSB first mode is active, the instruction and data bytes
must be written from MSB to LSB. Multibyte data transfers in
MSB first format start with an instruction byte that includes the
register address of the most significant data byte. Subsequent
data bytes must follow in order from the high address to the low
address. In MSB first mode, the serial control port internal
address generator decrements for each data byte of the
multibyte transfer cycle.
When LSB first is active, the instruction and data bytes must be
written from LSB to MSB. Multibyte data transfers in LSB first
format start with an instruction byte that includes the register
address of the least significant data byte followed by multiple
data bytes. The internal byte address generator of the serial
control port increments for each byte of the multibyte
transfer cycle.
The AD9516 serial control port register address decrements
from the register address just written toward 0x000 for multibyte
I/O operations if the MSB first mode is active (default). If the
LSB first mode is active, the register address of the serial control
port increments from the address just written toward 0x232 for
multibyte I/O operations.
Streaming mode always terminates when it hits Address 0x232.
Note that unused addresses are not skipped during multibyte
I/O operations.
Table 48. Streaming Mode (No Addresses Are Skipped)
Write Mode
LSB first
MSB first
Rev. 0 | Page 53 of 84
Address Direction
Increment
Decrement
Stop Sequence
0x230, 0x231, 0x232, stop
0x001, 0x000, 0x232, stop
AD9516-1
Table 49. Serial Control Port, 16-Bit Instruction Word, MSB First
MSB
I15
I14
I13
I12
I11
I10
I9
I8
I7
I6
I5
I4
I3
I2
I1
LSB
I0
R/W
W1
W0
A12 = 0
A11 = 0
A10 = 0
A9
A8
A7
A6
A5
A4
A3
A2
A1
A0
CS
SCLK DON'T CARE
SDIO DON'T CARE
R/W W1 W0 A12 A11 A10 A9
A8
A7
A6 A5
A4 A3 A2
A1 A0
D7 D6 D5
16-BIT INSTRUCTION HEADER
D4 D3
D2 D1
D0
D7
D6 D5
REGISTER (N) DATA
D4 D3 D2
D1 D0
DON'T CARE
REGISTER (N – 1) DATA
06420-038
DON'T CARE
Figure 62. Serial Control Port Write—MSB First, 16-Bit Instruction, Two Bytes Data
CS
SCLK
DON'T CARE
SDIO
DON'T CARE
R/W W1 W0 A12 A11 A10 A9 A8 A7 A6 A5 A4 A3 A2 A1 A0
SDO DON'T CARE
REGISTER (N) DATA
REGISTER (N – 1) DATA
REGISTER (N – 2) DATA
REGISTER (N – 3) DATA
DON'T
CARE
06420-039
D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
16-BIT INSTRUCTION HEADER
Figure 63. Serial Control Port Read—MSB First, 16-Bit Instruction, Four Bytes Data
tDS
tHI
tS
tDH
CS
DON'T CARE
SDIO
DON'T CARE
DON'T CARE
R/W
W1
W0
A12
A11
A10
A9
A8
A7
A6
A5
D4
D3
D2
D1
D0
DON'T CARE
06420-040
SCLK
tC
tCLK
tLO
Figure 64. Serial Control Port Write—MSB First, 16-Bit Instruction, Timing Measurements
CS
SCLK
DATA BIT N
06420-041
tDV
SDIO
SDO
DATA BIT N – 1
Figure 65. Timing Diagram for Serial Control Port Register Read
CS
SCLK DON'T CARE
DON'T CARE
A0 A1 A2 A3
A4
A5 A6
A7
A8
A9 A10 A11 A12 W0 W1 R/W D0 D1 D2 D3 D4
16-BIT INSTRUCTION HEADER
D5 D6
REGISTER (N) DATA
D7
D0
D1 D2
D6
REGISTER (N + 1) DATA
Figure 66. Serial Control Port Write—LSB First, 16-Bit Instruction, Two Bytes Data
Rev. 0 | Page 54 of 84
D3 D4 D5
D7
DON'T CARE
06420-042
SDIO DON'T CARE
AD9516-1
tS
tC
CS
tCLK
tHI
SCLK
tLO
tDS
BI N
SDIO
BI N + 1
Figure 67. Serial Control Port Timing—Write
Table 50. Serial Control Port Timing
Parameter
tDS
tDH
tCLK
tS
tC
tHI
tLO
tDV
Description
Setup time between data and rising edge of SCLK
Hold time between data and rising edge of SCLK
Period of the clock
Setup time between CS falling edge and SCLK rising edge (start of communication cycle)
Setup time between SCLK rising edge and CS rising edge (end of communication cycle)
Minimum period that SCLK should be in a Logic High state
Minimum period that SCLK should be in a Logic Low state
SCLK to valid SDIO and SDO (see Figure 65)
Rev. 0 | Page 55 of 84
06420-043
tDH
AD9516-1
REGISTER MAP OVERVIEW
Table 51. Register Map Overview
Addr
Bit 7
(Hex)
(MSB)
Parameter
Serial Port Configuration
00
Serial Port
SDO
Configuration Active
01
02 to
03
04
PLL
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Bit 5
Bit 4
Bit 3
Bit 2
Bit 1
Bit 0 (LSB)
LSB First
Soft Reset
Long
Instruction
Long
Instruction
Soft Reset
LSB First
SDO Active
18
Read Back
Active
Registers
00
Blank
Reserved
Read Back
Control
PFD and
Charge Pump
R Counter
A Counter
B Counter
PLL Control 1
17
18
PLL Control 2
PLL Control 3
19
PLL Control 4
1A
PLL Control 5
1B
PLL Control 6
1C
PLL Control 7
1D
PLL Control 8
1E
PLL Control 9
1F
PLL Readback
20 to
4F
Bit 6
Default
Value
(Hex)
Blank
PFD
Polarity
Charge Pump Current
Charge Pump Mode
PLL Power-Down
14-Bit R Divider Bits<7:0> (LSB)
14-Bit R Divider Bits<3:8> (MSB)
6-Bit A Counter
13-Bit B Counter Bits<7:0> (LSB)
Blank
13-Bit B Counter Bits<12:8> (MSB)
Set CP Pin
Reset R
Reset A and
Reset All
B Counter
Prescaler P
to VCP/2
Counter
B Counters
Counters
Bypass
STATUS Pin Control
Antibacklash Pulse Width
VCO Calibration Divider
VCO Cal
Disable
Reserved
Lock Detect Counter
Digital Lock
Now
Digital Lock
Detect
Detect
Window
R Path Delay
N Path Delay
R, A, B Counters SYNC
Pin Reset
LD Pin Control
Reserved
Reference
Frequency
Monitor
Threshold
REFMON Pin Control
REF2
REF1 (REFIN)
VCO
Frequency
Frequency
(REFIN)
Monitor
Monitor
Frequency
Monitor
Stay on
REF2
REF1
Differential
Select
Use
Automatic
Disable
REF2
Power-On
Power-On
Reference
REF_SEL Pin
Reference
Switchover REF2
Switchover
Deglitch
Blank
Blank
Reserved
PLL Status
Register
Disable
LD Pin
Comparator
Enable
Holdover
Enable
External
Holdover
Control
Holdover
Enable
VCO Cal
Finished
Holdover
Active
REF2
Selected
VCO
Frequency
> Threshold
Blank
Rev. 0 | Page 56 of 84
01
00
00
03
00
06
00
06
00
00
00
00
00
00
Reserved
Reserved
7D
REF2
Frequency
> Threshold
REF1
Frequency
>Threshold
Digital
Lock
Detect
--
AD9516-1
Addr
Bit 7
(Hex)
(MSB)
Parameter
Bit 6
Fine Delay Adjust: OUT6 to OUT9
A0
OUT6 Delay
Bypass
A1
OUT6 Delay
Blank
Full-Scale
A2
OUT6 Delay
Blank
Fraction
A3
A4
A5
A6
OUT7 Delay
Bypass
OUT7 Delay
Full-Scale
OUT7 Delay
Fraction
OUT8 Delay
Bypass
Bit 4
Bit 3
Bit 2
Blank
Blank
Bit 1
OUT6 Ramp Capacitors
OUT6 Delay Fraction
OUT7 Delay Fraction
A8
OUT8 Delay
Fraction
OUT9 Delay
Bypass
Blank
AA
OUT9 Delay
Full-Scale
Blank
AB
OUT9 Delay
Fraction
Blank
OUT8 Delay
Bypass
OUT8 Ramp Capacitors
OUT8 Ramp Current
OUT8 Delay Fraction
OUT9 Delay
Bypass
OUT9 Ramp Current
OUT9 Delay Fraction
AC to
EF
LVPECL Outputs
F0
OUT0
Blank
F1
OUT1
Blank
F2
OUT2
Blank
F3
OUT3
Blank
F4
OUT4
Blank
F5
OUT5
Blank
01
00
01
00
00
Blank
OUT9 Ramp Capacitors
00
00
Blank
Blank
01
00
OUT7 Delay
Bypass
OUT7 Ramp Current
OUT7 Ramp Capacitors
Blank
OUT8 Delay
Full-Scale
Bit 0 (LSB)
OUT6 Delay
Bypass
OUT6 Ramp Current
Blank
A7
A9
Bit 5
Default
Value
(Hex)
01
00
00
Blank
OUT0
Invert
OUT1
Invert
OUT0 LVPECL
Differential Voltage
OUT1 LVPECL
Differential Voltage
OUT0 Power-Down
08
OUT1 Power-Down
A
OUT2
Invert
OUT3
Invert
OUT2 LVPECL
Differential Voltage
OUT3 LVPECL
Differential Voltage
OUT2 Power-Down
08
OUT3 Power-Down
0A
OUT4
Invert
OUT5
Invert
OUT4 LVPECL
Differential Voltage
OUT5 LVPECL
Differential Voltage
OUT4 Power-Down
08
OUT5 Power-Down
0A
F6 to
13F
Blank
LVDS/CMOS Outputs
140
OUT6
OUT6 CMOS Output
Polarity
141
OUT7
OUT7 CMOS Output
Polarity
142
OUT8
OUT8 CMOS Output
Polarity
143
OUT9
OUT9 CMOS Output
Polarity
OUT6 LVDS/
CMOS
Output
Polarity
OUT7 LVDS/
CMOS
Output
Polarity
OUT8 LVDS/
CMOS
Output
Polarity
OUT9 LVDS/
CMOS
Output
Polarity
OUT6
CMOS B
OUT6 Select
LVDS/CMOS
OUT6 LVDS Output
Current
OUT6
Power-Down
42
OUT7
CMOS B
OUT7 Select
LVDS/CMOS
OUT7 LVDS Output
Current
OUT7
Power-Down
43
OUT8
CMOS B
OUT8 Select
LVDS/CMOS
OUT8 LVDS Output
Current
OUT8
Power-Down
42
OUT9
CMOS B
OUT9 Select
LVDS/CMOS
OUT9 LVDS Output
Current
OUT9
Power-Down
43
Rev. 0 | Page 57 of 84
AD9516-1
Addr
(Hex)
144 to
18F
Parameter
Bit 7
(MSB)
Bit 6
LVPECL Channel Dividers
190
Divider 0
(PECL)
191
Divider 0
Bypass
192
Blank
193
Divider 1
Bypass
Divider 0
Nosync
Divider 1
Nosync
Blank
Divider 2
(PECL)
197
Bit 3
Blank
Divider 0
Force High
Divider 0
Start High
Reserved
Divider 1 Low Cycles
195
196
Bit 4
Divider 0 Low Cycles
Divider 1
(PECL)
194
Bit 5
Divider 1
Force High
Divider 1
Start High
Reserved
Divider 2 Low Cycles
Divider 2
Bypass
198
Divider 2
Nosync
Blank
Divider 2
Force High
Divider 2
Start High
Reserved
Bit 2
Bit 1
Bit 0 (LSB)
Default
Value
(Hex)
Divider 0 High Cycles
00
Divider 0 Phase Offset
80
Divider 0
Direct to
Output
Divider 1 High Cycles
Divider 0
DCCOFF
BB
Divider 1 Phase Offset
Divider 1
Direct to
Output
Divider 2 High Cycles
00
Divider 1
DCCOFF
00
00
Divider 2 Phase Offset
Divider 2
Direct to
Output
00
00
Divider 2
DCCOFF
00
LVDS/CMOS Channel Dividers
199
Divider 3
(LVDS/CMOS)
19A
19B
Low Cycles Divider 3.1
High Cycles Divider 3.1
22
Phase Offset Divider 3.2
Low Cycles Divider 3.2
Phase Offset Divider 3.1
High Cycles Divider 3.2
00
11
19C
Reserved
19D
Blank
19E
Divider 4
(LVDS/CMOS)
19F
1A0
1A1
Reserved
1A2
Bypass
Divider 3.2
Bypass
Divider 3.1
Start High
Divider 3.2
Start High
Divider 3.1
Divider 3
DCCOFF
00
00
High Cycles Divider 4.1
22
Phase Offset Divider 4.2
Low Cycles Divider 4.2
Bypass
Divider 4.2
Phase Offset Divider 4.1
High Cycles Divider 4.2
Divider 4
Start High
Force High
Divider 4.2
00
11
00
Bypass
Divider 4.1
Blank
Divider 4
Nosync
Reserved
Start High
Divider 4.1
Divider 4
DCCOFF
00
Reserved
Blank
1A4
to
1DF
VCO Divider and CLK Input
1E0
VCO Divider
1E2
to
22A
Divider 3
Force High
Low Cycles Divider 4.1
1A3
1E1
Divider 3
Nosync
Reserved
Input CLKs
Blank
Reserved
Reserved
PowerDown
Clock
Input
Section
Power-Down
VCO Clock
Interface
Blank
Rev. 0 | Page 58 of 84
VCO Divider
PowerDown VCO
and CLK
Select
VCO or CLK
02
Bypass
VCO
Divider
00
AD9516-1
Addr
(Hex)
Parameter
System
230
Power-Down
and Sync
231
Update All Registers
232
Update All
Registers
Bit 7
(MSB)
Bit 6
Bit 5
Bit 4
Bit 3
Reserved
Bit 2
Bit 1
PowerDown Sync
PowerDown
Distribution
Reference
Reserved
Blank
Blank
Rev. 0 | Page 59 of 84
Bit 0 (LSB)
Default
Value
(Hex)
Soft Sync
00
00
Update All
Registers
(SelfClearing
Bit)
00
AD9516-1
REGISTER MAP DESCRIPTIONS
Table 52 through Table 61 are a detailed description of each of the control register functions. The registers are listed by hexadecimal
address. Reference to a specific bit or range of bits within a register is indicated by angle brackets. Example: <3> refers to Bit 3, while
<5:2> refers to the range of bits from Bit 5 through Bit 2.
Table 52. Serial Port Configuration
Reg. Addr (Hex)
00
Bit(s)
<7>
Name
SDO Active
00
<6>
LSB First
00
<5>
Soft Reset
00
<4>
Long Instruction
00
<3:0>
Mirror<7:4>
04
<0>
Read Back Active Registers
Description
Selects unidirectional or bidirectional data transfer mode.
<7> = 0; SDIO pin used for write and read; SDO set high impedance; bidirectional mode.
<7> = 1; SDO used for read; SDIO used for write; unidirectional mode.
MSB or LSB data orientation.
<6> = 0; data-oriented MSB first; addressing decrements.
<6> = 1; data-oriented LSB first; addressing increments.
Soft Reset.
<5> = 1 (not self-clearing). Soft reset; restores default values to internal registers.
Not self-clearing. Must be cleared to 0b to complete reset operation.
Short/long instruction mode (this part uses long instruction mode only, so this bit
should always be = 1).
<4> = 0; 8-bit instruction (short).
<4> = 1; 16-bit instruction (long).
Bits<3:0> should always mirror<7:4> so that it does not matter whether the part
is in MSB or LSB first mode (see Register 0x00<6>). User should set bits as follows:
<0> = <7>
<1> = <6>
<2> = <5>
<3> = <4>
Select register bank used for a readback.
<0> = 0; read back buffer registers.
<0> = 1; read back active registers.
Rev. 0 | Page 60 of 84
AD9516-1
Table 53. PLL
Reg.
Addr
(Hex) Bit(s) Name
Description
10
<7> PFD Polarity Sets the PFD polarity. Negative polarity is for use (if needed) with external VCO/VCXO only.
The on-chip VCO requires positive polarity <7> = 0.
<7> = 0; positive (higher control voltage produces higher frequency).
<7> = 1; negative (higher control voltage produces lower frequency).
10
<6:4> CP Current Charge pump current (with CPRSET = 5.1 kΩ).
<6> <5>
<4>
ICP (mA)
0
0
0
0.6
0
0
1
1.2
0
1
0
1.8
0
1
1
2.4
1
0
0
3.0
1
0
1
3.6
1
1
0
4.2
1
1
1
4.8
10
<3:2> CP Mode
Charge pump operating mode.
<3> <2>
Charge Pump Mode
0
0
High impedance state.
0
1
Force source current (pump up).
1
0
Force sink current (pump down).
1
1
Normal operation.
10
<1:0> PLL Power- PLL operating mode.
Down
<1> <0> Mode
0
0
Normal operation.
0
1
Asynchronous power-down.
1
0
Normal operation.
1
1
Synchronous power-down.
R divider LSBs—lower eight bits.
11
<7:0> 14-Bit
R Divider
Bits<7:0>
(LSB)
R divider MSBs—upper six bits.
12
<5:0> 14-Bit
R Divider
Bits<13:8>
(MSB)
A counter (part of N divider).
13
<5:0> 6-Bit
A Counter
B counter (part of N divider)—lower eight bits.
14
<7:0> 13-Bit
B Counter
Bits<7:0>
(LSB)
B counter (part of N divider)—upper five bits.
15
<4:0> 13-Bit
B Counter
Bits<12:8>
(MSB)
16
<7> Set CP Pin
Set the CP pin to one-half of the VCP supply voltage.
to VCP/2
<7> = 0; CP normal operation.
<7> = 1; CP pin set to VCP/2.
16
<6> Reset R
Reset R counter (R divider).
Counter
<6> = 0; normal.
<6> = 1; reset R counter.
16
<5> Reset A and B Reset A and B counters (part of N divider).
Counters
<5> = 0; normal.
<5> = 1; reset A and B counters.
Rev. 0 | Page 61 of 84
AD9516-1
Reg.
Addr
(Hex) Bit(s) Name
16
<4> Reset All
Counters
16
<3>
16
<2:0> Prescaler P
17
B Counter
Bypass
<7:2> STATUS
Pin Control
Description
Reset R, A, and B counters.
<4> = 0; normal.
<4> = 1; reset R, A, and B counters.
B counter bypass. This is valid only when operating the prescaler in FD mode.
<3> = 0; normal.
<3> = 1; B counter is set to divide-by-1. This allows the prescaler setting to determine the divide for
the N divider.
Prescaler: DM = dual modulus and FD = fixed divide.
<2> <1> <0> Mode
Prescaler
0
0
0
FD
Divide-by-1.
0
0
1
FD
Divide-by-2.
0
1
0
DM
Divide-by-2 and divide-by-3 when A ≠ 0; divide-by-2 when A = 0.
0
1
1
DM
Divide-by-4 and divide-by-5 when A ≠ 0; divide-by-4 when A = 0.
1
0
0
DM
Divide-by-8 and divide-by-9 when A ≠ 0; divide-by-8 when A = 0.
1
0
1
DM
Divide-by-16 and divide-by-17 when A ≠ 0; divide-by-16 when A = 0.
1
1
0
DM
Divide-by-32 and divide-by-33 when A ≠ 0; divide-by-32 when A = 0.
1
1
1
FD
Divide-by-3.
Select the signal which is connected to the STATUS pin
Level or
Dynamic
<7> <6> <5> <4> <3>
<2> Signal
Signal at STATUS Pin
0
0
0
0
0
0
LVL
Ground (DC).
0
0
0
0
0
1
DYN
N divider output (after the delay).
0
0
0
0
1
0
DYN
R divider output (after the delay).
0
0
0
0
1
1
DYN
A divider output.
0
0
0
1
0
0
DYN
Prescaler output.
0
0
0
1
0
1
DYN
PFD up pulse.
0
0
0
1
1
0
DYN
PFD down pulse.
0
X
X
X
X
X
LVL
Ground (dc); for all other cases of 0XXXXX not specified above.
The selections below are same as REFMON.
1
0
0
0
0
0
LVL
Ground (dc).
1
0
0
0
0
1
DYN
REF1 clock (differential reference when in differential mode).
1
0
0
0
1
0
DYN
REF2 clock (N/A in differential mode).
1
0
0
0
1
1
DYN
Selected reference to PLL (differential reference when in
differential mode).
1
0
0
1
0
0
DYN
Unselected reference to PLL (not available in differential
mode).
1
0
0
1
0
1
LVL
Status of selected reference (status of differential reference);
active high.
1
0
0
1
1
0
LVL
Status of unselected reference (not available in differential
mode); active high.
1
0
0
1
1
1
LVL
Status REF1 frequency (active high).
1
0
1
0
0
0
LVL
Status REF2 frequency (active high).
1
0
1
0
0
1
LVL
(Status REF1 frequency) AND (status REF2 frequency).
1
0
1
0
1
0
LVL
(DLD) AND (status of selected reference) AND (status of VCO).
1
0
1
0
1
1
LVL
Status of VCO frequency (active high).
1
0
1
1
0
0
LVL
Selected reference (Low = REF1, High = REF2).
1
0
1
1
0
1
LVL
Digital lock detect (DLD); active high.
1
0
1
1
1
0
LVL
Holdover active (active high).
1
0
1
1
1
1
LVL
LD pin comparator output (active high).
1
1
0
0
0
0
LVL
VS (PLL supply).
Rev. 0 | Page 62 of 84
AD9516-1
Reg.
Addr
(Hex) Bit(s) Name
17
<1:0> Antibacklash
Pulse Width
18
<6:5> Lock Detect
Counter
18
<4>
18
<3>
18
18
Digital Lock
Detect
Window
Disable
Digital
Lock Detect
<2:1> VCO Cal
Divider
<0>
VCO Cal
Now
Description
<7>
1
1
1
<6>
1
1
1
<5>
0
0
0
<4>
0
0
0
<3>
0
1
1
Level or
Dynamic
<2> Signal
1
DYN
0
DYN
1
DYN
1
1
0
1
0
0
DYN
1
1
0
1
0
1
LVL
1
1
0
1
1
0
LVL
Signal at STATUS Pin
REF1 clock (differential reference when in differential mode).
REF2 clock (not available in differential mode).
Selected reference to PLL (differential reference when in
differential mode).
Unselected reference to PLL (not available when in
differential mode).
Status of selected reference (status of differential reference);
active low.
Status of unselected reference (not available in differential
mode); active low.
Status of REF1 frequency (active low).
Status of REF2 frequency (active low).
(Status of REF1 frequency) AND (Status of REF2 frequency).
(DLD) AND (Status of selected reference) AND (Status of VCO).
Status of VCO Frequency (active low).
Selected reference (Low = REF2, High = REF1).
Digital lock detect (DLD) (active low).
Holdover active (active low).
LD pin comparator output (active low).
1
1
0
1
1
1
LVL
1
1
1
0
0
0
LVL
1
1
1
0
0
1
LVL
1
1
1
0
1
0
LVL
1
1
1
0
1
1
LVL
1
1
1
1
0
0
LVL
1
1
1
1
0
1
LVL
1
1
1
1
1
0
LVL
1
1
1
1
1
1
LVL
<1>
<0> Antibacklash Pulse Width (ns)
0
0
2.9
0
1
1.3
1
0
6.0
1
1
2.9
Required consecutive number of PFD cycles with edges inside lock detect window before the DLD indicates
a locked condition.
<6>
<5> PFD Cycles to Determine Lock
0
0
5
0
1
16
1
0
64
1
1
255
If the time difference of the rising edges at the inputs to the PFD are less than the lock detect window time, the
digital lock detect flag is set. The flag remains set until the time difference is greater than the loss-of-lock threshold.
<4> = 0; high range.
<4> = 1; low range.
Digital lock detect operation.
<3> = 0; normal lock detect operation.
<3> = 1; disable lock detect.
VCO Calibration Divider. Divider used to generate the VCO calibration clock from the PLL reference clock.
<2>
<1> VCO Calibration Clock Divider
0
0
2
0
1
4
1
0
8
1
1
16 (default)
Bit used to initiate the VCO calibration. This bit must be toggled from 0 to 1 in the active registers. The sequence
to initiate a calibration is: program to a 0, followed by an update bit (Register 0x232<0>); then programmed to
1, followed by another update bit (Register 0x232<0>). This sequence gives complete control over when the
VCO calibration occurs relative to the programming of other registers that can impact the calibration.
Rev. 0 | Page 63 of 84
AD9516-1
Reg.
Addr
(Hex) Bit(s) Name
19
<7:6> R, A, B
Counters
SYNC Pin
Reset
19
19
1A
1A
Description
<7>
<6>
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
Action
Do nothing on SYNC (default).
Asynchronous reset.
Synchronous reset.
Do nothing on SYNC.
<5:3> R Path Delay <5:3> R Path Delay (see Table 2).
<2:0> N Path Delay <2:0> N Path Delay (see Table 2).
<6> Reference
Sets the reference (REF1/REF2) frequency monitor’s detection threshold frequency. This does not affect
Frequency the VCO frequency monitor’s detection threshold (see Table 16, REF1, REF2, and VCO Frequency Status Monitor).
Monitor
<6> = 0; frequency valid if frequency is above the higher frequency threshold
Threshold
<6> = 1; frequency valid if frequency is above the lower frequency threshold
<5:0> LD Pin
Select the signal which is connected to the LD pin.
Control
Level or
Dynamic
<5> <4> <3> <2>
<1> <0> Signal
Signal at LD Pin
0
0
0
0
0
0
LVL
Digital lock detect (high = lock, low = unlock).
0
0
0
0
0
1
DYN
P-channel, open-drain lock detect (analog lock detect).
0
0
0
0
1
0
DYN
N-channel, open-drain lock detect (analog lock detect).
0
0
0
0
1
1
HIZ
High-Z LD pin.
0
0
0
1
0
0
CUR
Current source lock detect (110 μA when DLD is true).
0
X
X
X
X
X
LVL
Ground (dc); for all other cases of 0XXXXX not specified above.
The selections that follow are the same as REFMON.
1
0
0
0
0
0
LVL
Ground (dc).
1
0
0
0
0
1
DYN
REF1 clock (differential reference when in differential mode).
1
0
0
0
1
0
DYN
REF2 clock (N/A in differential mode).
1
0
0
0
1
1
DYN
Selected reference to PLL (differential reference when in
differential mode).
1
0
0
1
0
0
DYN
Unselected reference to PLL (not available in differential mode).
1
0
0
1
0
1
LVL
Status of selected reference (status of differential reference);
active high.
1
0
0
1
1
0
LVL
Status of unselected reference (not available in differential
mode); active high.
1
0
0
1
1
1
LVL
Status REF1 frequency (active high).
1
0
1
0
0
0
LVL
Status REF2 frequency (active high).
1
0
1
0
0
1
LVL
(Status REF1 frequency) AND (status REF2 frequency).
1
0
1
0
1
0
LVL
(DLD) AND (status of selected reference) AND (status of VCO).
1
0
1
0
1
1
LVL
Status of VCO frequency (active high).
1
0
1
1
0
0
LVL
Selected reference (Low = REF1, High = REF2).
1
0
1
1
0
1
LVL
Digital lock detect (DLD); active high.
1
0
1
1
1
0
LVL
Holdover active (active high).
1
0
1
1
1
1
LVL
N/A—do not use.
1
1
0
0
0
0
LVL
VS (PLL supply).
1
1
0
0
0
1
DYN
REF1 clock (differential reference when in differential mode).
1
1
0
0
1
0
DYN
REF2 clock (not available in differential mode).
1
1
0
0
1
1
DYN
Selected reference to PLL (differential reference when in
differential mode).
1
1
0
1
0
0
DYN
Unselected reference to PLL (not available when in differential
mode).
1
1
0
1
0
1
LVL
Status of selected reference (status of differential reference);
active low.
Rev. 0 | Page 64 of 84
AD9516-1
Reg.
Addr
(Hex) Bit(s) Name
1B
1B
1B
1B
Description
Level or
Dynamic
<5> <4> <3> <2>
<1> <0> Signal
Signal at LD Pin
1
1
0
1
1
0
LVL
Status of unselected reference (not available in differential
mode); active low.
1
1
0
1
1
1
LVL
Status of REF1 frequency (active low).
1
1
1
0
0
0
LVL
Status of REF2 frequency (active low).
1
1
1
0
0
1
LVL
(Status of REF1 frequency) AND (Status of REF2 frequency).
1
1
1
0
1
0
LVL
(DLD) AND (Status of selected reference) AND (Status of VCO).
1
1
1
0
1
1
LVL
Status of VCO frequency (active low).
1
1
1
1
0
0
LVL
Selected reference (Low = REF2, High = REF1).
1
1
1
1
0
1
LVL
Digital lock detect (DLD); active low.
1
1
1
1
1
0
LVL
Holdover active (active low).
1
1
1
1
1
1
LVL
N/A—do not use.
<7> VCO
Enable or disable VCO frequency monitor.
Frequency <7> = 0; disable VCO frequency monitor.
Monitor
<7> = 1; enable VCO frequency monitor.
<6> REF2 (REFIN) Enable or disable REF2 frequency monitor.
Frequency <6> = 0; disable REF2 frequency monitor.
Monitor
<6> = 1; enable REF2 frequency monitor.
<5> REF1 (REFIN) REF1 (REFIN) frequency monitor enable; this is for both REF1 (single-ended) and REFIN (differential) inputs
Frequency (as selected by differential reference mode).
Monitor
<5> = 0; disable REF1 (REFIN) frequency monitor.
<5> = 1; enable REF1 (REFIN) frequency monitor.
<4:0> REFMON Pin Select the signal that is connected to the REFMON pin.
Control
Level or
Dynamic
<4> <3> <2> <1> <0> Signal
Signal at REFMON Pin
0
0
0
0
0
LVL
Ground (dc).
0
0
0
0
1
DYN
REF1 clock (differential reference when in differential mode).
0
0
0
1
0
DYN
REF2 clock (N/A in differential mode).
0
0
0
1
1
DYN
Selected reference to PLL (differential reference when in
differential mode).
0
0
1
0
0
DYN
Unselected reference to PLL (not available in differential mode).
0
0
1
0
1
LVL
Status of selected reference (status of differential reference);
active high.
0
0
1
1
0
LVL
Status of unselected reference (not available in differential mode);
active high.
0
0
1
1
1
LVL
Status REF1 frequency (active high).
0
1
0
0
0
LVL
Status REF2 frequency (active high).
0
1
0
0
1
LVL
(Status REF1 frequency) AND (status REF2 frequency).
0
1
0
1
0
LVL
(DLD) AND (status of selected reference) AND (status of VCO).
0
1
0
1
1
LVL
Status of VCO frequency (active high).
0
1
1
0
0
LVL
Selected reference (Low = REF1, High = REF2).
0
1
1
0
1
LVL
Digital lock detect (DLD); active low.
0
1
1
1
0
LVL
Holdover active (active high).
0
1
1
1
1
LVL
LD pin comparator output (active high).
1
0
0
0
0
LVL
VS (PLL supply).
1
0
0
0
1
DYN
REF1 clock (differential reference when in differential mode).
1
0
0
1
0
DYN
REF2 clock (not available in differential mode).
1
0
0
1
1
DYN
Selected reference to PLL (differential reference when in
differential mode).
Rev. 0 | Page 65 of 84
AD9516-1
Reg.
Addr
(Hex) Bit(s) Name
Description
<4> <3> <2>
1
0
1
1C
<7>
1C
<6>
1C
<5>
1C
<4>
1C
<3>
1C
<2>
1C
<1>
1C
<0>
1D
<4>
<1>
0
Level or
Dynamic
<0> Signal
0
DYN
Signal at REFMON Pin
Unselected reference to PLL (not available when in
differential mode).
1
0
1
0
1
LVL
Status of selected reference (status of differential reference);
active low.
1
0
1
1
0
LVL
Status of unselected reference (not available in differential mode);
active low.
1
0
1
1
1
LVL
Status of REF1 frequency (active low).
1
1
0
0
0
LVL
Status of REF2 frequency (active low).
1
1
0
0
1
LVL
(Status of REF1 frequency) AND (Status of REF2 frequency).
1
1
0
1
0
LVL
(DLD) AND (Status of selected reference) AND (Status of VCO).
1
1
0
1
1
LVL
Status of VCO frequency (active low).
1
1
1
0
0
LVL
Selected reference (Low = REF2, High = REF1).
1
1
1
0
1
LVL
Digital lock detect (DLD); active low.
1
1
1
1
0
LVL
Holdover active (active low).
1
1
1
1
1
LVL
LD pin comparator output (active low).
Disable
Disable or enable the switchover deglitch circuit.
Switchover <7> = 0; enable switchover deglitch circuit.
Deglitch
<7> = 1; disable switchover deglitch circuit.
Select REF2 If Register 0x1C<5> = 0, select reference for PLL.
<6> = 0; select REF1.
<6> = 1; select REF2.
Use REF_SEL If Register 0x1C<4> = 0 (manual), set method of PLL reference selection.
Pin
<5> = 0; use Register 0x1C<6>.
<5> = 1; use REF_SEL pin.
Automatic Automatic or manual reference switchover. Single-ended reference mode must be selected by
Reference
Register 0x1C<0> = 0.
Switchover <4> = 0; manual reference switchover.
<4> = 1; automatic reference switchover.
Stay on REF2 Stay on REF2 after switchover.
<3> = 0; return to REF1 automatically when REF1 status is good again.
<3> = 1; stay on REF2 after switchover. Do not automatically return to REF1.
REF2
When automatic reference switchover is disabled, this bit turns the REF2 power on.
Power-On
<2> = 0; REF2 power-off.
<2> = 1; REF2 power-on.
REF1
When automatic reference switchover is disabled, this bit turns the REF1 power on.
Power-On
<1> = 0; REF1 power-off.
<1> = 1; REF1 power-on.
Differential Selects the PLL reference mode, differential or single-ended. Single-ended must be selected for the
Reference
auto switchover or REF1 and REF2 to work.
<0> = 0; single-ended reference mode.
<0> = 1; differential reference mode.
PLL Status
Disables the PLL status register readback.
Register
<4> = 0; PLL status register enable.
Disable
<4> = 1; PLL status register disable.
Rev. 0 | Page 66 of 84
AD9516-1
Reg.
Addr
(Hex) Bit(s) Name
1D
<3> LD Pin
Comparator
Enable
1D
<2>
Holdover
Enable
1D
<1>
External
Holdover
Control
1D
<0>
Holdover
Enable
1F
<6>
VCO Cal
Finished
1F
<5>
Holdover
Active
1F
<4>
REF2
Selected
1F
<3>
VCO
Frequency >
Threshold
1F
<2>
REF2
Frequency >
Threshold
1F
<1>
REF1
Frequency >
Threshold
1F
<0>
Digital Lock
Detect
Description
Enables the LD pin voltage comparator. This is used with the LD pin current source lock detect mode.
When in the internal (automatic) holdover mode, this enables the use of the voltage on the LD pin to
determine if the PLL was previously in a locked state (see Figure 51). Otherwise, this can be used with
the REFMON and STATUS pins to monitor the voltage on this pin.
<3> = 0; disable LD pin comparator; internal/automatic holdover controller treats this pin as true (high).
<3> = 1; enable LD pin comparator.
Along with <0> enables the holdover function.
<2> = 0; holdover disabled.
<2> = 1; holdover enabled.
Enables the external hold control through the SYNC pin. (This disables the internal holdover mode.)
<1> = 0; automatic holdover mode—holdover controlled by automatic holdover circuit.
<1> = 1; external holdover mode—holdover controlled by SYNC pin.
Along with <2> enables the holdover function.
<0> = 0; holdover disabled.
<0> = 1; holdover enabled.
Readback register: status of the VCO calibration.
<6> = 0; VCO calibration not finished.
<6> = 1; VCO calibration finished.
Readback register: indicates if the part is in the holdover state (see Figure 51). This is not the same as holdover
enabled.
<5> = 0; not in holdover.
<5> = 1; holdover state active.
Readback register: indicates which PLL reference is selected as the input to the PLL.
<4> = 0; REF1 selected (or differential reference if in differential mode).
<4> = 1; REF2 selected.
Readback register: indicates if the VCO frequency is greater than the threshold (see Table 16, REF1, REF2, and VCO
Frequency Status Monitor).
<3> = 0; VCO frequency is less than the threshold.
<3> = 1; VCO frequency is greater than the threshold.
Readback register: indicates if the frequency of the signal at REF2 is greater than the threshold frequency
set by Register 0x1A<6>.
<2> = 0; REF2 frequency is less than threshold frequency.
<2> = 1; REF2 frequency is greater than threshold frequency.
Readback register: indicates if the frequency of the signal at REF2 is greater than the threshold frequency
set by Register 0x1A<6>.
<1> = 0; REF1 frequency is less than threshold frequency.
<1> = 1; REF1 frequency is greater than threshold frequency.
Readback register: digital lock detect.
<0> = 0; PLL is not locked.
<0> = 1; PLL is locked.
Rev. 0 | Page 67 of 84
AD9516-1
Table 54. Fine Delay Adjust: OUT6 to OUT9
Reg.
Addr
(Hex) Bit(s) Name
A0
<0> OUT6 Delay
Bypass
A1
<5:3> OUT6 Ramp
Capacitors
A1
<2:0> OUT6 Ramp
Current
A2
<5:0> OUT6
Delay Fraction
A3
<0>
A4
<5:3> OUT7 Ramp
Capacitors
OUT7 Delay
Bypass
Description
Bypass or use the delay function.
<0> = 0; use delay function.
<0> = 1; bypass delay function.
Selects the number of ramp capacitors used by the delay function. The combination of number of the
capacitors and the ramp current sets the delay full scale.
<5> <4> <3> Number of Capacitors
0
0
0
4
0
0
1
3
0
1
0
3
0
1
1
2
1
0
0
3
1
0
1
2
1
1
0
2
1
1
1
1
Ramp current for the delay function. The combination of the number of capacitors and the ramp current
sets the delay full scale.
<2> <1> <0> Current (μA)
0
0
0
200
0
0
1
400
0
1
0
600
0
1
1
800
1
0
0
1000
1
0
1
1200
1
1
0
1400
1
1
1
1600
Selects the fraction of the full-scale delay desired (6-bit binary).
000000 gives zero delay.
Only delay values up to 47 decimals (101111b; 0x2F) are supported.
Bypass or use the delay function.
<0> = 0; use delay function.
<0> = 1; bypass delay function.
Selects the number of ramp capacitors used by the delay function. The combination of number of the
capacitors and the ramp current sets the delay full scale.
<5> <4> <3> Number of Capacitors
0
0
0
4
0
0
1
3
0
1
0
3
0
1
1
2
1
0
0
3
1
0
1
2
1
1
0
2
1
1
1
1
Rev. 0 | Page 68 of 84
AD9516-1
Reg.
Addr
(Hex) Bit(s) Name
A4
<2:0> OUT7 Ramp
Current
A5
<5:0> OUT7 Delay
Fraction
A6
<0>
A7
<5:3> OUT8 Ramp
Capacitors
A7
<2:0> OUT8 Ramp
Current
A8
<5:0> OUT8 Delay
Fraction
A9
<0>
OUT8 Delay
Bypass
OUT9 Delay
Bypass
Description
Ramp current for the delay function. The combination of the number of capacitors and the ramp
current sets the delay full scale.
<2> <1> <0> Current (μA)
0
0
0
200
0
0
1
400
0
1
0
600
0
1
1
800
1
0
0
1000
1
0
1
1200
1
1
0
1400
1
1
1
1600
Selects the fraction of the full-scale delay desired (6-bit binary).
000000 give zero delay.
Only delay values up to 47 decimals (101111b; 0x2F) are supported.
Bypass or use the delay function.
<0> = 0; use delay function.
<0> = 1; bypass delay function.
Selects the number of ramp capacitors used by the delay function. The combination of the number of
capacitors and the ramp current sets the delay full scale.
<5> <4> <3> Number of Capacitors
0
0
0
4
0
0
1
3
0
1
0
3
0
1
1
2
1
0
0
3
1
0
1
2
1
1
0
2
1
1
1
1
Ramp current for the delay function. The combination of the number of capacitors and the ramp
current sets the delay full scale.
<2> <1> <0> Current (μA)
0
0
0
200
0
0
1
400
0
1
0
600
0
1
1
800
1
0
0
1000
1
0
1
1200
1
1
0
1400
1
1
1
1600
Selects the fraction of the full-scale delay desired (6-bit binary).
000000 gives zero delay.
Only delay values up to 47 decimals (101111b; 0x2F) are supported.
Bypass or use the delay function.
<0> = 0; use delay function.
<0> = 1; bypass delay function.
Rev. 0 | Page 69 of 84
AD9516-1
Reg.
Addr
(Hex) Bit(s) Name
AA <5:3> OUT9 Ramp
Capacitors
AA
<2:0> OUT9 Ramp
Current
AB
<5:0> OUT9 Delay
Fraction
Description
Selects the number of ramp capacitors used by the delay function. The combination of the number of
capacitors and the ramp current sets the delay full scale.
<5> <4> <3> Number of Capacitors
0
0
0
4
0
0
1
3
0
1
0
3
0
1
1
2
1
0
0
3
1
0
1
2
1
1
0
2
1
1
1
1
Ramp current for the delay function. The combination of the number of capacitors and the ramp
current sets the delay full scale.
<2> <1> <0> Current Value (μA)
0
0
0
200
0
0
1
400
0
1
0
600
0
1
1
800
1
0
0
1000
1
0
1
1200
1
1
0
1400
1
1
1
1600
Selects the fraction of the full-scale delay desired (6-bit binary).
000000 gives zero delay.
Only delay values up to 47 decimals (101111b; 0x2F) are supported.
Table 55. LVPECL Outputs
Reg.
Addr
(Hex) Bit(s) Name
F0
<4> OUT0 Invert
F0
F0
F1
Description
Sets the output polarity.
<4> = 0; noninverting.
<4> = 1; inverting.
<3:2> OUT0 LVPECL Sets the LVPECL output differential voltage (VOD).
Differential
<3> <2> VOD (mV)
Voltage
0
0
400
0
1
600
1
0
780
1
1
960
<1:0> OUT0
LVPECL power-down modes.
Power-Down <1> <0> Mode
0
0
Normal operation.
0
1
Partial power-down, reference on; use only if there are no external load resistors.
1
0
Partial power-down, reference on, safe LVPECL power-down.
1
1
Total power-down, reference off; use only if there are no external load resistors.
<4> OUT1 Invert Sets the output polarity.
<4> = 0; noninverting.
<4> = 1; inverting.
Rev. 0 | Page 70 of 84
Output
On
Off
Off
Off
AD9516-1
Reg.
Addr
(Hex) Bit(s) Name
F1
<3:2> OUT1 LVPECL
Differential
Voltage
F1
<1:0> OUT1
Power-Down
F2
<4>
OUT2 Invert
F2
<3:2> OUT2 LVPECL
Differential
Voltage
F2
<1:0> OUT2
Power-Down
F3
<4>
OUT3 Invert
F3
<3:2> OUT3 LVPECL
Differential
Voltage
F3
<1:0> OUT3
Power-Down
F4
<4>
OUT4 Invert
F4
<3:2> OUT4 LVPECL
Differential
Voltage
Description
Sets the LVPECL output differential voltage (VOD).
<3> <2> VOD (mV)
0
0
400
0
1
600
1
0
780
1
1
960
LVPECL power-down modes.
<1> <0> Mode
0
0
Normal operation.
0
1
Partial power-down, reference on; use only if there are no external load resistors.
1
0
Partial power-down, reference on, safe LVPECL power-down.
1
1
Total power-down, reference off; use only if there are no external load resistors.
Sets the output polarity.
<4> = 0; noninverting.
<4> = 1; inverting.
Sets the LVPECL output differential voltage (VOD).
<3> <2> VOD (mV)
0
0
400
0
1
600
1
0
780
1
1
960
LVPECL Power-down modes.
<1> <0> Mode
0
0
Normal operation.
0
1
Partial power-down, reference on; use only if there are no external load resistors.
1
0
Partial power-down, reference on, safe LVPECL power-down.
1
1
Total power-down, reference off; use only if there are no external load resistors.
Sets the output polarity.
<4> = 0; noninverting.
<4> = 1; inverting.
Sets the LVPECL output differential voltage (VOD).
<3> <2> VOD (mV)
0
0
400
0
1
600
1
0
780
1
1
960
LVPECL power-down modes.
<1> <0>
Mode
0
0
Normal operation.
0
1
Partial power-down, reference on; use only if there are no external load resistors.
1
0
Partial power-down, reference on, safe LVPECL power-down.
1
1
Total power-down, reference off; use only if there are no external load resistors.
Sets the output polarity.
<4> = 0; noninverting.
<4> = 1; inverting.
Sets the LVPECL output differential voltage (VOD).
<3> <2> VOD (mV)
0
0
400
0
1
600
1
0
780
1
1
960
Rev. 0 | Page 71 of 84
Output
On
Off
Off
Off
Output
On
Off
Off
Off
Output
On
Off
Off
Off
AD9516-1
Reg.
Addr
(Hex) Bit(s) Name
Description
F4
<1:0> OUT4
LVPECL power-down modes.
Power-Down <1> <0> Mode
0
0
Normal operation.
0
1
Partial power-down, reference on; use only if there are no external load resistors.
1
0
Partial power-down, reference on, safe LVPECL power-down.
1
1
Total power-down, reference off; use only if there are no external load resistors.
F5
<4> OUT5 Invert Sets the output polarity.
<4> = 0; noninverting.
<4> = 1; inverting.
F5
<3:2> OUT5 LVPECL Sets the LVPECL output differential voltage (VOD).
Differential
<3> <2> VOD (mV)
Voltage
0
0
400
0
1
600
1
0
780
1
1
960
F5
<1:0> OUT5
LVPECL power-down modes.
Power-Down <1> <0> Mode
0
0
Normal operation.
0
1
Partial power-down, reference on; use only if there are no external load resistors.
1
0
Partial power-down, reference on, safe LVPECL power-down.
1
1
Total power-down, reference off; use only if there are no external load resistors.
Output
On
Off
Off
Off
Output
On
Off
Off
Off
Table 56. LVDS/CMOS Outputs
Reg.
Addr
(Hex) Bit(s) Name
140
<7:5> OUT6 Output Polarity
140
<4>
OUT6 CMOS B
140
<3>
OUT6 Select LVDS/CMOS
140
<2:1> OUT6 LVDS Output Current
Description
In CMOS mode, <7:5> select the output polarity of each CMOS output.
In LVDS mode, only <5> determines LVDS polarity.
<7> <6> <5> OUT6A (CMOS)
OUT6B (CMOS)
OUT6 (LVDS)
0
0
0
Noninverting
Inverting
Noninverting
0
1
0
Noninverting
Noninverting
Noninverting
1
0
0
Inverting
Inverting
Noninverting
1
1
0
Inverting
Noninverting
Noninverting
0
0
1
Inverting
Noninverting
Inverting
0
1
1
Inverting
Inverting
Inverting
1
0
1
Noninverting
Noninverting
Inverting
1
1
1
Noninverting
Inverting
Inverting
In CMOS mode, turn on/off the CMOS B output. There is no effect in LVDS mode.
<4> = 0; turn off the CMOS B output.
<4> = 1; turn on the CMOS B output.
Select LVDS or CMOS logic levels.
<3> = 0; LVDS.
<3> = 1; CMOS.
Set output current level in LVDS mode. This has no effect in CMOS mode.
<2> <1> Current (mA)
Recommended Termination (Ω)
0
0
1.75
100
0
1
3.5
100
1
0
5.25
50
1
1
7
50
Rev. 0 | Page 72 of 84
AD9516-1
Reg.
Addr
(Hex) Bit(s) Name
140
<0> OUT6 Power-Down
141
<7:5> OUT7 Output Polarity
141
<4>
OUT7 CMOS B
141
<3>
OUT7 Select LVDS/CMOS
141
<2:1> OUT7 LVDS Output Current
141
<0>
142
<7:5> OUT8 Output Polarity
142
<4>
OUT8 CMOS B
142
<3>
OUT8 Select LVDS/CMOS
142
<2:1> OUT8 LVDS Output Current
OUT7 Power-Down
Description
Power-down output (LVDS/CMOS).
<0> = 0; power on.
<0> = 1; power off.
In CMOS mode, <7:5> select the output polarity of each CMOS output.
In LVDS mode, only <5> determines LVDS polarity.
<7> <6> <5> OUT7A (CMOS) OUT7B (CMOS)
OUT7 (LVDS)
0
0
0
Noninverting
Inverting
Noninverting
0
1
0
Noninverting
Noninverting
Noninverting
1
0
0
Inverting
Inverting
Noninverting
1
1
0
Inverting
Noninverting
Noninverting
0
0
1
Inverting
Noninverting
Inverting
0
1
1
Inverting
Inverting
Inverting
1
0
1
Noninverting
Noninverting
Inverting
1
1
1
Noninverting
Inverting
Inverting
In CMOS mode, turn on/off the CMOS B output. There is no effect in LVDS mode.
<4> = 0; turn off the CMOS B output.
<4> = 1; turn on the CMOS B output.
Select LVDS or CMOS logic levels.
<3> = 0; LVDS.
<3> = 1; CMOS.
Set output current level in LVDS mode. This has no effect in CMOS mode.
<2> <1> Current (mA)
Recommended Termination (Ω)
0
0
1.75
100
0
1
3.5
100
1
0
5.25
50
1
1
7
50
Power-down output (LVDS/CMOS).
<0> = 0; power on.
<0> = 1; power off.
In CMOS mode, <7:5> select the output polarity of each CMOS output.
In LVDS mode, only <5> determines LVDS polarity.
<7> <6> <5> OUT8A (CMOS) OUT8B (CMOS)
OUT8 (LVDS)
0
0
0
Noninverting
Inverting
Noninverting
0
1
0
Noninverting
Noninverting
Noninverting
1
0
0
Inverting
Inverting
Noninverting
1
1
0
Inverting
Noninverting
Noninverting
0
0
1
Inverting
Noninverting
Inverting
0
1
1
Inverting
Inverting
Inverting
1
0
1
Noninverting
Noninverting
Inverting
1
1
1
Noninverting
Inverting
Inverting
In CMOS mode, turn on/off the CMOS B output. There is no effect in LVDS mode.
<4> = 0; turn off the CMOS B output.
<4> = 1; turn on the CMOS B output.
Select LVDS or CMOS logic levels.
<3> = 0; LVDS.
<3> = 1; CMOS.
Set output current level in LVDS mode. This has no effect in CMOS mode.
<2>
<1> Current (mA) Recommended Termination (Ω)
0
0
1.75
100
0
1
3.5
100
1
0
5.25
50
1
1
7
50
Rev. 0 | Page 73 of 84
AD9516-1
Reg.
Addr
(Hex) Bit(s) Name
142
<0> OUT8 Power-Down
143
<7:5> OUT9 Output Polarity
143
<4>
OUT9 CMOS B
143
<3>
OUT9 Select LVDS/CMOS
143
<2:1> OUT9 LVDS Output Current
143
<0>
OUT9 Power-Down
Description
Power-down output (LVDS/CMOS).
<0> = 0; power on.
<0> = 1; power off.
In CMOS mode, <7:5> select the output polarity of each CMOS output.
In LVDS mode, only <5> determines LVDS polarity.
<7> <6> <5> OUT9A (CMOS) OUT9B (CMOS)
OUT9 (LVDS)
0
0
0
Noninverting
Inverting
Noninverting
0
1
0
Noninverting
Noninverting
Noninverting
1
0
0
Inverting
Inverting
Noninverting
1
1
0
Inverting
Noninverting
Noninverting
0
0
1
Inverting
Noninverting
Inverting
0
1
1
Inverting
Inverting
Inverting
1
0
1
Noninverting
Noninverting
Inverting
1
1
1
Noninverting
Inverting
Inverting
In CMOS mode, turn on/off the CMOS B output. There is no effect in LVDS mode.
<4> = 0; turn off the CMOS B output.
<4> = 1; turn on the CMOS B output.
Select LVDS or CMOS logic levels.
<3> = 0; LVDS.
<3> = 1; CMOS.
Set output current level in LVDS mode. This has no effect in CMOS mode.
<2> <1> Current (mA) Recommended Termination (Ω)
0
0
1.75
100
0
1
3.5
100
1
0
5.25
50
1
1
7
50
Power-down output (LVDS/CMOS).
<0> = 0; power on.
<0> = 1; power off.
Table 57. LVPECL Channel Dividers
Reg.
Addr
(Hex) Bit(s) Name
190
<7:4> Divider 0 Low Cycles
Description
Number of clock cycles of the divider input during which divider output stays low.
190
<3:0> Divider 0 High Cycles
Number of clock cycles of the divider input during which divider output stays high.
191
<7>
Divider 0 Bypass
191
<6>
Divider 0 Nosync
191
<5>
Divider 0 Force High
191
<4>
Divider 0 Start High
191
<3:0> Divider 0 Phase Offset
Bypass and power-down the divider; route input to divider output.
<7> = 0; use divider.
<7> = 1; bypass divider.
Nosync.
<6> = 0; obey chip-level SYNC signal.
<6> = 1; ignore chip-level SYNC signal.
Force divider output to high. This requires that nosync also be set.
<5> = 0; divider output forced to low.
<5> = 1; divider output forced to high.
Selects clock output to start high or start low.
<4> = 0; start low.
<4> = 1; start high.
Phase offset.
Rev. 0 | Page 74 of 84
AD9516-1
Reg.
Addr
(Hex) Bit(s) Name
192
<1>
Divider 0 Direct to Output
192
<0>
193
<7:4> Divider 1 Low Cycles
Description
Connect OUT0 and OUT1 to Divider 0 or directly to VCO or CLK.
<1> = 0: OUT0 and OUT1 are connected to Divider 0.
<1> = 1:
If 0x1E1<1:0> = 10b, the VCO is routed directly to OUT0 and OUT1.
If 0x1E1<1:0> = 00b, the CLK is routed directly to OUT0 and OUT1.
If 0x1E1<1:0> = 01b, there is no effect.
Duty-cycle correction function.
<0> = 0; enable duty-cycle correction.
<0> = 1; disable duty-cycle correction.
Number of clock cycles of the divider input during which divider output stays low.
193
<3:0> Divider 1 High Cycles
Number of clock cycles of the divider input during which divider output stays high.
194
<7>
Divider 1 Bypass
194
<6>
Divider 1 Nosync
194
<5>
Divider 1 Force High
194
<4>
Divider 1 Start High
194
<3:0> Divider 1 Phase Offset
Bypass and power-down the divider; route input to divider output.
<7> = 0; use divider.
<7> = 1; bypass divider.
Nosync.
<6> = 0; obey chip-level SYNC signal.
<6> = 1; ignore chip-level SYNC signal.
Force divider output to high. This requires that nosync also be set.
<5> = 0; divider output forced to low.
<5> = 1; divider output forced to high.
Selects clock output to start high or start low.
<4> = 0; start low.
<4> = 1; start high.
Phase offset.
195
<1>
Divider 1 Direct to Output
195
<0>
Divider 1 DCCOFF
196
<7:4> Divider 2 Low Cycles
Connect OUT2 and OUT3 to Divider 1 or directly to VCO or CLK.
<1> = 0; OUT2 and OUT3 are connected to Divider 1.
<1> = 1:
If 0x1E1<1:0> = 10b, the VCO is routed directly to OUT2 and OUT3.
If 0x1E1<1:0> = 00b, the CLK is routed directly to OUT2 and OUT3.
If 0x1E1<1:0> = 01b, there is no effect.
Duty-cycle correction function.
<0> = 0; enable duty-cycle correction.
<0> = 1; disable duty-cycle correction.
Number of clock cycles of the divider input during which divider output stays low.
196
<3:0> Divider 2 High Cycles
Number of clock cycles of the divider input during which divider output stays high.
197
<7>
Divider 2 Bypass
197
<6>
Divider 2 Nosync
197
<5>
Divider 2 Force High
197
<4>
Divider 2 Start High
197
<3:0> Divider 2 Phase Offset
Bypass and power-down the divider; route input to divider output.
<7> = 0; use divider.
<7> = 1; bypass divider.
Nosync.
<6> = 0; obey chip-level SYNC signal.
<6> = 1; ignore chip-level SYNC signal.
Force divider output to high. This requires that nosync also be set.
<5> = 0; divider output forced to low.
<5> = 1; divider output forced to high.
Selects clock output to start high or start low.
<4> = 0; start low.
<4> = 1; start high.
Phase offset.
Divider 0 DCCOFF
Rev. 0 | Page 75 of 84
AD9516-1
Reg.
Addr
(Hex) Bit(s) Name
198
<1>
Divider 2 Direct to Output
198
<0>
Divider 2 DCCOFF
Description
Connect OUT4 and OUT5 to Divider 2 or directly to VCO or CLK.
<1> = 0; OUT4 and OUT5 are connected to Divider 2.
<1> = 1:
If 0x1E1<1:0> = 10b, the VCO is routed directly to OUT4 and OUT5.
If 0x1E1<1:0> = 00b, the CLK is routed directly to OUT4 and OUT5.
If 0x1E1<1:0> = 01b, there is no effect.
Duty-cycle correction function.
<0> = 0; enable duty-cycle correction.
<0> = 1; disable duty-cycle correction.
Table 58. LVDS/CMOS Channel Dividers
Reg.
Addr
(Hex) Bit(s) Name
199
<7:4> Low Cycles Divider 3.1
Description
Number of clock cycles of 3.1 divider input during which 3.1 output stays low.
199
<3:0> High Cycles Divider 3.1
Number of clock cycles of 3.1 divider input during which 3.1 output stays high.
19A
<7:4> Phase Offset Divider 3.2
Refer to LVDSCMOS channel divider function description.
19A
<3:0> Phase Offset Divider 3.1
Refer to LVDSCMOS channel divider function description.
19B
<7:4> Low Cycles Divider 3.2
Number of clock cycles of 3.2 divider input during which 3.2 output stays low.
19B
<3:0> High Cycles Divider 3.2
Number of clock cycles of 3.2 divider input during which 3.2 output stays high.
19C
<5>
Bypass Divider 3.2
19C
<4>
Bypass Divider 3.1
19C
<3>
Divider 3 Nosync
19C
<2>
Divider 3 Force High
19C
<1>
Start High Divider 3.2
19C
<0>
Start High Divider 3.1
19D
<0>
Divider 3 DCCOFF
19E
<7:4> Low Cycles Divider 4.1
Bypass (and power-down) 3.2 divider logic, route clock to 3.2 output.
<5> = 0; do not bypass.
<5> = 1; bypass.
Bypass (and power-down) 3.1 divider logic, route clock to 3.1 output.
<4> = 0; do not bypass.
<4> = 1; bypass.
Nosync.
<3> = 0; obey chip-level SYNC signal.
<3> = 1; ignore chip-level SYNC signal.
Force Divider 3 output high. Requires that nosync also be set.
<2> = 0; force low.
<2> = 1; force high.
Divider 3.2 start high/low.
<1> = 0; start low.
<1> = 1; start high.
Divider 3.1 start high/low.
<0> = 0; start low.
<0> = 1; start high.
Duty-cycle correction function.
<0> = 0; enable duty-cycle correction.
<0> = 1; disable duty-cycle correction.
Number of clock cycles of divider 4.1 input during which 4.1 output stays low.
19E
<3:0> High Cycles Divider 4.1
Number of clock cycles of 4.1 divider input during which 4.1 output stays high.
19F
<7:4> Phase Offset Divider 4.2
Refer to LVDSCMOS channel divider function description.
19F
<3:0> Phase Offset Divider 4.1
Refer to LVDSCMOS channel divider function description.
1A0
<7:4> Low Cycles Divider 4.2
Number of clock cycles of 4.2 divider input during which 4.2 output stays low.
1A0
<3:0> High Cycles Divider 4.2
Number of clock cycles of 4.2 divider input during which 4.2 output stays high.
Rev. 0 | Page 76 of 84
AD9516-1
Reg.
Addr
(Hex) Bit(s)
1A1
<5>
Name
Bypass Divider 4.2
1A1
<4>
Bypass Divider 4.1
1A1
<3>
Divider 4 Nosync
1A1
<2>
Divider 4 Force High
1A1
<1>
Start High Divider 4.2
1A1
<0>
Start High Divider 4.1
1A2
<0>
Divider 4 DCCOFF
Description
Bypass (and power-down) 4.2 divider logic, route clock to 4.2 output.
<5> = 0; do not bypass.
<5> = 1; bypass.
Bypass (and power-down) 4.1 divider logic, route clock to 4.1 output.
<4> = 0; do not bypass.
<4> = 1; bypass.
Nosync.
<3> = 0; obey chip-level SYNC signal.
<3> = 1; ignore chip-level SYNC signal.
Force Divider 4 output high. Requires that nosync also be set.
<2> = 0; force low.
<2> = 1; force high.
Divider 4.2 start high/low.
<1> = 0; start low.
<1> = 1; start high.
Divider 4.1 start high/low.
<0> = 0; s tart low.
<0> = 1; start high.
Duty-cycle correction function.
<0> = 0; enable duty-cycle correction.
<0> = 1; disable duty-cycle correction.
Table 59. VCO Divider and CLK Input
Reg.
Addr
(Hex) Bit(s) Name
1E0 <2:0> VCO Divider
1E1
<4>
1E1
<3>
1E1
<2>
1E1
<1>
1E1
<0>
Description
<2>
<1>
<0>
Divide
0
0
0
2
0
0
1
3
0
1
0
4
0
1
1
5
1
0
0
6
1
0
1
Output static
1
1
0
Output static
1
1
1
Output static
Power-Down Clock Input Section Power down the clock input section (including CLK buffer, VCO divider, and CLK tree).
<4> = 0; normal operation.
<4> = 1; power-down.
Power-Down VCO Clock Interface Power down the interface block between VCO and clock distribution.
<3> = 0; normal operation.
<3> = 1; power-down.
Power-Down VCO and CLK
Power down both VCO and CLK input.
<2> = 0; normal operation.
<2> = 1; power-down.
Select VCO or CLK
Select either the VCO or the CLK as the input to VCO divider.
<1> = 0; Select external CLK as input to VCO divider.
<1> = 1; Select VCO as input to VCO divider; cannot bypass VCO divider when this is selected.
Bypass VCO Divider
Bypass or use the VCO divider.
<0> = 0; use VCO divider.
<0> = 1; bypass VCO divider; cannot select VCO as input when this is selected.
Rev. 0 | Page 77 of 84
AD9516-1
Table 60. System
Reg.
Addr
(Hex) Bit(s) Name
230 <2> Power-Down Sync
230
<1>
Power-Down Distribution Reference
230
<0>
Soft SYNC
Description
Power down the SYNC function.
<2> = 0; normal operation of the SYNC function.
<2> = 1; power-down sync circuitry.
Power down the reference for distribution section.
<1> = 0; normal operation of the reference for the distribution section.
<1> = 1; power down the reference for the distribution section.
The soft SYNC bit works the same as the SYNC pin, except that the polarity of this bit
is reversed. That is, a high level forces selected channels into a predetermined static
state, and a 1-to-0 transition triggers a sync.
<0> = 0; same as SYNC high.
<0> = 1; same as SYNC low.
Table 61. Update All Registers
Reg.
Addr
(Hex) Bit(s) Name
232 <0> Update All
Registers
Description
This bit must be set to 1 to transfer the contents of the buffer registers into the active registers. This happens
on the next SCLK rising edge. This bit is self-clearing; that is, it does not have to be set back to 0.
<0> = 1 (self-clearing); update all active registers to the contents of the buffer registers.
Rev. 0 | Page 78 of 84
AD9516-1
APPLICATION NOTES
LVPECL CLOCK DISTRIBUTION
USING THE AD9516 OUTPUTS FOR ADC CLOCK
APPLICATIONS
Any high speed, ADC is extremely sensitive to the quality of its
sampling clock. An ADC can be thought of as a sampling mixer,
and any noise, distortion, or timing jitter on the clock is
combined with the desired signal at the analog-to-digital
output. Clock integrity requirements scale with the analog input
frequency and resolution, with higher analog input frequency
applications at ≥14-bit resolution being the most stringent. The
theoretical SNR of an ADC is limited by the ADC resolution
and the jitter on the sampling clock. Considering an ideal ADC
of infinite resolution where the step size and quantization error
can be ignored, the available SNR can be expressed
approximately by
In most applications, an LVPECL far-end Thevenin termination
is recommended, as shown in Figure 69. The resistor network is
designed to match the transmission line impedance (50 Ω) and
the switching threshold (VS − 1.3 V).
VS_LVPECL
VS_LVPECL
50Ω
LVPECL
⎞
⎟
⎟
⎠
VS
127Ω
SINGLE-ENDED
(NOT COUPLED)
LVPECL
50Ω
1
SNR = 20log 2πf t
A J
83Ω
Figure 69. LVPECL Far-End Thevenin Termination
VS_LVPECL
VS_LVPECL
0.1nF
Figure 68 shows the required sampling clock jitter as a function
of the analog frequency and effective number of bits (ENOB).
110
83Ω
06420-045
VT = VS – 1.3V
where:
fA is the highest analog frequency being digitized.
tJ is the rms jitter on the sampling clock.
100
127Ω
LVPECL
18
200Ω
100Ω DIFFERENTIAL
100Ω
(COUPLED)
0.1nF TRANSMISSION LINE
LVPECL
200Ω
06420-046
⎛ 1
SNR(dB) = 20 × log ⎜
⎜ 2πf t
A J
⎝
The LVPECL outputs of the AD9516 provide the lowest jitter
clock signals available from the AD9516. The LVPECL outputs
(because they are open emitter) require a dc termination to bias
the output transistors. The simplified equivalent circuit in
Figure 57 shows the LVPECL output stage.
16
SNR (dB)
80
tJ =
100
fS
200
fS
14
S
12
400
f
70
1ps
60
2ps
10
10p
s
8
50
40
Figure 70. LVPECL with Parallel Transmission Line
LVDS CLOCK DISTRIBUTION
ENOB
90
The AD9516 provides four clock outputs (OUT6 to OUT9) that
are selectable as either CMOS or LVDS level outputs. LVDS is a
differential output option that uses a current mode output stage.
The nominal current is 3.5 mA, which yields 350 mV output
swing across a 100 Ω resistor. The LVDS output meets or
exceeds all ANSI/TIA/EIA-644 specifications.
100
fA (MHz)
1k
06420-044
6
30
10
Figure 68. SNR and ENOB vs. Analog Input Frequency
A recommended termination circuit for the LVDS outputs is
shown in Figure 71.
VS
See the AN-756 application note and the AN-501 application note.
LVDS
100Ω
100Ω
DIFFERENTIAL (COUPLED)
LVDS
06420-047
Many high performance ADCs feature differential clock inputs
to simplify the task of providing the required low jitter clock on
a noisy PCB. (Distributing a single-ended clock on a noisy PCB
can result in coupled noise on the sample clock. Differential
distribution has inherent common-mode rejection that can
provide superior clock performance in a noisy environment.)
The AD9516 features both LVPECL and LVDS outputs that
provide differential clock outputs, which enable clock solutions
that maximize converter SNR performance. The input
requirements of the ADC (differential or single-ended, logic
level, termination) should be considered when selecting the best
clocking/converter solution.
VS
Figure 71. LVDS Output Termination
See the AN-586 application note at www.analog.com for more
information on LVDS.
Rev. 0 | Page 79 of 84
AD9516-1
The AD9516 provides four clock outputs (OUT6 to OUT9)
that are selectable as either CMOS or LVDS level outputs.
When selected as CMOS, each output becomes a pair of CMOS
outputs, each of which can be individually turned on or off and
set as noninverting or inverting. These outputs are 3.3 V CMOS
compatible.
Whenever single-ended CMOS clocking is used, some of the
following general guidelines should be used.
Point-to-point nets should be designed such that a driver has
only one receiver on the net, if possible. This allows for simple
termination schemes and minimizes ringing due to possible
mismatched impedances on the net. Series termination at the
source is generally required to provide transmission line
matching and/or to reduce current transients at the driver.
The value of the resistor is dependent on the board design and
timing requirements (typically 10 Ω to 100 Ω is used). CMOS
outputs are also limited in terms of the capacitive load or trace
length that they can drive. Typically, trace lengths less than
3 inches are recommended to preserve signal rise/fall times and
preserve signal integrity.
VS
CMOS
CMOS
50Ω
100Ω
CMOS
Figure 73. CMOS Output with Far-End Termination
Because of the limitations of single-ended CMOS clocking,
consider using differential outputs when driving high speed
signals over long traces. The AD9516 offers both LVPECL and
LVDS outputs that are better suited for driving long traces
where the inherent noise immunity of differential signaling
provides superior performance for clocking converters.
60.4Ω
(1.0 INCH)
MICROSTRIP
10Ω
100Ω
06420-076
CMOS
10Ω
Termination at the far-end of the PCB trace is a second option.
The CMOS outputs of the AD9516 do not supply enough
current to provide a full voltage swing with a low impedance
resistive, far-end termination, as shown in Figure 73. The farend termination network should match the PCB trace impedance
and provide the desired switching point. The reduced signal
swing may still meet receiver input requirements in some
applications. This can be useful when driving long trace
lengths on less critical nets.
06420-077
CMOS CLOCK DISTRIBUTION
Figure 72. Series Termination of CMOS Output
Rev. 0 | Page 80 of 84
AD9516-1
OUTLINE DIMENSIONS
9.00
BSC SQ
0.60 MAX
8.75
BSC SQ
TOP
VIEW
17 16
7.50
REF
0.80 MAX
0.65 TYP
0.05 MAX
0.02 NOM
0.50 BSC
0.20 REF
COMPLIANT TO JEDEC STANDARDS MO-220-VMMD-4
063006-B
SEATING
PLANE
33
32
PIN 1
INDICATOR
6.35
6.20 SQ
6.05
EXPOSED PAD
(BOTTOM VIEW)
0.50
0.40
0.30
12° MAX
64 1
49
48
PIN 1
INDICATOR
1.00
0.85
0.80
0.30
0.25
0.18
0.60 MAX
Figure 74. 64-Lead Lead Frame Chip Scale Package [LFCSP_VQ]
9 mm × 9 mm Body, Very Thin Quad
CP-64-4
Dimensions shown in millimeters
ORDERING GUIDE
Model
AD9516-1BCPZ 1
AD9516-1BCPZ-REEL71
AD9516-1/PCBZ1
1
Temperature Range
−40°C to +85°C
−40°C to +85°C
Package Description
64-Lead Lead Frame Chip Scale Package (LFCSP_VQ)
64-Lead Lead Frame Chip Scale Package (LFCSP_VQ)
Evaluation Board
Z = RoHS Compliant Part.
Rev. 0 | Page 81 of 84
Package Option
CP-64-4
CP-64-4
AD9516-1
NOTES
Rev. 0 | Page 82 of 84
AD9516-1
NOTES
Rev. 0 | Page 83 of 84
AD9516-1
NOTES
©2007 Analog Devices, Inc. All rights reserved. Trademarks and
registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
D06420-0-4/07(0)
Rev. 0 | Page 84 of 84