SX8724S ZoomingADC for sensing data acquisition ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS & SENSING DESCRIPTION DATASHEET FEATURES The SX8724S is a data acquisition system based on Semtech's low power ZoomingADC™ technology. It directly connects most types of miniature sensors with a general purpose microcontroller. Up to 16-bit differential data acquisition Programmable gain: (1/12 to 1000) Sensor offset compensation up to 15 times full scale of input signal 3 differential or 6 single-ended signal inputs Programmable Resolution versus Speed versus Supply current Digital outputs to bias Sensors Internal or external voltage reference Internal time base Low-power (250 uA for 16b @ 250 S/s) SPI interface, 2 Mbps serial clock With 3 differential inputs, it can adapt to multiple sensor systems. Its digital outputs are used to bias or reset the sensing elements. APPLICATIONS ORDERING INFORMATION Industrial pressure sensing Industrial temperature sensing Industrial chemical sensing Barometer Compass DEVICE PACKAGE REEL QUANTITY SX8724SWLTDT MLPQ-W-16 4x4 1000 - Available in tape and reel only - WEEE/RoHS compliant, Pb-Free and Halogen Free. FUNCTIONAL BLOC DIAGRAM SX8724S VBATT - VREF + + - - REF MUX + ZoomingADCTM AC2 AC3 AC4 AC5 SIGNAL MUX AC0 AC1 PGA ADC READY AC6 AC7 CONTROL LOGIC SCLK D0/VREF,OUT D1/VREF,IN GPIO CHARGE PUMP 4MHz OSC SPI MOSI MISO/READY MCU SS VPUMP VSS Revision 1.0 © Semtech February 2011 Page 1 www.semtech.com SX8724S ZoomingADC for sensing data acquisition ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS & SENSING DATASHEET TABLE OF CONTENT Section Page ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1 2 2.1 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.1.3 Absolute Maximum Ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Operating Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Timing Characteristics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 POR Timings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 SPI interface timings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 SPI timing diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 3 4 5 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.3.1 6.4 6.5 6.5.1 7 7.1 7.1.1 7.1.2 7.1.3 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.7.1 7.7.2 7.7.3 7.7.4 7.7.5 7.7.6 7.7.7 7.7.8 7.7.9 8 8.1 8.2 9 9.1 9.2 9.2.1 Pin Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marking Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pin Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bloc diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VREF. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GPIO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Optional Operating Mode: External Vref . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Charge Pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RC Oscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wake-up from sleep. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ZoomingADC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisition Chain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Programmable Gain Amplifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PGA & ADC Enabling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ZoomingADC Registers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Input Multiplexers (AMUX and VMUX) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . First Stage Programmable Gain Amplifier (PGA1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Second Stage Programmable Gain Amplifier (PGA2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Third Stage Programmable Gain Amplifier (PGA3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conversion Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Over-Sampling Frequency (fs). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Over-Sampling Ratio (OSR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Number of Elementary Conversions (Nelconv) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conversion Time & Throughput . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Continuous-Time vs. On-Request Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Output Code Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Power Saving Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Application hints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Power Reduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gain Configuration Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SPI interface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Data transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Write a single register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Revision 1.0 © Semtech February 2011 Page 2 11 11 12 13 13 13 13 15 16 16 16 17 17 17 18 19 19 20 21 22 22 25 25 26 26 26 27 28 29 30 32 33 33 34 35 35 36 36 www.semtech.com/products/ SX8724S ZoomingADC for sensing data acquisition ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS & SENSING DATASHEET TABLE OF CONTENT Section 9.2.2 9.2.3 9.3 9.3.1 9.3.2 9.4 9.5 10 10.1 10.2 10.2.1 10.2.2 10.2.3 10.2.4 10.2.5 11 11.1 11.1.1 11.2 11.3 11.3.1 11.3.2 11.4 11.5 11.6 Page Read a single register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Multiple Bytes Write/Read Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ADC Samples Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SAMPLE SHIFT Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . COMBINED DATA READY Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chip Start Detection with Slave Select Pin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Improving Noise Immunity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Register Memory Map and Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Register Map. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Registers Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RC Register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GPIO Registers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Software reset register. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ZADC Registers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mode Registers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Typical Performances. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Input impedance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Switched Capacitor Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Frequency Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Linearity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Integral Non-Linearity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Differential Non-Linearity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gain Error and Offset Error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Power Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 37 38 39 39 42 43 44 44 44 45 45 46 46 48 49 49 50 52 54 54 57 57 60 61 FAMILY OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 12 13 Comparison Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Comparison by package pinout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 MECHANICAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 14 15 16 17 18 PCB Layout Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . How to Evaluate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Package Outline Drawing: MLPQ-W16-4x4-EP1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Land Pattern Drawing: MLPQ-W16-4x4-EP1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tape and Reel Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Revision 1.0 © Semtech February 2011 Page 3 65 65 66 67 68 www.semtech.com/products/ SX8724S ZoomingADC for sensing data acquisition ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS & SENSING DATASHEET ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATIONS 1 Absolute Maximum Ratings Note Table 1. The Absolute Maximum Ratings, in table below, are stress ratings only. Functional operation of the device at conditions other than those indicated in the Operating Conditions sections of this specification is not implied. Exposure to the absolute maximum ratings, where different to the operating conditions, for an extended period may reduce the reliability or useful lifetime of the product. Absolute Maximum Ratings Parameter Symbol Condition Min Max Units Power supply VBATT VSS - 0.3 6.5 V Storage temperature TSTORE -55 150 °C Temperature under bias TBIAS -40 140 °C Input voltage VINABS VSS - 300 VBATT + 300 mV 260 °C Peak reflow temperature ESD conditions All inputs TPKG ESDHBM Human Body Model ESD Latchup Revision 1.0 © Semtech February 2011 Page 4 2000 V 100 mA www.semtech.com SX8724S ZoomingADC for sensing data acquisition ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS & SENSING DATASHEET 2 Operating Conditions Unless otherwise specified: VREF,ADC = VBATT, VIN = 0V, Over-sampling frequency fS = 250 kHz, PGA3 on with Gain = 1, PGA1&PGA2 off, offsets GDOff2 = GDOff3 = 0. Power operation: normal (IbAmpAdc[1:0] = IbAmpPga[1:0] = '01'). For resolution n = 12 bits: OSR = 32 and NELCONV = 4. For resolution n = 16 bits: OSR = 256 and NELCONV = 2. Bandgap chopped at NELCONV rate. If VBATT < 3V, Charge Pump is forced on. If VBATT > 3V, Charge Pump is forced off. Table 2. Operating conditions limits Parameter Symbol Power supply Comment/Condition Min Typ Max Unit VBATT 2.4 5.5 V TOP -40 125 °C Typ Max Unit 16 b @ 250 Sample/s ADC, fs = 125 kHz 250 300 16 b @ 1kSample/s PGA3 + ADC, fs = 500 kHz 650 850 16 b + gain 1000 @ 1kSample/s PGA3,2,1 + ADC, fs = 500 kHz 1000 1250 16 b @ 250 Sample/s ADC, fs = 125 kHz 150 16 b @ 1 kSample/s PGA3 + ADC, fs = 500 kHz 500 16 b + gain 1000 @ 1kSample/s PGA3,2,1 + ADC, fs = 500 kHz 830 @25°C 150 up to 85°C 200 @125°C 250 Operating temperature . Table 3. Electrical Characteristics Parameter Symbol Comment/Condition Min CURRENT CONSUMPTION1 Active current, 5.5V IOP55 Active current, 3.3V IOP33 Sleep current ISLEEP μA μA 250 nA TIME BASE Max ADC Over-Sampling frequency fSmax ADC Over-Sampling frequency drift fST @25°C 425 500 575 0.15 kHz % / °C DIGITAL I/O VBATT 0.7 Input logic high VIH Input logic low VIL Output logic high VOH IOH < 4 mA Output logic low VOL IOL < 4 mA 0.4 0.3 VBATT VBATT-0.4 V V Leakages currents Revision 1.0 © Semtech February 2011 Page 5 www.semtech.com SX8724S ZoomingADC for sensing data acquisition ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS & SENSING Table 3. DATASHEET Electrical Characteristics Parameter Symbol Input leakage current ILeakIn Comment/Condition Min Digital input mode, no pull-up or pull-down -100 Typ Max Unit 100 nA VREF: Internal Bandgap Reference Absolute output voltage VBG VBATT > 3V 1.19 Variation over Temperature VBGT VBATT > 3V, over Temperature -1.5 Total Output Noise VBGN VBATT > 3V 1. 1.22 1.25 V +1.5 % 1 mVrms The device can be operated in either active or sleep states. The Sleep state is complete shutdown, but the active state can have a variety of different current consumptions depending on the settings. Some examples are given here: The Sleep state is the default state after power-on-reset. The chip can then be placed into an active state after a valid I2C communication is received. Table 4. ZoomingADC Specifications Parameter Symbol Condition Min Typ Max Unit Gain=1, OSR=32, VREF=5V. Note 1 -2.42 +2.42 V Gain=100, OSR=32, VREF=5V -24.2 +24.2 mV Gain=1000, OSR=32, VREF=5V -2.42 +2.42 mV Note 1 1/12 1000 V/V ANALOG INPUT CHARACTERISTICS Differential Input Voltage Range VIN = VINP-VINN PROGRAMMABLE GAIN AMPLIFIER Total PGA Gain GDTOT PGA1 Gain GD1 (see Table 10, page 22) 1 10 V/V PGA2 Gain GD2 (see Table 11, page 22) 1 10 V/V PGA3 Gain GD3 Step = 1/12 V/V (see Table 12, page 22) 1/12 127/12 V/V +3 % Gain Settings Precision (each stage) Gain ≥ 1 -3 ±0.5 ±5 Gain Temperature Dependence ppm / °C PGA2 Offset GDOFF2 Step = 0.2 V/V (see Table 11, page 22) -1 +1 V/V PGA3 Offset GDOFF3 Step = 1/12 V/V (see Table 12, page 22) -63/12 +63/12 V/V +3 % Offset Settings Precision (PGA2 or PGA3) Note 2 -3 ±5 Offset Temperature Dependence Input Impedance on ADC ZINADC Input Impedance on PGA1 (see section 11.1, page 49) ZINPGA1 Input Impedance on PGA2 ZINPGA2 Input Impedance on PGA3 ZINPGA3 Revision 1.0 © Semtech February 2011 ±0.5 500 ppm / °C kΩ Gain = 1. Note 3 900 1150 kΩ Gain = 10. Note 3 250 350 kΩ Gain = 1. Note 3 500 1000 kΩ Gain = 10. Note 3 125 270 kΩ Gain = 1. Note 3 500 780 kΩ Gain = 10. Note 3 125 190 kΩ Page 6 www.semtech.com SX8724S ZoomingADC for sensing data acquisition ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS & SENSING Table 4. DATASHEET ZoomingADC Specifications Parameter Symbol Output RMS Noise per over-sample Condition Min Typ Max Unit PGA1. Note 4 205 μV PGA2. Note 4 340 μV PGA3. Note 4 365 μV ADC STATIC PERFORMANCES Resolution (No Missing Codes) n Note 5 Note 6 6 16 Bits ±0.15 % ±1 LSB resolution n = 12 bits. Note 9 ±0.6 LSB resolution n = 16 bits. Note 9 ±1.5 LSB resolution n = 12 bits. Note 10 ±0.5 LSB resolution n = 16 bits. Note 10 ±0.5 LSB VBATT = 5V +/- 0.3V. Note 11 78 dB VBATT = 3V +/- 0.3V. Note 11 72 dB n = 12 bits. Note 12 133 fs cycles n = 16 bits. Note 12 517 fs cycles n = 12 bits, fs = 250 kHz 1.88 kSps n = 16 bits, fs = 250 kHz 0.483 kSps Note 13 (see Table 11, page 22) OSR fs cycles VBATT = 5.5V/3.3V 285/210 μA PGA1 Consumption VBATT = 5.5V/3.3V 104/80 μA PGA2 Consumption VBATT = 5.5V/3.3V 67/59 μA PGA3 Consumption VBATT = 5.5V/3.3V 98/91 μA Gain Error Note 7 Offset Error n = 16 bits. Note 8 Integral Non-Linearity INL Differential Non-Linearity DNL Power Supply Rejection Ratio DC PSRR ADC DYNAMIC PERFORMANCES Conversion Time TCONV Throughput Rate (Continuous Mode) 1/TCONV PGA Stabilization Delay ZADC ANALOG QUIESCENT CURRENT ADC Only Consumption IQ ANALOG POWER DISSIPATION: All PGAs & ADC Active Normal Power Mode VBATT = 5.5V/3.3V. Note 14 4.0/2.0 mW 3/4 Power Reduction Mode VBATT = 5.5V/3.3V. Note 15 3.2/1.6 mW 1/2 Power Reduction Mode VBATT = 5.5V/3.3V. Note 16 2.4/1.1 mW 1/4 Power Reduction Mode VBATT = 5.5V/3.3V. Note 17 1.5/0.7 mW (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) Gain defined as overall PGA gain GDTOT = GD1 x GD2 x GD3. Maximum input voltage is given by: VIN,MAX = ±(VREF / 2) (OSR / OSR+1). Offset due to tolerance on GDoff2 or GDoff3 setting. For small intrinsic offset, use only ADC and PGA1. Measured with block connected to inputs through Amux block. Normalized input sampling frequency for input impedance is fS = 500 kHz (fS max, worst case). This figure must be multiplied by 2 for fS = 250 kHz, 4 for fS = 125 kHz. Input impedance is proportional to 1/fS. Figure independent from gain and sampling frequency. fS. The effective output noise is reduced by the over-sampling ratio Resolution is given by n = 2 log2(OSR) + log2(NELCONV ). OSR can be set between 8 and 1024, in powers of 2. NELCONV can be set to 1, 2, 4 or 8. If a ramp signal is applied to the input, all digital codes appear in the resulting ADC output data. Gain error is defined as the amount of deviation between the ideal (theoretical) transfer function and the measured transfer function (with the offset error removed). Offset error is defined as the output code error for a zero volt input (ideally, output code = 0). For 1 LSB offset, NELCONV must be at least 2. Revision 1.0 © Semtech February 2011 Page 7 www.semtech.com SX8724S ZoomingADC for sensing data acquisition ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS & SENSING (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) DATASHEET INL defined as the deviation of the DC transfer curve of each individual code from the best-fit straight line. This specification holds over the full scale. DNL is defined as the difference (in LSB) between the ideal (1 LSB) and measured code transitions for successive codes. Values for Gain = 1. PSRR is defined as the amount of change in the ADC output value as the power supply voltage changes. Conversion time is given by: TCONV = (NELCONV (OSR + 1) + 1) / fS. OSR can be set between 8 and 1024, in powers of 2. NELCONV can be set to 1, 2, 4 or 8. PGAs are reset after each writing operation to registers RegACCfg1-5, corresponding to change of configuration or input switching. The ADC should be started only some delay after a change of PGA configuration through these registers. Delay between change of configuration of PGA or input channel switching and ADC start should be equivalent to OSR (between 8 and 1024) number of cycles. This is done by writing bit Start several cycles after PGA settings modification or channel switching. This delay does not apply to conversions made without the PGAs. Nominal (maximum) bias currents in PGAs and ADC, i.e. IbAmpPga[1:0] = '11' and IbAmpAdc[1:0] = '11'. Bias currents in PGAs and ADC set to 3/4 of nominal values, i.e. IbAmpPga[1:0] = '10', IbAmpAdc[1:0] = '10'. Bias currents in PGAs and ADC set to 1/2 of nominal values, i.e. IbAmpPga[1:0] = '01', IbAmpAdc[1:0] = '01'. Bias currents in PGAs and ADC set to 1/4 of nominal values, i.e. IbAmpPga[1:0] = '00', IbAmpAdc[1:0] = '00'. Revision 1.0 © Semtech February 2011 Page 8 www.semtech.com SX8724S ZoomingADC for sensing data acquisition ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS & SENSING DATASHEET 2.1 Timing Characteristics Table 5. General timings Parameter Symbol Comment/Condition Min Typ Max Unit ADC INTERRUPT (READY) TIMING SPECIFICATIONS READY pulse width tIRQ Note 18 1 1/fs STARTUP TIMES Startup sequence time at POR tSTARTUP Time to enable RC from Sleep after a SPI command Effective Start (18) tRCEN 100 tSTART_SPI 250 800 μs 450 μs μs The READY pulse indicates End of Conversion. This is a Positive pulse of duration equal to one cycle of the ADC sampling rate in “continuous mode”. See also Figure 15, page 30 for data conversion waveforms. 2.1.1 POR Timings The Slave Select pin (SS) can be used to detect the effective start of the device. See section 9.4, page 42 for functional descriptions. The SPI interface can be accessed as soon as the SS pin (slave) is set to ‘output’ as illustrated on Figure 2. MASTER MSS SS SSS SS SX872xS SLAVE Figure 1. SPI Master detecting start sequence through Slave Select pin STARTUP SEQUENCE SLEEP WAKE-UP SEQUENCE tSTARTUP POR MSS Direction OUTPUT INPUT SSS tSTART_SPI tRCEN tPOR SX status POR RC enabling Self calibration tRCEN RC disabling RC enabling Figure 2. Slave Select pin and Power-On-Reset Timings Revision 1.0 © Semtech February 2011 Page 9 www.semtech.com SX8724S ZoomingADC for sensing data acquisition ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS & SENSING DATASHEET 2.1.2 SPI interface timings Parameter Symbol Min SS to SCLK Edge tSSSC 30 SCLK Period tSC 250 SCLK Low Pulse width tSCL 100 SCLK High Pulse width tSCH 100 Data Output Valid after SCLK Edge tDV Data Input Setup Time before SCLK Edge tDS 0 Data Input Hold Time after SCLK Edge tDH 100 SS High after SCLK Edge tSSSC 0 SS High to MISO High Impedance tSSD Typ Max Units ns 500 ns ns ns 125 200 ns ns 250 ns ns 30 ns 2.1.3 SPI timing diagram SS tSSSC tSC tSCH tSCSS SCLK tDS tDH tSCL MOSI tDV tSSD MISO Figure 3. SPI timing diagram Revision 1.0 © Semtech February 2011 Page 10 www.semtech.com SX8724S ZoomingADC for sensing data acquisition ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS & SENSING DATASHEET CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION 2 AC7 3 AC4 4 VPUMP SCLK MOSI 14 13 SX8724S (Top view) AC5 5 6 7 8 READY AC6 15 VSS 1 16 VBATT AC3 AC2 3 Pin Configuration 12 D0 11 MISO/READY 10 SS 9 D1 4 Marking Information 8724S YYWW XXXXX XXXXX nnnnn yyww xxxxx xxxxx = Part Number = Date Code1 = Semtech Lot Number 1.Date codes and Lot numbers starting with the ‘E’ character are used for Engineering samples Revision 1.0 © Semtech February 2011 Page 11 www.semtech.com SX8724S ZoomingADC for sensing data acquisition ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS & SENSING DATASHEET 5 Pin Description Note The bottom pad is internally connected to VSS. It should also be connected to VSS on PCB to reduce noise and improve thermal behavior. Pin Name Type Function 1 AC3 Analog Input Differential sensor input in conjunction with AC2 2 AC6 Analog Input Differential sensor input in conjunction with AC7 3 AC7 Analog Input Differential sensor input in conjunction with AC6 4 AC4 Analog Input Differential sensor input in conjunction with AC5 5 AC5 Analog Input Differential sensor input in conjunction with AC4 6 VBATT Power Input 2.4V to 5.5V power supply 7 VSS Power Input Chip Ground 8 READY Digital Output Data Ready (active high). Conversion complete flag. Digital IO Digital output sensor drive (VBATT or VSS) 9 D1 Analog VREF Input in optional operating mode 10 SS Digital Input Slave select (active low). This pin is set as output low during the POR sequence. 11 MISO/READY Digital Output Serial data out (Master Input, Slave Output), or data out combined with Data Ready (active low when Data Ready function enabled). 12 D0 Digital IO Digital output sensor drive (VBATT or VSS) Analog VREF Output in optional operating mode 13 MOSI Digital Input Serial data in (Master Output, Slave Input) 14 SCLK Digital Input Serial clock from the Master. 15 VPUMP Power IO Charge pump output. Raises ADC supply above VBATT if VBATT supply is too low. Recommended range for capacitor is 1nF to 10 nF. Connect the capacitor to ground. 16 AC2 Analog Input Differential sensor input in conjunction with AC3 Revision 1.0 © Semtech February 2011 Page 12 www.semtech.com SX8724S ZoomingADC for sensing data acquisition ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS & SENSING DATASHEET 6 General Description The SX8724S is a complete low-power acquisition path with programmable gain, acquisition speed and resolution. 6.1 Bloc diagram SX8724S VBATT - VREF + + - - ZoomingADCTM REF MUX + SIGNAL MUX AC0 AC1 AC2 AC3 AC4 AC5 PGA ADC READY AC6 AC7 CONTROL LOGIC SCLK D0/REFOUT GPIO D1/REFIN CHARGE PUMP 4MHz OSC SPI MOSI MISO/READY SS VPUMP VSS Figure 4. SX8724S bloc diagram 6.2 VREF The internally generated VREF is a trimmed bandgap reference with a nominal value of 1.22V that provides a stable voltage reference for the ZoomingADC. This reference voltage is directly connected to one of the ZoomingADC reference multiplexer inputs. The bandgap voltage stability is only guaranteed for VBATT voltages of 3V and above. As VBATT drops down to 2.4V, the bandgap voltage could reduce by up to 50mV. The bandgap has relatively weak output drive so it is recommended that if the bandgap is required as a signal input then PGA1 must be enabled with gain = 1. 6.3 GPIO The GPIO block is a multipurpose 2 bit input/output port. In addition to digital behavior, D0 and D1 pins can be programmed as analog pins in order to be used as output (reference voltage monitoring) and input for an external Revision 1.0 © Semtech February 2011 Page 13 www.semtech.com SX8724S ZoomingADC for sensing data acquisition ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS & SENSING DATASHEET reference voltage (For further details see Figure 7, Figure 8, Figure 9 and Figure 10). Each port terminal can be individually selected as digital input or output. RegOut[4] RegOut[0] 0 D0/VREFOUT 1 RegIn[0] RegMode[1] Internal + Bandgap reference - V BG 1.22V 0 VREF 1 RegMode [0] ZoomingADC RegOut[5] RegOut [1] 1 D1/VREFIN 0 RegIn [1] Figure 5. GPIO bloc diagram The direction of each bit within the GPIO block (input only or input/output) can be individually set using the bits of the RegOut (address 0x40) register. If D[x]Dir = 1, both the input and output buffer are active on the corresponding GPIO block pin. If D[x]Dir= 0, the corresponding GPIO block pin is an input only and the output buffer is in high impedance. After power on reset the GPIO block pins are in input/output mode (D[x]Dir are reset to 1). The input values of GPIO block are available in RegIn (address 0x41) register (read only). Reading is always direct - there is no debounce function in the GPIO block. In case of possible noise on input signals, an external hardware filter has to be realized. The input buffer is also active when the GPIO block is defined as output and the effective value on the pin can be read back. Data stored in the LSB bits of RegOut register are outputted at GPIO block if D[x]Dir= 1. The default values after power on reset is low (0). The digital pins are able to deliver a driving current up to 8 mA. When the bits VrefD0Out and VrefD1In in the RegMode (address 0x70) register are set to 1 the D0 and D1 pins digital behavior are automatically bypassed in order to either input or output the voltage reference signals. Revision 1.0 © Semtech February 2011 Page 14 www.semtech.com SX8724S ZoomingADC for sensing data acquisition ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS & SENSING DATASHEET 6.3.1 Optional Operating Mode: External Vref D0 and D1 are multi-functional pins with the following functions in different operating modes (see RegMode register for control settings): 0 D0/VREFOUT 0 GPIO D0/VREFOUT 1 RegMode[1] = 0 Internal + Bandgap reference - RegMode[1] = 0 VBG 0 VREF 1 Internal + Bandgap reference - ZoomingADC 0 1 GPIO 0 D1/VREFIN Figure 7. D0 and D1 are Digital Inputs / Outputs 0 0 GPIO D0/VREFOUT RegMode[1] = 1 RegMode[1] = 1 VBG VREF 1 Internal + Bandgap reference - ZoomingADC RegMode[0] = 0 0 0 VREF 1 ZoomingADC RegMode[0] = 1 1 D1/VREFIN GPIO 1 VBG 0 GPIO 0 Figure 8. D1 is Reference Voltage Input and D0 is Digital Input / Output 1 Internal + Bandgap reference - ZoomingADC RegMode[0] = 1 1 D1/VREFIN VREF 1 RegMode[0] = 0 D0/VREFOUT GPIO 1 1 GPIO D1/VREFIN Figure 9. D1 is Digital Input / Output and D0 Reference Voltage Output 0 GPIO Figure 10. D0 is Reference Voltage Output and D1 is Reference Voltage Input This allows external monitoring of the internal bandgap reference or the ability to use an external reference input for the ADC, or the option to filter the internal VREF output before feeding back as VREF,ADC input. The internally generated VREF is a trimmed as ADC reference with a nominal value of 1.22V. When using an external VREF,ADC input, it may have any value between 0V and VBATT. Simply substitute the external value for 1.22 V in the ADC conversion calculations. Revision 1.0 © Semtech February 2011 Page 15 www.semtech.com SX8724S ZoomingADC for sensing data acquisition ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS & SENSING DATASHEET 6.4 Charge Pump This block generates a supply voltage able to power the analog switch drive levels on the chip higher than VBATT if necessary. If VBATT voltage drops below 3V then the block should be activated. If VBATT voltage is greater than 3V then VBATT may be switched straight through to the VPUMP output. If the charge pump is not activated then VPUMP = VBATT. If control input bit MultForceOff = 1 in RegMode (address 0x70) register then the charge pump is disabled and VBATT is permanently connected to VPUMP output. If control input bit MultForceOn = 1 in RegMode register then the charge pump is permanently enabled. This overrides MultForceOff bit in RegMode register. An external capacitor is required on VPUMP pin. This capacitor should be large enough to ensure that generated voltage is smooth enough to avoid affecting conversion accuracy but not so large that it gives an unacceptable settling time. A recommended value is around 2.2nF. 6.5 RC Oscillator This block provides the master clock reference for the chip. It produces a clock at 4 MHz which is divided internally in order to generate the clock sources needed by the other blocks. The oscillator technique is a low power relaxation design and it is designed to vary as little as possible over temperature and supply voltage. This oscillator is trimmed at manufacture chip test. The RC oscillator will start up after a chip reset to allow the trimming values to be read and calibration registers. Once this has been done, the oscillator will be shut down and the chip will enter a sleep state while waiting for a SPI communication. The worst case duration from reset ( or POR ) to the sleep state is 800us. 6.5.1 Wake-up from sleep When the device is in sleep state, the RC oscillator will start up after a communication. The start up sequence for the RC oscillator is 450us in worst case. During this time, the internal blocs using the RC can not be used: no ADC conversion can be started. Revision 1.0 © Semtech February 2011 Page 16 www.semtech.com SX8724S ZoomingADC for sensing data acquisition ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS & SENSING DATASHEET 7 ZoomingADC 7.1 Overview The ZoomingADC is a complete and versatile low-power analog front-end interface typically intended for sensing applications. In the following text the ZoomingADC will be referred as ZADC. The key features of the ZADC are: Programmable 6 to 16-bit dynamic range over-sampled ADC Flexible gain programming between 1/12 and 1000 Flexible and large range offset compensation Differential or single-ended input 2-channel differential reference inputs Power saving modes AMUX Analog Inputs Reference Inputs VSS VREF AC2 AC3 AC4 AC5 AC6 AC7 VIN VD1 ±Vin S PGA1 VD2 VIN,ADC ±Vin ±Vin ±Vin ±Voff PGA2 ±Voff PGA3 ±Vref ADC VREF,ADC VBATT VSS VREF VSS VMUX ANALOG ZOOM Figure 11. ZADC General Functional Block Diagram The total acquisition chain consists of an input multiplexer, 3 programmable gain amplifier stages and an over sampled A/D converter. The reference voltage can be selected on two different channels. Two offset compensation amplifiers allow for a wide offset compensation range. The programmable gain and offset allow the application to zoom in on a small portion of the reference voltage defined input range. 7.1.1 Acquisition Chain Figure 11, page 17 shows the general block diagram of the acquisition chain (AC). A control block (not shown in Figure 11) manages all communications with the SPI peripheral. The clocking is derived from the internal 4 MHz Oscillator. Analog inputs can be selected through an 8 input multiplexer, while reference input is selected between two differential channels. It should however be noted that only 7 acquisition channels (including the VREF) are available when configured as single ended since the input amplifier is always operating in differential mode with both positive and negative input selected through the multiplexer. Revision 1.0 © Semtech February 2011 Page 17 www.semtech.com SX8724S ZoomingADC for sensing data acquisition ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS & SENSING DATASHEET The core of the zooming section is made of three differential programmable amplifiers (PGA). After selection of an input and reference signals VIN and VREF,ADC combination, the input voltage is modulated and amplified through stages 1 to 3. Fine gain programming up to 1'000 V/V is possible. In addition, the last two stages provide programmable offset. Each amplifier can be bypassed if needed. The output of the cascade of PGA is directly fed to the analog-to-digital converter (ADC), which converts the signal VIN,ADC into digital. Like most ADCs intended for instrumentation or sensing applications, the ZoomingADCTM is an over-sampled converter 1. The ADC is a so-called incremental converter; with bipolar operation (the ADC accepts both positive and negative differential input voltages). In first approximation, the ADC output result relative to full-scale (FS) delivers the quantity: OUTADC VIN , ADC ≅ FS / 2 VREF / 2 Equation 1 in two's complement (see Equation 18 and Equation 19, page 30 for details). The output code OUTADC is -FS / 2 to + FS / 2 for VIN,ADC = -VREF,ADC / 2 to + VREF,ADC / 2 respectively. As will be shown, VIN,ADC is related to input voltage VIN by the relationship: VIN , ADC = GDTOT ⋅VIN − GDoffTOT ⋅ S ⋅VREF [V ] Equation 2 where GDTOT is the total PGA gain, GDOFFTOT is the total magnitude of PGA offset and S is the sign of the offset (see Table 8, page 21). 7.1.2 Programmable Gain Amplifiers As seen in Figure 11, page 17, the zooming function is implemented with three programmable gain amplifiers (PGA). These are: PGA1: coarse gain tuning PGA2: medium gain and offset tuning PGA3: fine gain and offset tuning. Should be set ON for high linearity data acquisition All gain and offset settings are realized with ratios of capacitors. The user has control over each PGA activation and gain, as well as the offset of stages 2 and 3. These functions are examined hereafter. 1. Over-sampled converters are operated with a sampling frequency fS much higher than the input signal's Nyquist rate (typically fS is 201'000 times the input signal bandwidth). The sampling frequency to throughput ratio is large (typically 10-500). These converters include digital decimation filtering. They are mainly used for high resolution, and/or low-to-medium speed applications. Revision 1.0 © Semtech February 2011 Page 18 www.semtech.com SX8724S ZoomingADC for sensing data acquisition ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS & SENSING DATASHEET 7.1.3 PGA & ADC Enabling Depending on the application objectives, the user may enable or bypass each PGA stage. This is done according to the word Enable and the coding given in Table 6. To reduce power dissipation, the ADC can also be inactivated while idle. Table 6. ADC and PGA Enabling Enable (RegACCfg1[3:0]) Block XXX0 XXX1 ADC disabled ADC enabled XX0X XX1X PGA1 disabled PGA1 enabled X0XX X1XX PGA2 disabled PGA2 enabled 0XXX 1XXX PGA3 disabled PGA3 enabled 7.2 ZoomingADC Registers The system has a bank of eight 8-bit registers: six registers are used to configure the acquisition chain (RegAcCfg0 to RegAcCfg5), and two registers are used to store the output code of the analog-to-digital conversion (RegAcOutMsb & Lsb). Table 7. Registers to Configure the Acquisition Chain (AC) and to Store the Analog-to-Digital Conversion (ADC) Result Register Name Bit position 7 6 5 4 2 1 0 Out[7:0] Note 1 RegACOutLsb RegACOutMs b RegACCfg0 Default values: 3 Out[15:8] Start 0, Note 2 SetNelconv 01, Note 3 SetOsr 010, Note 4 Continuous 0, Note 5 RegACCfg1 Default value: IbAmpAdc 11, Note 7 IbAmpPga 11, Note 8 Enable 0000, Note 9 RegACCfg2 Default value: SetFs 00, Note 10 Pga2Gain 00, Note 12 Pga2Offset 0000, Note 14 RegACCfg3 Default value: Pga1Gain 0, Note 11 Pga3Gain 0001100, Note 13 RegACCfg4 Default value: DataReadyEn 0, Note 15 Pga3Offset 0000000, Note 16 RegACCfg5 Default value: Busy 0, Note 17 Def 0, Note 18 Amux 00000, Note 19 SampleShiftEn 0, Note 6 Vmux 0, Note 20 (r = read; w = write; rw = read & write) (1) (2) Out: (r) digital output code of the analog-to-digital converter. (MSB = Out[15]) Start: (w) setting this bit triggers a single conversion (after the current one is finished). This bit always reads back 0. Revision 1.0 © Semtech February 2011 Page 19 www.semtech.com SX8724S ZoomingADC for sensing data acquisition ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS & SENSING DATASHEET (3) SetNelconv: (rw) sets the number of elementary conversions to 2(SetNelconv[1:0]). To compensate for offsets, the input signal is chopped between elementary conversions (1,2,4,8). (4) (5) SetOsr: (rw) sets the over-sampling rate (OSR) of an elementary conversion to 2(3+SetOsr[2:0]). OSR = 8, 16, 32, ..., 512, 1024. Continuous: (rw) setting this bit starts a conversion. When this bis is 1, A new conversion will automatically begin directly when the previous one is finished. SampleShiftEn: (rw) the 16-bit samples can be directly shifted out though the SPI interface by the master when a conversion is done. IbAmpAdc: (rw) sets the bias current in the ADC to 0.25 x (1+ IbAmpAdc[1:0]) of the normal operation current (25, 50, 75 or 100% of nominal current). To be used for low-power, low-speed operation. IbAmpPga: (rw) sets the bias current in the PGAs to 0.25 x (1+IbAmpPga[1:0]) of the normal operation current (25, 50, 75 or 100% of nominal current). To be used for low-power, low-speed operation. Enable: (rw) enables the ADC modulator (bit 0) and the different stages of the PGAs (PGAi by bit i=1,2,3). PGA stages that are disabled are bypassed. SetFs: (rw) These bits set the over sampling frequency of the acquisition chain. Expressed as a fraction of the oscillator frequency, the sampling frequency is given as: 11 ' 500 kHz, 10 ' 250 kHz, 01 ' 125 kHz, 00 ' 62.5 kHz. Pga1Gain: (rw) sets the gain of the first stage: 0 ' 1, 1 ' 10. Pga2Gain: (rw) sets the gain of the second stage: 00 ' 1, 01 ' 2, 10 ' 5, 11 ' 10. Pga3Gain: (rw) sets the gain of the third stage to Pga3Gain[6:0] 1/12. Pga2Offset: (rw) sets the offset of the second stage between -1 and +1, with increments of 0.2. The MSB gives the sign (0 positive, 1 negative); amplitude is coded with the bits Pga2Offset[5:0]. DataReadyEn: (rw) enables the combined data ready mode with the MISO of the SPI interface. Pga3Offset: (rw) sets the offset of the third stage between -5.25 and +5.25, with increments of 1/12. The MSB gives the sign (0 positive, 1 negative); amplitude is coded with the bits Pga3Offset[5:0]. Busy: (r) set to 1 if a conversion is running. Def: (w) sets all values to their defaults (PGA disabled, AMux not changed, VMux not changed, ADC enabled, nominal modulator bias current (100%), 2 elementary conversions, OSR = 32, NELCONV = 2, fs = 62.5kHz) and starts a new conversion without waiting the end of the preceding one. Amux(4:0): (rw) Amux[4] sets the mode (0 ' differential inputs, 1 ' single ended inputs with A0= common reference) Amux[3] sets the sign (0 ' straight, 1' cross) Amux[2:0] sets the channel. Vmux: (rw) sets the differential reference channel (0 ' VBATT, 1 ' VREF). (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) 7.3 Input Multiplexers (AMUX and VMUX) The ZoomingADC has analog inputs AC0 to AC7 and reference inputs. Let us first define the differential input voltage VIN and reference voltage VREF,ADC respectively as: VIN = VINP −VINN [V ] Equation 3 VREF = VREFP − VREFN [V ] Equation 4 Revision 1.0 © Semtech February 2011 Page 20 www.semtech.com SX8724S ZoomingADC for sensing data acquisition ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS & SENSING DATASHEET As shown in Table 8, the inputs can be configured in two ways: either as 4 differential channels (VIN1= AC1 - AC0,... , VIN4 = AC7 - AC6), or AC0 can be used as a common reference, providing 7 signal paths all referred to AC0. The control word for the analog input selection is Amux. Notice that the Amux bit 4 controls the sign of the input voltage. Table 8. Analog Input Selection Amux (RegACCfg5[5:1]) VINP Amux (RegACCfg5[5:1]) VINN Sign S = 1 VINP VINN Sign S = -1 00x00 AC1(VREF) AC0(VSS) 01x00 AC1(VSS) AC0(VREF) 00x01 AC3 AC2 01x01 AC2 AC3 00x10 AC5 AC4 01x10 AC4 AC5 00x11 AC7 AC6 01x11 AC6 AC7 10000 AC0(VSS) 11000 AC0(VSS) 10001 AC1(VREF) 11001 AC1(VREF) 10010 AC2 11010 AC2 10011 AC3 10100 AC4 11100 AC4 10101 AC5 11101 AC5 10110 AC6 11110 AC6 10111 AC7 11111 AC7 11011 AC0(VSS) AC0(VSS) AC3 Similarly, the reference voltage is chosen among two differential channels (VREF = VBATT-VSS, VREF = VBG-VSS or VREF = VREF,IN-VSS) as shown in Table 9. The selection bit is Vmux. The reference inputs VREFP and VREFN (common-mode) can be up to the power supply range. Table 9. Analog reference Input Selection 1. Vmux (RegACCfg5[0]) VREFP VREFN 0 VREF = VBATT VSS 1 VREF = VBG or VREF,IN1 VSS External voltage reference on D1 GPIO pin. See section 6.3 on page 13 about GPIO and “RegMode[0x70]” on page 48. 7.4 First Stage Programmable Gain Amplifier (PGA1) The first stage can have a buffer function (unity gain) or provide a gain of 10 (see Table 10). The voltage VD1 at the output of PGA1 is: VD1 = GD1 ⋅ VIN [V ] Equation 5 Revision 1.0 © Semtech February 2011 Page 21 www.semtech.com SX8724S ZoomingADC for sensing data acquisition ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS & SENSING DATASHEET where GD1 is the gain of PGA1 (in V/V) controlled with the Pga1Gain bit. Table 10. PGA1 gain settings Pga1Gain bit (RegACCfg3[7]) PGA1 gain [V/V] GD1 [V/V] 0 1 1 10 7.5 Second Stage Programmable Gain Amplifier (PGA2) The second PGA has a finer gain and offset tuning capability, as shown in Table 11. The VD2 voltage at the output of PGA2 is given by: VD 2 = GD2 ⋅ VD1 − GDoff 2 ⋅ S ⋅ VREF [V ] Equation 6 where GD2 and GDOFF2 are respectively the gain and offset of PGA2 (in V/V). These are controlled with the words Pga2Gain[1:0] and Pga2Offset[3:0]. Table 11. PGA2 gain and offset settings Pga2Gain bit field (RegACCfg2[5:4]) PGA2 gain [V/V] GD2 [V/V] Pga2Offset bit field (RegACCfg2[3:0]) PGA2 offset GDOFF2 [V/V] 00 1 0000 0 01 2 0001 +0.2 10 5 0010 +0.4 11 10 0011 +0.6 0100 +0.8 0101 +1 1000 0 1001 -0.2 1010 -0.4 1011 -0.6 1100 -0.8 1101 -1.0 7.6 Third Stage Programmable Gain Amplifier (PGA3) The finest gain and offset tuning is performed with the third and last PGA stage, according to the coding of Table 12. Table 12. PGA3 Gain and Offset Settings Revision 1.0 © Semtech Pga3Gain bit field (RegACCfg3[6:0]) PGA3 Gain GD3 [V/V] Pga3Offset bit field (RegACCfg4[6:0]) PGA3 Offset GDOFF3 [V/V] 0000000 0 0000000 0 0000001 1/12 (=0.083) 0000001 +1/12 (=0.083) February 2011 Page 22 www.semtech.com SX8724S ZoomingADC for sensing data acquisition ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS & SENSING DATASHEET Table 12. PGA3 Gain and Offset Settings Pga3Gain bit field (RegACCfg3[6:0]) PGA3 Gain GD3 [V/V] Pga3Offset bit field (RegACCfg4[6:0]) PGA3 Offset GDOFF3 [V/V] ... ... ... 0000110 6/12 0010000 +16/12 ... ... ... ... 0001100 12/12 0100000 32/12 0010000 16/12 ... ... ... ... 0111111 +63/12 (=+5.25) 0100000 32/12 1000000 0 ... ... 1000001 -1/12 (=-0.083) 1000000 64/12 1000010 -2/12 ... ... ... ... 1111111 127/12 (=10.58) 1010000 -16/12 ... ... 1100000 -32/12 ... ... 1111111 -63/12 (=-5.25) The output of PGA3 is also the input of the ADC. Thus, similarly to PGA2, we find that the voltage entering the ADC is given by: VIN , ADC = GD3 ⋅ VD 2 − GDoff 3 ⋅ S ⋅ VREF [V ] Equation 7 where GD3 and GDOFF3 are respectively the gain and offset of PGA3 (in V/V). The control words are Pga3Gain[6:0] and Pga3Offset[6:0]. To remain within the signal compliance of the PGA stages (no saturation), the condition: VIN , VD1 , VD 2 < VBATT 2 Equation 8 must be verified. Revision 1.0 © Semtech February 2011 Page 23 www.semtech.com SX8724S ZoomingADC for sensing data acquisition ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS & SENSING DATASHEET To remain within the signal compliance of the ADC (no saturation), the condition: ⎛ V ⎞⎛ OSR − 1 ⎞ VIN , ADC < ⎜ REF ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ OSR ⎠ Equation 9 must be verified. Finally, combining Equation 5 to Equation 7 for the three PGA stages, the input voltage VIN,ADC of the ADC is related to VIN by: VIN , ADC = GDTOT ⋅ VIN − GDoff TOT ⋅ S ⋅ VREF [V ] Equation 10 where the total PGA gain is defined as: GDTOT = GD3 ⋅ GD2 ⋅ GD1 Equation 11 and the total PGA offset is: GDoffTOT = GDoff 3 + GD3 ⋅ GDoff 2 Equation 12 Revision 1.0 © Semtech February 2011 Page 24 www.semtech.com SX8724S ZoomingADC for sensing data acquisition ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS & SENSING DATASHEET 7.7 Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) The main performance characteristics of the ADC (resolution, conversion time, etc.) are determined by three programmable parameters. The setting of these parameters and the resulting performances are described later. fs: OSR: NELCONV: Over-sampling frequency Over-Sampling Ratio Number of Elementary Conversions 7.7.1 Conversion Sequence A conversion is started each time the bit Start or the Def bit is set. As depicted in Figure 12, a complete analog-todigital conversion sequence is made of a set of NELCONV elementary incremental conversions and a final quantization step. Each elementary conversion is made of (OSR+1) over-sampling periods Ts=1/fs, i.e.: TELCONV = (OSR + 1) / f S [s] Equation 13 The result is the mean of the elementary conversion results. An important feature is that the elementary conversions are alternatively performed with the offset of the internal amplifiers contributing in one direction and the other to the output code. Thus, converter internal offset is eliminated if at least two elementary sequences are performed (i.e. if NELCONV >= 2). A few additional clock cycles are also required to initiate and end the conversion properly. Init Elementary Conversion Elementary Conversion Elementary Conversion Elementary Conversion Conversion index Offset 1 + 2 - NELCONV-1 + NELCONV - TCONV End Conversion Result Figure 12. Analog-to-Digital Conversion Sequence Note Revision 1.0 © Semtech The internal bandgap reference state may be forced High or Low, or may be set to toggle during conversion at either the same rate or half the rate of the Elementary Conversion. This may be useful to help eliminate bandgap related internal offset voltage and 1/fs noise. February 2011 Page 25 www.semtech.com SX8724S ZoomingADC for sensing data acquisition ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS & SENSING DATASHEET 7.7.2 Over-Sampling Frequency (fs) The word SetFs[1:0] (see Table 13) is used to select the over-sampling frequency fs. The over-sampling frequency is derived from the 4MHz oscillator clock. Table 13. Sampling frequency settings SetFs bit field (RegACCfg2[7:6]) Over-Sampling Frequency fs [Hz] 00 62.5 kHz 01 125 kHz 10 250 kHz 11 500 kHz 7.7.3 Over-Sampling Ratio (OSR) The over-sampling ratio (OSR) defines the number of integration cycles per elementary conversion. Its value is set with the word SetOsr[2:0] in power of 2 steps (see Table 14) given by: OSR = 2 3+SetOsr[2:0] [−] Equation 14 Table 14. Over-sampling ratio settings SetOsr[2:0] (RegACCfg[4:2]) Over-Sampling Ratio OSR [-] 000 8 001 16 010 32 011 64 100 128 101 256 110 512 111 1024 7.7.4 Number of Elementary Conversions (Nelconv) As mentioned previously, the whole conversion sequence is made of a set of NELCONV elementary incremental conversions. This number is set with the word SetNelconv[1:0] in power of 2 steps (see Table 15) given by: N ELCONV = 2 SetNelconv [1:0] [−] Equation 15 Revision 1.0 © Semtech February 2011 Page 26 www.semtech.com SX8724S ZoomingADC for sensing data acquisition ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS & SENSING DATASHEET Table 15. Number of elementary conversion SetOsr[2:0] (RegACCfg[4:2]) # of Elementary Conversion NELCONV [-] 00 1 01 2 10 4 11 8 As already mentioned, NELCONV must be equal or greater than 2 to reduce internal amplifier offsets. 7.7.5 Resolution The theoretical resolution of the ADC, without considering thermal noise, is given by: n = 2 ⋅ log2 (OSR) + log2 ( N ELCONV ) [bit] Equation 16 Resolution - n[bits] 16.0 14.0 11 10 01 00 12.0 10.0 8.0 SetNelconv[1:0] 6.0 4.0 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111 SetOsr[2:0] Figure 13. Resolution vs. SetOsr[2:0] and SetNelconv[2:0] Using look-up Table 16 or the graph plotted in Figure 13, resolution can be set between 6 and 16 bits. Notice that, because of 16-bit register use for the ADC output, practical resolution is limited to 16 bits, i.e. n = 16. Even if the Revision 1.0 © Semtech February 2011 Page 27 www.semtech.com SX8724S ZoomingADC for sensing data acquisition ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS & SENSING DATASHEET resolution is truncated to 16 bit by the output register size, it may make sense to set OSR and NELCONV to higher values in order to reduce the influence of the thermal noise in the PGA. Table 16. Resolution1 vs. SetOsr and SetNelconv settings SetOsr control bits SetNelconv control bits ‘00‘ ‘01‘ ‘10‘ ‘11’ ‘000‘ 6 7 8 9 ‘001‘ 8 9 10 11 ‘010‘ 10 11 12 13 ‘011‘ 12 13 14 15 ‘100‘ 14 15 16 16 ‘101‘ 16 16 16 16 ‘110‘ 16 16 16 16 ‘111‘ 16 16 16 16 1. In shaded area, the resolution is truncated to 16 bits due to output register size RegACOut[15:0] 7.7.6 Conversion Time & Throughput As explained in Figure 13, conversion time is given by: TCONV = ( NELCONV ⋅ (OSR+ 1) + 1) / f S [s] Equation 17 and throughput is then simply 1/TCONV. For example, consider an over-sampling ratio of 256, 2 elementary conversions, and a sampling frequency of 500 kHz (SetOsr = "101", SetNelconv = "01" and SetFs = "00"). In this case, using Table 17, the conversion time is 515 sampling periods, or 1.03ms. This corresponds to a throughput of 971Hz in continuous-time mode. The plot of Figure 14 illustrates the classic trade-off between resolution and conversion time. Table 17. Normalized conversion time (Tconv x fs) vs. SetOsr and SetNelconv settings1 SetOsr bits OSR ‘00‘ 1 ‘01‘ 2 ‘10‘ 4 ‘11‘ 8 10 19 37 73 ‘001‘ 18 35 69 137 ‘010‘ 34 67 133 265 ‘011‘ 66 131 261 521 ‘000‘ Revision 1.0 © Semtech SetNelconv control bits NELCONV February 2011 Page 28 www.semtech.com SX8724S ZoomingADC for sensing data acquisition ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS & SENSING DATASHEET Table 17. Normalized conversion time (Tconv x fs) vs. SetOsr and SetNelconv settings1 SetNelconv control bits NELCONV SetOsr bits OSR 1. ‘00‘ 1 ‘01‘ 2 ‘10‘ 4 ‘11‘ 8 ‘100‘ 130 259 517 1033 ‘101‘ 258 515 1029 2057 ‘110‘ 514 1027 2053 4105 ‘111‘ 1026 2051 4101 8201 Normalized to sampling period 1/fs Resolution - n[bits] 16.0 14.0 12.0 10.0 11 8.0 6.0 10 01 00 4.0 10 100 1000 10000 Normalized Conversion Time – Tconv x fs [-] Figure 14. Resolution vs. normalized1 conversion time for different SetNelconv[1:0] 1. Normalized Conversion Time - TCONV x fs 7.7.7 Continuous-Time vs. On-Request Conversion The ADC can be operated in two distinct modes: "continuous-time" and "on-request" modes (selected using the bit Continuous). Revision 1.0 © Semtech February 2011 Page 29 www.semtech.com SX8724S ZoomingADC for sensing data acquisition ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS & SENSING DATASHEET In "continuous-time" mode, the input signal is repeatedly converted into digital. After a conversion is finished, a new one is automatically initiated. The new value is then written in the result register, and the corresponding internal trigger pulse is generated. This operation is sketched in Figure 15. The conversion time in this case is defined as TCONV. Tconv Internal trig Output code RegACOut[15:0] Busy 1/fs Ready Figure 15. ADC “Continuous-Time” Operation In the "on-request" mode, the internal behavior of the converter is the same as in the "continuous-time" mode, but the conversion is initiated on user request (with the Start bit). As shown in Figure 16, the conversion time is also TCONV. Tconv Internal trig START Request Output code RegACOut[15:0] Busy Ready Figure 16. ADC “On-Request” Operation 7.7.8 Output Code Format The ADC output code is a 16-bit word in two's complement format (see Table 18). For input voltages outside the range, the output code is saturated to the closest full-scale value (i.e. 0x7FFF or 0x8000). For resolutions smaller than 16 bits, the non-significant bits are forced to the values shown in Table 19. The output code, expressed in LSBs, corresponds to: OUT ADC = 2 16 ⋅ V IN , ADC V REF ⋅ OSR + 1 OSR Equation 18 Recalling Equation 10, page 24, this can be rewritten as: OUTADC = 216 ⋅ VIN VREF ⎛ V ⋅ ⎜⎜ GDTOT − GDoff TOT ⋅ S ⋅ REF VIN ⎝ ⎞ OSR + 1 ⎟⎟ ⋅ [ LSB ] ⎠ OSR Equation 19 Revision 1.0 © Semtech February 2011 Page 30 www.semtech.com SX8724S ZoomingADC for sensing data acquisition ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS & SENSING DATASHEET where, from Equation 11 and Equation 12, the total PGA gain and offset are respectively: GDTOT = GD3 ⋅ GD2 ⋅ GD1 Equation 20 and: GDoffTOT = GDoff 3 + GD3 ⋅ GDoff 2 Equation 21 Table 18. Basic ADC Relationships (example for: VREF = 5V, OSR = 512, n = 16bits) ADC Input Voltage VIN,ADC % of Full Scale (FS) Output in LSBs Hexadecimal Output Code +2.49505 V +0.5 x FS +215-1 = 32’767 7FFF +2.49497 V ... +215-2 = 32’766 7FFE ... ... ... ... +76.145 μV ... +1 0001 0 0 0 0000 -76.145 μV ... -1 FFFF ... ... ... ... 15 -2.49505 V ... -2 -1 = -32’767 8001 -2.49513 V -0.5 x FS -215 = -32’768 8000 Table 19. Last forced LSBs in conversion output register for resolution settings smaller than 16bits1 SetOsr[2:0] 1. SetNelconv = ‘00’ SetNelconv = ‘01’ SetNelconv = ‘10’ SetNelconv = ‘11’ ‘000’ 1000000000 100000000 10000000 1000000 ‘001’ 10000000 1000000 100000 10000 ‘010’ 100000 10000 1000 100 ‘011’ 1000 100 10 1 ‘100’ 10 1 - - ‘101’ - - - - ‘110’ - - - - ‘111’ - - - - (n<16) (RegACOutMsb[7:0] & RegACOutLsb[7:0]) Revision 1.0 © Semtech February 2011 Page 31 www.semtech.com SX8724S ZoomingADC for sensing data acquisition ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS & SENSING DATASHEET The equivalent LSB size at the input of the PGA chain is: LSB = OSR 1 V REF [V / V ] ⋅ ⋅ n 2 GDTOT OSR + 1 Equation 22 Notice that the input voltage VIN,ADC of the ADC must satisfy the condition: VIN , ADC ≤ 1 OSR ⋅ (VREFP − VREFN ) ⋅ 2 OSR + 1 Equation 23 to remain within the ADC input range. 7.7.9 Power Saving Modes During low-speed operation, the bias current in the PGAs and ADC can be programmed to save power using the control words IbAmpPga[1:0] and IbAmpAdc[1:0] (see Table 20). If the system is idle, the PGAs and ADC can even be disabled, thus, reducing power consumption to its minimum. This can considerably improve battery lifetime. Table 20. ADC & PGA power saving modes and maximum sampling frequency IbAmpAdc [1:0] IbAmpPga [1:0] 00 01 11 ADC Bias Current PGA Bias Current 1/4 x IADC 1/2 x IADC IADC 00 01 11 Revision 1.0 © Semtech February 2011 125 250 500 1/4 x IPGA 1/2 x IPGA IPGA Page 32 Max. fs [kHz] 125 250 500 www.semtech.com SX8724S ZoomingADC for sensing data acquisition ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS & SENSING DATASHEET 8 Application hints 8.1 Power Reduction The ZoomingADC is particularly well suited for low-power applications. When very low power consumption is of primary concern, such as in battery operated systems, several parameters can be used to reduce power consumption as follows: Operate the acquisition chain with a reduced supply voltage VBATT. Disable the PGAs which are not used during analog-to-digital conversion with Enable[3:0]. Disable all PGAs and the ADC when the system is idle and no conversion is performed. Use lower bias currents in the PGAs and the ADC using the control words IbAmpPga[1:0] and IbAmpAdc[1:0]. Reduce sampling frequency. Finally, remember that power reduction is typically traded off with reduced linearity, larger noise and slower maximum sampling speed. Revision 1.0 © Semtech February 2011 Page 33 www.semtech.com SX8724S ZoomingADC for sensing data acquisition ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS & SENSING DATASHEET 8.2 Gain Configuration Flow The diagram below shows the flow to set the gain of your configuration: Set gain Gain < 10 ? No Gain < 100 ? No Enable PGA1,2&3 Yes Yes Enable PGA3 Enable PGA2&3 Set PGA 1 gain Set PGA 3 gain Set PGA 2 gain Set PGA 2 gain Set PGA 3 gain Set PGA 3 gain GAIN = PGA2 x PGA3 GAIN = PGA1 x PGA2 x PGA3 GAIN = PGA3 End Figure 17. Gain configuration flowchart Revision 1.0 © Semtech February 2011 Page 34 www.semtech.com SX8724S ZoomingADC for sensing data acquisition ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS & SENSING DATASHEET 9 SPI interface 9.1 Overview The SX8724S serial port interface implements the following: 4-pin Interface + options for synchronization to ADC sample ready 7-bit Target Address (max 128 registers) 2 Mbps serial clock MSB first The serial interface is a slave port for communication with a serial microprocessor bus, allowing the SX8724S to be controlled by an external processor. The serial interface header must be connected to the host processor, which acts as the master. The serial interface signals are: SCLK: Serial Clock Active low Slave Select SS: MISO/READY: Master Input, Slave Output (data out) and optional active low ADC data Ready signal. MOSI: Master Output, Slave Input. MASTER SCLK SCLK MOSI MOSI MISO MISO SS1 SS SS2 SLAVE 1 SS3 SCLK MOSI MISO SS SLAVE 2 SCLK MOSI MISO SS SLAVE 3 Figure 18. Example of SPI bus with 1 master and 3 slaves The address and data are transmitted and received MSB first. Valid read/write accesses are possible only when SS is active. MISO and MOSI lines are push-pull pads. As the waveforms illustrate (see below), the slave interface implements a 16-bit shift register. The SPI implemented on the SX8724S is set to the common setting CPOL=0 and CPHA=0 which means data are sampled on the rising edge of the clock, and shifted on the falling one. The first bit in the serial data is the Direction Bit. This must be set to '1' for reading, and '0' for writing. The following 7 bits represent the target register address, shifted in MSB first. The next byte represents register data, shifted in/out MSB first. Revision 1.0 © Semtech February 2011 Page 35 www.semtech.com SX8724S ZoomingADC for sensing data acquisition ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS & SENSING DATASHEET 9.2 Data transmission 9.2.1 Write a single register To write to a register, the Host must provide the following: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 SCLK SS MOSI R/W A6 A5 A4 A3 A2 A1 A0 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 MISO Write + Register Address Register Data Figure 19. SPI waveform - Write a single register 9.2.2 Read a single register To read a register from the memory map, the Host must provide the following: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 SCLK SS MOSI R/W A6 A5 A4 A3 A2 A1 A0 MISO D7 Read + Register Address D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 Register Data Figure 20. SPI waveform - Read a single register Revision 1.0 © Semtech February 2011 Page 36 www.semtech.com SX8724S ZoomingADC for sensing data acquisition ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS & SENSING DATASHEET 9.2.3 Multiple Bytes Write/Read Protocol The SPI protocol is designed to be able to do multiple read/write during a transaction. During one single operation, as long as Slave Select (SS) stay asserted, the register address is automatically increased to allow sequential read/write (or sequential retrieval of data). The register address will be auto-incremented in multiple read/write commands. Between each different operation though the communication should be restarted. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 SCLK SS MOSI R/W A6 A5 A4 A3 A2 A1 A0 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 MISO Write + Register Address Register Data[address] Register Data[address+1] Figure 21. SPI waveform - Multiple bytes SPI Write protocol (2 bytes example) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 SCLK SS MOSI R/W A6 A5 A4 A3 A2 A1 MISO A0 D7 Read + Register Address D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 Register Data 1 D1 D0 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 Register Data + 1 Figure 22. SPI waveform - Multiple bytes SPI Read protocol (2 bytes example) Revision 1.0 © Semtech February 2011 Page 37 www.semtech.com SX8724S ZoomingADC for sensing data acquisition ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS & SENSING DATASHEET 9.3 ADC Samples Reading The default SPI mode the ADC samples must be read with the default SPI read sequences described in 9.2. Data transmission. The SAMPLE SHIFT mode allow to read directly the 16-bit conversion result of RegACOutLsb[0x50] and RegACOutMsb[0x51] without a register read sequence. This mode is described in 9.3.1. SAMPLE SHIFT Mode. The COMBINED DATA READY mode is a SAMPLE SHIFT mode which combines the ADC Ready function with the SPI MISO signal to reduce the number of wires to 4 between the master and the slave. This mode is described in 9.3.2. COMBINED DATA READY Mode section. 1 Reset Default SPI mode 4 Disable SAMPLE SHIFT mode SampleShiftEn bit set to ‘0’ 2 Enable SAMPLE SHIFT mode SampleShiftEn bit set to ‘1’ SAMPLE SHIFT mode 5 Disable COMBINED DATA READY DataReadyEn set to 0 3 Enable COMBINED DATA READY mode DataReadyEn set to 1 COMBINED DATA READY with MISO mode Figure 23. ADC samples reading modes with the SPI interface When the device is in Sample Shift Mode or Combined Data Ready mode, the register reading will give erroneous data. Always disable the Sample Shift Mode and Combined Data Ready mode to read the registers. Revision 1.0 © Semtech February 2011 Page 38 www.semtech.com SX8724S ZoomingADC for sensing data acquisition ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS & SENSING DATASHEET 9.3.1 SAMPLE SHIFT Mode If the SampleShiftEn bit of RegACCfg0[0x52] is active, the MISO/READY pin is used to shift out ADC samples data. These samples are clocked out at falling edge of SCLK, MSB first (see Figure 24 below). ADC sample MSB shifted out (RegACOutMsb) 1 2 3 4 5 6 ADC sample LSB shifted out (RegACOutLsb) 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1 SCLK SS MOSI MISO NOP D15 D14 D13 D12 D11 D10 D9 D8 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 D15 READY ADC end of conversion, sample READY Figure 24. Data Retrieval with the SAMPLE SHIFT Mode (COMBINED DATA READY Mode Disabled) As illustrated in Figure 25, five wires are necessary to connect the master in this mode if to be synchronized to the ADC end of conversion. MASTER SCLK SCLK MOSI MOSI MISO MISO SS SS1 READY SX872xS SLAVE 1 READY1 SS2 READY2 SCLK MOSI MISO SS READY SX872xS SLAVE 2 Figure 25. Example with two SX872xS slaves When the DataReady bit is set to '0', this pin functions as MISO only. The COMBINED DATA READY mode is disabled. 9.3.2 COMBINED DATA READY Mode This combined functionality allows for the same control as the SAMPLE SHIFT mode but with fewer pins. Samples shifted out (MISO) are combined with ADC data ready signal (READY). The DataReadyEn bit in register RegACCfg4[0x56] determines the function of this pin. As illustrated in Figure 26, four wires are necessary to connect Revision 1.0 © Semtech February 2011 Page 39 www.semtech.com SX8724S ZoomingADC for sensing data acquisition ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS & SENSING DATASHEET the master in this mode if to be synchronized to the ADC end of conversion. The DataReadyEn bit modifies only the MISO/READY pin functionality. The READY pin functionality remains unaffected. In either mode, the MISO/READY pin goes to a high-impedance state when SS is taken high. MASTER SCLK SCLK MOSI MOSI MISO/READY MISO/READY SX872xS SS SLAVE SS Figure 26. Example of 4-wire Slave When the DataReadyEn bit in RegACCfg4[0x56] register is set to '1', this pin functions as both MISO and READY. Data are shifted out from this pin, MSB first, at the falling edge of SCLK. When the DataReadyModeEn bit is enabled and a new conversion is complete, MISO/READY goes low if it is high. If it is already low, then MISO/READY goes high and then goes low (see Figure 27 below). ADC sample MSB shifted out (RegACOutMsb) 1 2 3 4 5 6 ADC sample LSB shifted out (RegACOutLsb) 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 SCLK SS MOSI MISO/ READY NOP D15 D14 D13 D12 D11 D10 D9 D8 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 READY ADC end of conversion, sample READY Figure 27. Data Retrieval with the COMBINED DATA READY mode enabled Similar to the READY pin (but with opposite polarity), a falling edge on the MISO/READY pin signals that a new conversion result is ready. After MISO/READY goes low, the data can be clocked out by providing 16 clocks pulses on SCLK. In order to force MISO/READY high (so that MISO/READY can be polled for a '0' instead of waiting for a falling edge), a no operation command (NOP) or any other command that does not load the data output register can be sent after Revision 1.0 © Semtech February 2011 Page 40 www.semtech.com SX8724S ZoomingADC for sensing data acquisition ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS & SENSING DATASHEET reading out the data. The MISO/READY pin goes high after the first rising edge of SCLK after reading the conversion result completely (see Figure 28 below). ADC sample MSB shifted out (RegACOutMsb) 1 2 3 4 5 6 ADC sample LSB shifted out (RegACOutLsb) 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 SCLK SS MOSI NOP MISO/ READY D15 D14 D13 D12 D11 D10 D9 D8 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 READY ADC end of conversion, sample READY Figure 28. MISO/READY Forced High After Retrieving the Conversion Result The same condition also applies after a Read Register command. After all the register bits have been read out, the rising edge of SCLK forces MISO/READY high. The Combined Data Ready mode must not be used with more than one slave. To get the interruption on MISO pin, SS should be set to low during all the duration of the Combined Data Ready mode. In Combined Data Ready mode, MISO is set to high after the data reception. Revision 1.0 © Semtech February 2011 Page 41 www.semtech.com SX8724S ZoomingADC for sensing data acquisition ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS & SENSING DATASHEET 9.4 Chip Start Detection with Slave Select Pin At power-up or after a soft reset, SS pin is set to output low during the chip initialization (~250us). If the host SS pin is configured at an input pulled high during the power-up sequence, it can detect the SX8724S effective start. Note that if the host pin has a default output high logical level during the power-up or reset sequences this output it will create a short circuit. Therefore, a resistor should be put on the line to ensure that no current spikes are generated. MASTER SCLK SCLK MOSI MOSI MISO/READY 10K SS MISO/READY SX872xS SS SLAVE Figure 29. Set a resistor if the host is a high logical level during the startup or the reset The best value for SS resistor should be between 1 kΩ and 10 kΩ. In that range, the current spike is completely avoided and the falling/rising time is ensured. On Figure 30 the SPI master uses a separate input for startup status reading. The master SS pin is always configured as output for SPI Slave Select. As in the precedent figure, the resistor on the line to ensure that no current spikes are generated when Master and Slave SS pins are both configured as outputs during a startup sequence. MASTER 10K SS SS Sx_rdy SX872xS SLAVE Figure 30. SPI Master using a separate input for startup status reading Revision 1.0 © Semtech February 2011 Page 42 www.semtech.com SX8724S ZoomingADC for sensing data acquisition ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS & SENSING DATASHEET 9.5 Improving Noise Immunity Noise may cause incorrect device operation and incorrect data reception. Careful circuit design and PCB layout prevents much of the problems. Noise immunity can be improved using the following methods: Keep SPI lines on the PCB away from noisy lines and devices such as switchers. Terminate SPI lines at the device using termination resistors as shown in Figure 31. The recommended value for theses resistors is around 100 Ω. MASTER SCLK MOSI MISO/READY SS 100 SCLK 100 100 10K MOSI MISO/READY SX872xS SS SLAVE Figure 31. Resistors to improve noise immunity between master and slave The SCLK, MISO, MOSI and SS lines can also be decoupled with capacitors to increase noise performance. The values of R and C then depend on the transmission speed of the SPI bus. For a transmission speed of around 100 kHz, an R of 100 Ω and C of 1nF is suggested. For higher transmission speeds, the values of R and C should be reduced accordingly. But if the operating environment is very noisy, larger values of R and C must be selected, and the transmission speed should be reduced. Revision 1.0 © Semtech February 2011 Page 43 www.semtech.com SX8724S ZoomingADC for sensing data acquisition ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS & SENSING DATASHEET 10 Register Memory Map and Description 10.1 Register Map Table 21 below describes the register/memory map that can be accessed through the SPI interface. It indicates the register name, register address and the register contents. Table 21. Register Map Address Register Bit Description RegRCen 1 RC oscillator control RC Register 0x30 GPIO Registers 0x40 RegOut 8 D0 and D1 pads data output and direction control 0x41 RegIn 4 D0 and D1 pads input data 0x44 RegSoftReset SPI software reset ADC Registers 0x50 RegACOutLsb 8 LSB of ADC result 0x51 RegACOutMsb 8 MSB of ADC result 0x52 RegACCfg0 8 ADC conversion control 0x53 RegACCfg1 8 ADC conversion control 0x54 RegACCfg2 8 ADC conversion control 0x55 RegACCfg3 8 ADC conversion control 0x56 RegACCfg4 8 ADC conversion control 0x57 RegACCfg5 8 ADC conversion control 8 Chip operating mode register Mode Register 0x70 RegMode 10.2 Registers Descriptions The register descriptions are presented here in ascending order of Register Address. Some registers carry several individual data fields of various sizes; from single-bit values (e.g. flags), upwards. Some data fields are spread across multiple registers. After power on reset the registers will have the values indicated in the tables "Reset" column. Please write the “Reserved” bits with their reset values. Revision 1.0 © Semtech February 2011 Page 44 www.semtech.com SX8724S ZoomingADC for sensing data acquisition ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS & SENSING DATASHEET 10.2.1 RC Register Table 22. RegRCen[0x30] Bit Bit Name Mode Reset Description 7:1 - r 0000000 Reserved 0 RCEn rw 1 Enables RC oscillator. Set 0 for low power mode. 10.2.2 GPIO Registers Table 23. RegOut[0x40] Bit Bit Name Mode Reset Description 7:6 - r 11 Reserved 5 D1Dir rw 1 D1 pad direction. 1 : Output 0 : Input 4 D0Dir rw 1 D0 pad direction. 1 : Output 0 : Input 3:2 - rw 00 Reserved 1 D1Out rw 0 D1 pad output value. Only valid when D1Dir=1 and VrefD1In=0. See also Table 34, page 48. 0 D0Out rw 0 D0 pad output value. Only valid when D0Dir=1 and VrefD1Out=0. See also Table 34, page 48. Table 24. RegIn[0x41] Bit Bit Name Mode Reset Description 7:2 - r 0000 Reserved 1 D1In r - D1 pad value 0 D0In r - D0 pad value Revision 1.0 © Semtech February 2011 Page 45 www.semtech.com SX8724S ZoomingADC for sensing data acquisition ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS & SENSING DATASHEET 10.2.3 Software reset register Table 25. RegSoftReset[0x44] Bit Name Mode Reset Description 7:0 SoftReset rw 00000000 Write the 0xDE (b11011110) value into this register to reset the device. 10.2.4 ZADC Registers Table 26. RegACOutLsb[0x50] Bit Name Mode Reset Description 7:0 Out[7:0] r 00000000 LSB of the ADC result Table 27. RegACOutMsb[0x51] Bit Name Mode Reset Description 7:0 Out[15:8] r 00000000 MSB of the ADC result Table 28. RegACCfg0[0x52] Bit Name Mode Reset Description 7 Start rw 0 Starts an ADC conversion 6:5 SetNelconv rw 01 Sets the number of elementary conversion to 2SetNelconv. To compensate for offset the signal is chopped between elementary conversion. 4:2 SetOsr rw 010 Sets the ADC over-sampling rate of an elementary conversion to 23+SetOsr. 1 Continuous rw 0 Sets the continuous ADC conversion mode 0 SampleShiftEn rw 0 ADC samples can be read directly on the SPI See section 9.3.1, page 39. Table 29. RegACCfg1[0x53] Bit Name Mode Reset Description 7:6 IbAmpAdc rw 11 Bias current selection for the ADC 5:4 IbAmpPga rw 11 Bias current selection for the PGA rw 0 PGA3 enable rw 0 PGA2 enable rw 0 PGA1 enable rw 0 ADC enable 3 2 1 Enable 0 Revision 1.0 © Semtech February 2011 Page 46 www.semtech.com SX8724S ZoomingADC for sensing data acquisition ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS & SENSING DATASHEET Table 30. RegACCfg2[0x54] Bit Name Mode Reset Description 7:6 SetFs rw 00 ADC Sampling Frequency selection 5:4 Pga2Gain rw 00 PGA2 gain selection 3:0 Pga2Offset rw 0000 PGA2 offset selection Table 31. RegACCfg3[0x55] Bit Name Mode Reset Description 7 Pga1Gain rw 0 PGA1 gain selection 6:0 Pga3Gain rw 0001100 PGA3 gain selection Mode Reset Description Table 32. RegACCfg4[0x56] Bit Name 7 DataReadyEn rw 0 Combined SPI MISO and ADC Data Ready signal. 0 : Combined Data Ready mode disabled 1 : Combined Data Ready mode enabled See section 9.3.2, page 39. 6:0 Pga3Offset rw 0000000 PGA3 offset selection Table 33. RegACCfg5[0x57] Bit Name Mode Reset Description 7 Busy r 0 ADC activity flag 6 Def rw 0 Selects ADC and PGA default configuration, starts an ADC conversion 5:1 Amux rw 00000 Input channel configuration selector 0 Vmux rw 0 Reference channel selector 0 : VBATT 1 : VREF Revision 1.0 © Semtech February 2011 Page 47 www.semtech.com SX8724S ZoomingADC for sensing data acquisition ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS & SENSING DATASHEET 10.2.5 Mode Registers Table 34. RegMode[0x70] Bit Name Mode Reset Description 7 - r 1 reserved 6 - r 0 reserved 5:4 Chopper rw 00 VREF chopping control. Note 1 11 : Chop at NELCONV/2 rate 10 : Chop at NELCONV rate 01 : Chop state=1 00 : Chop state=0 3 MultForceOn rw 0 Force charge pump On. Takes priority. Note 2 2 MultForceOff rw 1 Force charge pump Off. Note 2 1 VrefD0Out rw 0 Enable VREF output on D0 pin 0 VrefD1In rw 0 Enable external VREF on D1 pin (1) (2) The chop control is to allow chopping of the internal bandgap reference. This may be useful to help eliminate bandgap related internal offset voltage and 1/f noise. The bandgap chop state may be forced High or Low, or may be set to toggle during conversion at either the same rate or half the rate of the Elementary Conversion. (See Conversion Sequence in the ZoomingADC description). The internal charge pump may be forced On when VBATT supply is below 3V or Off when VBATT supply is above 3V. Enabling the charge pump increase the current consumption. If the ADC is not being run at full rate or full accuracy then it may operate sufficiently well when VBATT is less than 3V and internal charge pump forced Off. Revision 1.0 © Semtech February 2011 Page 48 www.semtech.com SX8724S ZoomingADC for sensing data acquisition ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS & SENSING DATASHEET 11 Typical Performances Note The graphs and tables provided following this note are statistical summary based on limited number of samples and are provided for informational purposes only. The performance characteristics listed herein are not tested or guaranteed. In some graphs or tables, the data presented may be outside the specified operating range and therefore outside the warranted range. 11.1 Input impedance The PGAs of the ZoomingADC are a switched capacitor based blocks (see Switched Capacitor Principle section). This means that it does not use resistors to fix gains, but capacitors and switches. This has important implications on the nature of the input impedance of the block. Using switched capacitors is the reason why, while a conversion is done, the input impedance on the selected channel of the PGAs is inversely proportional to the sampling frequency fs and to stage gain as given in Equation 24. Z in ≥ 1 [Ω] (Cg ⋅ gain + Cp ) Equation 24 The input impedance observed is the input impedance of the first PGA stage that is enabled or the input impedance of the ADC if all three stages are disabled. Cg multiplied by gain is the equivalent gain capacitor and Cp is the parasitic capacitor of the first enabled stage. The values for each ZoomingADC bloc are provided in Table 35: Table 35. Capacitor values Acquisition Chain Stage Gain capacitor Cg Parasitic capacitor Cp Units PGA1 0.45 1.04 pF PGA2 0.54 1.5 pF PGA3 0.775 1.8 pF ADC Revision 1.0 © Semtech 2.67 February 2011 Page 49 pF www.semtech.com SX8724S ZoomingADC for sensing data acquisition ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS & SENSING DATASHEET Table 35 gives typical impedance values for various gain configurations. Table 36. Typical Input Impedances PGA1gain PGA2 gain PGA3 gain ZIN [MΩ] fs [kHz] 1 10 1 2 5 10 1 2 4 8 10 62.5 10.26 2.59 7.95 5.05 2.84 2.24 6.25 4.32 2.86 1.87 1.63 125 5.14 1.30 3.99 2.54 1.44 1.11 3.13 2.16 1.43 0.94 0.82 250 2.57 0.65 1.98 1.26 0.71 0.56 1.56 1.08 0.72 0.47 0.41 500 1.29 0.32 0.99 0.63 0.36 0.28 0.78 0.54 0.36 0.24 0.21 PGA1 (with a gain of 10) and PGA2 (with a gain of 10) have each a minimum input impedance of 300 kΩ at fs = 500 kHz. PGA3 (with a gain of 10) have a minimum input impedance of 250 kΩ at fs = 500 kHz. Larger input impedance can be obtained by reducing the gain and/or by reducing the over-sampling frequency fs. Therefore, with a gain of 1 and a sampling frequency of 62.5 kHz, Zin > 10.2 MΩ for PGA1. The input impedance on channels that are not selected is very high (>10MΩ). 11.1.1 Switched Capacitor Principle Basically, a switched capacitor is a way to emulate a resistor by using a capacitor. The capacitors are much easier to realize on CMOS technologies and they show a very good matching precision. V1 V1 V2 f f V2 R Figure 32. The Switched Capacitor Principle A resistor is characterized by the current that flows through it (positive current leaves node V1): I= V1 −V2 [ A] R Equation 25 One can verify that the mean current leaving node V1 with a capacitor switched at frequency f is: I = (V 1 − V 2) ⋅ C [ A] Equation 26 Revision 1.0 © Semtech February 2011 Page 50 www.semtech.com SX8724S ZoomingADC for sensing data acquisition ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS & SENSING DATASHEET Therefore as a mean value, the switched capacitor 1/(f x C) is equivalent to a resistor. It is important to consider that this is only a mean value. If the current is not integrated (low impedance source), the impedance is infinite during the whole time but the transition. What does it mean for the ZoomingADC? If the fs clock is reduced, the mean impedance is increased. By dividing the fs clock by a factor 10, the impedance is increased by a factor 10. One can reduce the capacitor that is switched by using an amplifier set to its minimal gain. In particular if PGA1 is used with gain 1, its mean impedance is 10x bigger than when it is used with gain 10. Current integration Sensor impedence V1 Sensor Node Capacitance ZoomingADC (model) f f V2 C Figure 33. The Switched Capacitor Principle One can increase the effective impedance by increasing the electrical bandwidth of the sensor node so that the switching current is absorbed through the sensor before the switching period is over. Measuring the sensor node will show short voltage spikes at the frequency fs, but these will not influence the measurement. Whereas if the bandwidth of the node is lower, no spikes will arise, but a small offset can be generated by the integration of the charges generated by the switched capacitors, this corresponds to the mean impedance effect. Notes: (1) (2) (3) One can increase the mean input impedance of the ZoomingADC by lowering the acquisition clock fs. One can increase the mean input impedance of the ZoomingADC by decreasing the gain of the first enabled amplifier. One can increase the effective input impedance of the ZoomingADC by having a source with a high electrical bandwidth (sensor electrical bandwidth much higher than fs). Revision 1.0 © Semtech February 2011 Page 51 www.semtech.com SX8724S ZoomingADC for sensing data acquisition ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS & SENSING DATASHEET 11.2 Frequency Response The incremental ADC is an over-sampled converter with two main blocks: an analog modulator and a low-pass digital filter. The main function of the digital filter is to remove the quantization noise introduced by the modulator. This filter determines the frequency response of the transfer function between the output of the ADC and the analog input VIN. Notice that the frequency axes are normalized to one elementary conversion period OSR / fs. The plots of Figure 34, page 53 also show that the frequency response changes with the number of elementary conversions NELCONV performed. In particular, notches appear for NELCONV >= 2 These notches occur at: f i ⋅ fs NOTCH = -----------------------------------OSR ⋅ N ELCONV For i = 1, 2, … ( N ELCONV – 1 ) Equation 27 and are repeated every fs / OSR. Information on the location of these notches is particularly useful when specific frequencies must be filtered out by the acquisition system. This chip has no dedicated 50/60 Hz rejection filtering but some rejection can be achieved by using Equation 27 and setting the appropriate values of OSR, fs and NELCONV. Table 37. 50/60 Hz Line Rejection Examples Rejection [Hz] 60 50 Revision 1.0 © Semtech fNOTCH [Hz] fs [kHz] OSR [-] NELCONV [-] 61 125 1024 2 61 250 1024 4 61 500 1024 8 53 62.5 1024 8 46 62.5 1024 4 46 125 1024 8 February 2011 Page 52 www.semtech.com SX8724S ZoomingADC for sensing data acquisition ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS & SENSING DATASHEET Filter profile with NELCONV = 2 0 0 -20 -20 Magnitude [dB] Magnitude [dB] Filter profile with NELCONV = 1 -40 -60 -40 -60 -80 -80 0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 Normalized frequency - f x Tconv 0 0 -20 -20 Magnitude [dB] Magnitude [dB] 8 10 8 10 Filter profile with NELCONV = 8 Filter profile with NELCONV = 4 -40 -40 -60 -60 -80 -80 0 2 4 6 8 0 10 2 4 6 Normalized frequency - f x Tconv Normalized frequency - f x Tconv Filter Profile w ith Data Rate = 46SPS or 53SPS Filter Profile w ith Data Rate = 61SPS 0 0 -10 -10 -20 -20 Magnitude [dB] Magnitude [dB] 6 Normalized frequency - f x Tconv -30 -40 -30 -40 -50 -50 -60 -60 50 55 60 65 70 40 45 50 55 60 Frequency [Hz] Frequency [Hz] Figure 34. Frequency Response. Normalized Magnitude vs. Frequency for Different NELCONV Revision 1.0 © Semtech February 2011 Page 53 www.semtech.com SX8724S ZoomingADC for sensing data acquisition ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS & SENSING DATASHEET 11.3 Linearity 11.3.1 Integral Non-Linearity The different PGA stages have been designed to find the best compromise between the noise performance, the integral non-linearity and the power consumption. To obtain this, the first stage has the best noise performance and the third stage the best linearity performance. For large input signals (small PGA gains, i.e. up to about 50), the noise added by the PGA is very small with respect to the input signal and the second and third stage of the PGA should be used to get the best linearity. For small input signals (large gains, i.e. above 50), the noise level in the PGA is important and the first stage of the PGA should be used. The following figures show the Integral non linearity for different gain settings over the chip temperature range 11.3.1.1 Gain 1 VBATT=5V; VREF=VBATT; PGAs disabled; OSR=1024; Nelconv=8; fs=250kHz; Resolution=16bits. 10 INL Gain 1 @ -40°C 8 8 6 6 4 4 2 2 INL [LSB] INL [LSB] 10 0 -2 0 -2 -4 -4 -6 -6 -8 -8 -10 -10 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 INL Gain 1 @ 25°C -2 2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 Figure 35. INL -40°C 0.5 1 1.5 2 1 1.5 2 Figure 36. INL 25°C 10 10 INL Gain 1 @ 85°C 8 8 6 6 4 4 2 2 INL [LSB] INL [LSB] 0 VIN [V] VIN [V] 0 -2 0 -2 -4 -4 -6 -6 -8 -8 -10 INL Gain 1 @ 125°C -10 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 VIN [V] February 2011 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 VIN [V] Figure 37. INL 85°C Revision 1.0 © Semtech -2 Figure 38. INL 125°C Page 54 www.semtech.com SX8724S ZoomingADC for sensing data acquisition ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS & SENSING DATASHEET 11.3.1.2 Gain 10 VBATT=5V; VREF=VBATT; ADC and PGA3 enabled; GD3=10; OSR=1024; Nelconv=8; fs=250kHz; Resolution=16bits. 10 INL Gain 10 @ -40°C INL Gain 10 @ 25°C 8 8 6 6 4 4 2 2 INL [LSB] INL [LSB] 10 0 -2 0 -2 -4 -4 -6 -6 -8 -8 -10 -0.2 -0.15 -0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 -10 -0.2 0.2 -0.15 -0.1 -0.05 Figure 39. INL -40°C 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.015 0.02 Figure 40. INL 25°C 10 10 INL Gain 10 @ 125°C INL Gain 10 @ 85°C 8 8 6 6 4 4 2 2 INL [LSB] INL [LSB] 0 VIN [V] VIN [V] 0 -2 0 -2 -4 -4 -6 -6 -8 -8 -10 -0.2 -0.15 -0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 -10 -0.2 0.2 -0.15 -0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 VIN [V] VIN [V] Figure 41. INL 85°C Figure 42. INL 125°C 11.3.1.3 Gain 100 VBATT=5V; VREF=VBATT; ADC, PGA2 and PGA3 enabled; GD2=10; GD3=10; OSR=1024; Nelconv=8; fs=250kHz; Resolution=16bits. 50 INL Gain 100 @ -40°C 40 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 INL [LSB] INL [LSB] 50 0 -10 0 -10 -20 -20 -30 -30 -40 -40 -50 -0.02 -0.015 -0.01 -0.005 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 VIN [V] Revision 1.0 © Semtech February 2011 INL Gain 100 @ 25°C -50 -0.02 -0.015 -0.01 -0.005 0 0.005 0.01 VIN [V] Page 55 www.semtech.com SX8724S ZoomingADC for sensing data acquisition ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS & SENSING DATASHEET Figure 43. INL -40°C 50 INL Gain 100 @ 85°C 40 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 INL [LSB] INL [LSB] 50 Figure 44. INL 25°C 0 -10 0 -10 -20 -20 -30 -30 -40 -40 -50 -0.02 -0.015 -0.01 -0.005 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 INL Gain 100 @ 125°C -50 -0.02 0.02 -0.015 -0.01 -0.005 VIN [V] 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 VIN [V] Figure 45. INL 85°C Figure 46. INL 125°C 11.3.1.4 Gain 1000 VBATT=5V; VREF=VBATT; ADC, PGA3, PGA2, PGA1 enabled; GD1=10, GD2=10, GD3=10; OSR=1024; NELCONV=8; fs=250KHz; Resolution=16bits. 200 200 INL Gain 1000 @ 25°C 150 150 100 100 50 50 INL [LSB] INL [LSB] INL Gain 1000 @ -40°C 0 0 -50 -50 -100 -100 -150 -150 -200 -0.002 -0.0015 -0.001 -0.0005 0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 -200 -0.002 0.002 -0.0015 -0.001 -0.0005 Figure 47. INL -40°C 150 100 100 50 50 INL [LSB] INL [LSB] 0.0015 0.002 0.001 0.0015 0.002 INL Gain 1000 @ 125°C 150 0 0 -50 -50 -100 -100 -150 -150 -0.001 -0.0005 0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002 VIN [V] February 2011 -200 -0.002 -0.0015 -0.001 -0.0005 0 0.0005 VIN [V] Figure 49. INL 85°C Revision 1.0 © Semtech 0.001 200 INL Gain 1000 @ 85°C -0.0015 0.0005 Figure 48. INL 25°C 200 -200 -0.002 0 VIN [V] VIN [V] Figure 50. INL 125°C Page 56 www.semtech.com SX8724S ZoomingADC for sensing data acquisition ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS & SENSING DATASHEET 11.3.2 Differential Non-Linearity The differential non-linearity is generated by the ADC. The PGA does not add differential non-linearity. Figure 51 shows the differential non-linearity. Figure 51. Differential Non-Linearity of the ADC Converter 11.4 Noise Ideally, a constant input voltage VIN should result in a constant output code. However, because of circuit noise, the output code may vary for a fixed input voltage. Thus, a statistical analysis on the output code of 1200 conversions for a constant input voltage was performed to derive the equivalent noise levels of PGA1, PGA2, and PGA3. The extracted RMS output noise of PGA1, 2, and 3 are given in Table 38, page 59: standard output deviation and output rms noise voltage. Revision 1.0 © Semtech February 2011 Page 57 www.semtech.com SX8724S ZoomingADC for sensing data acquisition ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS & SENSING Analog Inputs Reference Inputs VSS VREF AC2 AC3 AC4 AC5 AC6 AC7 VBATT VSS VREF VSS VIN VN1 ±Vin S VREFN,WB DATASHEET VN2 ±Vin PGA1 ±Voff VN3 ±Vin PGA2 ±Voff VIN,ADC ±Vin PGA3 ±Vref ADC VREF,ADC gains: offsets: GD1 GD2 GDOFF2 GD3 GDOFF3 Figure 52. Simple Noise Model for PGAs and ADC VN1, VN2, and VN3 are the output RMS noise figures of Table 38, GD1, GD2, and GD3 are the PGA gains of stages 1 to 3 respectively. VREFN,WB is the wide band noise on the reference voltage. The simple noise model of Figure 52 is used to estimate the equivalent input referred RMS noise VN,IN of the acquisition chain in the model of Figure 54, page 59. This is given by the relationship: 2 VN , IN 2 2 ⎛ VN 1 ⎞ ⎛ VN 2 ⎞ ⎛ VN 3 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ ⎟ +⎜ GD1 ⎠ ⎝ GD1 ⋅ GD2 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ GDTOT ⎝ = ⎞ ⎛ VREFN ,WB (GD2 ⋅ GDOFF 2 + GDOFF 3 ) ⎞ ⎛ 1 VREFN ,WB ⎞ ⎟⎟ ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ ⋅ ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ GDTOT ⎠ ⎝ 2 GDTOT ⎠ V 2 rms ⎠ ⎝ (OSR ⋅ N ELCONV ) 2 2 2 [ ] Equation 28 On the numerator of Equation 28: 1 the first parenthesis is the PGA1 gain amplifier contribution to noise 2 the second parenthesis is the PGA2 gain amplifier contribution to noise 3 the third parenthesis is the PGA3 gain amplifier contribution to noise 4 the fourth parenthesis is PGA2 and PGA3 offset amplifiers contributions to noise 5 the last parenthesis is the contribution of the noise on the references of the ADC Revision 1.0 © Semtech February 2011 Page 58 www.semtech.com SX8724S ZoomingADC for sensing data acquisition ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS & SENSING DATASHEET As shown in Equation 28, noise can be reduced by increasing OSR and NELCONV (increases the ADC averaging effect, but reduces noise). Table 38. PGA Noise Measurement (n = 16bits, OSR = 512, NELCONV = 2, VREF = 5V) Parameter Output RMS noise [uV] PGA1 PGA2 PGA3 VN1 = 205 VN2 = 340 VN3 = 365 Figure 53 shows the distribution for the ADC alone (PGA1, 2, and 3 bypassed). Quantization noise is dominant in this case, and, thus, the ADC thermal noise is below 16 bits. Occurences [% of total samples] 80 60 40 20 0 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 Output Code Deviation From Mean Value [LSB] Figure 53. ADC Noise (PGA1, 2 & 3 Bypassed, OSR = 512, NELCONV = 2) Analog Inputs Reference Inputs VSS VREF AC2 AC3 AC4 AC5 AC6 AC7 VIN VN,IN VIN,ADC ±Vin S PGA1 ±Vin ±Vin ±Vin ±Voff PGA2 ±Voff PGA3 ±Vref ADC VREF,ADC VBATT VSS VREF VSS Figure 54. Total Input Referred Noise As an example, consider the system where: GD2 = 10 (GD1 = 1; PGA3 bypassed), OSR = 512, NELCONV = 2, VREF = 5 V. In this case, the noise contribution VN1 of PGA1 is dominant over that of PGA2. Using Equation 28, page 58, we get: VN,IN = 6.4 μV (RMS) at the input of the acquisition chain, or, equivalently, 0.85 LSB at the output of the ADC. Considering 0.2 V (RMS) maximum signal amplitude, the signal-to-noise ratio is 90dB. Revision 1.0 © Semtech February 2011 Page 59 www.semtech.com SX8724S ZoomingADC for sensing data acquisition ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS & SENSING DATASHEET 11.5 Gain Error and Offset Error Gain error is defined as the amount of deviation between the ideal transfer function (theoretical Equation 19, page 30) and the measured transfer function (with the offset error removed). The actual gain of the different stages can vary depending on the fabrication tolerances of the different elements. Although these tolerances are specified to a maximum of ±3%, they will be most of the time around ±0.5%. Moreover, the tolerances between the different stages are not correlated and the probability to get the maximal error in the same direction in all stages is very low. Finally, these gain errors can be calibrated by the software at the same time with the gain errors of the sensor for instance. Figure 55 shows gain error drift vs. temperature for different PGA gains. The curves are expressed in% of Full-Scale Range (FSR) normalized to 25°C. Offset error is defined as the output code error for a zero volt input (ideally, output code = 0). The offset of the ADC and the PGA1 stage are completely suppressed if NELCONV > 1. The measured offset drift vs. temperature curves for different PGA gains are depicted in Figure 56. The output offset error, expressed in LSB for 16-bit setting, is normalized to 25°C. Notice that if the ADC is used alone, the output offset error is below +/-1 LSB and has no drift. NORMALIZED TO 25°C Output Offset Er ror [LSB] Gain Error [% of FSR] 0.2 0.1 0.0 -0.1 1 5 20 100 -0.2 -0.3 -0.4 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 60 40 20 0 -20 -40 -25 0 25 50 75 100 Temperature [°C] Figure 55. Gain Error vs. Temperature for Different Gains February 2011 1 5 20 100 80 -50 100 Temperature [°C] Revision 1.0 © Semtech NORMALIZED TO 25°C 100 Page 60 Figure 56. Offset Error vs. Temperature for Different Gains www.semtech.com SX8724S ZoomingADC for sensing data acquisition ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS & SENSING DATASHEET 11.6 Power Consumption As mentioned in section 6.4, page 16 the Charge Pump must be enabled if VBATT is below 3V. Figure 57 plots the variation of current consumption with supply voltage VBATT, as well as the distribution between the 3 PGA stages and the ADC (see Table 39, page 62). In this case the Charge Pump is forced ON for VBATT < 4.2V and forced OFF for VBATT > 4.2V. 1'100 ADC 1'000 ADC+PGA1 ADC+PGA12 900 ADC+PGA123 IDD[uA] 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 VBATT [V] Figure 57. Current Consumption vs. Supply Voltage and PGAs As shown in Figure 58, if lower sampling frequency is used, the current consumption can be lowered by reducing the bias currents of the PGAs and the ADC with registers IbAmpPga and IbAmpAdc. (In Figure 58, IbAmpPga/Adc = '11', '10', '00' for fs = 500, 250, 62.5 kHz respectively. In this case the Charge Pump is forced ON for VBATT < 4.2V and forced OFF for VBATT > 4.2V. 1'100 62.5Khz, Ibias = 0.25 125Khz, Ibias = 0.25 1'000 250Khz, Ibias = 0.5 900 500Khz, Ibias = 1 IDD [uA] 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 VBATT [V] Figure 58. Current Consumption vs. Temperature and ADC Sampling Frequency Revision 1.0 © Semtech February 2011 Page 61 www.semtech.com SX8724S ZoomingADC for sensing data acquisition ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS & SENSING DATASHEET Current consumption vs. temperature is depicted in Figure 59, showing the increase between -40 and +125°C. 1300 Vbatt = 2.4v 1200 Vbatt = 3.5v Vbatt = 5.5v IDD [uA] 1100 1000 900 800 700 600 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Temperature [°C] Figure 59. Current Consumption vs. Temperature and Supply Voltage Table 39. Typical Current Distribution in Acquisition Chain (n = 16 bits, fs = 250kHz) Supply ADC PGA1 PGA2 PGA3 Total VBATT = 2.4V 207 70 51 78 406 VBATT = 3.5V 282 82 61 91 516 VBATT = 5.5V 338 103 67 98 606 Revision 1.0 © Semtech February 2011 Page 62 Unit uA www.semtech.com SX8724S ZoomingADC for sensing data acquisition ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS & SENSING DATASHEET FAMILY OVERVIEW This chapter gives an overview of similar devices based on the ZoomingADC but with different features or packages. Each part is described in it’s own datasheet. 12 Comparison Table Table 40. Family Comparison Table Part number SX8723C SX8724C SX8725C SX8723S SX8724S SX8725S Package MLPD-W-12 4x4 MLPQ-16 4x4 MLPD-W-12 4x4 MLPQ-16 4x4 MLPQ-16 4x4 MLPQ-16 4x4 Protocol I2C I2C I2C SPI SPI SPI D0 I2C addr, Digital IO or Vref OUT I2C addr, Digital IO or Vref OUT I2C add, Digital IO Digital IO or Vref or Vref OUT OUT Digital IO or Vref OUT Digital IO or Vref OUT D1 I2C addr, Digital IO or Vref IN I2C addr, Digital IO or Vref IN I2C addr, Digital IO or Vref IN Digital IO or Vref OUT. Digital IO or Vref IN Digital IO or Vref IN D2 N.A. Digital IO N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. D3 N.A. Digital IO N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. 2 3 1 2 3 1 GPIO Differential input channels Revision 1.0 © Semtech February 2011 Page 63 www.semtech.com SX8724S ZoomingADC for sensing data acquisition ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS & SENSING DATASHEET 13 Comparison by package pinout 11 AC2 AC3 1 VBATT 3 10 VPUMP N.C. 2 VSS 4 READY D1 SX8723C (Top view) 9 SCL N.C. 3 5 8 SDA AC4 4 6 7 D0 MOSI 2 16 15 14 13 SX8723S (Top view) VPUMP SCL SDA AC2 VPUMP SCLK MOSI 14 13 16 15 14 13 AC6 2 10 D3 AC7 3 D1 AC4 4 9 1 12 AC3 N.C. 2 11 AC2 AC3 1 VBATT 3 10 VPUMP N.C. 2 VSS 4 SX8725C (Top view) 9 SCL N.C. 3 8 SDA N.C. 4 7 D0 D1 6 February 2011 Page 64 6 7 MISO/READY 10 SS 9 D1 12 D0 11 MISO/READY 10 SS 9 D1 12 D0 11 MISO/READY 10 SS 9 D1 8 MOSI N.C. READY 5 Revision 1.0 © Semtech 5 16 15 14 13 SX8725S (Top view) 5 6 7 8 READY 8 SCLK 7 VSS 6 SX8724S (Top view) AC5 5 READY 4 VSS AC4 VBATT 3 AC5 AC7 11 READY 11 D2 SX8724C (Top view) VSS 1 VBATT AC3 VPUMP 2 15 VBATT AC6 16 12 D0 D0 8 AC2 1 7 N.C. AC3 6 AC2 AC5 5 12 READY AC5 SCLK 12 AC3 VSS 1 VBATT AC4 VPUMP SPI versions AC2 I2C versions www.semtech.com SX8724S ZoomingADC for sensing data acquisition ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS & SENSING DATASHEET MECHANICAL 14 PCB Layout Considerations PCB layout considerations to be taken when using the SX8724S are relatively simple to get the highest performances out of the ZoomingADC. The most important to achieve good performances out the ZoomingADC is to have a good voltage reference. The SX8724S has already an internal reference that is good enough to get the best performances with a minimal amount of external components, but, in case an external reference is needed this one must be as clean as possible in order to get the desired performance. Separating the digital from the analog lines will be also a good choice to reduce the noise induced by the digital lines. It is also advised to have separated ground planes for digital and analog signals with the shortest return path, as well as making the power supply lines as wider as possible and to have good decoupling capacitors. 15 How to Evaluate For evaluation purposes SX8724SEVK evaluation kit can be ordered. This kit connects to any PC using a USB port. A software gives the user the ability to control the SX8724S registers as well as getting the raw data from the ZoomingADC and displaying it on the "Graphical User Interface". For more information please look at SEMTECH web site (http://www.semtech.com/analog-controllers-sensors-converters/). Revision 1.0 © Semtech February 2011 Page 65 www.semtech.com SX8724S ZoomingADC for sensing data acquisition ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS & SENSING DATASHEET 16 Package Outline Drawing: MLPQ-W16-4x4-EP1 A D DIMENSIONS MILLIMETERS DIM MIN NOM MAX B PIN 1 INDICATOR (LASER MARK) E A2 A SEATING PLANE aaa C A A1 A2 b D D1 E E1 e L N aaa bbb 0.80 0.70 0.05 0.00 (0.20) 0.25 0.30 0.35 3.90 4.00 4.10 2.55 2.70 2.80 3.90 4.00 4.10 2.55 2.70 2.80 0.65 BSC 0.30 0.40 0.50 16 0.08 0.10 C A1 D1 LxN e/2 E/2 E1 2 1 N e bxN D/2 bbb C A B NOTES: 1. CONTROLLING DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS (ANGLES IN DEGREES). 2. COPLANARITY APPLIES TO THE EXPOSED PAD AS WELL AS THE TERMINALS. Figure 60. Package Outline Drawing Revision 1.0 © Semtech February 2011 Page 66 www.semtech.com SX8724S ZoomingADC for sensing data acquisition ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS & SENSING DATASHEET 17 Land Pattern Drawing: MLPQ-W16-4x4-EP1 K DIM (C) G H Z Y X DIMENSIONS INCHES MILLIMETERS C G H K P X Y Z (.156) .122 .106 .106 .026 .016 .033 .189 (3.95) 3.10 2.70 2.70 0.65 0.40 0.85 4.80 P NOTES: 1. CONTROLLING DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS (ANGLES IN DEGREES). 2. THIS LAND PATTERN IS FOR REFERENCE PURPOSES ONLY. CONSULT YOUR MANUFACTURING GROUP TO ENSURE YOUR COMPANY'S MANUFACTURING GUIDELINES ARE MET. 3. THERMAL VIAS IN THE LAND PATTERN OF THE EXPOSED PAD SHALL BE CONNECTED TO A SYSTEM GROUND PLANE. FAILURE TO DO SO MAY COMPROMISE THE THERMAL AND/OR FUNCTIONAL PERFORMANCE OF THE DEVICE. 4. SQUARE PACKAGE - DIMENSIONS APPLY IN BOTH " X " AND " Y " DIRECTIONS. Figure 61. Land Pattern Drawing Revision 1.0 © Semtech February 2011 Page 67 www.semtech.com SX8724S ZoomingADC for sensing data acquisition ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS & SENSING DATASHEET 18 Tape and Reel Specification MLP/QFN (0.70mm - 1.00mm package thickness) Single Sprocket holes Tolerances for Ao & Bo are +/- 0.20mm Tolerances for Ko is +/- 0.10mm Tolerance for Pocket Pitch is +/- 0.10mm Tolerance for Tape width is +/-0.30mm Trailer and Leader Length are minimum required length Package Orientation and Feed Direction MLP (square) MLP (rectangular) Direction of Feed Direction of Feed Figure 62. Direction of Feed Figure 63. User direction of feed Table 41. Tape and reel specifications Pkg size 4x4 Revision 1.0 © Semtech carrier tape (mm) Tape Width (W) 12 Reel Pocket Pitch (P) Ao Bo Ko Reel Size (in) 8 4.35 4.35 1.10 7/13 February 2011 Page 68 Reel Width (mm) 12.4 Trailer Length (mm) 400 Leader Length (mm) 400 QTY per Reel 1000/3000 www.semtech.com SX8724S ZoomingADC for sensing data acquisition ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS & SENSING DATASHEET © Semtech 2010 All rights reserved. Reproduction in whole or in part is prohibited without the prior written consent of the copyright owner. The information presented in this document does not form part of any quotation or contract, is believed to be accurate and reliable and may be changed without notice. No liability will be accepted by the publisher for any consequence of its use. Publication thereof does not convey nor imply any license under patent or other industrial or intellectual property rights. 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Notice: All referenced brands, product names, service names and trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Contact information Semtech Corporation Advanced Communications & Sensing Products E-mail: [email protected] or [email protected] Internet: http://www.semtech.com USA 200 Flynn Road, Camarillo, CA 93012-8790. Tel: +1 805 498 2111 Fax: +1 805 498 3804 FAR EAST 12F, No. 89 Sec. 5, Nanking E. Road, Taipei, 105, TWN, R.O.C. Tel: +886 2 2748 3380 Fax: +886 2 2748 3390 EUROPE Semtech Ltd., Units 2 & 3, Park Court, Premier Way, Abbey Park Industrial Estate, Romsey, Hampshire, SO51 9DN. Tel: +44 (0)1794 527 600 Fax: +44 (0)1794 527 601 ISO9001 CERTIFIED Revision 1.0 © Semtech February 2011 Page 69 www.semtech.com