CYPRESS CYIL1SC4000AA-GDC

CYIL1SM4000AA
LUPA 4000: 4 MegaPixel
CMOS Image Sensor
Features
High dynamic range scenes can be captured using the double
and multiple slope functionality.
■
2048 x 2048 active pixels
■
12 µm x 12 µm square pixels
■
Optical format: 24.6 mm x 24.6 mm
The sensor is used with one or two outputs. Two on-chip 10-bit
ADCs are used to convert the analog data to a 10-bit digital word
stream. The sensor uses a 3-wire SPI. It is housed in a 127-pin
ceramic PGA package.
■
Monochrome or Color digital output
■
15 fps frame rate at full resolution
■
2 on-chip 10-bit ADCs
The LUPA 4000 is available in color and monochrome without
the cover glass.
■
Random programmable windowing and sub-sampling modes
For engineering samples, contact [email protected].
■
Full snapshot shutter
■
Binning (voltage averaging in X-direction)
■
Limited supplies: Nominal 2.5V (some supplies require 3.3V)
■
Serial to Parallel Interface (SPI)
■
0°C to 60°C operational temperature range
■
127-pin PGA package
■
Power dissipation: < 200 mW
This data sheet allows the user to develop a camera system
based on the described timing and interfacing.
Figure 1. LUPA 4000 Photo
Applications
■
Intelligent traffic system
■
High speed machine vision
Overview
This document describes the interfacing and driving of the LUPA
4000 image sensor. This 4 mega-pixel CMOS active pixel sensor
features synchronous shutter and a maximal frame rate of 15 fps
in full resolution. The readout speed can be boosted by
sub-sampling and windowed Region of Interest (ROI) readout.
Part Number and Ordering Information
Ordering Part Number
Monochrome/Color
Package
CYIL1SM4000AA-GDC
Monochrome with glass
CYIL1SM4000AA-GWCES
Monochrome windowless (Contact your local
Cypress office)
CYIL1SC4000AA-GDC
Color with glass
CYIL1SM4000AA-GDCN
Nitrogen filled, monochrome with glass
CYIL1SM4000-EVAL
LUPA 4000 demonstration kit
Cypress Semiconductor Corporation
Document Number: 38-05712 Rev. *C
•
198 Champion Court
127-Pin PGA
Demo Kit
•
San Jose, CA 95134-1709
•
408-943-2600
Revised July 16, 2009
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CYIL1SM4000AA
Specifications
General Specifications
Table 1. General Specifications
Parameter
Specification
Active Pixels
2048 (H) x 2048 (V)
Pixel Size
12 μm x 12 μm
Pixel Type
6 Transistor Pixel
Pixel Rate
66 MHz using a 33 Mhz system clock and one or two parallel outputs
Shutter Type
Full Snapshot Shutter (integration during readout is possible)
Frame Rate
15 fps at 4.0 Mpixel (can be boosted by sub sampling and windowing)
Master Clock
33 MHz
Windowing (ROI)
Randomly programmable ROI read out
Read Out
Windowed, flipped, mirrored, and sub-sampled read out possible; voltage
averaging in the x-direction
ADC Resolution
2 on-chip, 10 bit
Sensitivity
11.61 V/lux.s in the visible band only (180 lux=1 W/m2)
Extended Dynamic Range
66 dB (2000:1) in single slope operation and up to 90 dB in multiple slope operation
Electro-Optical Specifications
Table 2. Electro-Optical Specifications
Parameter
Value
Conversion Gain
13.5 uV/e-
Full Well Charge
27000e-
Sensitivity
2090 V.m2/W.s Average white light
Fill Factor
37.5%
Parasitic Light Sensitivity
<1/5000
Dark Noise
21e-
QE x FF
37% at 680 nm
FPN
<1.25% rms of output signal amplitude of 1V
PRNU
<2.5% rms at 25% and 75% of output signal
Dark Signal
<140 mV/s at 21°C
Noise Electrons
< 40e-
S/N Ratio
2000:1 at 66 dB (single slope operation)
MTF
64%
Power Dissipation
<200 mW (typical without ADCs)
Document Number: 38-05712 Rev. *C
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Figure 2. Spectral Response Curve for Mono
QE 40%
0.20
QE 30%
QE 25%
0.18
QE 20%
0.16
Spectral response [A/W]
0.14
0.12
0.10
QE 10%
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Wavelength [nm]
Figure 3. Spectral Response Curve for Color
Figure 2 and Figure 3 show the spectral response characteristic. The curve is measured directly on the pixels. It includes effects of
non sensitive areas in the pixel such as interconnection lines. The sensor is light sensitive between 400 nm and 1000 nm. The peak
QE * FF is 37.5% approximately between 500 nm and 700 nm. In view of a fill-factor of 60%, the QE is thus larger than 60% between
500 nm and 700 nm.
Document Number: 38-05712 Rev. *C
Page 3 of 31
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CYIL1SM4000AA
Figure 4. Photo-Voltaic Response Curve
1.2
1
Output swing [V]
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
# electrons
Figure 4 shows the pixel response curve in linear response mode. This curve is the relation between the electrons detected in the
pixel and the output signal. The resulting voltage-electron curve is independent of any parameters. The voltage to electrons conversion
gain is 13.5 µV/e-.
Note that the upper part of the curve (near saturation) is actually a logarithmic response.
Document Number: 38-05712 Rev. *C
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CYIL1SM4000AA
Electrical Specifications
Absolute Maximum Ratings
Exceeding the maximum ratings may impair the useful life of the device.
Table 3. Absolute Maximum Ratings[1]
Symbol
Description
Min
Max
Units
Vdd
Core digital supply voltage
-0.5
2.9
V
Voo
Output stage power supply
-0.5
2.9
V
Vaa
Analog supply voltage
-0.5
2.9
V
Va3
Column readout module
-0.5
4.0
V
Vpix
Pixel supply voltage
-0.5
2.9
V
Vmem_l
Power supply memory element (low level)
-0.5
2.9
V
Vmem_h
Power supply memory element (high level)
-0.5
4.0
V
Power supply to the reset drivers
-0.5
4.0
V
Power supply to the multiple slope reset drivers
-0.5
2.9
V
Digital supply ADC circuitry
-0.5
2.9
V
Vres
Vres_ds
Vddd
Vdda
Analog supply ADC circuitry
-0.5
2.9
V
IIO
DC supply current drain per pin, any single input or output
-50
50
mA
TL
Lead temperature (5 sec soldering)
TA
Ambient temperature range
0
ESD: Human Body Model and Charged Device Model
350
°C
60
°C
See Note [2]
Recommended Operating Conditions
The following specifications apply for VDD= +2.5V. Boldface limits apply for TA=TMIN to TMAX, all other limits TA=+25°C.
Table 4. Recommended Operating Conditions
Symbol
Power Supply
Min Supply
Tolerance
Recommended
Supply Voltage
for Optimal
Performance
(V)
Max Supply
Tolerance
Vdd
Core digital supply voltage
-10%
2.5
+10%
Voo
Output stage power supply
-10%
2.5
+10%
Vaa
Analog supply voltage
-10%
2.5
+10%
Va3
Column readout module
-1%
3.3
+1%
Vpix
Pixel supply voltage
-5%
2.6
+5%
Vmem_l
Power supply memory element (low level)
-5%
2.6
+5%
Vmem_h
Power supply memory element (high level)
-5%
3.3
+5%
Vres
Power supply to the reset drivers
-5%
3.5
+5%
Power supply to the multiple slope reset drivers
-5%
2.5
+5%
Vddd
Digital supply ADC circuitry
-10%
2.5
+10%
Vdda
Analog supply ADC circuitry
-5%
2.5
+5%
Vpre_l
Power supply for precharge off-state
- 0.4V
0
0V
Vres_ds
Notes
1. Absolute ratings are those values beyond which damage to the device may occur.
2. The LUPA 4000 complies with JESD22-A114 HBM Class 0 and JESD22-C101 Class I. It is recommended that extreme care be taken while handling these
devices to avoid damages due to ESD event.
Document Number: 38-05712 Rev. *C
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CYIL1SM4000AA
Sensor Architecture
case the two output amplifiers are used to read out the imager.
The complete image sensor is designed for operation up to 66
MHz.
A schematic drawing of the architecture is given in Figure 5. The
image core consists of a pixel array, one X-addressing and two
Y-addressing registers (only one drawn), pixel array drivers and
column amplifiers. The image sensor of 2048 x 2048 pixels is
read out in progressive scan. One or two output amplifiers read
out the image sensor. The output amplifiers are working at 66
MHz pixel rate nominal speed or each at 33 MHz pixel rate in
The structure allows having a programmable addressing in the
x-direction in steps of two and in the y-direction in steps of two
(only even start addresses in X-direction and Y-direction are
possible). The starting point of the address is uploadable by
means of the SPI
Figure 5. Block Diagram of Image Sensor
eos_y
y shift register
select drivers
On chip drivers
Reset, mem_hl,
precharge, sample
pixel array
2048 * 2048
Column amplifiers
Clk_y sync_y
eos_x
X shift register
Clk_x
SPI
Logic blocks
DA C
2 differential
outputs
sync_x
The 6T Pixel
To obtain the global shutter feature combined with a high sensitivity and good Parasitic Light Sensitivity (PLS), the pixel architecture
given in Figure 6 is implemented.
Figure 6. 6T Pixel Architecture
Vpix
R eset
Vmem
Sample
Row-Select
This pixel architecture is designed in a 12 μm x 12 μm pixel pitch. The pixel is designed to meet the specifications described in Table 1
and Table 2.
Document Number: 38-05712 Rev. *C
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CYIL1SM4000AA
Frame Rate and Windowing
Frame Rate
To acquire a frame rate of 15 frames/sec, the output amplifier
should run at 66 MHz pixel rate or two output amplifiers should
run at 33 MHz each, assuming a Row Overhead Time (ROT) of
200 ns.
The frame period of the LUPA 4000 sensor is calculated as
follows:
Frame period = FOT + (Nr. Lines * (ROT + pixel period * Nr.
Pixels) with: FOT: Frame Overhead Time = 5 μs.
Nr. Lines: Number of Lines read out each frame (Y).
Nr. Pixels: Number of pixels read out each line (X).
ROT: ROT = 200 ns (nominal; can be further reduced).
Pixel period: 1/66 MHz = 15.15 ns.
Example read out of the full resolution at nominal speed (66 MHz
pixel rate):
Frame period = 5 µs + (2048 x (200 ns + 15.15 ns x 2048)
= 64 ms ≥ 15 fps.
ROI Readout (Windowing)
Windowing is achieved by a SPI in which the starting point of the
x-address and y-address is uploaded. This downloaded starting
point initiates the shift register in the x-direction and y-direction
triggered by the Sync_x and Sync_y pulse. The minimum step
size for the x-address and the y-address is 2 (only even start
addresses can be chosen). The size of both address registers is
10-bits. For instance, when the addresses 0000000001 and
0000000001 are uploaded, the readout starts at line 2 and
column 2.
Table 5. Frame Rate as Function of ROI Read Out and Sub Sampling
Image Resolution (X*Y)
Frame Rate [frames f/S]
Frame Readout Time [mS]
Comment
2048 x 2048
15
67
Full resolution.
1024 x 2048
31
32
Subsample in X-direction.
1024 x 1024
62
16
ROI read out.
640 x 480
210
4.7
ROI read out.
Output Amplifier
The sensor has two output amplifiers. A single amplifier can be
operated at 66 Mpixels/sec to bring the whole pixel array of 2048
by 2048 pixels at the required frame rate to the outside world.
The second output amplifier can be enabled in parallel if the
clock frequency is decreased to 33 Msamples/sec. Using only
one output-stage, the output signal is the result of multiplexing
between the two internal buses. When using two output-stages,
both outputs are in phase.
Each output-stage has two outputs. One output is the pixel
signal; the second output is a DC signal which offset can be
programmed using a 7-bit word. The DC signal is used for
common mode rejection between the two signals. The
disadvantage is an increase in power dissipation. However, this
can be reduced by setting the highest DAC voltage by means of
the SPI
Figure 7. Output Stage Architecture.
Image sensor
Out1: Pixel signal
7bits
SPI
DAC
The output voltage of Out1 is between 1.3V (dark level) and 0.3V
(white level) and depends on process variations and voltage
Document Number: 38-05712 Rev. *C
Out2: dc signal
supply settings. The output voltage of Out2 is determined by the
DAC.
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CYIL1SM4000AA
Pixel Array Drivers
We have foreseen on this image sensor on-chip drivers for the
pixel array signals. Not only the driving on system level is easy
and flexible, also the maximum currents applied to the sensor are
controlled on chip. This means that the charging on sensor level
is fixed and that the sensor cannot be overdriven from externally.
The operation of the on-chip drivers is explained in detail in
Timing and Readout of Image Sensor on page 13.
Column Amplifiers
Even in this configuration, the internal ADCs are not able to
sustain the 66 Mpixel/sec provided by the output amplifier when
run at full speed.
One ADC samples the even columns and the other samples the
odd columns. Although the input range of the ADC is between
1V and 2V and the output range of the analog signal is only
between 0.3V and 1.3V, the analog output and digital input may
be tied to each other directly. This is possible because there is
an on-chip level-shifter located in front of the ADC to lift up the
analog signal to the ADC range.
The column amplifiers are designed for minimum power
dissipation and minimum loss of signal; for this reason, multiple
biasing signals are required.
Table 6. ADC Specifications
The column amplifiers also have the "voltage-averaging" feature
integrated. In case of voltage averaging mode, the voltage
average between two columns is taken and read out. In this
mode only 2:1 pixels must be read out.
Input range
1V - 2V [3]
Quantization
10 Bits
To achieve the voltage-averaging mode, an additional external
digital signal called "voltage-averaging" is required in
combination with a bit from the SPI.
Analog to Digital Converter
The LUPA 4000 has two 10-bit Flash analog to digital converters
running nominally at 10 Msamples/s. The ADC block is
electrically separated from the image sensor. The inputs of the
ADC must be tied externally to the outputs of the output
amplifiers. If the internal ADC is not used, then the power supply
pins to the ADC and the I/Os must be grounded.
Parameter
Specification
Nominal data rate
10 Msamples/s
DNL (linear conversion mode)
Typ < 0.4 LSB RMS
INL (linear conversion mode)
Typ < 3.5 LSB
Input capacitance
< 2 pF
Power dissipation at 33 MHz
50 mW
Conversion law
Linear/Gamma-corrected
ADC Timing
The ADC converts the pixel data on the falling edge of the
ADC_CLOCK but it takes 2 clock cycles before this pixel data is
at the output of the ADC. This pipeline delay is shown in Figure 8.
Figure 8. ADC Timing
100 ns
200 ns
Note
3. The internal ADC range is typ. 50 mV lower then the external applied ADC_VHIGH and ADC_VLOW voltages due to voltage drops over parasitic internal resistors
in the ADC.
Document Number: 38-05712 Rev. *C
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CYIL1SM4000AA
Setting the ADC Reference Voltages
Figure 9. Internal and External ADC Connections
2.5V
RHIGH_ADC
REF_HIGH ~ 2 V
external
internal
RADC
REF_LOW ~ 1 V
external
RLOW_ADC
The internal resistor RADC has a value of approximately 300Ω. This value of this resistor is not tested at sort or at final test. Tweaking
may be required as the recommended resistors in Figure 9 are determined by trade-off between speed and power consumption.
Resistor
Typical Value (Ω)
RADC_VHIGH
75
RADC
300
RADC_VLOW
220
Synchronous Shutter
In a synchronous (snapshot) shutter, light integration takes place on all pixels in parallel although subsequent readout is sequential.
Figure 10. Synchronous Shutter Operation
COMMON SAMPLE&HOLD
Flash could occur here
COMMON RESET
Line number
Time axis
Integration time
Figure 10 shows the integration and read out sequence for the
synchronous shutter. All pixels are light sensitive at the same
period of time. The whole pixel core is reset simultaneously and
after the integration time all pixel values are sampled together on
Document Number: 38-05712 Rev. *C
Burst Readout time
the storage node inside each pixel. The pixel core is read out line
by line after integration. Note that the integration and read out
cycle can occur in parallel or in sequential mode (see Timing and
Readout of Image Sensor on page 13).
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CYIL1SM4000AA
Non Destructive Readout (NDR)
The sensor can also be read out in a non destructive way. After
a pixel is initially reset, it can be read multiple times, without
resetting. The initial reset level and all intermediate signals can
be recorded. High light levels saturates the pixels quickly, but a
useful signal is obtained from the early samples. For low light
levels, use the latest samples.
Figure 11. Principle of NDR
time
Essentially an active pixel array is read multiple times and reset
only once. The external system intelligence takes care of the
interpretation of the data. Table 7 summarizes the advantages
and disadvantages of non-destructive readout.
Table 7. Advantages and Disadvantages of NDR
Advantages
Disadvantages
Operation and Signalling
The different signals are classified into the following groups:
■
Power supplies and grounds
■
Biasing and analog signals
■
Pixel array signals
Digital signals
■
Test signals
Low noise, because it is true
CDS.
System memory required to
record the reset level and the
intermediate samples.
■
High sensitivity, because the
conversion capacitance is kept
rather low.
Requires multiples readings
of each pixel, thus higher data
throughput.
Power Supplies and Ground
High dynamic range, because
the results includes signal for
short and long integrations
times.
Requires system level digital
calculations.
Every module on chip including column amplifiers, output stages,
digital modules, and drivers has its own power supply and
ground. Off chip, the grounds can be combined, but not all power
supplies may be combined. This results in several different
power supplies, but this is required to reduce electrical cross-talk
and to improve shielding, dynamic range, and output swing.
On chip, the ground lines of every module are kept separately to
improve shielding and electrical cross talk between them.
An overview of the supplies is given in Table 8 and Table 9.
Table 9 summarizes the supplies related to the pixel array
signals and Table 8 summarizes the supplies related to all other
modules
Table 8. Power Supplies
Name
DC Current
Max Current
Typ
Description
Vaa
7 mA
50 mA
2.5V
Power supply column readout module.
Va3
10 mA
50 mA
3.3V
Power supply column readout module.
Should be tuneable to 3.3V max.
Vdd
1 mA
200 mA
2.5V
Power supply digital modules
Voo
20 mA
20 mA
2.5V
Power supply output stages
Vdda
1 mA
200 mA
2.5V
Analog supply of ADC circuitry
Vddd
1 mA
200 mA
2.5V
Digital supply of ADC circuitry
Document Number: 38-05712 Rev. *C
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CYIL1SM4000AA
Table 9. Power Supplies Related to Pixel Signals
Name
DC Current
Max Current
Typ
Description
Vres
1 mA
200 mA
3.5V
Power supply reset drivers.
Vres_ds
1 mA
200 mA
2.5V
Power supply dual slope reset drivers.
Vmem_h
1 mA
200 mA
3.3V
Power supply memory elements in pixel for high voltage
level
Vmem_l
1 mA
200 mA
2.6V
Power supply memory elements in pixel for low voltage
level. Should be tuneable
Vdd
1 mA
200 mA
2.5V
Core digital supply voltage
Vpix
12 mA
500 mA
2.5V
Power supply pixel array
Vpre_l
1 mA
200 mA
0V
Power supply for Precharge in off-state. This pin may be
connected to ground.
The maximum currents mentioned in Table 8 and Table 9 are
peak currents which occur once per frame (except for Vres_ds
in multiple slope mode). All power supplies should be able to
deliver these currents except for Vmem_l and Vpre_l, which
must be able to sink this current.
The maximum peak current for Vpix should not be higher than
500 mA. It is important to notice that no power supply filtering on
chip is implemented and that noise on these power supplies can
contribute immediately to the noise on the signal. The voltage
supplies Vpix and Vaa must be noise free.
Startup Sequence
The LUPA 4000 goes in latch up (draw high current) as soon as
all power supplies are turned on at the same time. The sensor
comes out of latch up and starts working normally as soon as it
is clocked. A power supply with a 400 mA limit is recommended
to avoid damage to the sensor. It is recommended to avoid the
time that the device is in the latch up state, so clocking of the
sensor should start as soon as the system is turned on.
To completely avoid latch up of the image sensor, the following
sequence should be taken into account:
1. Apply Vdd
2. Apply clocks and digital pulses to the sensor to count 1024
clock_x and 2048 clock_y pulses to empty the shift registers
3. Apply other supplies
Biasing and Analog Signals
The analog output levels that may be expected are between 0.3V
for a white, saturated, pixel and 1.3V for a black pixel.
Two output stages are foreseen, each consisting of two output
amplifiers, resulting in four outputs. One output amplifier is used
for the analog signal resulting from the pixels. The second
amplifier is used for a DC reference signal. The DC level from
the buffer is defined by a DAC, which is controlled by a 7-bit word
downloaded in the SPI. Additionally, an extra bit in the SPI
defines if one or two output stages are used.
Table 10 summarizes the biasing signals required to drive this
image sensor. To optimize biasing of column amplifiers to power
dissipation, several biasing resistors are required. This
optimisation results in an increase of signal swing and dynamic
range.
Table 10. Overview of Bias Signals
Signal
Out_load
Comment
Related Module
DC Level
Connect with 60 KΩ to Voo and capacitor of 100 nF to Gnd
Output stage
0.7 V
dec_x_load
Connect with 2 MΩ to Vdd and capacitor of 100 nF to Gnd
X-addressing
0.4 V
muxbus_load
Connect with 25 KΩ to Vaa and capacitor of 100 nF to Gnd
Multiplex bus
0.8 V
nsf_load
Connect with 5 KΩ to Vaa and capacitor of 100 nF to Gnd
Column amplifiers
1.2 V
uni_load_fast
Connect with 10 KΩ to Vaa and capacitor of 100 nF to Gnd
Column amplifiers
1.2 V
uni_load
Connect with 1 MΩ to Vaa and capacitor of 100 nF to Gnd
Column amplifiers
0.5 V
pre_load
Connect with 3 KΩ to Vaa and capacitor of 100 nF to Gnd
Column amplifiers
1.4 V
col_load
Connect with 1 MΩ to Vaa and capacitor of 100 nF to Gnd
Column amplifiers
0.5 V
dec_y_load
Connect with 2 MΩ to Vdd and capacitor of 100 nF to Gnd
Y-addressing
0.4 V
psf_load
Connect with 1 MΩ to Vaa and capacitor of 100 nF to Gnd
Column amplifiers
precharge_bias
Connect with 1kΩ to Vdd and capacitor of at least 200 nF to Gnd Pixel drivers
Document Number: 38-05712 Rev. *C
0.5 V
1.4V
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CYIL1SM4000AA
Each biasing signal determines the operation of a corresponding
module in the sense that it controls speed and dissipation. Some
modules have two biasing resistors: one to achieve the high
speed and another to minimize power dissipation.
Pixel Array Signals
The pixel array of the image sensor requires digital control
signals and several different power supplies. This section
explains the relation between the control signals and the applied
supplies and the internal generated pixel array signals.
Figure 12 illustrates that the internal generated pixel array
signals are Reset, Sample, Precharge, Vmem, and Row_select.
These are internal generated signals derived by on-chip drivers
from external applied signals. Row_select is generated by the y
addressing and is not be discussed in this section.
The function of each of the signals is:
Reset: Resets the pixel and initiates the integration time. If reset
is high, then the photodiode is forced to a certain voltage. This
depends on Vpix (pixel supply) and the high level of reset signal.
The higher these signals or supplies, the higher the
voltage-swing. The limitation on the high level of Reset and Vpix
is 3.3V. Nevertheless, there is no use increasing Vpix without
increasing the reset level. The opposite is true. Additionally, it is
this reset pulse that also controls the dual or multiple slope
feature inside the pixel. By giving a reset pulse during
integration, but not at full reset level, the photodiode is reset to a
new value, only if this value is sufficient decreased due to light
illumination.
The low level of reset is 0V, but the high level is 2.5V or higher
(3.3V) for the normal reset and a lower (<2.5V) level for the
multiple slope reset.
Precharge: Precharge serves as a load for the first source
follower in the pixel and is activated to overwrite the current
information on the storage node by the new information on the
photodiode. Precharge is controlled by an external digital signal
between 0 and 2.5V.
Sample: Samples the photodiode information onto the memory
element. This signal is also a standard digital level between 0
and 2.5V.
Vmem: This signal increases the information on the memory
element with a certain offset. This increases the output voltage
variation. Vmem changes between Vmem_l (2.5V) and Vmem_h
(3.3V).
Figure 12. Internal Timing of Pixel
(Levels are defined by the pixel array voltage supplies; for correct polarities of the signals refer to Table 11)
The signals in Figure 12 are generated from the on-chip drivers.
These on-chip drivers need two types of signals to generate the
exact type of signal. It needs digital control signals between 0
and 3.3V (internally converted to 2.5V) with normal driving
capability and power supplies. The control signals are required
to indicate the moment they need to occur and the power
supplies indicate the level.
Vmem is made of a control signal Mem_hl and 2 supplies
Vmem_h and Vmem_l. If the signal Mem_hl is the logic ‘0’ than
the internal signal Vmem is low, if Mem_hl is logic ‘1’ the internal
signal Vmem is high.
Reset is made by means of two control signals: Reset and
Reset_ds and two supplies: Vres and Vres_ds. Depending on
the signal that becomes active, the corresponding supply level is
applied to the pixel.
Table 11 summarizes the relation between the internal and
external pixel array signals.
Table 11. Overview of Internal and External Pixel Array Signals
Vlow
Vhigh
External Control Signal
Low DC Level
High DC Level
Precharge
Internal Signal
0
0.45V
Precharge (AL)
Vpre_l
Controlled by bias-resistor
Sample
0
2.5V
Sample (AL)
Gnd
Vdd
Reset
0
2.5 to 3.3V
Reset (AH) and Reset_ds
(AH)
Gnd
Vres and Vres_ds
Vmem
2.0 to 2.5V
2.5 to 3.3V
Mem_hl (AL)
Vmem_l
Document Number: 38-05712 Rev. *C
Vmem_h
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In case the dual slope operation is desired, you need to give a
second reset pulse to a lower reset level during integration. This
is done by the control signal Reset_ds and by the power supply
Vres_ds that defines the level to which the pixel has to be reset.
Note that Reset is dominant over Reset_ds, which means that
the high voltage level is applied for reset, if both pulses occur at
the same time.
Note that multiple slopes are possible having multiple Reset_ds
pulses with a lower Vres_ds level for each pulse given within the
same integration time
The rise and fall times of the internal generated signals are not
very fast (200 ns). In fact they are made rather slow to limit the
maximum current through the power supply lines (Vmem_h,
Vmem_l, Vres, Vres_ds, Vdd). Current limitation of those power
supplies is not required. Nevertheless, it is advisable to limit the
currents not higher than 400 mA.
The power supply Vmem_l must be able to sink this current
because it must be able to discharge the internal capacitance
from the level Vmem_h to the level Vmem_l. The external control
signals should be capable of driving input capacitance of about
10 pF.
■
Spi_load (AH[4]): when the SPI register is uploaded, then the
data is internally available on the rising edge of SPI_load.
■
Sh_kol (AL[5]): control signal of the column readout. Is used in
sample and hold mode and in binning mode.
■
Norowsel (AH[4]): Control signal of the column readout. (see
Timing and Readout of Image Sensor).
■
Pre_col (AL[5]): Control signal of the column readout to reduce
row blanking time.
■
Voltage averaging (AH[4]): Signal required obtaining voltage
averaging of 2 pixels.
Test Signals
The test structures implemented in this image sensor are:
■
Array of pixels (6*12) which outputs are tied together: used for
spectral response measurement.
■
Temperature diode (2): Apply a forward current of 10 μA to 100
μA and measure the voltage VT of the diode. VT varies linear
with the temperature (VT decreases with approximately 1.6
mV/°C).
■
End of scan pulses (do not use to trigger other signals):
Digital Signals
The digital signals control the readout of the image sensor.
These signals are:
■
Sync_y (AH[4]): Starts the readout of the frame. This pulse
synchronises the y-address register: active high. This signal is
at the same time the end of the frame or window and determines
the window width.
■
Clock_y (AH[4]): Clock of the y-register. On the rising edge of
this clock, the next line is selected.
■
Sync_x (AH[4]): Starts the readout of the selected line at the
address defined by the x-address register. This pulse
synchronises the x-address register: active high. This signal is
at the same time the end of the line and determines the window
length.
■
Clock_x (AH[4]): Determines the pixel rate. A clock of 33 MHz
is required to achieve a pixel rate of 66MHz.
■
Spi_data (AH[4]): the data for the SPI.
■
Spi_clock (AH[4]): clock of the SPI. This clock downloads the
data into the SPI register.
❐
Eos_x: end of scan signal: is an output signal, indicating when
the end of the line is reached. Is not generated when doing
windowing.
❐ Eos_y: end of scan signal: is an output signal, indicating when
the end of the frame is reached. Is not generated when doing
windowing.
❐ Eos_spi: output signal of the SPI to check if the data is
transferred correctly through the SPI.
Timing and Readout of Image Sensor
The timing of the LUPA 4000 sensor consists of two parts. The
first part is related to the control of the pixels, the integration time,
and the signal level. The second part is related to the readout of
the image sensor. As full synchronous shutter is possible with
this image sensor, integration time and readout can be in parallel
or sequential.
In the parallel mode the integration time of the frame I is ongoing
during readout of frame I-1. Figure 13 shows this parallel timing
structure
Figure 13. Integration and Readout in Parallel
Read frame I
Read frame I + 1
Integration I + 1
Integration I + 2
Notes
4. AH: Active High
5. AL: Active Low
Document Number: 38-05712 Rev. *C
Page 13 of 31
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CYIL1SM4000AA
The control of the frame’s readout and integration time are
independent of each other with the only exception that the end
of the integration time from frame I+1 is the beginning of the
readout of frame I+1.
The LUPA 4000 sensor is also used in sequential mode
(triggered snapshot mode) where readout and integration is
sequential. Figure 14 shows this sequential timing.
Figure 14. Integration and Readout in Sequence
Integration I
Read frame I
Timing of Pixel Array
The first part of the timing is related to the timing of the pixel
array. This implies control of integration time, synchronous
shutter operation, and sampling of the pixel information onto the
memory element inside each pixel. The signals required for this
control are described in Pixel Array Signals and in Figure 12.
Integration I + 1
Read frame I + 1
Figure 15 shows the external applied signals required to control
the pixel array. At the end of the integration time from frame I+1,
the signals Mem_hl, Precharge, and Sample must be given. The
reset signal controls the integration time, which is defined as the
time between the falling edge of reset and the rising edge of
sample.
Figure 15. Pixel Array Timing
(The integration time is determined by the falling edge of the reset pulse. The longer the pulse is high, the shorter the
integration time. At the end of the integration time, the information has to be stored onto the memory element for readout.)
Timing Specifications for each signal are shown in Table 12.
Table 12. Timing specifications
■
Falling edge of Precharge is equal or later than falling edge of
Vmem.
a
Mem_HL
5 - 8.2 μs
■
Sample is overlapping with precharge.
b
Precharge
3 - 6 μs
■
Rising edge of Vmem is more than 200 ns after rising edge of
Sample.
c
Sample
5 - 8 μs
d
Precharge-Sample
> 2 μs
e
Integration time
> 1 μs
■
Rising edge of reset is equal or later than rising edge of Vmem.
Document Number: 38-05712 Rev. *C
Symbol
Name
Value
Page 14 of 31
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CYIL1SM4000AA
The timing of the pixel array is straightforward. Before the frame
is read, the information on the photodiode must be stored onto
the memory element inside the pixels. This is done with the
signals Mem_hl, Precharge, and Sample. When Precharge is
activated, it serves as a load for the first source follower in the
pixel. Sample stores the photodiode information onto the
memory element. Mem_hl pumps up this value to reduce the loss
of signal in the pixel and this signal must be the envelop of
Precharge and Sample. After Mem_hl is high again, the readout
of the pixel array starts. The frame blanking time or frame
overhead time is thus the time that Mem_hl is low, which is about
5 μs. After the readout starts, the photodiodes can all be
initialised by reset for the next integration time. The minimal
integration time is the minimal time between the falling edge of
reset and the rising edge of sample. Keeping the slow fall times
of the corresponding internal generated signals in mind, the
minimal integration time is about 2 μs.
An additional reset pulse of minimum 2 μs can be given during
integration by asserting Reset_ds to implement the double slope
integration mode.
Readout of Image Sensor
As soon as the information of the pixels is stored in to the
memory element of each pixel, it can be readout sequentially.
Integration and readout can also be done in parallel.
The readout timing is straightforward and is basically controlled
by sync and clock pulses.
Figure 16 shows the top level concept of this timing. The readout
of a frame consists of the frame overhead time, the selection of
the lines sequentially, and the readout of the pixels of the
selected line.
Figure 16. Readout of Image Sensor
(F.O.T: Frame Overhead Time. R.O.T: Row Overhead Time. L: Selection of Line, C: Selection of Column)
Read frame I
Integration I + 2
Readout Lines
F.O.T
L1
L2
L3
L2048
Readout pixels
R.O.T
C1
C2
The readout of an image consists of the FOT (Frame overhead
time) and the sequential selection of all pixels. The FOT is the
overhead time between two frames to transfer the information on
the photodiode to the memory elements. Figure 15 shows that at
this time Mem_hl is low (typically 5 μs). After the FOT, the
information is stored into the memory elements and a sequential
selection of rows and columns makes sure the frame is read.
X and Y Addressing
To readout a frame the lines are selected sequentially. Figure 17
gives the timing to select the lines sequentially. This is done with
Document Number: 38-05712 Rev. *C
C2048
a Clock_y and Sync_y signal. The Sync_y signals synchronises
the y-addressing and initialises the y-address selection registers.
The start address is the address downloaded in the SPI
multiplied by two.
On the rising edge of Clock_y the next line is selected. The
Sync_y signal is dominant and from the moment it occurs the
y-address registers are initialised. If a Sync_y pulse is given
before the end of the frame is reached, only a part of the frame
is read. To obtain a correct initialisation, Sync_y must contain at
least one rising edge of Clock_y when it is active.
Page 15 of 31
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CYIL1SM4000AA
Figure 17. X and Y Addressing
Table 13. Readout Timing Specifications
Symbol
Name
Value
a
Sync_Y
>20 ns
b
Sync_Y-Clock_Y
>0 ns
c
Clock_Y-Sync_Y
>0 ns
d
NoRowSel
>50 ns
e
Pre_col
>50 ns
f
Sh_col
200 ns
g
Voltage averaging
>20 ns
h
Sync_X-Clock_X
>0 ns
As soon as a new line is selected, it must be read out by the
output amplifiers. Before the pixels of the selected line can be
multiplexed onto the output amplifiers, wait for a certain time,
indicated as the ROT or Row overhead time shown in Figure 17.
This is the time to get the data stable from the pixels to the output
bus before the output stages. This ROT is in fact lost time and
rather critical in a high speed sensor. Different timings to reduce
this ROT are explained later in this section.
Note that the pixel rate is the double frequency of the Clock_x
frequency. To obtain a pixel rate of 66 MHz, apply a pixel clock
Clock_x of 33MHz. When only one analog output is used, two
pixels are output every Clock_x period. When Clock_x is high,
the first pixel is selected; when Clock_x is low, the next pixel is
selected. Consequently, during one complete period of Clock_x
two pixels are read out by the output amplifier.
During the selection of one line, 2048 pixels are selected. These
2048 pixels must be read out by one (or two) output amplifier.
If two analog outputs are used each Clock-X period one pixel is
presented at each output.
Document Number: 38-05712 Rev. *C
Page 16 of 31
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Figure 18. X-Addressing
Clock_x, Sync_x, internal selection pixel 1 and 2, internal selection pixel 3 and 4, internal selection pixel 5 and 6
The first pixel selected is the x-address downloaded in the SPI.
The starting address is the number downloaded into the SPI,
multiplied with 2.
Windowing is achieved by a starting address downloaded in the
SPI and the size of the window. In the x-direction, the size is
determined by the moment a new Clock_y is given. In the
y-direction, the sync_y pulse determines the size. The best way
Document Number: 38-05712 Rev. *C
to obtain a certain window is by using an internal counter in the
controller.
Figure 18 is the simulation result after extraction of the layout
module from a different sensor to show the principle. In this figure
the pixel clock has a frequency of 50 MHz, which results in a pixel
rate of 100 Msamples/sec.
Figure 19 shows the relation between the applied Clock_x and
the output signal.
Page 17 of 31
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CYIL1SM4000AA
Figure 19. Output Signal Related to Clock_x Signal
From bottom to top: Clock_x, Sync_x and output. Output level before the first pixel is the level of the last pixel on previous line
Pixel 1
Pixel2….: Pixel period : 20nsec
saturated
Output 1
dark
Sync_x
Clock_x:
25MHz
As soon as Sync_x is high and one rising edge of Clock_x
occurs, the pixels are brought to the analog outputs. This is again
the simulation result of a comparable sensor to show the
principle.
Note the time difference between the clock edge and the moment
the data is seen at the output. As this time difference is very
difficult to predict in advance, it is advisable to have the ADC
sampling clock flexible to set an optimal Add sampling point. The
Document Number: 38-05712 Rev. *C
time differences can easily vary between 5 ns and 15 ns and
must be tested on the real devices.
Reduced ROT Timing
The row overhead time is the time between the selection of lines
that you must wait to get the data stable at the column amplifiers.
It is a loss in time, which should be reduced as much as possible.
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CYIL1SM4000AA
Standard Timing (200 ns)
Figure 20. Standard Timing for the ROT
Only pre_col and Norowsel control signals are required
In this case, the control signals Norowsel and pre_col are made
active for about 20 ns from the moment the next line is selected.
The time these pulses must be active is related to the biasing
resistance Pre_load. The lower this resistance, the shorter the
pulse duration of Norowsel and pre_col may be. After these
pulses are given, wait for at least 180 ns before the first pixel is
sampled. For this mode Sh_col must be made active (low) all the
time.
Backup Timing (ROT =100-200 ns)
A straightforward way of reducing the ROT is by using a sample
and hold function.
By means of Sh_col the analog data is tracked during the first
100 ns during the selection of a new set of lines. After 100 ns,
the analog data is stored. The ROT is in this case reduced to 100
ns, but as the internal data is not stable yet, dynamic range is lost
because not the complete analog levels are reached yet after
100 ns.
Figure 21 shows this principle. Sh_col is now a pulse of 100
ns-200 ns starting at the same moment as pre_col and Norowsel.
The duration of Sh_col is equal to the ROT. The shorter this time
the shorter the ROT; however, this also lowers the dynamic
range.
In case "voltage averaging" is required, the sensor must work in
this mode with Sh_col signal and a "voltage averaging" signal
must be generated after Sh_col drops and before the readout
starts (see Figure 17)
Figure 21. Reduced Standard ROT with Sh_col Signal
pre_col (short pulse), Norowsel (short pulse) and Sh_col (large pulse)
Precharging the Buses
This timing mode is exactly the same as the mode without
sample and hold, except that the prebus1 and prebus2 signals
are activated. Note that precharging of the buses can be
combined with all of the timing modes discussed earlier. The idea
Document Number: 38-05712 Rev. *C
is to have a short pulse of about 5 ns to precharge the output
buses to a well known level. This mode makes the ghosting of
bad columns impossible.
In this mode, Nsf_load must be made much larger (at least 1
MΩ).
Page 19 of 31
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CYIL1SM4000AA
Figure 22. X and Y Addressing with Precharging of the Buses
Table 14. Readout Timing Specifications with Precharching of the Buses
Symbol
Name
Value
a
Sync_Y
>20 ns
b
Sync_Y-Clock_Y
>0 ns
c
Clock_Y-Sync_Y
>0 ns
d
NoRowSel
>50 ns
e
Pre_col
>50 ns
f
Sh_col
200 ns (or cst low, depending on timing mode)
g
Voltage averaging
>20 ns
h
Sync_X-Clock_X
>0 ns
i
Prebus pulse
As short as possible
Document Number: 38-05712 Rev. *C
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CYIL1SM4000AA
Serial-Parallel-Interface (SPI)
The SPI is required to upload the different modes. Table 15 shows the parameters and their bit position
Table 15. SPI parameters
Parameter
Bit #
Remarks
Y-direction
0
1: From bottom to top
Y-address
1-10
Bit 1 is LSB
X-voltage averaging enable
11
1: Enabled
X-subsampling
12
1: Subsampling
X-direction
13
0: From left to right
X-address
14-23
Bit 14 is LSB
Nr output amplifiers
24
0: 1 Output
DAC
25-31
Bit 25 is LSB
When all zeros are loaded into the SPI, the sensor starts at pixel
0,0. The scanning is from left to right and from top to bottom.
There is no sub sampling or voltage averaging and only one
output is used. The DAC has the lowest level at its output.
When using sub sampling, only even X-addresses may be
applied.
Figure 23. SPI Block Diagram and Timing
To sensor
D
Load_addr
Q
32 outputs to sensor
Bit 31
spi_in
Clock_spi
C
Entire uploadable block
Load_addr
Spi_in
Clock_spi
Bit 0
D
Q
C
Unity Ce ll
Clock_spi
spi_in
Load_addr
Document Number: 38-05712 Rev. *C
B0
B1
B2
B31
command
applied to
sensor
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CYIL1SM4000AA
Pin List
Table 16 is a list of all the pins and their functionalities.
Table 16. Pin List[6, 7, 8]
Pad
Pin
1
E1
2
F1
3
D2
Pin Name
sync_x
Pin Type
Description
Input
Digital input. Synchronises the X-address register.
eos_x
Testpin
Indicates when the end of the line is reached.
vdd
Supply
Power supply digital modules.
4
G2
clock_x
Input
Digital input. Determines the pixel rate.
5
G1
eos_spi
Testpin
Checks if the data is transferred correctly through the SPI.
6
F2
spi_data
Input
Digital input. Data for the SPI.
7
H1
spi_load
Input
Digital input. Loads data into the SPI.
8
H2
spi_clock
Input
Digital input. Clock for the SPI.
9
J2
gndo
Ground
Ground output stages
10
J1
out2
Output
Analog output 2.
11
K1
out2DC
Output
Reference output 2.
12
M2
voo
Supply
Power supply output stages
13
L1
out1DC
Output
Reference output 1.
14
M1
out1
Output
Analog output 1.
15
N2
gndo
Ground
Ground output stages.
16
P1
vaa
Supply
Power supply analog modules.
17
P2
gnda
Ground
Ground analog modules.
18
N1
va3
Supply
Power supply column modules.
19
P3
vpix
Supply
Power supply pixel array.
20
Q1
psf_load
Input
Analog reference input. Biasing for column modules. Connect with R=1 MΩ
to Vaa and decouple with C=100 nF to gnda.
21
Q2
nsf_load
Input
Analog reference input. Biasing for column modules. Connect with R=5 kΩ
to Vaa and decouple with C=100 nF to gnda.
22
R1
muxbus_load
Input
Analog reference input. Biasing for multiplex bus. Connect with R=25 kΩ to
Vaa and decouple with C=100 nF to gnda.
23
R2
uni_load_fast
Input
Analog reference input. Biasing for column modules. Connect with R=10
kΩ to Vaa and decouple with C=100 nF to gnda.
24
Q3
pre_load
Input
Analog reference input. Biasing for column modules. Connect with R=3 kΩ
to Vaa and decouple with C=100 nF to gnda.
25
Q4
out_load
Input
Analog reference input. Biasing for output stage. Connect with R=60 kΩ to
Vaa and decouple with C=100 nF to gnda.
26
N3
dec_x_load
Input
Analog reference input. Biasing for X-addressing. Connect with R=2 MΩ to
Vdd and decouple with C=100 nF to gndd.
27
Q5
uni_load
Input
Analog reference input. Biasing for column modules. Connect with R=1 MΩ
to Vaa and decouple with C=100 nF to gnda.
28
Q6
col_load
Input
Analog reference input. Biasing for column modules. Connect with R=1 MΩ
to Vaa and decouple with C=100 nF to gnda.
29
Q7
dec_y_load
Input
Analog reference input. Biasing for Y-addressing. Connect with R=2 MΩ to
Vdd and decouple with C=100 nF to gndd.
30
R3
vdd
Supply
Power supply digital modules.
31
M3
gndd
Ground
Ground digital modules.
32
L2
prebus1
Input
Digital input. Control signal to reduce readout time.
Document Number: 38-05712 Rev. *C
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Table 16. Pin List[6, 7, 8] (continued)
Pad
Pin
Pin Name
Pin Type
Description
33
L3
prebus2
Input
Digital input. Control signal to reduce readout time.
34
Q8
sh_col
Input
Digital input. Control signal of the column readout.
35
R4
pre_col
Input
Digital input. Control signal of the column readout to reduce row-blanking
time.
36
R5
norowsel
Input
Digital input. Control signal of the column readout.
37
R6
clock_y
Input
Digital input. Clock of the Y-addressing.
38
R7
sync_y
Input
Digital input. Synchronises the Y-address register.
39
K2
eos_y_r
Testpin
Indicates when the end of frame is reached when scanning in the 'right'
direction.
40
Q9
temp_diode_p
Testpin
Anode of temperature diode.
41
Q10
temp_diode_n
Testpin
Cathode of temperature diode.
42
R8
vpix
Supply
Power supply pixel array.
43
R9
vmem_l
Supply
Power supply Vmem drivers.
44
R10
vmem_h
Supply
Power supply Vmem drivers.
45
R11
vres
Supply
Power supply reset drivers.
46
Q11
vres_ds
Supply
Power supply reset drivers.
47
R12
adc1_ref_low
Input
Analog reference input. Low reference voltage of ADC (see Figure 9 for
exact resistor value).
48
Q12
adc1_linear_conv
Input
Digital input. 0= linear conversion; 1= gamma correction.
49
P15
adc1_bit_9
Output
Digital output 1 <9> (MSB).
50
Q14
adc1_bit_8
Output
Digital output 1 <8>.
51
Q15
adc1_bit_7
Output
Digital output 1 <7>.
52
R13
adc1_bit_6
Output
Digital output 1 <6>.
53
R14
adc1_bit_5
Output
Digital output 1 <5>.
54
R15
adc1_bit_4
Output
Digital output 1 <4>.
55
P14
adc1_bit_3
Output
Digital output 1 <3>.
56
Q13
adc1_bit_2
Output
Digital output 1 <2>.
57
R16
adc1_bit_1
Output
Digital output 1 <1>.
58
Q16
adc1_bit_0
Output
Digital output 1 <0> (LSB).
59
P16
adc1_clock
Input
ADC clock input.
60
N14
adc1_gndd
Supply
Digital GND of ADC circuitry.
61
N15
adc1_vddd
Supply
Digital supply of ADC circuitry (nominal 2.5V).
62
L16
adc1_gnda
Supply
Analog GND of ADC circuitry.
63
L15
adc1_vdda
Supply
Analog supply of ADC circuitry (nominal 2.5V).
64
N16
adc1_bit_inv
Input
Digital input. 0=no inversion of output bits; 1 = inversion of output bits.
65
M16
adc1_CMD_SS
Input
Analog reference input. Biasing of second stage of ADC. Connect to VDDA
with R=50 kΩ and decouple with C=100 nF to GNDa.
66
L14
adc1_nalog_in
Input
Analog input of first ADC.
67
M15
adc1_CMD_FS
Input
Analog reference input. Biasing of first stage of ADC. Connect to VDDA with
R=50 kΩand decouple with C=100 nF to GNDa.
68
M14
adc1_ref_high
Input
Analog reference input. High reference voltage of ADC.
(see Figure 9 for exact resistor value)
69
K14
vres_ds
Supply
Power supply reset drivers.
70
J14
vres
Supply
Power supply reset drivers.
Document Number: 38-05712 Rev. *C
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Table 16. Pin List[6, 7, 8] (continued)
Pad
Pin
Pin Name
71
J15
vpre_l
72
J16
73
K15
74
75
76
Pin Type
Description
Supply
Power supply precharge drivers. Must be able to sink current. Can also be
connected to ground.
vdd
Supply
Power supply digital modules.
vmem_h
Supply
Power supply Vmem drivers.
K16
vmem_l
Supply
Power supply Vmem drivers.
H15
adc2_ref_low
Input
Analog reference input. Low reference voltage of ADC.
(see Figure 9 for exact resistor value)
H16
adc2_linear_conv
Input
Digital input. 0= linear conversion; 1= gamma correction.
77
G16
adc2_bit_9
Output
Digital output 2 <9> (MSB).
78
F16
adc2_bit_8
Output
Digital output 2 <8>.
79
E16
adc2_bit_7
Output
Digital output 2 <7>.
80
G15
adc2_bit_6
Output
Digital output 2 <6>.
81
G14
adc2_bit_5
Output
Digital output 2 <5>.
82
F14
adc2_bit_4
Output
Digital output 2 <4>.
83
E14
adc2_bit_3
Output
Digital output 2 <3>.
84
D16
adc2_bit_2
Output
Digital output 2 <2>.
85
E15
adc2_bit_1
Output
Digital output 2 <1>.
86
F15
adc2_bit_0
Output
Digital output 2 <0> (LSB).
87
D15
adc2_clock
Input
ADC clock input.
88
C15
adc2_gndd
Supply
Digital GND of ADC circuitry.
89
D14
adc2_vddd
Supply
Digital supply of ADC circuitry (nominal 2.5V).
90
B16
adc2_gnda
Supply
Analog GND of ADC circuitry.
91
B14
adc2_vdda
Supply
Analog supply of ADC circuitry (nominal 2.5V).
92
C16
adc2_bit_inv
Input
Digital input. 0=no inversion of output bits; 1 = inversion of output bits.
93
A16
adc2_CMD_SS
Input
Biasing of second stage of ADC. Connect to VDDA with R=50 kΩ and
decouple with C=100 nF to GNDa.
94
B15
adc2_analog_in
Input
Analog input 2nd ADC.
95
A15
adc2_adc2_CMD_FS
Input
Analog reference input. Biasing of first stage of ADC. Connect to VDDA with
R=50 kΩ and decouple with C=100 nF to GNDa.
96
A14
adc2_ref_high
Input
Analog reference input. High reference voltage of ADC.
(see Figure 9 for exact resistor value)
97
C14
vres_ds
Supply
Power supply reset drivers.
98
B13
vres
Supply
Power supply reset drivers.
99
A13
vmem_h
Supply
Power supply Vmem drivers.
100
A9
vmem_l
Supply
Power supply Vmem drivers.
101
A10
vpix
Supply
Power supply pixel array.
102
A11
reset
Input
Digital input. Control of reset signal in the pixel.
103
A12
reset_ds
Input
Digital input. Control of double slope reset in the pixel.
104
B7
mem_hl
Input
Digital input. Control of Vmem signal in pixel.
105
B8
precharge
Input
Digital input. Control of Vprecharge signal in pixel.
106
B9
sample
Input
Digital input. Control of Vsample signal in pixel.
107
B10
temp_diode_n
Testpin
Cathode of temperature diode.
108
B11
temp_diode_p
Testpin
Anode of temperature diode.
Document Number: 38-05712 Rev. *C
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CYIL1SM4000AA
Table 16. Pin List[6, 7, 8] (continued)
Pad
Pin
Pin Name
precharge_bias
Pin Type
Description
109
B6
Input
Analog reference input. Biasing for pixel array. (see Table 10 for exact
resistor and capacitor value).
110
A8
111
A7
photodiode
Testpin
Output photodiode.
gndd
Ground
Ground digital modules.
112
B12
vdd
Supply
Power supply digital modules.
113
A6
eos_y_l
Testpin
Indicates when the end of frame is reached when scanning in the 'left'
direction.
114
A1
sync_y
Input
Digital input. Synchronises the Y-address register.
115
A5
clock_y
Input
Digital input. Clock of the Y-addressing.
116
A2
norowsel
Input
Digital input. Control signal of the column readout.
117
A3
volt. averaging
Input
Digital input. Control signal of the voltage averaging in the column readout.
118
B5
pre_col
Input
Digital input. Control signal of the column readout to reduce row-blanking
time.
119
A4
sh_col
Input
Digital input. Control signal of the column readout.
120
B1
prebus2
Input
Digital input. Control signal to reduce readout time.
121
B2
prebus1
Input
Digital input. Control signal to reduce readout time.
122
C1
dec_y_load
Input
Analog reference input. Biasing for Y-addressing.
123
D1
vpix
Supply
Power supply pixel array.
124
B4
va3
Supply
Power supply column modules.
125
B3
gnda
Ground
Ground analog modules.
126
C2
vaa
Supply
Power supply analog modules.
127
E2
gndd
Ground
Ground digital modules.
Notes
6. All pins with the same name can be connected together.
7. All digital input are active high (unless mentioned otherwise).
8. All unused inputs should be tied to a non active level (For example, VDD or GND).
Document Number: 38-05712 Rev. *C
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CYIL1SM4000AA
Package Drawing
Figure 24. LUPA 4000: 127 Pin PGA Package Drawing
001-07580 *A
Document Number: 38-05712 Rev. *C
Page 26 of 31
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CYIL1SM4000AA
Bonding Diagram
The die is bonded to the bonding pads of the package as shown in Figure 25.
Additional Package Information
■
Die size: 25610 um X 27200 um
■
Cavity pad: 27000 um X 29007 um
■
Pixel 0,0 is located at 478 um from the left hand side of the die and 1366 um from the bottom side of the die.
Figure 25. Bonding Pads Diagram of the LUPA 4000 Package
001-48359 **
Document Number: 38-05712 Rev. *C
Page 27 of 31
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CYIL1SM4000AA
Glass Transmittance
A D263 glass is used as protection glass lid on top of the LUPA 4000 monochrome sensors. Figure 26 shows the transmission
characteristics of the D263 glass.
Figure 26. Transmission Characteristics of the D263 Glass used for LUPA 4000 Sensors
100
Transmission [%]
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
400
500
600
700
800
900
Wavelength [nm ]
Handling Precautions and Recommended Storage
Conditions
For proper handling and storage conditions, refer to the Cypress
application note, AN52561 on www.cypress.com.
Document Number: 38-05712 Rev. *C
Limited Warranty
Cypress Image Sensor Business Unit warrants that the image
sensor products mentioned here, if properly used and serviced,
conform to the seller's published specifications. They are free
from defects in material and workmanship for one (1) year
following the date of shipment. If a defect is identified within the
one (1) year period, Cypress will either replace the product or
give credit for the product.
Page 28 of 31
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CYIL1SM4000AA
Appendix A: LUPA 4000 Evaluation System
An LUPA 4000 evaluation kit is available for evaluation
purposes. This kit consists of a multifunctional digital board
(memory, sequencer, and Ethernet) and an analog image sensor
board.
Bench Tools software (under Win 2000 or XP) allows the
grabbing and display of images and movies from the sensor. All
acquired images and movies can be stored in different file
formats (8 or 16 bit). All setting can be adjusted on the fly to
evaluate the sensors specifications. Default register values can
be loaded to start the software in a desired state.
Figure 27. Contents of LUPA 4000 Evaluation Kit
For more information on Image Sensors, contact [email protected].
Document Number: 38-05712 Rev. *C
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CYIL1SM4000AA
Appendix B: Frequently Asked Questions
Q: How does the dual (multiple) slope extended dynamic range mode works?
A: The green lines in Figure 28 are the analog signal on the photodiode, which decrease as a result of exposure. The slope is
determined by the amount of light at each pixel (the more light the steeper the slope). When the pixels reach the saturation level the
analog signal does not change despite further exposure. Without any double slope, pulse pixels p3 and p4 reaches saturation before
the sample moment of the analog values, no signal is acquired without double slope. When double slope is enabled a second reset
pulse is given (blue line) at a certain time before the end of the integration time. This double slope reset pulse resets the analog signal
of the pixels BELOW this level to the reset level. After the reset the analog signal starts to decrease with the same slope as before
the double slope reset pulse. If the double slope reset pulse is placed at the end of the integration time (90% for instance) the analog
signal that reaches the saturation levels are not saturated anymore (this increases the optical dynamic range) at read out. Note that
pixel signals above the double slope reset level are not influenced by this double slope reset pulse (p1 and p2).
Figure 28. Dual Slope Diagram
Reset pulse
Read out
Double slope reset pulse
Reset level 1
p1
Reset level 2
p2
p3
p4
Saturation level
Double slope reset time (usually 510% of the total integration time)
Total integration time
Document Number: 38-05712 Rev. *C
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CYIL1SM4000AA
Document History Page
Document Title: CYIL1SM4000AA LUPA 4000: 4 MegaPixel CMOS Image Sensor
Document Number: 38-05712
Rev.
ECN No.
Orig. of
Change
Submission
Date
**
310396
FPW
See ECN
*A
497132
QGS
See ECN
Converted to Frame file
*B
649219
FPW
See ECN
Ordering information update+ title update + package spec label
*C
2738057
NVEA/PYRS
07/16/09
Updated template, extensive content edits
Description of Change
Initial Cypress Release
Sales, Solutions, and Legal Information
Worldwide Sales and Design Support
Cypress offers standard and customized CMOS image sensors for consumer as well as industrial and professional applications.
Consumer applications include solutions for fast growing high speed machine vision, motion monitoring, medical imaging, intelligent
traffic systems, security, and barcode applications. Cypress's customized CMOS image sensors are characterized by very high pixel
counts, large area, very high frame rates, large dynamic range, and high sensitivity.
Cypress maintains a worldwide network of offices, solution centers, manufacturer's representatives, and distributors. For more
information on Image sensors, please contact [email protected].
© Cypress Semiconductor Corporation, 2009. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice. Cypress Semiconductor Corporation assumes no responsibility for the use of any
circuitry other than circuitry embodied in a Cypress product. Nor does it convey or imply any license under patent or other rights. Cypress products are not warranted nor intended to be used for medical,
life support, life saving, critical control or safety applications, unless pursuant to an express written agreement with Cypress. Furthermore, Cypress does not authorize its products for use as critical
components in life-support systems where a malfunction or failure may reasonably be expected to result in significant injury to the user. The inclusion of Cypress products in life-support systems
application implies that the manufacturer assumes all risk of such use and in doing so indemnifies Cypress against all charges.
Any Source Code (software and/or firmware) is owned by Cypress Semiconductor Corporation (Cypress) and is protected by and subject to worldwide patent protection (United States and foreign),
United States copyright laws and international treaty provisions. Cypress hereby grants to licensee a personal, non-exclusive, non-transferable license to copy, use, modify, create derivative works of,
and compile the Cypress Source Code and derivative works for the sole purpose of creating custom software and or firmware in support of licensee product to be used only in conjunction with a Cypress
integrated circuit as specified in the applicable agreement. Any reproduction, modification, translation, compilation, or representation of this Source Code except as specified above is prohibited without
the express written permission of Cypress.
Disclaimer: CYPRESS MAKES NO WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, WITH REGARD TO THIS MATERIAL, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Cypress reserves the right to make changes without further notice to the materials described herein. Cypress does not
assume any liability arising out of the application or use of any product or circuit described herein. Cypress does not authorize its products for use as critical components in life-support systems where
a malfunction or failure may reasonably be expected to result in significant injury to the user. The inclusion of Cypress’ product in a life-support systems application implies that the manufacturer
assumes all risk of such use and in doing so indemnifies Cypress against all charges.
Use may be limited by and subject to the applicable Cypress software license agreement.
Document Number: 38-05712 Rev. *C
Revised July 16, 2009
Page 31 of 31
All products and company names mentioned in this document may be the trademarks of their respective holders
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