AD ADP3194

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6-Bit, Programmable 2-/3-/4-Phase,
Synchronous Buck Controller
ADP3194
FEATURES
VCC
RAMPADJ
RT
28
14
13
ADP3194
SHUNT
REGULATOR
OSCILLATOR
UVLO
SHUTDOWN
AND BIAS
EN 11
SET
RESET
CMP
GND 19
EN
27 PWM1
DAC + 150mV
26 PWM2
CMP
RESET
2-/3-/4-PHASE
DRIVER LOGIC
RESET
CMP
RESET
24 PWM4
CMP
CSREF
CURREN TBALANCING
CIRCUIT
25 PWM3
DAC – 250mV
DELAY
PWRGD 10
CROWBAR
CURRENT
LIMIT
23 SW1
22 SW2
ILIMIT 15
21 SW3
EN
20 SW4
APPLICATIONS
Desktop PC power supplies for
Next-generation Intel® processors
VRM modules
Games consoles
CURREN TLIMIT
CIRCUIT
DELAY 12
SOFT
START
17 CSSUM
16 CSREF
18 CSCOMP
8 FB
COMP 9
PRECISION
REFERENCE
7
FBRTN
VID
DAC
1
2
3
4
5
6
VID4 VID3 VID2 VID1 VID0 VID5
06022-001
Selectable 2-, 3-, or 4-phase operation
Up to 1 MHz per phase
±9.5 mV worst-case differential sensing error
over temperature
Logic-level PWM outputs for interface to external
high power drivers
PWM Flex-ModeTM architecture for excellent load
transient performance
Active current balancing between all output phases
Built-in power good/crowbar blanking supports OTF VID
code changes
6-bit digitally programmable 0.8375 V to 1.6 V output
Programmable short circuit protection with programmable
latch-off delay
FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM
Figure 1. Functional Block Diagram
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The ADP3194 1 is a highly efficient, multiphase, synchronous
buck switching regulator controller optimized for converting a
5 V or 12 V main supply into the core supply voltage required
by high performance Intel processors. It uses an internal 6-bit
DAC to read a voltage identification (VID) code directly from
the processor that is used to set the output voltage between
0.8375 V and 1.6 V. The device uses a multimode PWM architecture to drive the logic-level outputs at a programmable
switching frequency that can be optimized for VR size and
efficiency. The phase relationship of the output signals can be
programmed to provide 2-, 3-, or 4-phase operation, allowing
for the construction of up to four complementary buck switching stages.
The ADP3194 also includes programmable, no-load offset,
and slope functions to adjust the output voltage as a function
of the load current, so it is always optimally positioned for a
system transient. The ADP3194 also provides accurate and
reliable short-circuit protection, adjustable current limiting,
and a delayed power good output that accommodates on-thefly (OTF) output voltage changes requested by the CPU.
The devices are specified over the commercial temperature
range of 0°C to +85°C and are available in a 28-lead TSSOP.
1
Protected by U. S. Patent Number 6,683,441; other patents pending.
Rev. 0
Information furnished by Analog Devices is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no
responsibility is assumed by Analog Devices for its use, nor for any infringements of patents or other
rights of third parties that may result from its use. Specifications subject to change without notice. No
license is granted by implication or otherwise under any patent or patent rights of Analog Devices.
Trademarks and registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
One Technology Way, P.O. Box 9106, Norwood, MA 02062-9106, U.S.A.
Tel: 781.329.4700
www.analog.com
Fax: 781.461.3113
©2006 Analog Devices, Inc. All rights reserved.
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ADP3194
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Features .............................................................................................. 1
Designing an Inductor............................................................... 14
Applications....................................................................................... 1
Sense Resistor.............................................................................. 14
Functional Block Diagram .............................................................. 1
Sense Resistor Selection ............................................................ 14
General Description ......................................................................... 1
Output Droop Resistance–Sense Resistor............................... 14
Revision History ............................................................................... 2
Output Offset .............................................................................. 15
Specifications..................................................................................... 3
Absolute Maximum Ratings............................................................ 5
Design Comparison Trade-Off Between DCR and Sense
Resistor ........................................................................................ 15
ESD Caution.................................................................................. 5
COUT Selection ............................................................................. 16
Pin Configuration and Function Descriptions............................. 6
Ramp Resistor Selection............................................................ 17
Typical Performance Characteristic and Test Circuits ................ 7
COMP Pin Ramp ....................................................................... 17
Theory of Operation ........................................................................ 8
Current-Limit Setpoint.............................................................. 17
Startup Sequence .......................................................................... 8
Feedback Loop Compensation Design.................................... 17
Master Clock Frequency.............................................................. 8
CIN Selection and Input Current di/dt Reduction.................. 19
Output Voltage Differential Sensing .......................................... 8
Tuning the ADP3194 ................................................................. 20
Output Current Sensing .............................................................. 8
RAMPADJ Filter......................................................................... 22
Active Impedance Control Mode............................................... 9
Shunt Resistor Design................................................................ 22
Current-Control Mode and Thermal Balance.......................... 9
Design Example Using DCR Method.......................................... 23
Voltage Control Mode.................................................................. 9
Inductor Selection Using DCR................................................. 23
Soft Start ........................................................................................ 9
Designing an Inductor Using DCR.......................................... 23
Current-Limit, Short-Circuit, and Latch-Off Protection...... 10
Inductor DCR Temperature Correction ................................. 23
Dynamic VID.............................................................................. 10
Output Droop Resistance–DCR Method................................ 24
Power Good Monitoring ........................................................... 12
Power MOSFETs......................................................................... 24
Output Crowbar ......................................................................... 12
Layout and Component Placement.............................................. 26
Output Enable and UVLO ........................................................ 12
General Recommendations....................................................... 26
Application Information................................................................ 13
Power Circuitry Recommendations ........................................ 26
Setting the Clock Frequency ..................................................... 13
Signal Circuitry Recommendations......................................... 26
Soft Start and Current-Limit Latch-Off Delay Times ........... 13
Outline Dimensions ....................................................................... 29
Inductor Selection ...................................................................... 13
Ordering Guide .......................................................................... 29
REVISION HISTORY
10/06—Revision 0: Initial Version
Rev. 0 | Page 2 of 32
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ADP3194
SPECIFICATIONS
VCC = 5 V, FBRTN = GND, TA = 0°C to +85°C, unless otherwise noted. 1
Table 1.
Parameter
ERROR AMPLIFIER
Output Voltage Range
Accuracy
Accuracy
Line Regulation
Input Bias Current
FBRTN Current
Output Current
Gain Bandwidth Product
Slew Rate
VID INPUTS
Input Low Voltage
Input High Voltage
Input Current, Input Voltage Low
Input Current, Input Voltage High
Pull-Up Resistance
Internal Pull-Up Voltage
VID Transition Delay Time 2
No CPU Detection Turn-Off Delay Time2
OSCILLATOR
Frequency Range2
Frequency Variation
Output Voltage
RAMPADJ Output Voltage
RAMPADJ Input Current Range
CURRENT SENSE AMPLIFIER
Offset Voltage
Input Bias Current
Gain Bandwidth Product
Slew Rate
Input Common-Mode Range
Positioning Accuracy
Output Voltage Range
Output Current
CURRENT BALANCE CIRCUIT
Common-Mode Range
Input Resistance
Input Current
Input Current Matching 3
Symbol
VCOMP
VFB
VFB
ΔVFB
IFB
IFBRTN
IO(ERR)
GBW(ERR)
VIL(VID)
VIH(VID)
IIL(VIDX)
IIH(VIDX)
RVID
Conditions
Relative to nominal DAC output, referenced
to FBRTN, CSSUM = CSCOMP; VOUT < 1 V
Relative to nominal DAC output, referenced
to FBRTN, CSSUM = CSCOMP; VOUT > 1 V
VCC = 4.75 V to 5.25 V
VRT
VRAMPADJ
IRAMPADJ
VOS(CSA)
IBIAS(CSSUM)
GBW(CSA)
Max
Unit
0
−8.0
VCC
+8.0
V
mV
−9.5
+9.5
mV
14
FB forced to VOUT – 3%
COMP = FB
CCOMP = 10 pF
0.05
15.5
100
500
20
25
17
140
0.4
VID(X) = 0 V
VID(X) = 1.25 V
TA = +25°C, RT = 247 kΩ, 4-phase
TA = +25°C, RT = 138 kΩ, 4-phase
TA = +25°C, RT = 84 kΩ, 4-phase
RT = 100 kΩ to GND
RAMPADJ – FB
CSSUM – CSREF
CCSCOMP = 10 pF
CSSUM and CSREF
ΔVFB
35
1.0
400
400
0.25
1.55
1.8
–50
0
–25
5
60
1.2
2
3
4
2.0
–1.5
–10
–35
15
85
4.5
2.45
2.3
+50
100
+1.5
+10
10
10
0
–77
0.05
ICSCOMP
VSW(X)CM
RSW(X)
ISW(X)
ΔISW(X)
Typ
0.8
VID code change to FB change
VID code change to 11111 to PWM going low
fOSC
fPHASE
Min
–80
3
–83
VCC
500
SW(X) = 0 V
SW(X) = 0 V
SW(X) = 0 V
Rev. 0 | Page 3 of 32
–600
12
5
–5
20
11
+200
28
17
+5
%
μA
μA
μA
MHz
V/μs
V
V
μA
μA
kΩ
V
ns
ns
MHz
MHz
MHz
MHz
V
mV
μA
mV
nA
MHz
V/μs
V
mV
V
μA
mV
kΩ
μA
%
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ADP3194
Parameter
CURRENT LIMIT COMPARATOR
Output Voltage
Normal Mode
Shutdown Mode
Output Current, Normal Mode
Maximum Output Current2
Current Limit Threshold Voltage
Current Limit Setting Ratio
DELAY Normal Mode Voltage
DELAY Overcurrent Threshold
Latch-Off Delay Time
SOFT START
Output Current, Soft Start Mode
Soft Start Delay Time
ENABLE INPUT
Input Low Voltage
Input High Voltage
Input Current
POWER GOOD COMPARATOR
Undervoltage Threshold
Overvoltage Threshold
Output Low Voltage
Power Good Delay Time
During Soft Start
VID Code Changing
VID Code Static
Crowbar Trip Point
Crowbar Reset Point
Crowbar Delay Time
VID Code Changing
VID Code Static
PWM OUTPUTS
Output Low Voltage
Output High Voltage
SUPPLY—ADP3194
VCC
DC Supply Current
UVLO Threshold Voltage
UVLO Hysteresis
1
2
3
Symbol
Conditions
Min
Typ
Max
Unit
VILIMIT(NM)
VILIMIT(SD)
IILIMIT(NM)
EN > 0.8 V, RILIMIT = 250 kΩ
EN < 0.4 V, IILIMIT = –100 μA
EN > 0.8 V, RILIMIT = 250 kΩ
2.8
3
3.3
400
V
mV
μA
μA
mV
mV/μA
V
V
ms
VCL
VDELAY(NM)
VDELAY(OC)
tDELAY
VCSREF – VCSCOMP, RILIMIT = 250 kΩ
VCL/IILIMIT
RDELAY = 250 kΩ
RDELAY = 250 kΩ
RDELAY = 250 kΩ, CDELAY = 12 nF
IDELAY(SS)
tDELAY(SS)
During startup, DELAY < 2.8 V
RDELAY = 250 kΩ, CDELAY = 12 nF, VID code = 011111
VIL(EN)
VIH(EN)
IIL(EN)
VPWRGD(UV)
VPWRGD(OV)
VOL(PWRGD)
VCROWBAR
tCROWBAR
VOL(PWM)
VOH(PWM)
2.8
1.6
15
125
10.4
3
1.9
1.5
145
20
1
25
μA
ms
0.4
+1
V
V
μA
–300
200
400
mV
mV
mV
200
650
ms
μs
ns
mV
mV
0.8
–1
Relative to nominal DAC output
Relative to nominal DAC output
IPWRGD(SINK) = 4 mA
–180
90
RDELAY = 250 kΩ, CDELAY = 12 nF, VID code = 011111
1
100
Relative to nominal DAC output
Relative to FBRTN
Overvoltage to PWM going low
Blanking time
IPWM(SINK) = –400 μA
IPWM(SOURCE) = +400 μA
VSYSTEM = 12 V, RSHUNT = 300 Ω
VCC
VUVLO
12
60
105
90
450
100
4.0
4.75
VCC rising
All limits at temperature extremes are guaranteed via correlation using standard statistical quality control (SQC).
Guaranteed by design, not production tested.
Relative current matching from each phase to the average of all four phases.
Rev. 0 | Page 4 of 32
6.3
–250
150
225
250
200
150
550
3.3
2.2
250
400
160
5
5
20
7
0.9
μs
ns
500
30
8.0
mV
V
V
mA
V
V
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ADP3194
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS
Table 2.
Parameter
VCC
VID4 to VID0, VID5
FBRTN
SW1 to SW4
All Other Inputs and Outputs
Storage Temperature Range
Operating Ambient Temperature Range
Operating Junction Temperature
Thermal Impedance (θJA)
Lead Temperature
Soldering (10 sec)
Vapor Phase (60 sec)
Infrared (15 sec)
Rating
–0.3 V to +6 V
–0.3 V to +6 V
–0.3 V to +0.3 V
−5 V to +25 V
–0.3 V to VCC + 0.3 V
–65°C to +150°C
0°C to +85°C
125°C
100°C/W
300°C
215°C
220°C
Stresses above those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings
may cause permanent damage to the device. This is a stress
rating only; functional operation of the device at these or any
other conditions above those indicated in the operational
section of this specification is not implied. Exposure to absolute
maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect
device reliability.
Absolute maximum ratings apply individually only, not in
combination. Unless otherwise specified, all other voltages
are referenced to GND.
ESD CAUTION
Rev. 0 | Page 5 of 32
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ADP3194
PIN CONFIGURATION AND FUNCTION DESCRIPTIONS
VID4 1
28 VCC
VID3 2
27 PWM1
VID2 3
26 PWM2
VID1 4
25 PWM3
24 PWM4
VID5 6
FBRTN 7
ADP3194
TOP VIEW
(Not to Scale)
23 SW1
22 SW2
FB 8
21 SW3
COMP 9
20 SW4
PWRGD 10
19 GND
EN 11
18 CSCOMP
DELAY 12
17 CSSUM
RT 13
16 CSREF
RAMPADJ 14
15 ILIMIT
06022-002
VID0
5
Figure 2. Pin Configuration
Table 3. Pin Function Descriptions
Pin No.
1 to 6
Mnemonic
VID4 to VID0,
VID5
7
8
FBRTN
FB
9
10
COMP
PWRGD
11
12
EN
DELAY
13
RT
14
RAMPADJ
15
ILIMIT
16
CSREF
17
CSSUM
18
CSCOMP
19
20 to 23
GND
SW4 to SW1
24 to 27
PWM4 to
PMW1
28
VCC
Description
Voltage Identification DAC Inputs. These six pins are pulled up to an internal reference, providing Logic 1
is left open. When in normal operation mode, the DAC output programs the FB regulation voltage from
0.8375 V to 1.6 V (see Table 2). Leaving all the VID pins open results in ADP3194 going into a No CPU mode,
shutting off their PWM outputs and pulling the PWRGD output low.
Feedback Return. VID DAC and error amplifier reference for remote sensing of the output voltage.
Feedback Input. Error amplifier input for remote sensing of the output voltage. An external resistor between
this pin and the output voltage sets the no-load offset point.
Error Amplifier Output and Compensation Point.
Power Good Output. Open drain output that signals when the output voltage is outside of the proper operating range.
Power Supply Enable Input. Pulling this pin to GND disables the PWM outputs and pulls the PWRGD output low.
Soft Start Delay and Current-Limit Latch-Off Delay Setting Input. An external resistor and capacitor connected
between this pin and GND sets the soft start ramp-up time and the overcurrent latch-off delay time.
Frequency Setting Resistor Input. An external resistor connected between this pin and GND sets the oscillator
frequency of the device.
PWM Ramp Current Input. An external resistor from the converter input voltage to this pin sets the internal
PWM ramp.
Current Limit Set Point/Enable Output. An external resistor from this pin to GND sets the current limit thresh
old of the converter. This pin is actively pulled low when the ADP3194 EN input is low or when VCC is below
its UVLO threshold to signal to the driver IC that the driver high-side and low-side outputs should go low.
Current Sense Reference Voltage Input. The voltage on this pin is used as the reference for the current sense
amplifier and the power good and crowbar functions. This pin should be connected to the common point of
the output inductors.
Current Sense Summing Node. External resistors from each switch node to this pin sum the average inductor
currents together to measure the total output current.
Current Sense Compensation Point. A resistor and capacitor from this pin to CSSUM determines the slope of the
load line and the positioning loop response time.
Ground. All internal biasing and the logic output signals of the device are referenced to this ground.
Current Balance Inputs. Inputs for measuring the current level in each phase. Leave the SW pins of unused
phases open.
Logic Level PWM Outputs. Each output is connected to the input of an external MOSFET driver such as the
ADP3120A. Connecting the PWM3 and/or PWM4 outputs to GND causes that phase to turn off, allowing the
ADP3194 to operate as a 2-, 3-, or 4-phase controller.
A 300 Ω resistor should be placed between the 12 V system supply and the VCC pin to ensure 5 V.
Rev. 0 | Page 6 of 32
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ADP3194
TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTIC AND TEST CIRCUITS
7000
12V
6000
ADP3194
300Ω
VCC
28
4000
CSCOMP
18
3000
100nF
39kΩ
CSSUM
17
2000
1kΩ
CSREF
1000
1.0V
0
100
200
300
400
500
RT (kΩ)
600
700
800
GND
06022-003
0
16
900
VOS =
19
Figure 3. Master Clock Frequency vs. RT (kΩ)
CSCOMP – 1V
40
Figure 5. Current Sense Amplifier VOS
12V
ADP3194
2 VID3
PWM1 27
3 VID2
PWM2 26
4 VID1
PWM3 25
5 VID0
PWM4 24
6 VID5
SW1 23
7 FBRTN
SW2 22
8 FB
SW3 21
9 COMP
SW4 20
10 PWRGD
GND 19
11 EN
12V
250kΩ
VCC
28
200kΩ
200kΩ
CSCOMP 18
12 DELAY
CSSUM 17
13 RT
CSREF 16
14 RAMPADJ
ADP3194
300Ω
20kΩ
12nF
100nF
100nF
CSSUM
ΔV
CSREF
16
1.0V
ILIMIT 15
250kΩ
CSCOMP
18
17
100nF
GND
19
06022-004
1.25V
+
1µF
ΔVFB = FBΔV = 80mV – FBΔV = 0mV
Figure 4. Closed-Loop Output Voltage Accuracy
Figure 6. Positioning Voltage
Rev. 0 | Page 7 of 32
06022-006
VCC 28
6-BIT CODE
1kΩ
300Ω
1 VID4
06022-005
FREQUENCY (kHz)
5000
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ADP3194
THEORY OF OPERATION
The ADP3194 combines a multimode, fixed frequency PWM
control with multiphase logic outputs for use in 2-, 3-, and
4-phase synchronous buck CPU core supply power converters.
The internal VID DAC is designed to interface with the Intel
6-bit VRD/VRM 10- and 10.1-compatible CPUs. Multiphase
operation is important for producing the high currents and
low voltages demanded by today’s microprocessors. Handling
the high currents in a single-phase converter places high thermal
demands on the components in the system, such as the inductors
and MOSFETs.
The multimode control of the ADP3194 ensures a stable, high
performance topology for
•
Balancing currents and thermals between phases
•
High speed response at the lowest possible switching
frequency and output decoupling
•
Minimizing thermal switching losses due to lower
frequency operation
•
Tight load line regulation and accuracy
•
High current output for up to 4-phase operation
•
Reduced output ripple due to multiphase cancellation
•
PC board layout noise immunity
•
Ease of use and design due to independent component
selection
•
Flexibility in operation for tailoring design to low cost or
high performance
After this time, if the PWM output is not grounded, the 5 kΩ
resistance is removed and it switches between 0 V and 5 V. If the
PWM output is grounded, it remains off. The PWM outputs are
logic-level devices intended for driving external gate drivers,
such as the ADP3120A. Because each phase is monitored independently, operation approaching 100% duty cycle is possible.
Also, more than one output can be on at the same time for
overlapping phases.
MASTER CLOCK FREQUENCY
The clock frequency of the ADP3194 is set with an external
resistor connected from the RT pin to ground. The frequency
follows the graph in Figure 3. To determine the frequency per
phase, the clock is divided by the number of phases in use. If
PWM4 is grounded, divide the master clock by 3 for the frequency of the remaining phases. If PWM3 and PWM4 are
grounded, divide by 2. If all phases are in use, divide by 4.
OUTPUT VOLTAGE DIFFERENTIAL SENSING
STARTUP SEQUENCE
During startup, the number of operational phases and their phase
relationship is determined by the internal circuitry that monitors
the PWM outputs. Normally, the ADP3194 operate as a 4-phase
PWM controller. Grounding the PWM4 pin programs 3-phase
operation, and grounding the PWM3 pin and the PWM4 pin
programs 2-phase operation.
When the ADP3194 are enabled, the controller outputs a voltage on PWM3 and PWM4, which is approximately 675 mV.
An internal comparator checks each pin’s voltage vs. a threshold
of 300 mV. If the pin is grounded, it is below the threshold, and
the phase is disabled. The output resistance of the PWM pins is
approximately 5 kΩ during this detection time. Any external
pull-down resistance connected to the PWM pins should not be
less than 25 kΩ to ensure proper operation. PWM1 and PWM2
are disabled during the phase detection interval that occurs during
the first two clock cycles of the internal oscillator.
The ADP3194 differential sense compares a high accuracy VID
DAC and a precision reference to implement a low offset error
amplifier. This maintains a worst-case specification of ±9.5 mV
differential sensing error over their full operating output voltage
and temperature range. The output voltage is sensed between
the FB pin and the FBRTN pin. Connect FB through a resistor
to the regulation point, usually the remote sense pin of the
microprocessor. Connect FBRTN directly to the remote sense
ground point. The internal VID DAC and precision reference
are referenced to FBRTN, which has a minimal current of 100 μA
to allow accurate remote sensing. The internal error amplifier
compares the output of the DAC to the FB pin to regulate the
output voltage.
OUTPUT CURRENT SENSING
The ADP3194 provide a dedicated current sense amplifier
(CSA) to monitor the total output current for proper voltage
positioning vs. load current and for current-limit detection.
Sensing the load current at the output gives the total average
current being delivered to the load, which is an inherently more
accurate method than peak current detection or sampling the
current across a sense element, such as the low-side MOSFET.
This amplifier can be configured several ways, depending on
the objectives of the system:
Output inductor DCR sensing without a thermistor for
lowest cost,
Output inductor DCR sensing with a thermistor for
improved accuracy with tracking of inductor temperature,
Sense resistors for highest accuracy measurements.
Rev. 0 | Page 8 of 32
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ADP3194
The positive input of the CSA is connected to the CSREF pin,
which is connected to the output voltage. The inputs to the
amplifier are summed together through resistors from the
sensing element (such as the switch node side of the output
inductors) to the inverting input, CSSUM. The feedback resistor between CSCOMP and CSSUM sets the gain of the amplifier
and a filter capacitor is placed in parallel with this resistor. The
gain of the amplifier is programmable by adjusting the feedback
resistor to set the load line required by the microprocessor.
The current information is then given as the difference of
CSREF − CSCOMP. This difference signal is used internally to
offset the VID DAC for voltage positioning and as a differential
input for the current-limit comparator.
To provide the best accuracy for sensing current, the CSA is
designed to have a low offset input voltage. Also, the sensing
gain is determined by external resistors, so it can be made
extremely accurate.
External resistors can be placed in series with individual phases
to create, if desired, an intentional current imbalance such as
when one phase may have better cooling and can support higher
currents. Resistor RSW1 through Resistor RSW4 (see the typical
application circuit in Figure 19 and Figure 20) can be used for
adjusting thermal balance. It is best to have the ability to add
these resistors during the initial design, so make sure that placeholders are provided in the layout.
To increase the current in any given phase, make RSW for this
phase larger (make RSW = 0 for the hottest phase, and do not
change during balancing). Increasing RSW to only 500 Ω makes
a substantial increase in phase current. Increase each RSW value
by small amounts to achieve balance, starting with the coolest
phase first.
VOLTAGE CONTROL MODE
ACTIVE IMPEDANCE CONTROL MODE
For controlling the dynamic output voltage droop as a function
of output current, a signal proportional to the total output current
at the CSCOMP pin can be scaled to equal the droop impedance of the regulator multiplied by the output current. This
droop voltage is then used to set the input control voltage to
the system. The droop voltage is subtracted from the DAC
reference input voltage directly to tell the error amplifier where
the output voltage should be. This differs from previous implementations and allows an enhanced feed-forward response.
CURRENT-CONTROL MODE AND
THERMAL BALANCE
The ADP3194 has individual inputs for each phase, which are
used for monitoring the current in each phase. This information is combined with an internal ramp to create a current
balancing feedback system, which has been optimized for
initial current balance accuracy and dynamic thermal balancing during operation. This current-balance information is
independent of the average output current information used
for positioning described previously.
The magnitude of the internal ramp can be set to optimize the
transient response of the system. It also monitors the supply
voltage for feed-forward control for changes in the supply. A
resistor connected from the power input voltage to the RAMPADJ
pin determines the slope of the internal PWM ramp. Detailed
information about programming the ramp is given in the
Application Information section.
A high gain bandwidth voltage mode error amplifier is used for
the voltage-mode control loop. The control input voltage to the
positive input is set via the VID logic according to the voltages
listed in Table 4. This voltage is also offset by the droop voltage
for active positioning of the output voltage as a function of the
current, commonly known as active voltage positioning. The
output of the amplifier is the COMP pin, which sets the termination voltage for the internal PWM ramps.
The negative input (FB) is tied to the output sense location with
a resistor (RB) and is used for sensing and controlling the output
voltage at this point. A current source from the FB pin flowing
through RB is used for setting the no-load offset voltage from
the VID voltage. The no-load voltage is negative with respect
to the VID DAC. The main loop compensation is incorporated
into the feedback network between FB and COMP.
SOFT START
The power-on ramp-up time of the output voltage is set with a
capacitor and resistor in parallel from the DELAY pin to ground.
The RC time constant also determines the current-limit latch-off
time. In UVLO, or when EN is logic low, the DELAY pin is held
at ground. After the UVLO threshold is reached and EN is logic
high, the DELAY capacitor is charged with an internal 20 μA
current source. The output voltage follows the ramping voltage
on the DELAY pin, limiting the inrush current. The soft start
time depends on the value of the VID DAC and CDLY, with a
secondary effect from RDLY. See the Application Information
section for detailed information on setting CDLY.
If EN is taken low or if VCC drops below UVLO, the DELAY
capacitor is reset to ground to be ready for another soft start
cycle. Figure 7 shows a typical soft start sequence for the ADP3194.
Rev. 0 | Page 9 of 32
www.DataSheet4U.com
ADP3194
This prevents the DELAY capacitor from discharging, so the
1.8 V threshold is never reached. The resistor has an impact on
the soft start time because the current through it adds to the
internal 20 μA current source.
During startup, when the output voltage is below 200 mV, a
secondary current limit is active. This is necessary because the
voltage swing of CSCOMP cannot go below ground. This secondary current limit controls the internal COMP voltage to the
PWM comparators to 2 V. This limits the voltage drop across
the low-side MOSFETs through the current balance circuitry.
06022-007
An inherent per phase current limit protects individual phases,
if one or more phases stops functioning because of a faulty component. This limit is based on the maximum normal mode
COMP voltage.
Figure 7. Typical Start-Up Waveforms
Channel 1: PWRGD, Channel 2: CSREF,
Channel 3: DELAY, Channel 4: COMP
CURRENT-LIMIT, SHORT-CIRCUIT, AND
LATCH-OFF PROTECTION
After the limit is reached, the 3 V pull-up on the DELAY pin is
disconnected, and the external delay capacitor is discharged
through the external resistor. A comparator monitors the DELAY
voltage and shuts off the controller when the voltage drops below
1.8 V. The current-limit latch-off delay time is, therefore, set by the
RC time constant discharging from 3 V to 1.8 V. The Application
Information section discusses the selection of CDLY and RDLY.
Because the controller continues to cycle the phases during the
latch-off delay time, the controller returns to normal operation
if the short is removed before the 1.8 V threshold is reached.
The recovery characteristic depends on the state of PWRGD. If
the output voltage is within the PWRGD window, the controller
resumes normal operation. However, if a short circuit has caused
the output voltage to drop below the PWRGD threshold, a soft
start cycle is initiated.
The latch-off function can be reset by either removing and reapplying VCC to the ADP3194 or by pulling the EN pin low for a
short time. To disable the short-circuit latch-off function, the
external resistor to ground should be left open, and a high value
(>1 MΩ) resistor should be connected from DELAY to VCC.
06022-008
The ADP3194 compares a programmable current-limit setpoint
to the voltage from the output of the current sense amplifier. The
level of current limit is set with the resistor from the ILIMIT pin
to ground. During normal operation, the voltage on ILIMIT is
3 V. The current through the external resistor is internally scaled
to give a current-limit threshold of 10.4 mV/μA. If the difference in
voltage between CSREF and CSCOMP rises above the currentlimit threshold, the internal current-limit amplifier controls the
internal COMP voltage to maintain the average output current at
the limit.
Figure 8. Overcurrent Latch-Off Waveforms
Channel 1: CSREF, Channel 2: DELAY,
Channel 3: COMP, Channel 4: Phase 1 Switch Node
DYNAMIC VID
The ADP3194 has the ability to dynamically change the VID
input while the controller is running. This allows the output
voltage to change while the supply is running and supplying
current to the load. This is commonly referred to as VID OTF.
A VID OTF can occur under either light or heavy load conditions.
The processor signals the controller by changing the VID inputs
in multiple steps from the start code to the finish code. This
change can be positive or negative.
When a VID input changes state, the ADP3194 detects the
change and ignores the DAC inputs for a minimum of 400 ns.
This time prevents a false code due to logic skew while the six
VID inputs are changing. Additionally, the first VID change
initiates the PWRGD and crowbar blanking functions for a
minimum of 100 μs to prevent a false PWRGD or crowbar
event. Each VID change resets the internal timer.
Rev. 0 | Page 10 of 32
www.DataSheet4U.com
ADP3194
Table 4. VID Codes for the ADP3194
VID4
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
VID3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
VID2
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
VID1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
VID0
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
VID5
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
Output
No CPU
No CPU
0.8375 V
0.8500 V
0.8625 V
0.8750 V
0.8875 V
0.9000 V
0.9125 V
0.9250 V
0.9375 V
0.9500 V
0.9625 V
0.9750 V
0.9875 V
1.0000 V
1.0125 V
1.0250 V
1.0375 V
1.0500 V
1.0625 V
1.0750 V
1.0875 V
1.1000 V
1.1125 V
1.1250 V
1.1375 V
1.1500 V
1.1625 V
1.1750 V
1.1875 V
1.2000 V
VID4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Rev. 0 | Page 11 of 32
VID3
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
VID2
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
VID1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
VID0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
VID5
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
Output
1.2125 V
1.2250 V
1.2375 V
1.2500 V
1.2625 V
1.2750 V
1.2875 V
1.3000 V
1.3125 V
1.3250 V
1.3375 V
1.3500 V
1.3625 V
1.3750 V
1.3875 V
1.4000 V
1.4125 V
1.4250 V
1.4375 V
1.4500 V
1.4625 V
1.4750 V
1.4875 V
1.5000 V
1.5125 V
1.5250 V
1.5375 V
1.5500 V
1.5625 V
1.5750 V
1.5875 V
1.6000 V
www.DataSheet4U.com
ADP3194
POWER GOOD MONITORING
The power good comparator monitors the output voltage via the
CSREF pin. The PWRGD pin is an open-drain output whose high
level (when connected to a pull-up resistor) indicates that the
output voltage is within the nominal limits specified in Table 4.
These limits are based on the VID voltage setting. PWRGD
goes low if the output voltage is outside of this specified range,
if all of the VID DAC inputs are high, or whenever the EN pin
is pulled low. PWRGD is blanked during a VID OTF event for
a period of 250 μs to prevent false signals during the time the
output is changing.
The PWRGD circuitry also incorporates an initial turn-on delay
time based on the DELAY ramp. The PWRGD pin is held low
until the DELAY pin reaches 2.6 V. The time between when the
PWRGD undervoltage threshold is reached and when the DELAY
pin reaches 2.6 V provides the turn-on delay time. This time is
incorporated into the soft start ramp. To ensure a 1 ms delay
time on PWRGD, the soft start ramp must also be >1 ms. See
the Application Information section for detailed information on
setting CDLY.
Turning on the low-side MOSFETs pulls down the output as the
reverse current builds up in the inductors. If the output overvoltage is due to a short in the high-side MOSFET, this action
current-limits the input supply or blows its fuse, protecting the
microprocessor from being destroyed.
OUTPUT ENABLE AND UVLO
For the ADP3194 to begin switching, the input supply (VCC)
to the controller must be higher than the UVLO threshold, and
the EN pin must be higher than its logic threshold. If UVLO is
less than the threshold or the EN pin is logic low, the ADP3194
is disabled. This holds the PWM outputs at ground, shorts the
DELAY capacitor to ground, and holds the ILIMIT pin at ground.
In the application circuit, the ILIMIT pin should be connected
to the OD pins of the ADP3120A drivers. Grounding ILIMIT
disables the drivers so that both the DRVH and DRVL are also
grounded. This feature is important in preventing the discharge
of the output capacitors when the controller is shut off. If the
driver outputs were not disabled, a negative voltage could be
generated during output due to the high current discharge of
the output capacitors through the inductors.
OUTPUT CROWBAR
As part of the protection for the load and output components
of the supply, the PWM outputs are driven low (turning on the
low-side MOSFETs) when the output voltage exceeds the upper
crowbar threshold. This crowbar action stops once the output
voltage falls below the release threshold of approximately 550 mV.
Rev. 0 | Page 12 of 32
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ADP3194
APPLICATION INFORMATION
The design parameters for a typical Intel VRD 10.1-compliant
CPU application are as follows:
However, as long as RDLY is kept greater than 200 kΩ, this effect
is minor. The value for CDLY can be approximated by
•
Input voltage (VIN) = 12 V
•
VID setting voltage (VVID) = 1.300 V
•
Duty cycle (D) = 0.108
where tSS is the desired soft start time.
•
Nominal output voltage at no load (VONL) = 1.281 V
•
Nominal output voltage at 101 A load (VOFL) = 1.159 V
•
Static output voltage drop based on a 1.2 mΩ load line
(RO) from no load to full load (VD) = VONL − VOFL =
1.281 V − 1.159 V = 121.2 mV
Assuming an RDLY of 390 kΩ and a desired soft start time of 3 ms,
CDLY is 36 nF. The closest standard value for CDLY is 39 nF. Once
CDLY is chosen, RDLY can be calculated for the current-limit latchoff time by
•
Maximum output current (IO) = 120 A
•
Maximum output current step (ΔIO) = 85 A
•
Number of phases (n) = 4
•
Switching frequency per phase (fSW) = 1.125 MHz
⎛
VVID
C DLY = ⎜ 20 μA −
⎜
RDLY
2
×
⎝
RDLY =
⎞ t SS
⎟×
⎟ V
VID
⎠
1.96 × t DELAY
(2)
(3)
C DLY
If the result for RDLY is less than 200 kΩ, a smaller soft start time
should be considered by recalculating Equation 2, or a longer latchoff time should be used. RDLY should never be less than 200 kΩ.
In this example, a delay time of 9 ms results in RDLY = 452 kΩ.
The closest standard 5% value is 470 kΩ.
SETTING THE CLOCK FREQUENCY
INDUCTOR SELECTION
The ADP3194 uses a fixed-frequency control architecture. The
frequency is set by an external timing resistor (RT). The clock
frequency and the number of phases determine the switching
frequency per phase, which relates directly to switching losses
and the sizes of the inductors and/or the input and output capacitors. With n = 4 for four phases, a clock frequency of 4 MHz
sets the switching frequency (fSW) of each phase to 1 MHz,
which represents a practical trade-off between the switching
losses and the sizes of the output filter components. Figure 3
shows that to achieve
4 MHz oscillator frequency, the correct value for RT is 84 kΩ.
3 MHz oscillator frequency, the correct value for RT is 138 kΩ.
2 MHz oscillator frequency, the correct value for RT is 247 kΩ.
Alternatively, the value for RT can be calculated using
The choice of inductance for the inductor determines the ripple
current in the inductor. Less inductance leads to more ripple
current, which increases the output ripple voltage and conduction
losses in the MOSFETs; but it allows using smaller inductors
and, for a specified peak-to-peak transient deviation, less total
output capacitance.
RT =
3
− 79 kΩ
n × f SW × 4.6 pF
Conversely, a higher inductance means lower ripple current
and reduced conduction losses but requires larger inductors
and more output capacitance for the same peak-to-peak transient
deviation. In any multiphase converter, a practical value for the
peak-to-peak inductor ripple current is less than 50% of the
maximum dc current in the same inductor. Equation 4 shows
the relationship between the inductance, oscillator frequency,
and peak-to-peak ripple current in the inductor.
(1)
where 4.6 pF and 79 kΩ are internal IC component values. For
good initial accuracy and frequency stability, a 1% resistor is
recommended.
IR =
(4)
f SW × L
Equation 5 can be used to determine the minimum inductance
based on a given output ripple voltage.
L≥
SOFT START AND CURRENT-LIMIT LATCH-OFF
DELAY TIMES
Because the soft start and current-limit latch-off delay functions
share the DELAY pin, these two parameters must be considered
together. The first step is to set CDLY for the soft start ramp. This
ramp is generated with a 20 μA internal current source. The value
of RDLY has a second-order impact on the soft start time because
it sinks part of the current source to ground.
VVID × (1 − D )
VVID × RO × (1 − (n × D ))
(5)
f SW × VRIPPLE
Solving Equation 5 for a 10 mV p-p output ripple voltage yields
L≥
1.3 V × 1.2 mΩ × (1 − 0.108)
1.125 M Hz × 4.4 mV
= 280 nH
If the resulting ripple voltage is less than it was designed for, make
the inductor smaller until the ripple value is met. This allows
optimal transient response and minimum output decoupling.
Rev. 0 | Page 13 of 32
www.DataSheet4U.com
ADP3194
The smallest possible inductor should be used to minimize the
number of output capacitors. For this example, choosing a 280 nH
inductor is a good starting point and gives a calculated ripple
current of 3.68 A. The inductor should not saturate at the peak
current of 31.84 A and should be able to handle the sum of the
power dissipation caused by the average current of 30 A in the
winding and core loss.
SENSE RESISTOR SELECTION
The resistance value of the sense resistor must be chosen to
minimize the conduction loss, but be large enough for accurate
current measurement. The lower the resistance, the lower the
signal to noise ratio that appears at the ADP3194 input. This
directly affects the current sense accuracy. A sense resistor of
1 mΩ is chosen. The power loss in the resistor is calculated as:
DESIGNING AN INDUCTOR
Once the inductance is known, the next step is either to design
an inductor or to find a standard inductor that comes as close as
possible to meeting the overall design goals.
The first decision in designing the inductor is to choose the core
material. Several possibilities for providing low core loss at high
frequencies include the powder cores (for example, Kool-Mμ®
from Magnetics, Inc. or from Micrometals) and the gapped soft
ferrite cores (for example, 3F3 or 3F4 from Philips). Avoid low
frequency powdered iron cores due to their high core loss, especially when the inductor value is relatively low and the ripple
current is high.
The best choice for a core geometry is a closed-loop type such
as a potentiometer core, PQ, U, or E core or toroid. A good
compromise between price and performance is a core with a
toroidal shape.
Many useful magnetics design references are available for
quickly designing a power inductor, such as Magnetic Designer
Software™ by Intusoft and Designing Magnetic Components for
High-Frequency DC-DC Converters, by William T. McLyman,
KG Magnetics, Inc., ISBN 1883107008.
PRS = I 2 × R SENSE
If the design has 30 A per phase, then:
PRS = 30 A × 30 A × 1 mΩ = 900 mW
This results in a 900mW conduction loss through the sense
resistor in a 30 A per phase design. Therefore, a 1 mΩ, 1 W sense
resistor is chosen. There is a parasitic inductance (LP) associated
with the sense resistor. This value can be found on the data sheet of
the sense resistor. A typical value is of the order of 2.2 nH.
OUTPUT DROOP RESISTANCE–SENSE RESISTOR
The design requires the regulator output voltage measured at
the CPU pins to drop when the output current increases. The
specified voltage drop corresponds to a dc output resistance (RO).
The output current is measured by summing the voltage across
each inductor and passing the signal through a low-pass filter.
This summer filter is the CS amplifier configured with resistors
RPH(X) (summers), and RCS and CCS (filter). The output resistance
of the regulator is set by the following equations:
RO =
Selecting a Standard Inductor
Power inductor manufacturers can provide design consultation and deliver power inductors optimized for high power
applications upon request. Such manufacturers include
Coilcraft, Coiltronics, Sumida Electric Company, and Vishay
Intertechnology.
SENSE RESISTOR
A dedicated sense resistor can be used for current sensing. An
advantage to this is the fact that there is much less temperature
variation than using the DCR method. Therefore, a thermistor
is not required. The trade-off is that a sense resistor is required
for each phase. So, one thermistor is saved, but four sense resistors
are needed in a four phase design. Also, there is extra power dissipation due to the sense resistor in series with the power delivery.
(6)
RCS
× RSENSE
RPH ( X )
(7)
LP
RSENSE × RCS
(8)
CCS =
where RSENSE is the resistance of the sense resistor.
The user has the flexibility of choosing either RCS or RPH(X). It is
best to select RCS equal to 100 kΩ, and then solve for RPH(X) by
rearranging Equation 6.
RPH ( X ) =
RSENSE
× RCS
RO
RPH ( X ) =
1.0 mΩ
1.2 mΩ
(9)
× 100 kΩ = 82.5 kΩ
Next, use Equation 8 to solve for CCS.
CCS =
2.2 nH
1.0 mΩ × 100 kΩ
= 220 pF
Therefore, set RCS equal to 100 kΩ, CCS equal to 220 pF, and RPH
equal to 82.5 kΩ.
Rev. 0 | Page 14 of 32
www.DataSheet4U.com
ADP3194
SENSE
1mΩ
1W
L2
280nH
560µF/4V × n
SANYO SEPC SERIES
+
+
VCC (CORE)
VCC (CORE) RTN
VCC 28
RPH1
ADP3194
RCB1
18
CCB1
CSSUM
CSREF
17
CCB2
KEEP THIS PATH
AS SHORT AS POSSIBLE
AND WELL AWAY FROM
SWITCH NODE LINES.
16
06022-009
CSCOMP
Figure 9. Using a Sense Resistor
OUTPUT OFFSET
Table 5. Input Parameters
RB =
RB =
VVID − VONL
I FB
1.3 V − 1.281 V
15.5 μA
(10)
= 1.22 kΩ
The closest standard 1% resistor value is 1.21 kΩ.
DESIGN COMPARISON TRADE-OFF BETWEEN DCR
AND SENSE RESISTOR
Cost
The inductor DCR method requires a thermistor, which costs
about $0.03. The RSENSE method requires an extra sense resistors
for each phase. This costs about 4 × $0.07 = $0.28. If it can also
meet the Intel accuracy specification of 25mV across the full
load range, then it is the preferred method in VR applications.
Parameter
N
DCR
Loadline
Imax
Istep
L error
C error
RSENSE error
Temp Rise
RSENSE vs. Temp
No-load Offset
Total Output Vripple
Inductor Iripple
Gain Factor for TC
Design Inputs
Sense Resistor Method
Value
4
1.00 mΩ
1.00 mΩ
120.0 A
90.0 A
0%
5%
1%
70°C
0.0 %
19.0 mV
8.0 mV
6.0 A
12
DCR Method
Value
4
1.00 mΩ
1.00 mΩ
120.0 A
90.0 A
20%
5%
5%
70°C
26.6%
19.0 mV
8.0 mV
6.0 A
12
30
ERROR FROM LOADLINE (± AMOUNT SHOWN)
THIS CHART IS ACTIVE.
28
26
Table 5 shows the accuracy results for a 4-phase VR10.1 application, using DCR method and sense resistor method. As can be
seen, the sense resistor method improves the accuracy slightly.
However, since the DCR method meets the Intel specification,
it is the preferred solution, for cost reasons.
24
ERROR (mV)
Accuracy
VRD10.1 SPEC
22
DCR METHOD
20
18
SENSE RESISTOR
METHOD
16
14
0
20
40
60
80
OUTPUT CURRENT (A)
100
120
06022-010
The Intel specification requires that at no load should the nominal output voltage of the regulator be offset to a value lower than
the nominal voltage corresponding to the VID code. The offset
is set by a constant current source flowing out of the FB pin (IFB)
and flowing through RB. The value of RB can be found using
Equation 10:
Figure 10. Accuracy Comparison of DCR and Sense Resistor Methods
Rev. 0 | Page 15 of 32
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ADP3194
larger than CX(MAX), the system cannot meet the VID OTF
specification and may require the use of a smaller inductor or
more phases (and may need the switching frequency to increase
to keep the out-put ripple the same).
COUT SELECTION
The required output decoupling for the regulator is typically
recommended by Intel for various processors and platforms.
Also, to determine what is required, use some simple design
guidelines that are based on having both bulk and ceramic
capacitors in the system.
The first thing is to select the total amount of ceramic capacitance. This is based on the number and type of capacitor to be
used. The best location for ceramic capacitors is inside the socket,
with 12 to 18 of Size 1206 being the physical limit. Additional
ceramic capacitors can be placed along the outer edge of the
socket as well.
This example uses 18, 22 μF 1206 MLC capacitors (CZ = 396 μF).
The VID on-the-fly step change is 450 mV in 230 μs with a settling
error of 2.5 mV. The maximum allowable load release overshoot for
this example is 50 mV, so solving for the bulk capacitance yields
⎞
⎛
⎟
⎜
⎟
⎜
280 nH × 85 A
C X ( MIN ) ≤ ⎜
− 396 μF ⎟ = 2.16 mF
⎛
⎟
⎜
50 mV ⎞
⎟ × 1. 3 V
⎟⎟
⎜⎜ 4 × ⎜⎜ 1.2 mΩ +
⎟
A
85
⎝
⎠
⎠
⎝
Combined ceramic values of 200 μF to 400 μF are recommended,
usually made up of multiple 10 μF or 22 μF capacitors. Select
the number of ceramic capacitors, and find the total ceramic
capacitance (CZ).
C X ( MAX ) ≤
Next, there is an upper limit imposed on the total amount of
bulk capacitance (CX) when considering the VID OTF voltage
stepping of the output (Voltage Step VV in Time tV with error
of VERR). A lower limit is based on meeting the capacitance for
load release for a given maximum load step, ∆IO, and a maximum allowable overshoot. The total amount of load release
voltage is given as
where K = 4.6.
ΔVO = ΔIO × RO + ΔVrl
where ΔVrl is the maximum allowable overshoot voltage.
⎛
⎞
⎜
⎟
⎜
⎟
L × Δ IO
C X ( MIN ) ≥ ⎜
− CZ ⎟
⎛
⎞
ΔVrl
⎜
⎟
⎜
⎟
⎜ n × ⎜ RO + ΔI ⎟ × VVID
⎟
O
⎝
⎠
⎝
⎠
⎛
⎛ VVID nKRO
VV ⎜
L
×
×
×
C X ( MAX ) =
⎜ 1 + ⎜⎜ tV
nK 2 RO2 VVID ⎜
L
⎝ VV
⎝
280 nH × 450 mV
4 × 4.62 × (1.2 mΩ ) 2 × 1.3 V
2
⎛
⎞
⎛ 250 μs × 1.3 V × 4 × 4.6 × 1.2 mΩ ⎞
⎜
⎟
⎜
⎟
− 1⎟ − 396 μF = 40.5 mF
⎜ 1+ ⎜
⎟
×
450
mV
280
nH
⎜
⎟
⎝
⎠
⎝
⎠
Using four 560 μF Al-Poly capacitors with a typical ESR of
5 mΩ each yields CX = 2.24 mF with an RX = 1.25 mΩ.
One last check should be made to ensure that the ESL of the
bulk capacitors (LX) is low enough to limit the high frequency
ringing during a load change. This is tested using
L X ≤ C Z × RO 2 × Q 2
(11)
2
⎞
⎞
⎟
⎟ − 1⎟ − C Z
⎟
⎟
⎠
⎠
(12)
⎛V ⎞
where K = 1n ⎜⎜ ERR ⎟⎟
⎝ VV ⎠
×
L X ≤ 396 μF × (1.2 mΩ )2 × 2 = 1.14 nH
(13)
where Q is limited to the square root of 2 to ensure a critically
damped system.
In this example, LX is approximately 175 pH for the four A1-Polys
capacitors, which satisfies this limitation. If the LX of the chosen
bulk capacitor bank is too large, the number of ceramic capacitors may need to be increased if there is excessive ringing.
For this multimode control technique, all ceramic designs can
be used as long as the conditions of Equation 11, Equation 12,
and Equation 13 are satisfied.
To meet the conditions of these equations and transient
response, the ESR of the bulk capacitor bank (RX) should be
less than two times the droop resistance (RO). If the CX(MIN) is
Rev. 0 | Page 16 of 32
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ADP3194
RAMP RESISTOR SELECTION
CURRENT-LIMIT SETPOINT
The ramp resistor (RR) is used for setting the size of the internal
PWM ramp. The value of this resistor is chosen to provide the
best combination of thermal balance, stability, and transient
response. The following equation is used for determining the
optimum value:
To select the current-limit setpoint, first find the resistor value
for RLIM. The current-limit threshold for the ADP3194 is set with a
3 V source (VLIM) across RLIM with a gain of 10.4 mV/μA (ALIM).
RLIM can be found using
RR =
AR × L
3 × AD × RDS × CR
(14)
RR =
0.2 × 280 nH
3 × 5 × 6.33 mΩ × 5 pF
= 118 kΩ
where:
AR × (1 − D ) × VVID
RR × CR × f SW
(15)
0.2 × (1 − 0.108 ) × 1.3 V
118 kΩ × 5 pF × 1.125 MHz
(17)
I LIM × RO
For values of RLIM greater than 500 kΩ, the current limit can be
lower than expected, so some adjustment of RLIM may be needed.
Here, ILIM is the average current limit for the output of the supply.
In this example, choosing a peak current limit of 185 A for ILIM
results in RLIM = 140 kΩ.
I PHLIM ≅
The internal ramp voltage magnitude can be calculated by using
VR =
ALIM × VLIM
The limit of the per-phase current-limit described earlier is
determined by
AR is the internal ramp amplifier gain
AD is the current balancing amplifier gain
RDS is the total low-side MOSFET on resistance
CR is the internal ramp capacitor value.
VR =
RLIM =
= 35 0 m V
The size of the internal ramp can be made larger or smaller. If
it is made larger, stability and transient response improve, but
thermal balance degrades. Likewise, if the ramp is made smaller,
thermal balance improves at the sacrifice of transient response
and stability. The factor of 3 in the denominator of Equation 14
sets a ramp size that gives an optimal balance for good stability,
transient response, and thermal balance.
VCOMP ( MAX ) − VR − V BIAS
A D × R DS ( MAX )
+
IR
2
For the ADP3194, the maximum COMP voltage (VCOMP(MAX)) is
3.3 V, the COMP pin bias voltage (VBIAS) is 1.2 V, and the currentbalancing amplifier gain (AD) is 5. Using VR of 0.35 V and RDS(MAX)
of 7 mΩ, the per-phase peak current limit is calculated to be
51.8 A. Although this number may seem high, this current level
can be reached only with an absolute short at the output, and the
current-limit latch-off function shuts down the regulator before
overheating can occur.
This limit can be adjusted by changing the ramp voltage (VR),
but make sure not to set the per-phase limit lower than the
average per-phase current (ILIM/n).
The per-phase initial duty cycle limit is determined by
D MAX = D ×
VCOMP ( MAX ) − VBIAS
VRT
COMP PIN RAMP
In this example, the maximum duty cycle is 0.46.
A ramp signal on the COMP pin is due to the droop voltage
and output voltage ramps. This ramp amplitude adds to the
internal ramp to produce the following overall ramp signal at
the PWM input:
FEEDBACK LOOP COMPENSATION DESIGN
VRT =
VR
⎛
2 × (1 − n × D )
⎜1 −
⎜ n× f ×C × R
X
SW
O
⎝
⎞
⎟
⎟
⎠
In this example, the overall ramp signal is 390 mV.
(16)
(18)
(19)
Optimized compensation of the ADP3194 allows the best possible response of the regulator’s output to a load change. The
basis for determining the optimum compensation is to make
the regulator and output decoupling appear as an output impedance that is entirely resistive over the widest possible frequency
range, including dc, and equal to the droop resistance (RO).
With the resistive output impedance, the output voltage droops
in proportion to the load current at any load current slew rate.
This ensures optimal positioning and allows minimization of
the output decoupling.
Rev. 0 | Page 17 of 32
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ADP3194
With the multimode feedback structure of the ADP3194, the
feedback compensation must be set to make the converter’s
output impedance, working in parallel with the output decoupling, to meet this goal. Several poles and zeros created by the
output inductor and decoupling capacitors (output filter) need
to be compensated for.
A type-three compensator on the voltage feedback is adequate
for proper compensation of the output filter. Equation 20 to
Equation 28 yield an optimal starting point for the design;
some adjustments may be necessary to account for PCB and
component parasitic effects (see the Layout and Component
Placement section).
TD =
RE = n × RO + AD × RDS +
VVID
2 × L × (1 − n × D ) × VRT
In this example, AD is 5, VRT equals 0.39 V, R' is approximately
0.5 mΩ (assuming a 4-layer, 1 ounce motherboard), and LX is
175 pH for the four Al-Poly capacitors.
The compensation values can then be solved using the following
equations:
(20)
n × C X × RO × VVID
TB = (RX + R′ − RO ) × C X
(22)
⎛
A × R DS
VRT × ⎜ L − D
⎜
2 × f SW
⎝
TC =
VVID × R E
⎞
⎟
⎟
⎠
n × R O × TA
RE × RB
TC
CA
(26)
CB =
TB
RB
(27)
C FB =
TD
RA
(28)
These are the starting values, prior to tuning the design, to
account for layout and other parasitic effects (see the Layout
and Component Placement section).
The final values selected after tuning are
(23)
Rev. 0 | Page 18 of 32
(25)
RA =
+
(21)
(24)
R' is the PCB resistance from the bulk capacitors to the ceramics
RDS is the total low-side MOSFET on resistance per phase.
CA =
R − R′
L
TA = C X × (RO − R′) + X × O
RO
RX
C X × (RO − R' ) + C Z × RO
where:
The first step is to compute the time constants for all of the
poles and zeros in the system:
RSENSE × VRT
C X × C Z × RO2
CA = 3.3 nF,
RA = 7.32 kΩ,
CB = 1 nF,
CFB = 33 pF.
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ADP3194
Figure 11 and Figure 12 show the typical transient response
using these compensation values.
CIN SELECTION AND INPUT CURRENT
di/dt REDUCTION
In continuous inductor current mode, the source current of the
high-side MOSFET is approximately a square wave with a duty
ratio equal to n × VOUT/VIN and an amplitude of one-nth the
maximum output current. To prevent large voltage transients,
a low ESR input capacitor, sized for the maximum rms current,
must be used. The maximum rms capacitor current is given by
I CRMS = D × I O ×
1
−1
N×D
(29)
06022-011
I CRMS = 0.108 × 119 A ×
1
− 1 = 14.7 A
4 × 0.108
The capacitor manufacturer’s ripple current ratings are often
based on only 2000 hours of life. This makes it advisable to
further derate the capacitor or to choose a capacitor rated at
a higher temperature than required. Several capacitors can be
placed in parallel to meet size or height requirements in the
design. In this example, the input capacitor bank is formed by
two 2700 μF, 16 V aluminum electrolytic capacitors and eight
4.7 μF ceramic capacitors.
Figure 11. Typical Transient Response
for Design Example Load Step
06022-012
To reduce the input current di/dt to a level below the recommended maximum of 0.1 A/μs, an additional small inductor
(L > 370 nH at 18 A) should be inserted between the converter
and the supply bus. This inductor also acts as a filter between
the converter and the primary power source.
06022-012
Figure 12. Typical Transient Response
for Design Example Load Release
Figure 13. Efficiency of the Circuit of Figure 10 vs. Output Current
Rev. 0 | Page 19 of 32
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ADP3194
TUNING THE ADP3194
1.
Build a circuit based on the compensation values
computed from the equations used in the example.
2.
Hook up the dc load to circuit, turn it on, and verify its
operation. Also, check for jitter at no load and full load.
DC Load Line Setting
3.
4.
5.
Repeat Step 4 until the cold and hot voltage measurements
remain the same.
6.
Measure the output voltage from no load to full load, using
5 Amps steps. Compute the load line slope for each change,
and then average to get the overall load line slope (ROMEAS).
7.
If ROMEAS is off from RO by more than 0.05 mΩ, use the
following to adjust the RPH values:
Measure the output voltage at no load (VNL). Verify it is
within tolerance.
RPH ( NEW ) = RPH (OLD ) ×
Measure the output voltage at full load cold (VFLCOLD). Let
the board sit for ~10 minutes at full load, and then measure
the output (VFLHOT). If there is a change of more than a few
millivolts, adjust RCS1 and RCS2, using Equation 30 and
Equation 31.
RCS2 ( NEW ) = RCS2 (OLD ) ×
VNL − VFLCOLD
VNL − VFLHOT
RCS1( NEW ) =
(
(30)
ROMEAS
RO
(31)
8.
Repeat Step 6 and Step 7 to check the load line, and repeat
adjustments if necessary.
9.
Once the dc load line adjustment is complete, do not
change RPH, RCS1, RCS2, or RTH for the remainder of the
procedure.
10. Measure the output ripple at no load and full load with a
scope, and make sure it is within specifications.
1
RCS1(OLD ) + RTH (25°C )
) (
× R
RCS1(OLD ) × RTH (25°C ) + R
CS1 (OLD ) − RCS2 ( NEW )
CS1 (OLD ) − RTH (25° C )
Rev. 0 | Page 20 of 32
)
−
1
RTH (25° C )
(32)
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ADP3194
AC Load Line Setting
Initial Transient Setting
11. Remove the dc load from the circuit and hook up the
dynamic load.
18. With the dynamic load still set at the maximum step size,
expand the scope time scale to see 2 μs/div to 5 μs/div. The
waveform may have two overshoots and one minor undershoot (see Figure 15). Here, VDROOP is the final desired value.
12. Hook up the scope to the output voltage and set it to dc
coupling, with the time scale at 100 μs/div.
13. Set the dynamic load for a transient step of about 40 A at
1 kHz with a 50% duty cycle.
14. Measure the output waveform (if not visible, use dc offset
on scope to view). Try to use a vertical scale of 100 mV/div
or finer. This waveform should look similar to Figure 14.
VDROOP
VTRAN2
06022-015
VTRAN1
VACDRP
Figure 15. Transient Setting Waveform
VDCDRP
19. If both overshoots are larger than desired, try making the
following adjustments:
06022-014
Make the ramp resistor larger by 25% (RRAMP).
For VTRAN1, increase CB, or increase the switching frequency.
Figure 14. AC Load Line Waveform
For VTRAN2, increase RA, and decrease CA by 25%.
15. Use the horizontal cursors to measure VACDRP and VDCDRP,
as shown in Figure 14. Do not measure the undershoot or
overshoot that happens immediately after this step.
If VACDRP and VDCDRP are different by more than a few millivolts, use Equation 38 to adjust CCS. It may be necessary to
parallel different values to get the correct one, because there
are limited standard capacitor values available. It is a good
idea to have locations for two capacitors in the layout for this.
C CS ( NEW ) = C CS(OLD ) ×
V ACDRP
V DCDRP
(38)
If these adjustments do not change the response, the output
decoupling is the limiting factor. Check the output response
every time a change is made, or nodes are switched, to make
sure the response remains stable.
20. For load release (see Figure 16), if VTRANREL is larger than
VTRAN1 (see Figure 15), there is not enough output capacitance. Either more capacitance is needed or the inductor
values need to be smaller. If inductors are changed, start
the design again using the spreadsheet and this tuning
procedure.
16. Repeat Step 11 to Step 13, and repeat the adjustments,
if necessary. Once complete, do not change CCS for the
remainder of the procedure.
VTRANREL
VDROOP
06022-016
17. Set the dynamic load step to maximum step size. Do not
use a step size larger than needed, and verify that the output
waveform is square, which means that VACDRP and VDCDRP
are equal.
Figure 16. Transient Setting Waveform
Rev. 0 | Page 21 of 32
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ADP3194
Because the ADP3194 turns off all of the phases (switches inductors to ground), there is no ripple voltage present during load
release. Thus, headroom does not need to be added for ripple,
allowing load release (VTRANREL) to be larger than VTRAN1 by the
amount of ripple and still meet specifications.
If VTRAN1 and VTRANREL are less than the desired final droop, this
implies that capacitors can be removed. When removing capacitors, also check the output ripple voltage to make sure it is still
within specifications.
The CECC standard specification for power rating in surface
mount resistors is 0603 = 0.1 W, 0805 = 0.125 W, 1206 = 0.25 W.
For example, UVLO voltage specification = 8 V.
From Figure 17, a shunt resistor value of 420 Ω is recommended.
From Figure 17, the power dissipation is 140 mW. The user can
choose any of the following:
Two 840 Ω, 0603 resistors in parallel
Two 840 Ω, 0805 resistors in parallel
One 420 Ω, 1206 resistor.
RAMPADJ FILTER
PMAX =
(V
IN ( MAX )
− VCC ( MIN )
)
2
RSHUNT
(33)
where:
VIN(MAX) is the maximum voltage from the 12 V input supply.
(If the 12 V input supply is 12 V ±5%, then VIN(MAX) = 12.6 V.
If the 12 V input supply is 12 V ±10%, then VIN(MAX) = 13.2 V.)
Figure 17 shows the power when VIN(MAX) = 12.6 V.
VCC(MIN) is the minimum VCC voltage of the ADP3194. It is
specified as 4.75 V.
RSHUNT is the shunt resistor value.
Rev. 0 | Page 22 of 32
9.0
0.35
8.5
0.30
8.0
0.25
7.5
0.20
POWER (mW)
When replacing an existing ADP3181 design with the ADP3194,
the shunt resistor value needs to be determined. A trade-off can
be made between the power dissipated in the shunt resistor and
the UVLO threshold. Figure 17 shows the typical resistor value
needed to realize certain UVLO voltages. It also gives the maximum power dissipated in the shunt resistor for these UVLO
voltages. The maximum power dissipated is calculated using
Equation 33.
0.40
RSHUNT
0.15
7.0
PSHUNT
6.5
100
200
300
400
500
600
0.10
700
RSHUNT (Ω)
Figure 17. Typical Shunt Resistor Value and Power Dissipation
for Different UVLO Voltages
06022-017
SHUNT RESISTOR DESIGN
9.5
UVLO (V)
It is recommended that a filter be placed on the RAMPADJ line.
On the ADP3194, the VCC is 5 V, but the RAMPADJ still needs
to be connected to the 12 V input supply. Therefore, the filter is
needed to remove noise from the 12 V input supply. A 1 kΩ resistor
and 1 μF cap are recommended for this filter.
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ADP3194
DESIGN EXAMPLE USING DCR METHOD
The following are guidelines for designs that use an inductor
DCR method instead of sense resistor method.
The following procedure and equations yield values to use for RCS1,
RCS2, and RTH (the thermistor value at 25°C) for a given RCS value.
INDUCTOR SELECTION USING DCR
Select an NTC based on type and value. Because there is not a
value yet, start with a thermistor with a value close to RCS. The
NTC should also have an initial tolerance of better than 5%.
Use the method and equations described in the Inductor
Selection section to calculate the inductor. An important factor
in the inductor design is the DCR, which is used for measuring
the phase currents. A large DCR can cause excessive power losses,
while too small a value can lead to increased measurement error.
A good rule is to have the DCR be about 1 to 1½ times the droop
resistance (RO). For this design, an inductor with a DCR of
1.4 mΩ is used.
DESIGNING AN INDUCTOR USING DCR
Once the inductance and DCR are known, the next step is either to
design an inductor or to find a standard inductor that comes as
close as possible to meeting the overall design goals. It is also
important to have the inductance and DCR tolerance specified
to control the accuracy of the system. 15% inductance and 8%
DCR (at room temperature) are reasonable tolerances most
manufacturers can meet.
INDUCTOR DCR TEMPERATURE CORRECTION
TO
SWITCH
NODES
ADP3194
RPH1
RCS1
18
CCS1
CSSUM
CSREF
17
CCS2
RCS2 =
1
1
1
−
1 − RCS2 RCS1
(34)
(35)
(36)
RTH ( ACTUAL )
RTH (CALCULATED )
(37)
Calculate values for RCS1 and RCS2 using Equation 38 and
Equation 39:
TO
VOUT
SENSE
RCS1 = RCS × k × RCS1
RCS2 = RCS × ((1 − k ) + (k × RCS2 ))
RCS2
KEEP THIS PATH
AS SHORT AS POSSIBLE
AND WELL AWAY FROM
SWITCH NODE LINES
Figure 18. Temperature Compensation Circuit Values
(1 − A )
1
A
−
1 − RCS2 r1 − RCS2
k=
RPH3
16
( A − B ) × r1 × r2 − A × (1 − B ) × r2 + B × (1 − A ) × r1
A × (1 − B ) × r1 − B × (1 − A ) × r2 − ( A − B )
Calculate RTH = RTH × RCS, then select the closest value of thermistor available. Also, compute a scaling factor k based on the ratio
of the actual thermistor value used relative to the computed one:
06022-018
CSCOMP
RPH2
Compute the relative values for RCS2, RCS1, and RTH using
RTH =
If RCS is designed to have an opposite and equal percentage
change in resistance to that of the wire, it cancels the temperature variation of the inductor’s DCR. Due to the nonlinear nature
of NTC thermistors, Resistor RCS1 and Resistor RCS2 are needed.
See Figure 18 to linearize the NTC and produce the desired
temperature tracking.
RTH
Find the relative values of RCS required for each of these
temperatures. This is based on the percentage change needed,
which in this example is initially 0.39%/°C. These are called
r1 (1/(1 + TC × (T1 − 25))) and r2 (1/(1 + TC × (T2 − 25))),
where TC = 0.0039 for copper. T1 = 50°C and T2 = 90°C are
chosen. From this, calculate that r1 = 0.9112 and r2 = 0.7978.
RCS1 =
With the inductors DCR being used as the sense element and
copper wire being the source of the DCR, compensation is
needed for temperature changes of the inductor’s winding.
Fortunately, copper has a well-known temperature coefficient
(TC) of 0.39%/°C.
PLACE AS CLOSE AS POSSIBLE
TO NEAREST INDUCTOR
OR LOW-SIDE MOSFET
Based on the type of NTC, find its relative resistance value at two
temperatures. The temperatures that work well are 50°C and 90°C.
These resistance values are called A (RTH(50°C)/RTH(25°C)) and B
(RTH(90°C)/RTH(25°C)). The NTC’s relative value is always 1 at 25°C.
(38)
(39)
For this example, RCS has been calculated to be 110 kΩ. Start with a
thermistor value of 100 kΩ. Next, look through the available
0603-size thermistors, and find a Vishay NTHS0603N01N1003JR
NTC thermistor with A = 0.3602 and B = 0.09174. From these,
compute RCS1 = 0.3795, RCS2 = 0.7195, and RTH = 1.075. Solve for
RTH, which yields 118.28 kΩ. Then, choose 100 kΩ, which makes
k = 0.8455. Finally, RCS1 and RCS2 are 35.3 kΩ and 83.9 kΩ.
Choose the closest 1% resistor values, which yield a choice
of 35.7 kΩ or 84.5 kΩ.
Rev. 0 | Page 23 of 32
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ADP3194
OUTPUT DROOP RESISTANCE–DCR METHOD
The design requires the regulator output voltage measured at
the CPU pins to drop when the output current increases. The
specified voltage drop corresponds to a dc output resistance (RO).
The output current is measured by summing the voltage across
each inductor and passing the signal through a low-pass filter.
This summer filter is the CS amplifier configured with RPH(X)
(summers), RCS, and CCS (filter). The output resistance of the
regulator is set by the following equations:
RO =
RCS
× RL
RPH ( X )
(40)
CCS =
L
RL × RCS
(41)
where RL is the DCR of the output inductors.
The user has the flexibility of choosing either RCS or RPH(X). It is
best to select RCS (equal to 100 kΩ) and then solve for RPH(X) by
rearranging Equation 6.
RPH ( X ) =
RL
× RCS
RO
RPH ( X ) =
1.0 mΩ
1.2 mΩ
(42)
× 100 kΩ = 82.5 kΩ
280 nH
1.0 mΩ × 100 kΩ
⎡⎛ I
PSF = (1 − D ) × ⎢⎜⎜ O
⎢⎝ nSF
⎣
2
⎞
1 ⎛nI
⎟ + ×⎜ R
⎟ 12 ⎜ n
⎝ SF
⎠
⎞
⎟
⎟
⎠
2
⎤
⎥ × RDS (SF )
⎥
⎦
(43)
Knowing the maximum output current being designed for and
the maximum allowed power dissipation, it is possible to find
the required RDS(ON) for the MOSFET. For D-PAK MOSFETs up
to an ambient temperature of 50°C, a safe limit for PSF is 1 W to
1.5 W at 120°C junction temperature. Thus, for this example
(119 A maximum), RDS(SF) (per MOSFET) < 7.5 mΩ. This RDS(SF)
is also at a junction temperature of about 120°C, so be certain to
account for this temperature when making this selection. This
example uses two lower-side MOSFETs at 4.8 mΩ each at 120°C.
Another important factor for the synchronous MOSFET is the
input capacitance and feedback capacitance. The ratio of the
feedback to input needs to be small (less than 10% is recommended) to prevent accidental turn-on of the synchronous
MOSFETs when the switch node goes high.
Also, the time to switch the synchronous MOSFETs off should
not exceed the nonoverlap dead time of the MOSFET driver
(40 ns typical for the ADP3120A). The output impedance of the
driver is approximately 2 Ω,and the typical MOSFET input gate
resistances are about 1 Ωto 2 Ω, so a total gate capacitance of
less than 6000 pF should be adhered to. Because there are two
MOSFETs in parallel, the input capacitance for each synchronous
MOSFET should be limited to 3000 pF.
Next, use Equation 41 to solve for CCS.
CCS =
being dominant, the following equation shows the total power
being dissipated in each synchronous MOSFET in terms of the
ripple current per phase (IR) and average total output current (IO):
= 2.8 nF
It is best to have a dual location for CCS in the layout, so that
standard values can be used in parallel to get as close as possible
to the value desired. For accuracy, CCS should be a 5% or 10%
NPO capacitor. This example uses a 5% combination for CCS of
2.2 nF and 560 pF in parallel.
POWER MOSFETS
This section is only applicable if power MOSFETs need to be
selected.
For this example, the N-channel power MOSFETs have been
selected for one high-side switch and two low-side switches per
phase. The main selection parameters for the power MOSFETs
are VGS(TH), QG, CISS, CRSS, and RDS(ON). The minimum gate drive
voltage (the supply voltage to the ADP3120A) dictates whether
standard threshold or logic-level threshold MOSFETs must be
used. With VGATE ~10 V, logic-level threshold MOSFETs
(VGS(TH)°< 2.5 V) are recommended.
The maximum output current (IO) determine1s the RDS(ON)
requirement for the low-side (synchronous) MOSFETs. With
the ADP3194, currents are balanced between phases, thus the
current in each low-side MOSFET is the output current divided
by the total number of MOSFETs (nSF). With conduction losses
The high-side (main) MOSFET has to be able to handle two
main power dissipation components: conduction and switching
losses. The switching loss is related to the amount of time it takes
for the main MOSFET to turn on and off and to the current and
the voltage that are being switched.
Basing the switching speed on the rise and fall time of the gate
driver impedance and MOSFET input capacitance, the following equation provides an approximate value for the switching
loss per main MOSFET:
PS ( MF ) = 2 × f SW ×
VCC × I O
nMF
× RG ×
nMF
× C ISS
n
(44)
where:
nMF is the total number of main MOSFETs,
RG is the total gate resistance (2 Ω for the ADP3120A and about
1 Ω for typical high speed switching MOSFETs, making RG = 3 Ω),
CISS is the input capacitance of the main MOSFET.
Adding more main MOSFETs (nMF) does not really help the
switching loss per MOSFET because the additional gate capacitance slows switching. The best way to reduce switching loss is
to use lower gate capacitance devices.
Rev. 0 | Page 24 of 32
www.DataSheet4U.com
ADP3194
These numbers comply with the guideline to limit the power
dissipation to 1 W per MOSFET.
The conduction loss of the main MOSFET is given by the
following equation:
⎡⎛ I
PC ( MF ) = D × ⎢⎜⎜ O
⎢⎝ n MF
⎣
2
⎞
1 ⎛ n × IR
⎟ +
×⎜
⎟
12 ⎜⎝ n MF
⎠
⎞
⎟
⎟
⎠
2⎤
⎥ × R DS ( MF )
⎥
⎦
(45)
One last thing to consider is the power dissipation in the driver
for each phase. This is best described in terms of the QG for the
MOSFETs and is given by the following equation:
where RDS(MF) is the on resistance of the MOSFET.
Typically, for main MOSFETs, the highest speed (low CISS)
device is preferred, but these usually have higher on resistance.
Select a device that meets the total power dissipation (about
1.5 W for a single D-PAK) when combining the switching and
conduction losses.
For this example, an NTD40N03L was selected as the main
MOSFET (eight total; nMF = 8), with a CISS = 584 pF (maximum)
and RDS(MF) = 19 mΩ (maximum at TJ = 120°C). An NTD110N02L
was selected as the synchronous MOSFET (eight total; nSF = 8),
with CISS = 2710 pF (maximum) and RDS(SF) = 4.8 mΩ (maximum
at TJ = 120°C). The synchronous MOSFET CISS is less than 3000 pF,
satisfying that requirement. Solving for the power dissipation per
MOSFET at IO = 119 A and IR = 11 A yields 958 mW for each
synchronous MOSFET and 872 mW for each main MOSFET.
⎡f
⎤
PDRV = ⎢ SW × (nMF × QGMF + nSF × QGSF ) + I CC ⎥ × VCC
⎣⎢ 2 × n
⎦⎥
(45)
where:
QGMF is the total gate charge for each main MOSFET
QGSF is the total gate charge for each synchronous MOSFET
The standby dissipation factor for the driver is ICC × VCC. For
the ADP3120A, the maximum dissipation should be less than
400 mW. In this example (with ICC = 7 mA, QGMF = 5.8 nC, and
QGSF = 48 nC) 297 mW is found in each driver, which is below
the 400 mW dissipation limit. See the ADP3120A data sheet for
more details.
Rev. 0 | Page 25 of 32
www.DataSheet4U.com
ADP3194
LAYOUT AND COMPONENT PLACEMENT
POWER CIRCUITRY RECOMMENDATIONS
The following guidelines are recommended for optimal performance of a switching regulator in a PC system.
GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS
For good results, a PCB with at least four layers is recommended. This allows the needed versatility for control
circuitry interconnections with optimal placement; power
planes for ground, input, and output power; and wide interconnection traces in the remainder of the power delivery
current paths.
Each square unit of 1 ounce copper trace has a resistance of
~0.53 mΩ at room temperature.
Whenever high currents must be routed between PCB layers,
vias should be used liberally to create several parallel current
paths. Then, the resistance and inductance introduced by these
current paths is minimized, and the via current rating is not
exceeded.
If critical signal lines, including the output voltage sense lines of
the ADP3194, must cross through power circuitry, it is best if a
signal ground plane can be interposed between those signal lines
and the traces of the power circuitry. This serves as a shield to
minimize noise injection into the signals at the expense of making
the signal ground noisier.
Use an analog ground plane around and under the ADP3194 as
a reference for the components associated with the controller. This
plane should be tied to the nearest output decoupling capacitor
ground and not tied to any other power circuitry. This prevents
power currents from flowing in the ground plane.
Locate the components around the ADP3194 close to the controller with short traces. The most important traces to keep short,
and away from other traces, are the FB pin and the CSSUM pin.
Connect the output capacitors as close as possible to the load
(or connector), for example, a microprocessor core that receives
the power. If the load is distributed, the capacitors should also
be distributed and generally be in proportion to where the load
tends to be more dynamic.
Avoid crossing any signal lines over the switching power path
loop, as described in the Power Circuitry Recommendations
section.
The switching power path should be routed on the PCB to encompass the shortest possible length in order to minimize radiated
switching noise energy (that is, EMI) and conduction losses in
the board. Failure to take proper precautions often results in
EMI problems for the entire PC system as well as noise-related
operational problems in the power converter control circuitry.
The switching power path is the loop formed by the current path
through the input capacitors and the power MOSFETs, including
all interconnecting PCB traces and planes. Using short and wide
interconnection traces is especially critical in this path for two
reasons: it minimizes the inductance in the switching loop, which
can cause high energy ringing; and it accommodates the high
current demand with minimal voltage loss.
Whenever a power dissipating component, (for example, a
power MOSFET), is soldered to a PCB, the liberal use of vias,
both directly on the mounting pad and immediately surrounding
it, is recommended. This improves current rating through the
vias and also improves thermal performance from vias extended
to the opposite side of the PCB, where a plane can more readily
transfer the heat to the air. Make a mirror image of any pad
being used to heat-sink the MOSFETs on the opposite side
of the PCB to achieve the best thermal dissipation to the air
around the board. To further improve thermal performance,
use the largest possible pad area.
The output power path should also be routed to encompass a short
distance. The output power path is formed by the current path
through the inductor, the output capacitors, and the load.
For best EMI containment, a solid power ground plane should
be used as one of the inner layers extending fully under all the
power components.
SIGNAL CIRCUITRY RECOMMENDATIONS
The output voltage is sensed and regulated between the FB pin
and the FBRTN pin, which connect to the signal ground at the
load. To avoid differential-mode noise pickup in the sensed signal,
the loop area should be small. Thus, the FB and FBRTN traces
should be routed adjacent to each other on top of the power
ground plane back to the controller.
The feedback traces from the switch nodes should be connected
as close as possible to the inductor. The CSREF signal should be
Kelvin connected through a 10 Ω resistor to the center point of
the copper bar, which is the VCORE common node for the inductors
of all the phases (see Figure 19 and Figure 20).
Rev. 0 | Page 26 of 32
www.DataSheet4U.com
ADP3194
1K
5
1K
6
RED
DL6
RED
10
11
12
13
9
6
DL5
5
RED
4
RED
DL4
1
DL3
3 NFET 2
Q6
3 NFET 2
Q5
NFET
3
2
Q4
3 NFET 2
Q3
3 NFET 2
Q2
3 NFET 2
Q1
1
1.5K
3
1.5K
4
1.5K
5
374 Ohm
DL 7
GRN
1.5K
374 Ohm
DL8
GRN
R42
374 Ohm
DL9
GRN
R43
374 Ohm
DL1 0
GRN
PHASE_3_RDY
PHASE_4_RDY
1.5K
J2
1
3
5
7
9
11
CPU_VID0
CPU_VID1
CPU_VID2
CPU_VID3
CPU_VID4
CPU_VID5
2
4
6
8
10
12
HEADER_6x2
CPU_VID0
CPU_VID1
CPU_VID2
CPU_VID3
CPU_VID4
CPU_VID5
VID0
VID1
VID2
VID3
VID4
VID5
R41
PHASE_2_RDY
6
1
R40
PHASE_1_RDY
14
RN2A
13
RN2B
12
RN2C
11
RN2D
10
RN2E
9
RN2F
1.5K
2
1
1K
RED
1
1K
4
RED
DL2
1
1K
3
DL1
1
14
RN1A
13
RN1B
12
RN1C
11
RN1D
10
RN1E
9
RN1F
1K
2
1
1
3
+1 2V
2
RN3A
3.9 K
RN3B
3.9 K
RN3C
3.9 K
RN3D
3.9 K
RN3E
3.9 K
RN3F
3.9 K
14
+1 2V
VCCP
1
2
R1
R30
10
0
1
2
VCCSocket
2
NI VCCSense
2
NI VSSSense
2
VSSSocket
VCCSocket
0
R2
1
R3
1
R4
1
VCCSense
0
1
2
R31
10
1
TP 7
OD#
R44
R
R45
R
R46
R
R47
R
2
R CS1
0
1%
1
R SC2
18.2K
1%
2
TP23
CSREF
1
C46
10nF
1
2 1
R TH
100KOhm
THERMISTOR 5%
TP 8
1
12VR
C SC2
DNI
NPO 5%
CSCOMP
R11
10
TP 9
PW M1
PW M2
1
TP10
PW M2
PW M3
1
TP11
PW M3
1
TP12
PW M4
R PH1 15 K
1
1%
2 CS_PH1
R PH2 15 K
1
1%
2 CS_PH2
R PH3 15 K
1
1%
2 CS_PH3
R PH4 15 K
1
1%
2 CS_PH4
Not e:
Ther mi st or ( RTH) used onl y
f or DCR met hod. Do not i nser t
f or RSENSE met hod.
2
VCC1
1
Gr ound PWM 4 f or
3- Phase
PW M4
oper at i on
1
1
1
C24
10 0p
NPO
2
2
C SC1
150 pF
NPO 5%
PW M1
2
OD#
R35
1K
1
GND
PHASE1
PHASE2
PHASE3
PHASE4
715 Ohm
105 Ohm
619 Ohm
0
1
2
1
2
4
2
2
2
2
1
C45
1uF
1
1
1
1
2
JP1
SHORTPIN
1
2
JP3
1
3
1
1
TP19
GND
R13
R14
R15
R16
CE13
100uF/16V
5x11mm
2
1
2
2
COMP
2
1
PW M1
PW M2
PW M3
PW M4
R LIM
140K
1%
R21
0
1
TP18
AGND
2
R SHUNT
221
ADP3194
2
TP 3
2
RR
118K
1%
1
D6
BZX84C5V1FSCT
1
1
R DLY
470K
2
TP6
DELAY
EN
RT
154K
1%
1
1
1
1
2
C DLY
39n
TP 5
SW1
2
1
1
1
C43
39n
X7 R
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
VCC
PWM1
PWM2
PWM3
PWM4
SW1
SW2
SW3
SW4
GND
CSCOMP
CSSUM
CSREF
ILIMIT
2
1
VID4
VID3
VID2
VID1
VID0
VID5
FBRTN
FB
COMP
PWRGD
EN
DELAY
RT
RAMPADJ
1
0
C FB
15 pF
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
1
R33
220K
1
1
2
VID4
VID3
VID2
VID1
VID0
VID5
2
1
1
CA
1 nF
X7 R
2
D1
MM SD414 8
SOD-123
2
112VR
2
+
C23
1uF/16V
X7R(0805 )
1
1
RA
7.32K
1%
2
2
FB
R34
VTT_Pwrg d
U1
2
1.5K
CB
1.5 nF
1
1
7
RN3G
8
RN2G
3.9K
7
R32
470K
RB
1.21K
1%
TP20
1
2
1
8
TP 4
PWRGD
C44
100 0p
1
Q23
1
VCC1
3 NFET 2
GRN
2
8 DL1 1
RN1G
1K
R10
10
TP13
VCC
1
+1 2V
7
VSSSocket
TP 1
VSSP
2
1
TP 2
VCCP
VSSSense
0
2
GND
CSREF
CE8
560uF/4V
5mOhm
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
C17
22uF/6.3V
X5 R
2
1
1
2
C15
22uF/6.3V
X5 R
2
1
1
2
C13
22uF/6.3V
X5 R
2
1
C11
22uF/6.3V
X5 R
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
C9
22uF/6.3V
X5 R
2
2
2
2
2
CE6
N/L
5mOhm
C7
22uF/6.3V
X5 R
CE10
560uF/4V
5mOhm
C2
22uF/6.3V
X5 R
C4
22uF/6.3V
X5 R
C6
22uF/6.3V
X5 R
GND
Figure 19. Typical Applications Schematic Part 1
Rev. 0 | Page 27 of 32
C8
22uF/6.3V
X5 R
C10
22uF/6.3V
X5 R
C12
22uF/6.3V
X5 R
C14
22uF/6.3V
X5 R
C16
22uF/6.3V
X5 R
C18
22uF/6.3V
X5 R
06022-019
CE4
N/L
5mOhm
2
2
2
2
2
GND
CE2
560uF/4V
5mOhm
1
+
C5
22uF/6.3V
X5 R
2
1
+
1
+
C3
22uF/6.3V
X5 R
2
+
1
1
1
+
C1
22uF/6.3V
X5 R
1
+
CE9
560uF/4V
5mOhm
2
+
1
1
1
+
CE7
560uF/4V
5mOhm
1
+
CE5
560uF/4V
5mOhm
2
+
1
CE3
560uF/4V
5mOhm
1
1
CE1
560uF/4V
5mOhm
2
VCCP
VCCP
www.DataSheet4U.com
ADP3194
TP32
RS5
TP33
RS5
1
VSWS_1
L1
0.37u H 18A
1
2
3
OD#
PWM1
GND
PHASE_1_RDY
4
9
10
VDD
Enable
PWM
Vin
1
C30
4.7uF/16V
X5R(1206)
C50
4.7uF/16V
8
Q24
2 NTD100N02
2
1
2
0 Ohm
Vsws2
U2
R28
Vsws1
CE12
2700uF/16V
12.5x30mm
SW2
6
Vsw
1
PRDY
1
7
1
TP35
-5V
VCCP
1
3
Rsense1
2
1m Ohm 1%
PHASE1
PHASE_1_RDY
2
1
1
CS_PH1
1
R_PH1
10
TP14
SW1
JP2
1
HEADER 2
1
TP26
Vcc2
4
C37
1uF/16V
X5R(0805)
2
9
Vsw
PRDY
PGND
L4 280nH
30A/0.8mohm
8
6
1
3
Rsense2
2
1m Ohm 1%
CS_PH2
5
PHASE2
R_PH2
iP2003A
10
7
1
PT1
VOUT
1
1
TP27
2
1
GND
Vin
2
PHASE_2_RDY
Enable
PWM
PGND
2
3
2
OD#
PWM2
VCCP
Vsws1
VDD
+
2
1
1
Vsws2
1
0 Ohm
10
U3
R27
C38
4.7uF/16V
X5R(1206)
1
C51
VSWS_2
4.7uF/16V
TP15
SW2
VCCP
1
2
4
3
PHASE_2_RDY
1
1
CSREF
TP28
C52
VSWS_3
PHASE_3_RDY
4
C33
1uF/16V
X5R(0805)
2
2
GND
1
2
4
3
Enable
PWM
Vin
Vsw
PRDY
PGND
8
L3 280nH
30A/0.8mohm
6
2
1
3
VCCP
Rsense 3 1m Ohm 1%
CS_PH3
2
2
3
VDD
PGND
OD#
PWM3
5
PHASE3
R_PH3
iP2003A
10
TP29
1
7
1
1
2
1
1
Vsws1
0 Ohm
Vsws2
R26
PT2
GND OUT
C34
4.7uF/16V
X5R(1206)
9
10 1
4.7uF/16V
U4
TP16
SW3
TP30
1
1
PHASE_3_RDY
C53
C42
4.7uF/16V
X5R(1206)
2
2
4.7uF/16V
VSWS_4
1
Remove R29 for
3-Phase operation
VCCP
PHASE_4_RDY
4
1
VDD
9
Enable
PWM
Vin
Vsw
PRDY
PGND
8
6
Rsense 4 1m Ohm 1%
1
3
2
CS_PH4
R_PH4
PHASE4
5
iP2003A
10
1
TP17
SW4
7
2
C41
1uF/16V
X5R(0805)
2
3
2
1
OD#
PWM4
L5 280nH
30A/0.8mohm
1
U7
0 Ohm
Vsws1
R29
10
TP31
1
PHASE_4_RDY
Figure 20. Typical Applications Schematic Part 2
Rev. 0 | Page 28 of 32
06022-020
CE15
47uF/16V
5x11mm
TP34
+5V
R36
10K
L2 280nH
30A/0.8mohm
TP25
2
2
5
PGND
iP2003A
C29
1uF/16V
X5R(0805)
1
3
PGND
+
1
1
1
+
CE11
2700uF/16V
12.5x30mm
2
JP4
2X2 HDR
2
GND
GND
12VR
2
10 mOhm 1%
1
2
1
1
2
3
4
Vsws2
Rsense5
1
2
TP22
GND
1
1
+12V
PGND
1
TP24
TP21
12VR
www.DataSheet4U.com
ADP3194
OUTLINE DIMENSIONS
9.80
9.70
9.60
28
15
4.50
4.40
4.30
1
6.40 BSC
14
PIN 1
0.65
BSC
0.15
0.05
COPLANARITY
0.10
0.30
0.19
1.20 MAX
SEATING
PLANE
0.20
0.09
8°
0°
0.75
0.60
0.45
COMPLIANT TO JEDEC STANDARDS MO-153-AE
Figure 21. 28-Lead Thin Shrink Small Outline Package [TSSOP]
(RU-28)
Dimensions shown in millimeters
ORDERING GUIDE
Model
ADP3194JRUZ-RL 1
1
Temperature Range
0°C to +85°C
Package Description
28-Lead TSSOP 13” Reel
Z = Pb-free part.
Rev. 0 | Page 29 of 32
Package Option
RU-28
Ordering Quantity
2500
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ADP3194
NOTES
Rev. 0 | Page 30 of 32
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ADP3194
NOTES
Rev. 0 | Page 31 of 32
www.DataSheet4U.com
ADP3194
NOTES
©2006 Analog Devices, Inc. All rights reserved. Trademarks and
registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
D06022-0-10/06(0)
Rev. 0 | Page 32 of 32