V I S H AY I N T E R T E C H N O L O G Y, I N C . Transient Voltage Suppressors (TVS) PAR ® and Tr a n s Z o r b ® Transient Voltage Suppressors (TVS) for Automotive Electronic Protection TABLE OF CONTENTS Important Parameters of TVS...............................................................................................02 • Power Rating.................................................................................................................02 • Breakdown Voltage (VBR)...............................................................................................02 • Maximum Breakdown Voltage (VC: Clamping Voltage).................................................02 • Stand-Off Voltage (VWM: Working Stand-Off Reverse Voltage)......................................02 Primary Protection of the Automotive Power Line (Dump Load).........................................03 • What is Load Dump?....................................................................................................03 • Specification and Results of Load Dump Tests............................................................03 • Two Groups of Load Dump TVS...................................................................................06 Secondary Protection of the Automotive Power Line..........................................................07 RESOURCES • For more information, visit http://www.vishay.com/diodes/protection-tvs-esd/automotive-tvs/ • For technical information, contact [email protected] • For more information, contact [email protected] [email protected] One of the World’s Largest Manufacturers of [email protected] Discrete Semiconductors and Passive Components Capabilities 1/8 VMN-PL0367-1412 THIS DOCUMENT IS SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. THE PRODUCTS DESCRIBED HEREIN AND THIS DOCUMENT ARE SUBJECT TO SPECIFIC DISCLAIMERS, SET FORTH AT www.vishay.com/doc?91000 V I S H AY I N T E R T E C H N O L O G Y, I N C . Transient Voltage Suppressors (TVS) Parameters Important Parameters of TVS A major challenge in automotive design is protecting electronics – such as control units, sensors, and entertainment systems – against damaging surges, voltage transients, ESD, and noise on the power line. Transient voltage suppressors (TVS) are ideal solutions for automotive electronic protection. In the following section, we discuss the key parameters for TVS devices, including power rating, stand-off voltage, and maximum breakdown voltage. Power Rating The power rating of a TVS is its surge-absorbing capability under specific test or application conditions. The industrialstandard test condition of 10/1000 μs pulse form (Bellcore 1089 spec.) is shown in Figure 1. This test condition differs from the TVS ESD test condition of 8/20 μs pulse form, as shown in Figure 2. Figure 1. Test waveform of TVS 100 % 10 µsec IPPM Figure 2. Test waveform of TVS ESD 10/1000 µsec IPPM 100 % IPPM 2 50 (20 µsec) 8/20 µsec 8 µsec 1.0 IPPM 2 50 10 2.0 mS 20 µsec Breakdown Voltage (VBR) The breakdown voltage is the voltage at which the device goes into avalanche breakdown, and is measured at a specified current on the datasheet. Maximum Breakdown Voltage (VC: Clamping Voltage) The clamping voltage appears across the TVS at the specified peak pulse current rating. The breakdown voltage of a TVS is measured at a very low current, such as 1 mA or 10 mA, which is different from the actual avalanche voltage in application conditions. Thus, semiconductor manufacturers specify the typical or maximum breakdown voltage at a high current level. Stand-Off Voltage (VWM: Working Stand-Off Reverse Voltage) Figure 3. Parameters of voltage and current Forward Current The stand-off voltage indicates the maximum voltage of the TVS when not in breakdown, and is an important parameter of protection devices in circuits that do not operate under normal conditions. In automotive applications, some regulation of the automotive electronics is provided by “jump-start protection”. This condition supplies 24 VDC in 10 minutes to 12 V type electronics, and 36 VDC in 10 minutes to 24 V type electronics without damage or malfunction of the circuit. Thus, the standoff voltage is one of the key parameters in TVS for automotive electronics. Capabilities VWM VBR Reverse Voltage IF VC VF IR Forward Voltage IPP Reverse Current 2/8 VMN-PL0367-1412 THIS DOCUMENT IS SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. THE PRODUCTS DESCRIBED HEREIN AND THIS DOCUMENT ARE SUBJECT TO SPECIFIC DISCLAIMERS, SET FORTH AT www.vishay.com/doc?91000 V I S H AY I N T E R T E C H N O L O G Y, I N C . Transient Voltage Suppressors (TVS) Primar y Protection Primary Protection of the Automotive Power Line (Load Dump) Automotive electronics, such as electronic control units, sensors, and entertainment systems, are connected to one power line. The power sources for these electronics are the battery and alternator, both of which have unstable output voltages that are subject to temperature, operating status, and other conditions. Additionally, ESD, spike noise, and several kinds of transient and surge voltages are introduced into the power and signal line from automotive systems that use solenoid loads, such as fuel injection, valve, motor, electrical, and hydrolytic controllers. Figure 4. Typical vehicle power bus ESD or Lightning High Voltage Induced by Alternator Reaction Transient from Motor and Spark Plugs Regulator A TCU ECU Air-Bag ABS Car-Audio &... Battery What is Load Dump? The worst instances of surge voltage are generated when the battery is disconnected when the engine is in operation, and the alternator is supplying current to the power line of the vehicle. This condition is known as “load dump,” and most vehicle manufacturers and industry associations specify a maximum voltage, line impedance, and time duration for this load dump status, as shown in Figure 5. Load A Two well-known tests simulate this condition: the U.S.’s ISO-7637-2 Pulse 5 and Japan’s JASO A-1 for 14 V powertrains and JASO D-1 for 27 V powertrains. In this section we review the application of TVS for load dump in 14 V powertrains. Figure 5. Output voltage of alternator in load dump condition Output Voltage Output Voltage of Alternator A Load of Alternator VP VB Battery Connected Battery Disconnected Output Voltage of Alternator Specification and Results of Load Dump Tests The U.S.’s ISO-7637-2 Pulse 5 and Japan’s JASO A-1 tests for 14 V powertrains are simulated in Table 1. VP Table 1. Major load dump test conditions for 14 V powertrains VB V Total (VP) (V) Battery JASO A-1 Connected Battery 70 Disconnected 88 ISO 7637-2 Pulse 5 78.5 to 100.5 Capabilities VS (V) 65 to 87 VA (V) Ri (Ω) Time (ms) Cycle Time 12.0 0.8 200 1 12.0 1.0 200 1 13.5 0.5 to 4.0 400 1 3/8 VMN-PL0367-1412 THIS DOCUMENT IS SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. THE PRODUCTS DESCRIBED HEREIN AND THIS DOCUMENT ARE SUBJECT TO SPECIFIC DISCLAIMERS, SET FORTH AT www.vishay.com/doc?91000 V I S H AY I N T E R T E C H N O L O G Y, I N C . Transient Voltage Suppressors (TVS) Primar y Protection Figure 6. For ISO-7637-2 test conditions, the standard condition is a VS range of 65 V to 87 V, and Ri (line impedance) range of 0.5 Ω to 4 Ω V Line Impedance and Pulse Width JASO A-1: 0.75 Ohm 200 ms ISO-7637: 0.5 Ohm min. (0.5 to 4 Ohm) 400 ms max. (40 to 400 ms) 100 VS ISO 7637 VB + 10 % of VS 50 VP JASO A-1 36.8 % of VP V (VB) 0 100 200 300 400 ms Some vehicle manufacturers apply different conditions for the load dump test based on ISO-7637-2 Pulse 5. The peak clamped current of the load dump TVS will be estimated by the following equation: Calculation for peak clamping current IPP = (VIN – VC) ⁄ Ri IPP: Peak clamping current VIN: Input voltage VC: Clamping voltage Ri: Line impedance Figure 7a shows the current and voltage waveforms of Vishay’s SM5S24A in the ISO-7637-2 test of 87 V VS, 13.5 V Vbatt, 0.75 Ω Ri and 400 ms pulse width. Figure 7a: Clamped voltage and current of SM5S24A in ISO 7637-2 test Capabilities 4/8 VMN-PL0367-1412 THIS DOCUMENT IS SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. THE PRODUCTS DESCRIBED HEREIN AND THIS DOCUMENT ARE SUBJECT TO SPECIFIC DISCLAIMERS, SET FORTH AT www.vishay.com/doc?91000 V I S H AY I N T E R T E C H N O L O G Y, I N C . Transient Voltage Suppressors (TVS) Primar y Protection Figure 7b shows the clamped voltage and current of load dump TVS fail in the ISO-7637-2 test of 87 V VS,13.5 V Vbatt, 0.5 Ω Ri and 400 ms pulse width. The clamping voltage drops to near zero, and the current passed through the device is increased to the maximum allowed by the line impedance. Figure 7b: Clamped voltage and current of load dump TVS failures in ISO7637-2 test Maximum clamping capability of Vishay load dump TVS of ISO-7637-2 pulse 5 test condition with 13.5V Vbatt and 400 ms pulse width is as Figure 7c. Figure 7c: Maximum clamping capability of Vishay load dump TVS in ISO7637-2 test Ri 0.5 Ohm SM8S24A 0.75 SM8A27 SM6S24A 1.00 SM6A27 SM5S24A 1.25 1.50 65 Capabilities SM5A27 6KA24 87 V VS 76 5/8 VMN-PL0367-1412 THIS DOCUMENT IS SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. THE PRODUCTS DESCRIBED HEREIN AND THIS DOCUMENT ARE SUBJECT TO SPECIFIC DISCLAIMERS, SET FORTH AT www.vishay.com/doc?91000 V I S H AY I N T E R T E C H N O L O G Y, I N C . Transient Voltage Suppressors (TVS) Primar y Protection Two Groups of Load Dump TVS There are two kinds of load dump TVS for the primary protection of automotive electronics: EPI PAR TVS and non-EPI PAR TVS. Both product groups have similar operating breakdown characteristics in reverse bias mode. The difference is that EPI-PAR TVSs have low forward voltage drop (VF) characteristics in forward mode, and non-EPI PAR TVSs have relatively high VF under the same conditions. This characteristic is important to the reverse voltage supplied to the power line. Most CMOS ICs and LSIs have very poor reverse voltage capabilities. The gates of MOSFETs are also weak in reverse voltage, at - 1 V or lower. In the reversed power input mode, the voltage of the power line is the same as the voltage of the TVS VF. This reverse bias mode causes electronic circuit failure. The low forward voltage drop of EPI PAR TVSs is a good solution to this problem. Another method to protect circuits from reversed power input is utilizing a polarity protection rectifier into the power line, as shown in Figure 8. A polarity protection rectifier should have sufficient forward current ratings, and forward surge and reverse voltage capabilities. Figure 8. Reverse bias status – Reverse Power Input Current TVS VF Protected Load + Capabilities 6/8 VMN-PL0367-1412 THIS DOCUMENT IS SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. THE PRODUCTS DESCRIBED HEREIN AND THIS DOCUMENT ARE SUBJECT TO SPECIFIC DISCLAIMERS, SET FORTH AT www.vishay.com/doc?91000 V I S H AY I N T E R T E C H N O L O G Y, I N C . Transient Voltage Suppressors (TVS) Secondar y Protection Secondary Protection of the Automotive Power Line The primary target of protection circuits in automotive systems is high surge voltages, but the clamped voltage is still high. Secondary protection is especially important in 24 V powertrains, such as found in trucks and vans. The main reason for this is the maximum input voltages for most regulators and DC/DC converter ICs for automotive applications are 45 V to 60 V. For this kind of application, using secondary protection, as shown in Figure 9, is recommended. Figure 9. Secondary protection circuit Transient Voltage Power Line Clamping Voltage Primary Protection Clamping Voltage Secondary Protection R Current Limiter Load Adding resistor R onto the power line reduces the transient current, allowing smaller power-rating TVSs as the secondary protection. Current requirements for microprocessor and logic circuits in electronic units are 150 mA to 300 mA, and the minimum output voltage of a 12 V battery is 7.2 V at - 18 °C, or 14.4 V for a 24 V battery under the same conditions. In a 24 V battery under the above conditions, the supply voltage at a 300 mA load is 8.4 V at R = 20 Ω, and 11.4 V at R = 10 Ω at a minimum voltage of 14.4 V (24 V battery voltage in - 18 °C). VL = (Vmin ⁄ (Vmin ⁄ IL)) × ((Vmin ⁄ IL) – R) VL: Voltage to load Vmin: Minimum input voltage IL: Load current R: Resistor value Power rating of R = I2R This supply voltage is higher than the minimum input voltages for most voltage regulators and DC/DC converter ICs. Capabilities 7/8 VMN-PL0367-1412 THIS DOCUMENT IS SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. THE PRODUCTS DESCRIBED HEREIN AND THIS DOCUMENT ARE SUBJECT TO SPECIFIC DISCLAIMERS, SET FORTH AT www.vishay.com/doc?91000 V I S H AY I N T E R T E C H N O L O G Y, I N C . 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