High Speed Characterization Report

High Speed Characterization Report
MEC6-150-02-SM-DV-A
Mated With
LEC6 Microprobe Signal Launch Edge Card
Description:
Hi-Speed Micro Edge Card Interface,
Vertical Surface Mount, 0.6mm (.023”) Pitch
Samtec Inc.
520 Park East Blvd.
New Albany IN 47151-1147 USA
©Samtec, Inc. 2005
WWW.SAMTEC.COM
1-800-SAMTEC-9 (US & Canada)
[email protected]
Phone: 812-944-6733
Fax: 812-948-5047
Report Revision: 7/28/2006
All Rights Reserved
High Speed Characterization Report
Series: MEC6
Description: Vertical Surface Mount, 0.635mm (.025”) Pitch, Mates w/ 1.60mm (.062”) card
Table of Contents
Connector Overview........................................................................................................ 1
Connector System Speed Rating .................................................................................... 1
Frequency Domain Data Summary ................................................................................. 2
Table 1 - Single-Ended Connector System Performance ............................................ 2
Table 2 - Differential Connector System Bandwidth .................................................... 2
Time Domain Data Summary .......................................................................................... 3
Table 3 - Single-Ended Impedance (Ω) ....................................................................... 3
Table 4 - Differential Impedance (Ω)............................................................................ 3
Table 5 - Single-Ended Crosstalk (%).......................................................................... 4
Table 6 - Differential Crosstalk (%) .............................................................................. 4
Table 7 - Propagation Delay (Mated Connector) ......................................................... 4
Characterization Details .................................................................................................. 5
Differential and Single-Ended Data.............................................................................. 5
Connector Signal to Ground Ratio ............................................................................... 5
Frequency Domain Data.............................................................................................. 7
Time Domain Data....................................................................................................... 7
Appendix A – Frequency Domain Response Graphs ...................................................... 9
Single-Ended Application – Insertion Loss .................................................................. 9
Single-Ended Application – Return Loss ..................................................................... 9
Single-Ended Application – NEXT ............................................................................. 10
Single-Ended Application – FEXT.............................................................................. 10
Differential Application – Insertion Loss..................................................................... 11
Differential Application – Return Loss........................................................................ 11
Differential Application – NEXT ................................................................................. 12
Differential Application – FEXT .................................................................................. 12
Appendix B – Time Domain Response Graphs............................................................. 13
Single-Ended Application – Input Pulse..................................................................... 13
Single-Ended Application – Impedance ..................................................................... 14
Single-Ended Application – Propagation Delay ......................................................... 14
Single-Ended Application – NEXT, “Worst Case in Row” Configuration .................... 15
Single-Ended Application – FEXT, “Worst Case in Row” Configuration .................... 15
Single-Ended Application – NEXT, “Best Case in Row” Configuration ...................... 16
Single-Ended Application – FEXT, “Best Case in Row” Configuration....................... 16
Single-Ended Application – NEXT, “Across Row” Configuration ............................... 17
Single-Ended Application – FEXT, “Across Row” Configuration................................ 17
Differential Application – Input Pulse ......................................................................... 18
Differential Application – Impedance ......................................................................... 19
Differential Application – Propagation Delay.............................................................. 19
Differential Application – NEXT, “Worst Case in Row ” Configuration ....................... 20
Samtec Inc.
520 Park East Blvd.
New Albany IN 47151-1147 USA
©Samtec, Inc. 2005
WWW.SAMTEC.COM
1-800-SAMTEC-9 (US & Canada)
[email protected]
Page:ii
Phone: 812-944-6733
Fax: 812-948-5047
Report Revision: 7/28/2006
All Rights Reserved
High Speed Characterization Report
Series: MEC6
Description: Vertical Surface Mount, 0.635mm (.025”) Pitch, Mates w/ 1.60mm (.062”) card
Differential Application – FEXT, “Worst Case in Row” Configuration......................... 20
Differential Application – NEXT, “Best Case in Row” Configuration........................... 21
Differential Application – FEXT, “Best Case in Row” Configuration ........................... 21
Differential Application – NEXT, “Across Row” Configuration.................................... 22
Differential Application – FEXT, “Across Row” Configuration .................................... 22
Appendix C – Product and Test System Descriptions ................................................... 23
Product Description ................................................................................................... 23
Test System Description............................................................................................ 23
Table 8 – PCB Fixture Characterization & Termination Matrix .................................. 24
Signal Conditioning, Calibration Standards and Signal Launch/Monitoring ............... 25
Appendix D – Test and Measurement Setup................................................................. 28
Test Instruments ........................................................................................................ 29
Measurement Station Accessories ............................................................................ 29
Test Cables & Adapters............................................................................................. 29
Appendix E - Frequency and Time Domain Measurements .......................................... 30
Frequency (S-Parameter) Domain Procedures ......................................................... 30
CSA8000 Setup ..................................................................................................... 30
Insertion Loss......................................................................................................... 31
Return Loss............................................................................................................ 31
Near-End Crosstalk (NEXT) ................................................................................... 32
Far-End Crosstalk (FEXT)...................................................................................... 32
Time Domain Procedures .......................................................................................... 33
Impedance ............................................................................................................. 33
Propagation Delay.................................................................................................. 33
Crosstalk ................................................................................................................ 33
Appendix F – Glossary of Terms................................................................................... 34
Samtec Inc.
520 Park East Blvd.
New Albany IN 47151-1147 USA
©Samtec, Inc. 2005
WWW.SAMTEC.COM
1-800-SAMTEC-9 (US & Canada)
[email protected]
Page:iii
Phone: 812-944-6733
Fax: 812-948-5047
Report Revision: 7/28/2006
All Rights Reserved
High Speed Characterization Report
Series: MEC6
Description: Vertical Surface Mount, 0.635mm (.025”) Pitch, Mates w/ 1.60mm (.062”) card
Connector Overview
Micro 0.635 mm (.025”) pitch interfaces (MEC6 Series) are double row structures with
up to 70 contacts per row. The MEC6 connector is available in a vertical and right angle
body style. Connector styles both have the 1.60mm (.062”) edge card thickness mating
option. Applications can include board-to-board via riser edge card or cable-to-board.
Electrical characteristics reported are specific to the.635mm pitch, MEC6 vertical surface mount connector mated with a 1.60mm ) thickness edge card.
Connector System Speed Rating
MEC6 Series, 0.635mm (.025”) Pitch Interface, Vertical Surface Mount
Signaling
Speed Rating
Single-Ended:
Differential:
7.5 GHz / 15 Gbps
7.0 GHz / 14 Gbps
The Speed Rating is based on the -3 dB insertion loss point of the connector system.
The -3 dB point can be used to estimate usable system bandwidth in a typical, two-level
signaling environment.
To calculate the Speed Rating, the measured -3 dB point is rounded up to the nearest
half-GHz level. The up-rounding corrects for a portion of the test board’s trace loss,
since trace losses are included in the loss data in this report. The resulting loss value is
then doubled to determine the approximate maximum data rate in Gigabits per second
(Gbps).
For example, a connector with a -3 dB point of 7.8 GHz would have a Speed Rating of 8
GHz/ 16 Gbps. A connector with a -3 dB point of 7.2 GHz would have a Speed Rating
of 7.5 GHz/ 15 Gbps.
Samtec Inc.
520 Park East Blvd.
New Albany IN 47151-1147 USA
©Samtec, Inc. 2005
WWW.SAMTEC.COM
1-800-SAMTEC-9 (US & Canada)
[email protected]
Page:1
Phone: 812-944-6733
Fax: 812-948-5047
Report Revision: 7/28/2006
All Rights Reserved
High Speed Characterization Report
Series: MEC6
Description: Vertical Surface Mount, 0.635mm (.025”) Pitch, Mates w/ 1.60mm (.062”) card
Frequency Domain Data Summary
Table 1 - Single-Ended Connector System Performance
Test Parameter
Configuration
Insertion Loss
GSG
Return Loss
GSG
≤ -5dB to 7.36 GHz
GAQG
≤ - 5dB to 7.36 GHz
GAGQG
≤ -20dB to 7.36 GHz
Xrow, GAG to GQG
≤ -25dB to 7.36 GHz
GAQG
≤ -15dB to 7.36 GHz
Near-End Crosstalk
Far-End Crosstalk
-3dB @ 7.36 GHz
GAGQG
≤ -20dB to 7.36 GHz
Xrow, GAG to GQG
≤ -28dB to 7.36 GHz
Table 2 - Differential Connector System Bandwidth
Test Parameter
Configuration
Insertion Loss
GSSG
-3dB @ 6.94 GHz
Return Loss
GSSG
≤ -5dB to 6.94 GHz
GAAQQG
≤ -18dB to 6.94 GHz
GAAGQQG
≤ -38dB to 6.94 GHz
Xrow, GAASSG to GQQG
≤ -42dB to 6.94 GHz
GAAQQG
≤ -25dB to 6.94 GHz
GAAGQQG
≤ -32dB to 6.94 GHz
Xrow, GAASS to GQQG
≤ -40dB to 6.94 GHz
Near-End Crosstalk
Far-End Crosstalk
PCB/Connector Test System
Single Ended & Differential Signal Response
LEC6 to MEC6-DV
1
0
-1
Insertion Loss (dB)
-2
-3
-4
Differential
-5
Single Ended
-6
-7
-8
-9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Frequency (GHz)
Samtec Inc.
520 Park East Blvd.
New Albany IN 47151-1147 USA
©Samtec, Inc. 2005
WWW.SAMTEC.COM
1-800-SAMTEC-9 (US & Canada)
[email protected]
Page:2
Phone: 812-944-6733
Fax: 812-948-5047
Report Revision: 7/28/2006
All Rights Reserved
High Speed Characterization Report
Series: MEC6
Description: Vertical Surface Mount, 0.635mm (.025”) Pitch, Mates w/ 1.60mm (.062”) card
Time Domain Data Summary
Table 3 - Single-Ended Impedance (Ω)
Signal Risetime
Maximum
Impedance
Minimum
Impedance
30±5ps
50 ps
100 ps
250 ps
500 ps
750 ps
1 ns
52.8
52.3
52.3
51.9
51.7
51.4
50.8
35.4
38.8
42.2
43.4
45.6
46.9
47.8
S ingle E nde d A pplic a t io n
Im pe da nc e v s . R is e t im e
70
65
60
maximum
55
minimum
50
45
40
35
30
35
50
100
250
500
Risetime (pSec)
750
1000
Table 4 - Differential Impedance (Ω)
Signal Risetime
Maximum
Impedance
Minimum
Impedance
30±5ps
50 ps
100 ps
250 ps
500 ps
750 ps
1 ns
104.5
103.4
103.0
102.7
102.6
102.5
102.5
56.3
61.5
67.0
75.1
83.0
87.6
90.6
D if f e re nt ia l A pplic a t io n
Im pe da nc e v s . R is e t im e
140
130
120
110
maximum
100
minimum
90
80
70
60
50
35
50
100
250
500
750
1000
Risetime (pSec)
Samtec Inc.
520 Park East Blvd.
New Albany IN 47151-1147 USA
©Samtec, Inc. 2005
WWW.SAMTEC.COM
1-800-SAMTEC-9 (US & Canada)
[email protected]
Page:3
Phone: 812-944-6733
Fax: 812-948-5047
Report Revision: 7/28/2006
All Rights Reserved
High Speed Characterization Report
Series: MEC6
Description: Vertical Surface Mount, 0.635mm (.025”) Pitch, Mates w/ 1.60mm (.062”) card
Table 5 - Single-Ended Crosstalk (%)
Input
(tr)
GAQG
NEXT
FEXT
30±5ps
50 ps
100 ps
250 ps
500 ps
750 ps
1 ns
18.9
17.0
14.6
8.3
4.7
3.3
2.5
GAGQG
4.2
2.7
2.0
1.1
< 1.0%
< 1.0%
< 1.0%
Xrowse
< 1.0%
< 1.0%
< 1.0%
< 1.0%
< 1.0%
< 1.0%
< 1.0%
GAQG
GAGQG
Xrowse
3.4
2.4
< 1.0%
2.5
2.0
< 1.0%
1.5
1.5
< 1.0%
< 1.0%
< 1.0%
< 1.0%
< 1.0%
< 1.0%
< 1.0%
< 1.0%
< 1.0%
< 1.0%
< 1.0%
< 1.0%
< 1.0%
Table 6 - Differential Crosstalk (%)
Input
30±5ps
50 ps
100 ps
250 ps
500 ps
750 ps
1 ns
GAAQQSS
5.1
4.7
4.1
2.4
1.4
1.0
< 1.0%
GAAGQQG
< 1.0%
< 1.0%
< 1.0%
< 1.0%
< 1.0%
< 1.0%
< 1.0%
< 1.0%
< 1.0%
< 1.0%
< 1.0%
< 1.0%
< 1.0%
< 1.0%
1.6
< 1.0%
< 1.0%
1.4
< 1.0%
< 1.0%
1.2
< 1.0%
< 1.0%
< 1.0%
< 1.0%
< 1.0%
< 1.0%
< 1.0%
< 1.0%
< 1.0%
< 1.0%
< 1.0%
< 1.0%
< 1.0%
< 1.0%
(tr)
NEXT
Xrow
FEXT
diff
GAAQQSS
GAAGQQG
Xrowdiff
Table 7 - Propagation Delay (Mated Connector)
Single-Ended
76ps
Differential
78ps
Samtec Inc.
520 Park East Blvd.
New Albany IN 47151-1147 USA
©Samtec, Inc. 2005
WWW.SAMTEC.COM
1-800-SAMTEC-9 (US & Canada)
[email protected]
Page:4
Phone: 812-944-6733
Fax: 812-948-5047
Report Revision: 7/28/2006
All Rights Reserved
High Speed Characterization Report
Series: MEC6
Description: Vertical Surface Mount, 0.635mm (.025”) Pitch, Mates w/ 1.60mm (.062”) card
Characterization Details
This report presents data which characterizes the signal integrity response of a connector pair in a controlled printed circuit board (PCB) environment. All efforts are made to
reveal typical best-case responses inherent to the system under test (SUT).
In this report, the SUT includes the test PCB from drive side probe tips to receive side
probe tips. PCB effects are not removed or de-embedded from the test data. PCB designs with impedance mismatch, large losses, skew, cross talk, or similar impairments
can have a significant impact on observed test data. Therefore, great design effort is
put forth to limit these effects in the PCB utilized in these tests. Some board related effects, such as pad-to-ground capacitance and trace loss, are included in the data presented in this report. But other effects, such as via coupling or stub resonance, are not
evaluated here. Such effects are addressed and characterized fully by the Samtec
Final Inch® products.
Additionally, intermediate test signal connections can mask the connectors’ true performance. Such connection effects are minimized by using high performance test cables, adapters, and microwave probes. Where appropriate, calibration and deembedding routines are also used to reduce residual effects.
Differential and Single-Ended Data
Most Samtec connectors can be used successfully in both differential and single-ended
applications. However, electrical performance will differ depending on the signal drive
type. In this report, data is presented for both differential and single-ended drive scenarios.
Connector Signal to Ground Ratio
Samtec connectors are most often designed for generic applications, and can be implemented using various signal and ground pin assignments. In high speed systems,
provisions must be made in the interconnect for signal return currents. Such paths are
often referred to as “ground”. In some connectors, a ground plane or blade, or an outer
shield is used as the signal return, while in others; connector pins are used as signal
returns. Various combinations of signal pins, ground blades, and shields can also be
utilized. Electrical performance can vary significantly depending upon the number and
location of ground pins.
In general, the more pins dedicated to ground, the better electrical performance will be.
But dedicating pins to ground reduces signal density of a connector. So care must be
taken when choosing signal/ground ratios in cost- or density-sensitive applications.
Samtec Inc.
520 Park East Blvd.
New Albany IN 47151-1147 USA
©Samtec, Inc. 2005
WWW.SAMTEC.COM
1-800-SAMTEC-9 (US & Canada)
[email protected]
Page:5
Phone: 812-944-6733
Fax: 812-948-5047
Report Revision: 7/28/2006
All Rights Reserved
High Speed Characterization Report
Series: MEC6
Description: Vertical Surface Mount, 0.635mm (.025”) Pitch, Mates w/ 1.60mm (.062”) card
For this connector, the following configurations were evaluated:
Single-Ended Impedance:
• GSG (ground-signal-ground)
Single-Ended Crosstalk:
• Electrical “worst case”: GAQG (ground-active-quiet-ground)
• Electrical “best case”: GAGQG (ground-active-ground-quiet-ground)
• Across row: Xrowse (from one row of terminals to the other row or across the
ground blade when applicable)
Differential Impedance:
• GSSG (Ground-positive signal-negative signal-ground)
Differential Crosstalk:
• Electrical “worst case”: GAAQQG (ground-active-active-quiet-quiet-ground)
• Electrical “best case”: GAAGQQG (ground-active-active-ground-quiet-quietground)
• Across row: Xrowdiff (from one row of terminals to the other row or across the
ground blade when applicable) (ground-active-active-static-static-ground) across
the row of terminals to (ground-quiet-quiet-ground)
In all cases where a center ground blade is present in the connector it is always
grounded to the PCB. Only one single-ended signal or differential pair was driven for
crosstalk measurements.
Other configurations can be evaluated upon request. Please contact [email protected]
for more information.
In a real system environment, active signals might be located at the outer edges of the
signal contacts of concern, as opposed to the ground signals utilized in laboratory testing. For example, in a single-ended system, a pin-out of “SSSS”, or four adjacent single
ended signals, might be encountered, as opposed to the “GSG” and “GSSG” configurations tested in the laboratory. Electrical characteristics in such applications could vary
slightly from laboratory results. But in most applications, performance can safely be considered equivalent.
Samtec Inc.
520 Park East Blvd.
New Albany IN 47151-1147 USA
©Samtec, Inc. 2005
WWW.SAMTEC.COM
1-800-SAMTEC-9 (US & Canada)
[email protected]
Page:6
Phone: 812-944-6733
Fax: 812-948-5047
Report Revision: 7/28/2006
All Rights Reserved
High Speed Characterization Report
Series: MEC6
Description: Vertical Surface Mount, 0.635mm (.025”) Pitch, Mates w/ 1.60mm (.062”) card
Signal Edge Speed (Rise Time):
In pulse signaling applications, the perceived performance of an interconnect can vary
significantly depending on the edge rate or rise time of the exciting signal. For this report, the fastest rise time used was 30 +/-5 ps. Generally, this should demonstrate
worst case performance.
In many systems, the signal edge rate will be significantly slower at the connector than
at the driver launch point. To estimate interconnect performance at other edge rates,
data is provided for several rise times between 30 ps and 1.0 ns.
For this report, rise times were measured at 10%-90% signal levels.
Frequency Domain Data
Frequency domain parameters are helpful in evaluating the connector system’s signal
loss and crosstalk characteristics across a range of sinusoidal frequencies. In this report, parameters presented in the frequency domain are insertion loss, return loss, and
near-end and far-end crosstalk. Other parameters or formats, such as VSWR or Sparameters, may be available upon request. Please contact our Signal Integrity Group
at [email protected] for more information.
Frequency performance characteristics for the SUT are generated from time domain
measurements using Fourier Transform calculations. Procedures and methods used in
generating the SUT’s frequency domain data are provided in the frequency domain test
procedures in Appendix E of this report.
Time Domain Data
Time Domain parameters indicate impedance mismatch versus length, signal propagation time, and crosstalk in a pulsed signal environment. Time Domain data is provided
in Appendix E of this report. Parameters or formats not included in this report may be
available upon request. Please contact our Signal Integrity Group at [email protected]
for more information.
Reference plane impedance is 50 ohms for single-ended measurements and 100 ohms
for differential measurements. The fastest risetime signal exciting the SUT is 30 ± 5
picoseconds.
In this report, propagation delay is defined as the signal propagation time through the
PCB connector pads and connector pair. It does not include PCB traces. Delay is
measured at 30 ± 5 picoseconds signal risetime. Delay is calculated as the difference
in time measured between the 50% amplitude levels of the input and output pulses.
Samtec Inc.
520 Park East Blvd.
New Albany IN 47151-1147 USA
©Samtec, Inc. 2005
WWW.SAMTEC.COM
1-800-SAMTEC-9 (US & Canada)
[email protected]
Page:7
Phone: 812-944-6733
Fax: 812-948-5047
Report Revision: 7/28/2006
All Rights Reserved
High Speed Characterization Report
Series: MEC6
Description: Vertical Surface Mount, 0.635mm (.025”) Pitch, Mates w/ 1.60mm (.062”) card
Crosstalk or coupled noise data is provided for various signal configurations. All measurements are single disturber. Crosstalk is calculated as a ratio of the input line voltage
to the coupled line voltage. The input line is sometimes described as the active or drive
line. The coupled line is sometimes described as the quiet or victim line. Crosstalk ratio
is tabulated in this report as a percentage. Measurements are made at both the nearend and far-end of the SUT.
Data for other configurations may be available. Please contact our Signal Integrity
Group at [email protected] for further information.
As a rule of thumb, 10% crosstalk levels are often used as a general first pass limit for
determining acceptable interconnect performance. But modern system crosstalk tolerance can vary greatly. For advice on connector suitability for specific applications,
please contact our Signal Integrity Group at [email protected].
Additional information concerning test conditions and procedures is located in the appendices of this report. Further information may be obtained by contacting our Signal
Integrity Group at [email protected].
Samtec Inc.
520 Park East Blvd.
New Albany IN 47151-1147 USA
©Samtec, Inc. 2005
WWW.SAMTEC.COM
1-800-SAMTEC-9 (US & Canada)
[email protected]
Page:8
Phone: 812-944-6733
Fax: 812-948-5047
Report Revision: 7/28/2006
All Rights Reserved
High Speed Characterization Report
Series: MEC6
Description: Vertical Surface Mount, 0.635mm (.025”) Pitch, Mates w/ 1.60mm (.062”) card
Appendix A – Frequency Domain Response Graphs
Single-Ended Application – Insertion Loss
PCB/Connector Test System
Single Ended Application
LEC6 to MEC6-DV
1
0
-1
Insertion Loss (dB)
-2
-3
-4
Single Ended
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Frequency (GHz)
Single-Ended Application – Return Loss
PCB/Connector Test System
Single Ended Application
LEC6 to MEC6-DV
0
-10
-20
Return Loss (dB)
-30
-40
-50
Single Ended
-60
-70
-80
-90
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Frequency (GHz)
Samtec Inc.
520 Park East Blvd.
New Albany IN 47151-1147 USA
©Samtec, Inc. 2005
WWW.SAMTEC.COM
1-800-SAMTEC-9 (US & Canada)
[email protected]
Page:9
Phone: 812-944-6733
Fax: 812-948-5047
Report Revision: 7/28/2006
All Rights Reserved
High Speed Characterization Report
Series: MEC6
Description: Vertical Surface Mount, 0.635mm (.025”) Pitch, Mates w/ 1.60mm (.062”) card
Single-Ended Application – NEXT
PCB/Connector Test System
Single Ended Application
LEC6 to MEC6-DV
0
-10
Near-End Crosstalk (dB)
-20
-30
-40
Best Case
Worst Case
-50
ACROSS ROW
-60
-70
-80
-90
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Frequency (GHz)
Single-Ended Application – FEXT
PCB/Connector Test System
Single Ended Application
LEC6 to MEC6-DV
0
-10
Far-End Crosstalk (dB)
-20
-30
-40
Best Case
Worst Case
-50
ACROSS ROW
-60
-70
-80
-90
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Frequency (GHz)
Samtec Inc.
520 Park East Blvd.
New Albany IN 47151-1147 USA
©Samtec, Inc. 2005
WWW.SAMTEC.COM
1-800-SAMTEC-9 (US & Canada)
[email protected]
Page:10
Phone: 812-944-6733
Fax: 812-948-5047
Report Revision: 7/28/2006
All Rights Reserved
High Speed Characterization Report
Series: MEC6
Description: Vertical Surface Mount, 0.635mm (.025”) Pitch, Mates w/ 1.60mm (.062”) card
Differential Application – Insertion Loss
PCB/Connector Test System
Differential Application
LEC6 to MEC6-DV
1
0
-1
Insertion Loss (dB)
-2
-3
-4
Differential
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Frequency (GHz)
Differential Application – Return Loss
PCB/Connector Test System
Differential Application
LEC6 to MEC6-DV
0
-10
-20
Return Loss (dB)
-30
-40
-50
Differential
-60
-70
-80
-90
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Frequency (GHz)
Samtec Inc.
520 Park East Blvd.
New Albany IN 47151-1147 USA
©Samtec, Inc. 2005
WWW.SAMTEC.COM
1-800-SAMTEC-9 (US & Canada)
[email protected]
Page:11
Phone: 812-944-6733
Fax: 812-948-5047
Report Revision: 7/28/2006
All Rights Reserved
High Speed Characterization Report
Series: MEC6
Description: Vertical Surface Mount, 0.635mm (.025”) Pitch, Mates w/ 1.60mm (.062”) card
Differential Application – NEXT
PCB/Connector Test System
Differential Application
LEC6 to MEC6-DV
0
-10
Near-End Crosstalk (dB)
-20
-30
-40
Best Case
Worst Case
-50
ACROSS ROW
-60
-70
-80
-90
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Frequency (GHz)
Differential Application – FEXT
PCB/Connector Test System
Differential Application
LEC6 to MEC6-DV
0
-10
Far-End Crosstalk (dB)
-20
-30
-40
Best Case
Worst Case
-50
ACROSS ROW
-60
-70
-80
-90
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Frequency (GHz)
Samtec Inc.
520 Park East Blvd.
New Albany IN 47151-1147 USA
©Samtec, Inc. 2005
WWW.SAMTEC.COM
1-800-SAMTEC-9 (US & Canada)
[email protected]
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High Speed Characterization Report
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Appendix B – Time Domain Response Graphs
Single-Ended Application – Input Pulse
Samtec Inc.
520 Park East Blvd.
New Albany IN 47151-1147 USA
©Samtec, Inc. 2005
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Single-Ended Application – Impedance
Single-Ended Application – Propagation Delay
Samtec Inc.
520 Park East Blvd.
New Albany IN 47151-1147 USA
©Samtec, Inc. 2005
WWW.SAMTEC.COM
1-800-SAMTEC-9 (US & Canada)
[email protected]
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High Speed Characterization Report
Series: MEC6
Description: Vertical Surface Mount, 0.635mm (.025”) Pitch, Mates w/ 1.60mm (.062”) card
Single-Ended Application – NEXT, “Worst Case in Row” Configuration
Single-Ended Application – FEXT, “Worst Case in Row” Configuration
Samtec Inc.
520 Park East Blvd.
New Albany IN 47151-1147 USA
©Samtec, Inc. 2005
WWW.SAMTEC.COM
1-800-SAMTEC-9 (US & Canada)
[email protected]
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Phone: 812-944-6733
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High Speed Characterization Report
Series: MEC6
Description: Vertical Surface Mount, 0.635mm (.025”) Pitch, Mates w/ 1.60mm (.062”) card
Single-Ended Application – NEXT, “Best Case in Row” Configuration
Single-Ended Application – FEXT, “Best Case in Row” Configuration
Samtec Inc.
520 Park East Blvd.
New Albany IN 47151-1147 USA
©Samtec, Inc. 2005
WWW.SAMTEC.COM
1-800-SAMTEC-9 (US & Canada)
[email protected]
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Phone: 812-944-6733
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High Speed Characterization Report
Series: MEC6
Description: Vertical Surface Mount, 0.635mm (.025”) Pitch, Mates w/ 1.60mm (.062”) card
Single-Ended Application – NEXT, “Across Row” Configuration
Single-Ended Application – FEXT, “Across Row” Configuration
Samtec Inc.
520 Park East Blvd.
New Albany IN 47151-1147 USA
©Samtec, Inc. 2005
WWW.SAMTEC.COM
1-800-SAMTEC-9 (US & Canada)
[email protected]
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High Speed Characterization Report
Series: MEC6
Description: Vertical Surface Mount, 0.635mm (.025”) Pitch, Mates w/ 1.60mm (.062”) card
Differential Application – Input Pulse
Samtec Inc.
520 Park East Blvd.
New Albany IN 47151-1147 USA
©Samtec, Inc. 2005
WWW.SAMTEC.COM
1-800-SAMTEC-9 (US & Canada)
[email protected]
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High Speed Characterization Report
Series: MEC6
Description: Vertical Surface Mount, 0.635mm (.025”) Pitch, Mates w/ 1.60mm (.062”) card
Differential Application – Impedance
Differential Application – Propagation Delay
Samtec Inc.
520 Park East Blvd.
New Albany IN 47151-1147 USA
©Samtec, Inc. 2005
WWW.SAMTEC.COM
1-800-SAMTEC-9 (US & Canada)
[email protected]
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Series: MEC6
Description: Vertical Surface Mount, 0.635mm (.025”) Pitch, Mates w/ 1.60mm (.062”) card
Differential Application – NEXT, “Worst Case in Row” Configuration
Differential Application – FEXT, “Worst Case in Row” Configuration
Samtec Inc.
520 Park East Blvd.
New Albany IN 47151-1147 USA
©Samtec, Inc. 2005
WWW.SAMTEC.COM
1-800-SAMTEC-9 (US & Canada)
[email protected]
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Phone: 812-944-6733
Fax: 812-948-5047
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High Speed Characterization Report
Series: MEC6
Description: Vertical Surface Mount, 0.635mm (.025”) Pitch, Mates w/ 1.60mm (.062”) card
Differential Application – NEXT, “Best Case in Row” Configuration
Differential Application – FEXT, “Best Case in Row” Configuration
Samtec Inc.
520 Park East Blvd.
New Albany IN 47151-1147 USA
©Samtec, Inc. 2005
WWW.SAMTEC.COM
1-800-SAMTEC-9 (US & Canada)
[email protected]
Page:21
Phone: 812-944-6733
Fax: 812-948-5047
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High Speed Characterization Report
Series: MEC6
Description: Vertical Surface Mount, 0.635mm (.025”) Pitch, Mates w/ 1.60mm (.062”) card
Differential Application – NEXT, “Across Row” Configuration
Differential Application – FEXT, “Across Row” Configuration
Samtec Inc.
520 Park East Blvd.
New Albany IN 47151-1147 USA
©Samtec, Inc. 2005
WWW.SAMTEC.COM
1-800-SAMTEC-9 (US & Canada)
[email protected]
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Phone: 812-944-6733
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Description: Vertical Surface Mount, 0.635mm (.025”) Pitch, Mates w/ 1.60mm (.062”) card
Appendix C – Product and Test System Descriptions
Product Description
Product samples are the vertical surface mount MEC6-150-02-L-DV-A. The connector
structure consists of two banks of double rows, housing 19 pins per row in one bank
and 31 pins per row in the second bank. The mating edge card is a dedicated dual signal configuration microprobe launch and is referred to as an LEC6.
Test System Description
The test fixtures are composed of a 4-layer FR-4 material with 50Ω and100Ω signal
trace and pad configurations designed for the electrical characterization of Samtec hispeed connector products. The pictured fixtures are specific to the MEC6-DV surface
mount series connector and EC6 dual configuration signal launch card. Fixture connector cards are identified by Samtec P/N PCB-100487-TST-01 and P/N PCB-100487TST-02 (Figure 1). The EC8 dual configuration signal card is identified by P/N PCB100487-TST-03
Figure 1 Connector Card Fixtures PCB-100487-TST-01 (Lt.), PCB-100487-TST-02
(Rt.) + EC6 Dual Configuration Signal Launch Card PCB-100487-TST-03
PCB-100487-TST-01 and PCB-100487-TST-03 (Figure1, Lt.) combination characterizes
impedance, propagation delay, best case crosstalk and across row crosstalk for single
ended and differential signal types. The PCB-100487-TST-02 and PCB-100487-TST03 (Figure 1 Rt.) combination characterizes worse case crosstalk for single ended and
differential signal types only. Signal paths are identified by a “J” number identifier which
represents terminal positions within the connector. Signals are launched from the edge
Samtec Inc.
520 Park East Blvd.
New Albany IN 47151-1147 USA
©Samtec, Inc. 2005
WWW.SAMTEC.COM
1-800-SAMTEC-9 (US & Canada)
[email protected]
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Description: Vertical Surface Mount, 0.635mm (.025”) Pitch, Mates w/ 1.60mm (.062”) card
card (EC6) side of the mated fixture. Data and waveforms presented in this report are
results from the edge card signal launch. Table 8 below identifies the launch, monitoring
and adjacent line termination points used in generating characterization data for this report.
Table 8 – PCB Fixture Characterization & Termination Matrix
Single Ended
Launch
USE PCB
IL, RL
Z, PD
TST-03
Monitor
TST-01
Differential
50Ω to Gnd.
Termination
TST-01 TST-03
Launch
Monitor
TST-03
TST-01
100Ω across Sig. Pair
Termination
TST-01
TST-03
J_90
J_89
J_94
J89
J94
J10_12
J10-12
J15_17
J16_18
J15-17
J16-18
TST-03
TST-02
TST-03
TST-03
TST-03
TST-02
TST-03
J90
J92
J_89
J_90
J_92
J89
J_12-14
J-16-18
J12-14
J_16-18
J_15-17
J-15-17
TST-03
TST-03
TST-01
TST-03
TST-03
TST-03
TST-01
TST-03
J90
J94
J_89
J_90
J_94
J89
J10_12
J16_18
J10-12
J15_17
J16_18
J15-17
TST-03
TST-02
TST-02
TST-03
TST-03
TST-02
TST-02
TST-03
J90
J_92
J_89
J_90
J-89
J-92
J_12-14
J_16-18
J12-14
J_15-17
J-16-18
J-15-17
TST-03
TST-01
TST-01
TST-03
TST-03
TST-01
TST-01
TST-03
FEXT(best)
J90
J_94
J_89
J_90
J89
J94
J10_12
J16_18
J10-12
J15_17
J15-17
J16-18
FEXT(xrow)
J89
J_94
J_89
J_90
J90
J94
J16-18
J15_17
J10-12
J16_18
J10_12
J15-17
USE PCB
NEXT(worst)
USE PCB
NEXT(best)
USE PCB
FEXT(worst)
USE PCB
J90
TST-03
Samtec Inc.
520 Park East Blvd.
New Albany IN 47151-1147 USA
©Samtec, Inc. 2005
WWW.SAMTEC.COM
1-800-SAMTEC-9 (US & Canada)
[email protected]
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High Speed Characterization Report
Series: MEC6
Description: Vertical Surface Mount, 0.635mm (.025”) Pitch, Mates w/ 1.60mm (.062”) card
Signal Conditioning, Calibration Standards and Signal Launch/Monitoring
Figure 2, represents the layout of the dual configuration edge card. Figures 3 & 4 are
the mating connector card layouts for the dual edge card configuration. In general GSG
and GSSG conditions are spelled out in the characterization details section of this report. Graphics depict actual test layout conditions, calibration standards, and reference
traces utilized in characterizing the electrical performance of MEC6 connector/edge
card application.
Figure 2 EC6 Dual Configuration Signal Launch Card
PCB-100487-TST-03
Samtec Inc.
520 Park East Blvd.
New Albany IN 47151-1147 USA
©Samtec, Inc. 2005
WWW.SAMTEC.COM
1-800-SAMTEC-9 (US & Canada)
[email protected]
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Figure 3 Connector Card PCB-100487-TST-01
Samtec Inc.
520 Park East Blvd.
New Albany IN 47151-1147 USA
©Samtec, Inc. 2005
WWW.SAMTEC.COM
1-800-SAMTEC-9 (US & Canada)
[email protected]
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High Speed Characterization Report
Series: MEC6
Description: Vertical Surface Mount, 0.635mm (.025”) Pitch, Mates w/ 1.60mm (.062”) card
Figure 4 Connector Card PCB-100487-TST-02
Samtec Inc.
520 Park East Blvd.
New Albany IN 47151-1147 USA
©Samtec, Inc. 2005
WWW.SAMTEC.COM
1-800-SAMTEC-9 (US & Canada)
[email protected]
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High Speed Characterization Report
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Description: Vertical Surface Mount, 0.635mm (.025”) Pitch, Mates w/ 1.60mm (.062”) card
Appendix D – Test and Measurement Setup
The test instrument is the Tektronix CSA8000 Communication Signal Analyzer Mainframe. Four bays of the CSA8000 are occupied with three Tektronix 80E04
TDR/Sampling Heads and one Tektronix 80E03 Sampling Head. Time domain results
are generated using the TDR/Sampling Head capability. S-parameter data is generated from a TDR based software tool called I-Connect Probing is accomplished using
a video microscopy system, microprobe positioners, and 40GHz capable probes (Figure
5). The 450 micron pitch probes are located to PCB launch points with 25X to 175X
magnification and XYZ fine positioning adjustments available from both the probe table
and micro-probe positioners. Electrically the microwave probes rate a < 1.0 dB insertion
loss, a ≥18 dB return loss, and an isolation of 38 dB providing high-bandwidth and low
parasitic measurement results. Combined, the above technology provides a stable
measurement environment along with the electrical accuracies for obtaining precise
calibrations and signal launch capabilities (Figure 6).
Figure 5 Measurement Station Micro-Probing Capability
Samtec Inc.
520 Park East Blvd.
New Albany IN 47151-1147 USA
©Samtec, Inc. 2005
WWW.SAMTEC.COM
1-800-SAMTEC-9 (US & Canada)
[email protected]
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Description: Vertical Surface Mount, 0.635mm (.025”) Pitch, Mates w/ 1.60mm (.062”) card
Figure 6 Dual 40 GHz Microprobes – Right Angle Orientation
Test Instruments
QTY
Description
1
Tektronix CSA8000 Communication Signal Analyzer
3
Tektronix 80E04 Dual Channel 20 GHz TDR Sampling Module
1
Tektronix 80E03 Dual Channel 20 GHz Sampling Module
Measurement Station Accessories
QTY Description
1
GigaTest Labs Model (GTL3030) Probe Station
4
GTL Micro-Probe Positioners
2
Picoprobe by GGB Ind. Model 40A GSG (single ended applications)
2
Picoprobe by GGB Ind. Dual Model 40A GSG-GSG (differential applications)
1
Keyence VH-5910 High Resolution Video Microscope
1
Keyence VH-W100 Fixed Magnification Lens 100 X
1
Keyence VH-Z25 Standard Zoom Lens 25X-175X
Test Cables & Adapters
QTY
Description
4
Pasternack Enterprises 2.9mm Semi-Rigid (.086) 6” Cable Assemblies
2
Tektronix 1 Meter Module Extenders
Samtec Inc.
520 Park East Blvd.
New Albany IN 47151-1147 USA
©Samtec, Inc. 2005
WWW.SAMTEC.COM
1-800-SAMTEC-9 (US & Canada)
[email protected]
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Description: Vertical Surface Mount, 0.635mm (.025”) Pitch, Mates w/ 1.60mm (.062”) card
Appendix E - Frequency and Time Domain Measurements
It is important to note before gathering measurement data that TDA Systems IConnect
measurements and CSA8000 measurements are virtually the same measurements with
diverse formats. This means that the operator, being extremely aware, can obtain SI
time and frequency characteristics in an almost simultaneous fashion.
Since IConnect setup procedures are specific to the frequency information sought, it is
mandatory that the sample preparation and CSA8000 functional setups be consistent
throughout the waveform gathering process. If the operators test equipment permits
recall sequencing between the various test parameter setups, it insures IConnect functional setups remain consistent with the TDR/TDT waveforms previously recorded. Related time and frequency test parameter data recorded for this report were gathered simultaneously.
Frequency (S-Parameter) Domain Procedures
Frequency data extraction involves two steps that first measure the frequency related
time domain waveform followed by post-processing of the time domain waveforms into
loss and crosstalk response parameters versus frequency. The first step utilizes the
Tektronix CSA8000 time based instrument to capture frequency related single-ended or
differential signal types propagating through an appropriately prepared SUT. The second step involves a correlation of the time based waveforms using the TDA Systems
IConnect software tool to post-process these waveforms into frequency response parameters. TDA Systems labels these frequency related waveform relationships as the
Step and DUT reference. This report establishes the setup procedures for defining the
Step and DUT reference for frequency parameters of interest. Once established, the
Step and DUT references are post-processed in IConnect’s S-parameter computations
window.
CSA8000 Setup
Listed below are the CSA 8000 functional menu setups used for single-ended and differential frequency response extractions. Both signal types utilize I-Connect software
tools to generate S-parameter upper and lower frequency boundaries along with the
step frequency. These frequency boundaries are determined by a time domain instruments functional settings such as window length, number of points and averaging capability. Once window length, number of points and averaging functions are set, maintain
the same instrument settings throughout the extraction process.
Samtec Inc.
520 Park East Blvd.
New Albany IN 47151-1147 USA
©Samtec, Inc. 2005
WWW.SAMTEC.COM
1-800-SAMTEC-9 (US & Canada)
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Series: MEC6
Description: Vertical Surface Mount, 0.635mm (.025”) Pitch, Mates w/ 1.60mm (.062”) card
Vertical Scale:
Offset:
Horizontal Scale:
Max. Record Length:
Averages:
Single-Ended Signal
100 mV/ Div:
Default / Scroll
1nSec/ Div = 20 MHz step
frequency
4000 = Min. Resolution
≥ 128
Differential Signal
100 mV/ Div:
Default / Scroll
1nSec/ Div = 20 MHz step
frequency
4000 = Min. Resolution
≥ 128
Insertion Loss
SUT Preparation - For signal launch and monitoring path guidelines reference table 8.
Terminate all the suggested active or adjacent signal lines at the impedance values
recommended in the table. Signal trace locations and configurations can be verified using figures 2 & 3.
Step Reference - Establish waveform by making a TDT transmission measurement that
includes all cables, adapters, and probes connected in the test systems transmission
path. The transmission path is completed by inserting a negligible length of transmission standard between the microwave probes. (Note: To characterize transmission or
reflection references employ the FOR DIFF CALIBRATION standard pictured in Figure
3).
DUT Reference - Establish waveforms by making an active TDT transmission measurement that includes all cables, adapters, and probes connected in the test systems
transmission path. Insert the SUT between the probes in place of the transmission
standard and record the measurement.
Return Loss
SUT Preparation – For signal launch and monitoring path guidelines reference table 8.
Terminate all the suggested active or adjacent signal lines at the impedance values
recommended in the table. Signal trace locations and configurations can be verified using figures 2 & 3
Step Reference – Establish waveform by making an active TDR reflection measurement
that includes all cables, adapters, and probes connected in the test systems electrical
path up to and including an open standard. (Note: To characterize transmission or reflection references employ the FOR DIFF CALIBRATION standard pictured in Figure 3).
DUT Reference – Retain same signal paths and test setup used in obtaining insertion
loss waveforms. Establish these waveforms by making a TDT (matched) reflection
measurement that includes all cables, adapters, and probes connected in the test systems transmission path. For this condition the quality cables and adapters located on
Samtec Inc.
520 Park East Blvd.
New Albany IN 47151-1147 USA
©Samtec, Inc. 2005
WWW.SAMTEC.COM
1-800-SAMTEC-9 (US & Canada)
[email protected]
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the far-end of the inserted SUT serves as the resistive load impedance closely matching
the test system input impedance of 50Ω single-ended and/or 100Ω differential.
Near-End Crosstalk (NEXT)
SUT Preparation – For signal launch and monitoring path guidelines reference table 8.
Terminate all the suggested active or adjacent signal lines at the impedance values
recommended in the table. Worse case crosstalk signal trace location and configuration
can be verified using figures 2 & 3. Use figures 2 & 4 to identify best case and across
row crosstalk signal traces.
Step Reference - Establish waveforms by making an active measurement that includes
all cables, adapters, and probes connected in the test systems electrical path up to and
including an open standard (Note: To characterize transmission or reflection references
employ the FOR DIFF CALIBRATION standard pictured in Figure 3).
DUT Reference - Establish waveforms by driving the suggested signal line and monitoring the TDR coupled energy at the adjacent near-end signal line. Establish {6} measurement waveforms of worst case, best case and across row (xrow) coupling conditions
for both signal types.
Far-End Crosstalk (FEXT)
SUT Preparation - For signal launch and monitoring path guidelines reference table 8.
Terminate all the suggested active or adjacent signal lines at the impedance values
recommended in the table. Worse case crosstalk signal trace location and configuration
can be verified using figures 2 & 3. Use figures 2 & 4 to identify best case and across
row crosstalk signal traces.
Step Reference - Establish waveforms by making a TDT transmission measurement
that includes all cables, adapters, and probes connected in the test systems transmission path. The transmission path is completed by inserting a negligible length of transmission standard (Note: To characterize transmission or reflection references employ
the FOR DIFF CALIBRATION standard pictured in Figure 3).
DUT Reference - Establish waveforms by driving the suggested signal line and monitoring the TDR coupled energy at the adjacent near-end signal line. Establish {6} measurement waveforms of worst case, best case and across row (xrow) coupling conditions
for both signal types.
Samtec Inc.
520 Park East Blvd.
New Albany IN 47151-1147 USA
©Samtec, Inc. 2005
WWW.SAMTEC.COM
1-800-SAMTEC-9 (US & Canada)
[email protected]
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Time Domain Procedures
Measurements involving digital type pulses are performed utilizing either Time Domain
Reflectometer (TDR) or Time Domain Transmission (TDT) methods. For this series of
tests, TDR methods are employed for the impedance and propagation delay measurements. Crosstalk measurements utilize TDT methods. The Tektronix 80E04 TDR/ Sampling Head provide both the signaling type and sampling capability necessary to accurately
and fully characterize the SUT.
Impedance
The signal line(s) of the SUT’s signal configuration is energized with a TDR pulse. The
far-end of the energized signal line is terminated in the test systems characteristic impedance (e.g.; 50Ω or 100Ω terminations). By terminating the adjacent signal lines in
the test systems characteristic impedance, the effects on the resultant impedance
shape of the waveform is limited. For signal launch and monitoring path guidelines reference table 8.
Propagation Delay
This test reports differential or single ended signal delay as the measured difference of
propagation between a referenced length of the signal pads and signal traces (30 ± 5 ps
edge rate) and the device under test (DUT) plus the electrical length of the signal pads
and signal traces (PDpads/traces- PDDUT + PDpads/traces). PDpads/traces is the referenced
physical length of PCB signal pads & traces equaling the PCB pads & traces entering
and leaving the device under test (DUT). These measurable reference lengths (i.e.;
SE_THRU1 to SE THRU2 & DIFF_THRU1 to DIFF_THRU2) are featured on
PCB100487-TST-01 in Figure 3. The PDDUT + PDpads/traces variable is the mated MEC6
vertical surface mount connector card with pads & traces plus the edge card with pads
& signal traces. Both PDpads/traces & PDDUT + PDpads/traces waveform edgerates are measured and recorded at 50 % amplitude of each recorded rising edge. The distance in
time between the rising edges is the propagation delay of the device under test. In this
case the propagation delay is that of the MEC6 connector (PDDUT). For signal launch
and monitoring path guidelines reference table 8.
Crosstalk
An active pulsed waveform is transmitted through a selected SUT signal line. The adjacent quiet signal lines are monitored for the coupled energy at the near-end and far-end.
Active and quiet lines not being monitored are terminated in the test systems characteristic impedance. Signal lines adjacent to the quiet lines remain terminated on both ends
throughout the test sequence. Failing to terminate the active near or far end, quiet
lines, or in some cases, signal lines adjacent to the quiet line may have an effect on
amplitude and shape of the coupled energy. Measure the worse and best case in row
coupling scenarios. Also measure the direct coupling effects that occur across a row of
terminals. For signal launch and monitoring path guidelines reference table 8.
Samtec Inc.
520 Park East Blvd.
New Albany IN 47151-1147 USA
©Samtec, Inc. 2005
WWW.SAMTEC.COM
1-800-SAMTEC-9 (US & Canada)
[email protected]
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Phone: 812-944-6733
Fax: 812-948-5047
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High Speed Characterization Report
Series: MEC6
Description: Vertical Surface Mount, 0.635mm (.025”) Pitch, Mates w/ 1.60mm (.062”) card
Appendix F – Glossary of Terms
BC – Best Case crosstalk configuration
DP – Differential Pair signal configuration
DUT – Device under test, term used for TDA IConnect & Propagation Delay waveforms
EC6 – Edge Card with a .635mm signal pad pitch
FEXT – Far-End Crosstalk
GSG – Ground–Signal-Ground; geometric configuration
LEC6 – Signal Launch Edge Card with a .635 mm signal pad pitch
NEXT – Near-End Crosstalk
PCB – Printed Circuit Board
SE – Single-Ended
SI – Signal Integrity
SUT – System under test
TDR – Time Domain Reflectometry
TDT – Time Domain Transmission
WC – Worst Case crosstalk configuration
Xrowse – Cross ground/ power bar crosstalk, single-ended signal
Xrowdiff – Cross ground/ power bar crosstalk, differential signal
Z – Impedance (expressed in ohms)
Samtec Inc.
520 Park East Blvd.
New Albany IN 47151-1147 USA
©Samtec, Inc. 2005
WWW.SAMTEC.COM
1-800-SAMTEC-9 (US & Canada)
[email protected]
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Phone: 812-944-6733
Fax: 812-948-5047
Report Revision: 7/28/2006
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