VTM® Current Multiplier VTM 48R P 015 x 050 A B 1 ® S US C C NRTL US Sine Amplitude Converter™ (SAC™) Features Product Ratings • 38.4 Vdc to 1.2 Vdc 50 A current multiplier VIN = 0 to 52 V IOUT = 50 A (nom) n Operating from standard 48 V or 24 V PRM® regulators VOUT = 0 to 1.63 V (no load) K = 1/32 n Up to 52 Volts DC input n K of 1/32 provides up to 50 A DC output current • High efficiency (>93%) reduces system power consumption • High density (962 A/in3) • Vicor’s 0623 ChiP package enables low impedance interconnect to system board • Provides enable / disable control, internal temperature monitoring, internal current monitoring • ZVS / ZCS resonant Sine Amplitude Converter topology • Parallel up to 10 modules Typical Applications • Computing and Telecom Systems n Optimized for Memory and High Power ASICs • Automated Test Equipment Product Description The Vicor’s 0623 ChiP VTM current multiplier is a high efficiency (>93%) Sine Amplitude Converter™ (SAC™) operating from a 0 to 52 Vdc primary bus to deliver a 0 to 1.63 Vdc low voltage output. The Sine Amplitude Converter offers a low AC impedance beyond the bandwidth of most downstream regulators; therefore capacitance normally at the load can be located at the input to the Sine Amplitude Converter. Since the K factor of the VTM48RP015x050AB1 is 1/32, the capacitance value can be reduced by a factor of 1024, resulting in savings of board area, materials and total system cost. The VTM48RP015x050AB1 is provided in Vicor’s 0623 ChiP package compatible with standard pick-and-place assembly processes. The co-molded ChiP package provides enhanced thermal management due to a large thermal interface area and superior thermal conductivity. The high conversion efficiency of the VTM48RP015x050AB1 increases overall system efficiency and lowers operating costs compared to conventional approaches. The VTM48RP015x050AB1 enables the utilization of Factorized Power Architecture™ which provides efficiency and size benefits by lowering conversion and distribution losses and promoting high density point of load conversion. • High Density Power Supplies • Communications Systems VTM® Current Multiplier Rev 1.1 vicorpower.com Page 1 of 24 10/2014 800 927.9474 VTM 48R P 015 x 050 A B 1 Typical Application LEXT 5V VIN 38 V – 60 V VCC PI3755 ENABLE VOUT VTM EAO VDIFF Application TM FLT 10K ENABLE IMON SYSTEM ENABLE VR12.x EA Controller Typical Application: Diagram for use within a Factorized Power, VR12.x Memory Design Part Ordering Information Device Input Voltage Range Package Type Output Voltage Temperature Grade Output Current Revision Package Size Version VTM 48R P 015 x 050 A B 1 VTM = VTM 48R = 0 to 52 V P = Through hole, 18 pin 015 = 1.5 V T = -40 to 125°C 050 = 50 A A B = 0623 1 All products shipped in JEDEC standard high profile (0.400” thick) trays (JEDEC Publication 95, Design Guide 4.10). Standard Models Part Number VIN Package Type VOUT Temperature Current Package Size Version VTM48RP015T050AB1 0 to 52 V Through hole, 18 pin 1.5 V (0 to 1.63 V) -40 to 125°C 50 A 0623 1 VTM® Current Multiplier Rev 1.1 vicorpower.com Page 2 of 24 10/2014 800 927.9474 VTM 48R P 015 x 050 A B 1 Pin Configuration TOP VIEW 1 2 +OUT A A +OUT -OUT B B -OUT +OUT C C +OUT -OUT D D -OUT +OUT E E +OUT -OUT F F EN_BUS G G TM VCC H H CM +IN I I -OUT -IN 0623 device Pin Numbering and Descriptions Pin Number Signal Name Type A1, A2 C1, C2 E1, E2 +OUT OUTPUT POWER Positive output terminal B1, B2 D1, D2 F1, F2 -OUT OUTPUT POWER RETURN Negative output terminal G1 EN_BUS INPUT G2 TM OUTPUT H1 VCC INPUT H2 CM OUTPUT Current monitor I1 +IN INPUT POWER Positive input terminal I2 -IN INPUT POWER RETURN Negative input terminal Function ENABLE, DISABLE and VTM Ready Temperature monitor and Power Good Flag Power train controller supply VTM® Current Multiplier Rev 1.1 vicorpower.com Page 3 of 24 10/2014 800 927.9474 VTM 48R P 015 x 050 A B 1 Absolute Maximum Ratings The absolute maximum ratings below are stress ratings only. Operation at or beyond these maximum ratings can cause permanent damage to the device. Min Max Unit +IN to –IN Parameter -1.0 60 VDC EN_BUS to –IN -0.3 5.5 VDC TM to –IN -0.3 5.5 VDC VCC to –IN -0.3 5.5 VDC CM to –IN 0 5.5 VDC N/A VDC 0.2 VDC 4 VDC + IN / –IN to + OUT / –OUT (hipot) Comments Non-isolated VTM + IN / –IN to + OUT / –OUT (working) + OUT to –OUT -1.0 Electrical Specifications Specifications apply over all line and load conditions unless otherwise noted; Boldface specifications apply over the temperature range of -40°C ≤ TINT ≤ 125°C (T-Grade); All other specifications are at TINT = 25ºC unless otherwise noted. Attribute Symbol Conditions / Notes Min Typ Max Unit 52 Vdc 1000 V/ms N/A V Powertrain Input voltage range VIN VCC applied VIN slew rate dVIN/dt VIN UV turn off VIN_UV Total No Load power dissipation PNL 0 This protection is disabled for this product N/A VIN = 38.4 V 2.3 VIN = 0 V to 52 V 5.3 VIN = 38.4 V, TC = 25ºC 1.1 VIN = 0 V to 52 V, TC = 25ºC W 1.5 3.5 VCC enable, VIN = 38.4 V, COUT = 27000 µF, Inrush current peak IINRP RLOAD = 22.22 mΩ (See start up operation VCC DC input current IIN_DC N/A N/A A 1.70 A applied after input voltage) Transfer ratio Output voltage K Steady state K = VOUT/VIN, IOUT = 0 A VOUT 1/32 VOUT = VIN • K - IOUT • ROUT, IOUT = 0 A 0 V/V 1.63 V Output current (average) IOUT_AVG Steady state (See safe operating area) 50 A Output current (peak) IOUT_PK TPEAK ≤ 2 ms, IOUT_AVG < 50 A, transient, duty cycle = 25% 100 A 78 W Output power (average) Efficiency (ambient) POUT_AVG hAMB IOUT_AVG ≤ 50 A VIN = 38.4 V, IOUT = 50 A 89.4 VIN = 26 V to 52 V, IOUT = 50 A 85.7 VIN = 38.4 V, IOUT = 25 A 91.6 VTM® Current Multiplier Rev 1.1 vicorpower.com Page 4 of 24 10/2014 800 927.9474 90.4 % 92.7 VTM 48R P 015 x 050 A B 1 Electrical Specifications (Cont.) Specifications apply over all line and load conditions unless otherwise noted; Boldface specifications apply over the temperature range of -40°C ≤ TINT ≤ 125°C (T-Grade); All other specifications are at TINT = 25ºC unless otherwise noted. Attribute Efficiency (hot) Efficiency (over load range) Symbol Conditions / Notes hHOT Powertrain (Cont.) VIN = 38.4 V, TC = 100°C, IOUT = 50 A h20% 10 A < IOUT < 50 A Output resistance (cold) ROUT_COLD TC = -40°C, IOUT = 50 A Output resistance (ambient) ROUT_AMB Output resistance (hot) ROUT_HOT Switching frequency Min Typ 88.3 89.6 Max Unit % 82 % 1.20 1.38 1.57 mΩ TC = 25°C, IOUT = 50 A 1.55 1.78 2.00 mΩ TC = 100°C, IOUT = 50 A 1.82 2.03 2.25 mΩ FSW 1.30 1.37 1.44 MHz Output ripple frequency FSW_RP 2.60 2.74 2.88 MHz Output voltage ripple VOUT_PP 10 20 mV Output inductance (parasitic) LOUT_PAR Output capacitance (internal) COUT_INT Output capacitance (external) COUT Overvoltage lockout Overvoltage lockout response time constant VIN_OVLO+ TOVLO COUT = 3000 µF, IOUT = 50 A, VIN = 38.4 V, 20 MHz BW Frequency up to 30 MHz, 270 Effective Value at 1.2 VOUT Protection This protection is disabled for this product 200 N/A Effective internal RC filter IOCP This protection is disabled for this product N/A Short circuit protection trip current ISCP VTM latches after fault 260 TOCP Effective internal RC filter (Integrative). response time constant Short circuit protection response time Thermal shutdown setpoint Reverse inrush current protection TSCP N/A µF 27000 µF N/A V N/A Output overcurrent trip Output overcurrent pH Simulated leads model From detection to cessation N/A µs N/A A A N/A ms 1 µs of switching (Instantaneous) TINT_OTP 125 Reverse Inrush protection is enabled for this product VTM® Current Multiplier Rev 1.1 vicorpower.com Page 5 of 24 10/2014 800 927.9474 130 135 ºC VTM 48R P 015 x 050 A B 1 Output Current vs. Temperature 60 50 A continuous Output Current Output Current (A) 50 40 30 20 10 0 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95 105 115 125 Temperature (°C) Top only at temperature Top, leads & bottom at temperature Top & leads at temperature Leads only at temperature Figure 1 — Safe thermal operating area Output Current vs. Input Voltage Output Power vs. Input Voltage 120 160 < 2 ms, 100 A Maximum Peak Current Region 100 Output Current (A) Output Power (W) 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 80 65 A Maximum Average Current Region, case temperature < 85 °C 60 50 A Maximum Average Current Region, case temperature < 100 °C 40 20 0 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 0 60 5 10 15 Input Voltage (V) P (ave), 52 V, 50 A P (ave), t < 2 ms P (ave), 52 V, 50 A P (ave), 52 V, 65 A Figure 2 — Safe electrical operating area Safe Electrical Operating Area 120 Output Current (A) < 2 ms, 100A Peak Current Region 100 80 65 A Average Current Region, case temperature < 85 °C 60 Limited by ROUT 50 A Average Current Region, case temperature <100 °C 40 20 0 0.0 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 Input Voltage (V) 0.2 0.4 0.6 P (ave), 52 V, 50 A 0.8 1.0 1.2 Output Voltage (V) P (ave), t < 2 ms 1.4 1.6 1.8 P (ave), 52 V, 65 A Figure 3 — Safe electrical operating area VTM® Current Multiplier Rev 1.1 vicorpower.com Page 6 of 24 10/2014 800 927.9474 P (ave), t < 2 ms P (ave), 52 V, 65 A VTM 48R P 015 x 050 A B 1 Signal Characteristics Specifications apply over all line and load conditions unless otherwise noted; Boldface specifications apply over the temperature range of -40°C ≤ TINT ≤ 125°C (T-Grade); All other specifications are at TINT = 25ºC unless otherwise noted. VTM VCC Supply: VCC • PRM® can be used as valid wake-up signal source. • VCC voltage must be continuously applied with the limit specified. • Used to wake up powertrain circuit. • A minimum of 4.85 V must be applied indefinitely for entire input voltage range to ensure normal operation. SIGNAL TYPE STATE ATTRIBUTE External VCC voltage SYMBOL VVCC_EXT Steady ANALOG INPUT Start Up VCC current draw IVCC VCC inrush current IINR_VCC VCC to TM turn-on delay Transitional VCC to EN_BUS delay Internal VCC capacitance TON TVCC_EN_BUS CVCC_INT CONDITIONS / NOTES Required for start up, and steady state operation. MIN TYP 4.85 VCC = 4.85 V, Vin = 0 V 73 Fault mode. VCC > 4.85 V 25 VCC = 5.35 V, dVCC/dt = 1000 V/ms MAX UNIT 5.35 V 80 mA 2 A 28 34 ms VCC = 4.85 V to EN_BUS high, VIN = 0 V, dVCC/dt = 1000 V/ms 28 34 ms VCC = 0 V 2 VIN = 0 V, EN_BUS floating, VCC applied, CEN_BUS = 0 µF 23 µF ENABLE_BUS: EN_BUS • The EN_BUS pin disables the VTM module. When held below 1 V, the VTM module will be disabled. • Module will shutdown when pulled low with an impedance less than 25 kΩ. • EN_BUS pin outputs 4.7 V minimum during normal operation. EN_BUS pin is equal to 0 V minimum during fault mode given VCC > 4.85 V and floating EN_BUS pin. SIGNAL TYPE STATE ANALOG OUTPUT Steady Start Up Enable DIGITAL INPUT/ OUTPUT Disable Transitional ATTRIBUTE EN_BUS voltage SYMBOL CONDITIONS / NOTES VEN_BUS MIN 4.7 TYP MAX 5 5.3 UNIT V EN_BUS source current IEN_BUS_OP 50 µA EN_BUS source current IEN_BUS_EN 50 µA EN_BUS voltage VEN_BUS_EN EN_BUS voltage (disable) VEN_BUS_DIS 3 EN_BUS resistance (external) REN_BUS_EXT Connected to -IN. Min value to guarantee startup (open circuit OK), EN_BUS >4 V EN_BUS sink capability IEN_BUS_SINK Fault State EN_BUS disable time TEN_BUS_DIS_T EN_BUS pulled low to switching stops 1.2 µs Internal EN_BUS Capacitance CEN_BUS_INT EN_BUS = 0 V 100 pF 1 VTM® Current Multiplier Rev 1.1 vicorpower.com Page 7 of 24 10/2014 800 927.9474 2 1600 4 V V kΩ 1 mA VTM 48R P 015 x 050 A B 1 Signal Characteristics (Cont.) Specifications apply over all line and load conditions unless otherwise noted; Boldface specifications apply over the temperature range of -40°C ≤ TINT ≤ 125°C (T-Grade); All other specifications are at TINT = 25ºC unless otherwise noted. Current Monitor: CM • The CM pin voltage varies between 0 V and 3.05 V representing the output current within ±20% under all operating line temperature conditions between 0% and 100% load. SIGNAL TYPE STATE ATTRIBUTE CM Voltage (No Load) ANALOG OUTPUT CM Voltage (50%) Steady CM Voltage (Full Load) CM Gain the output current of the VTM module. SYMBOL CONDITIONS / NOTES MIN TYP MAX UNIT 0 0.3 0.5 V VCM_NL TINT = 25ºC, VIN = 38.4 V, IOUT = 0 A VCM_50% TINT = 25ºC, VIN = 38.4 V, IOUT = 25 A 1.68 VCM_FL TINT = 25ºC, VIN = 38.4 V, IOUT = 50 A 3.05 V 55 mV/A ACM CM Resistance (External) • The CM pin provides a DC analog voltage proportional to TINT = 25ºC, VIN = 38.4 V, 0% ≤ IOUT ≤ 100% RCM_EXT V 2.5 MΩ Temperature Monitor: TM • The TM pin monitors the internal temperature of the VTM controller IC within an accuracy of ±5 °C. • Can be used as a "Power Good" flag to verify that the VTM module is operating. SIGNAL TYPE STATE ATTRIBUTE TM voltage ANALOG OUTPUT DIGITAL OUTPUT (FAULT FLAG) Steady Steady Transitional • The TM pin has a room temperature setpoint of 3 V and approximate gain of 10 mV/K. • Output drives Temperature Shutdown comparator SYMBOL VTM_AMB TM source current ITM TM gain ATM CONDITIONS / NOTES MIN TYP MAX UNIT TINT controller = 27°C, ITM <100 µA 2.85 3 3.15 V 100 10 TM voltage ripple VTM_PP CTM = 0 F, VIN = 38.4 V, IOUT = 50 A 150 TM disable voltage VTM_DIS PGOOD deasserted 0.2 TM Enable Source Current ITM_EN TM Fault Sink Current ITM_FAULT TM capacitance (external) CTM_EXT TM fault response time TFR_TM TM > 1 V 20 TM ≤ 0.1 V, Fault state 1 350 VTM® Current Multiplier Rev 1.1 vicorpower.com Page 8 of 24 10/2014 800 927.9474 mV V mA mA 100 From fault detection to TM driven low µA mV/K 0.02 pF µs VTM® Current Multiplier Rev 1.1 vicorpower.com Page 9 of 24 10/2014 800 927.9474 Output Voltage Input Voltage TM TINT_OTP CM VEN_EN_BUS EN_BUS VEN_BUS_EN VVCC_EXT VCC UV TON C VC A PP ED LI V IN A L PP D IE EN U _B EN S _B U LL PU S R ED YC D EC SE R EA V IN EL W LO LE LT N O YC U IO C M A T E I E F D R R IN IN TM ON V V C LE D VE VC C R VEN_BUS_DIS EM D VE O VTM 48R P 015 x 050 A B 1 Timing Diagram VTM 48R P 015 x 050 A B 1 Application Characteristics The following values, typical of an application environment, are collected at TC = 25 ºC unless otherwise noted. See associated figures for general trend data. ATTRIBUTE SYMBOL Total No load power dissipation CONDITIONS / NOTES PNL TYP UNIT VIN = 38.4 V, VTM enabled 0.9 W Efficiency (ambient) hAMB VIN = 38.4 V, IOUT = 50 A 90.7 % Efficiency (hot) hHOT VIN = 38.4 V, IOUT = 50 A, TC = 100ºC 89.5 % Output resistance (cold) ROUT_COLD VIN = 38.4 V, IOUT = 50 A, TC = -40ºC 1.47 mΩ Output resistance (ambient) ROUT_AMB VIN = 38.4 V, IOUT = 50 A 1.75 mΩ Output resistance (hot) ROUT_HOT VIN = 38.4 V, IOUT = 50 A, TC = 100ºC 2.05 mΩ Output voltage ripple VOUT_PP COUT = 0 F, IOUT = 50 A, VIN = 38.4 V, 20 MHz BW 90 mV VOUT transient (positive) VOUT_TRAN+ IOUT_STEP = 0 A to 50 A, VIN = 38.4 V, ISLEW = 17 A/µs 24 mV VOUT transient (negative) VOUT_TRAN- IOUT_STEP = 50 A to 0 A, VIN = 38.4 V, ISLEW = 45 A/µs 24 mV Total No Load Power Dissipation vs. Input Voltage Full Load Efficiency vs. TCASE 93 Full Load Efficiency (%) 3 2 1 89 85 81 77 73 0 25 30 35 40 45 50 -40 55 -20 0 TCASE: -40°C 25°C VIN: 100°C 14 86 12 82 10 78 8 74 6 PD 4 Efficiency (%) 90 12 85 10 82 8 79 6 35 40 45 PD 76 70 30 50 26 V 38.4 V 52 V 26 V 4 2 0 0 5 10 15 Load Current (A) VIN: 52 V 14 0 25 38.4 V 88 62 20 26 V 16 73 15 100 91 2 10 80 94 66 5 60 Efficiency & Power Dissipation 25°C Case 16 Power Dissipation (W) Efficiency (%) Efficiency & Power Dissipation -40°C Case 94 0 40 Figure 5 — Full load efficiency vs. temperature Figure 4 — No load power dissipation vs. VIN 70 20 Case Temperature (°C) Input Voltage (V) Power Dissipation (W) Total No Load Power Dissipation (W) 4 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Load Current (A) 38.4 V Figure 6 — Efficiency and power dissipation at –40°C 52 V VIN: 26 V 38.4 V 52 V 26 V 38.4 V Figure 7 — Efficiency and power dissipation at 25°C VTM® Current Multiplier Rev 1.1 vicorpower.com Page 10 of 24 10/2014 800 927.9474 52 V VTM 48R P 015 x 050 A B 1 Application Characteristics (Cont.) The following values, typical of an application environment, are collected at TC = 25 ºC unless otherwise noted. See associated figures for general trend data. ROUT vs. TCASE at VIN = 38.4 V 16 91 14 88 12 85 10 82 8 6 79 PD 76 4 2.2 ROUT (mΩ) 94 2.4 Power Dissipation (W) Efficiency (%) Efficiency & Power Dissipation 100°C Case 2.0 1.8 1.6 73 2 1.4 70 0 1.2 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 -40 Load Current (A) VIN: 26 V 52 V 38.4 V 26 V 38.4 V -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 Case Temperature (°C) 52 V IOUT: 50 A Figure 9 — ROUT vs. temperature Figure 8 — Efficiency and power dissipation at 100°C Output Voltage Ripple vs. Load 120 VRIPPLE (mVPK-PK) 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Load Current (A) VIN: 26 V 38.4 V 52 V Figure 10 — VRIPPLE vs. IOUT ; No external COUT. Board mounted module, scope setting: 20 MHz analog BW Figure 11 — Full load ripple, 100 µF CIN; No external COUT. Board mounted module, scope setting : 20 MHz analog BW Figure 12 — Start up from application of VIN ; VCC pre-applied COUT = 10000 µF Figure 13 — Start up from application of VCC; VIN = 0 V VTM® Current Multiplier Rev 1.1 vicorpower.com Page 11 of 24 10/2014 800 927.9474 VTM 48R P 015 x 050 A B 1 Application Characteristics (Cont.) The following values, typical of an application environment, are collected at TC = 25 ºC unless otherwise noted. See associated figures for general trend data. Figure 15 — 50 A – 0 A transient response: C IN = 100 µF, no external COUT Figure 14 — 0 A – 50 A transient response: C IN = 100 µF, no external COUT CM Voltage vs. Load at 25°C Case 3.5 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.5 CM (V) CM (V) CM Voltage vs. Load at VIN = 38.4 V 3.5 2.0 1.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 0 5 10 TCASE: -40°C 25°C VIN: 100°C Figure 16 — CM voltage vs. load CM Voltage at 50 A Load vs. TCASE 3.0 CM (V) 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 TCASE (°C) VIN: 26 V 20 26 V Figure 17 — CM voltage vs. load 3.5 -40 15 38.4 V 25 30 35 40 Load Current (A) Load Current (A) 52 V Figure 18 — Full load CM voltage vs. TCASE VTM® Current Multiplier Rev 1.1 vicorpower.com Page 12 of 24 10/2014 800 927.9474 38.4 V 52 V 45 50 VTM 48R P 015 x 050 A B 1 General Characteristics Specifications apply over all line and load conditions unless otherwise noted; Boldface specifications apply over the temperature range of -40°C ≤ TINT ≤ 125°C (T-Grade); All other specifications are at TINT = 25ºC unless otherwise noted. Attribute Symbol Conditions / Notes Min Typ Max Unit Mechanical Length L 22.37 / [0.881] 22.50 / [0.886] 22.63 / [0.891] mm/[in] Width W 8.03 / [0.316] 8.41 / [0.331] 8.79 / [0.346] mm/[in] Height H 4.45 / [0.175] 4.50 / [0.177] 4.55 / [0.179] mm/[in] Volume Vol 0.85 / [0.052] cm3/[in3] Weight W 3.1 / [0.109] g/[oz] No heat sink Lead finish Nickel 0.51 2.03 Palladium 0.02 0.15 Gold 0.003 0.051 -40 125 µm Thermal Operating temperature Thermal resistance to top side TINT T-Grade fINT-TOP °C Estimated thermal resistance to maximum temperature internal component from isothermal top 5.9 °C/W Thermal resistance leads fINT-LEADS Estimated thermal resistance to maximum temperature internal component from isothermal leads 2.4 °C/W Thermal resistance bottom side fINT-BELLY Estimated thermal resistance to maximum temperature internal component from isothermal bottom 5.5 °C/W 2.15 Ws/°C Thermal capacity Assembly Peak compressive force applied to case (Z-axis) Storage temperature Supported by leads only TST T-Grade -40 ESDHBM Human Body Model, "JEDEC JESD 22-A114C.01" 2000 ESDCDM Charge Device Model, "JEDEC JESD 22-C101-C" 500 ESD withstand 5 lbs 17.05 lbs/in2 125 °C Vdc VTM® Current Multiplier Rev 1.1 vicorpower.com Page 13 of 24 10/2014 800 927.9474 VTM 48R P 015 x 050 A B 1 General Characteristics (Cont.) Specifications apply over all line and load conditions unless otherwise noted; Boldface specifications apply over the temperature range of -40°C ≤ TINT ≤ 125°C (T-Grade); All other specifications are at TINT = 25ºC unless otherwise noted. Attribute Symbol Conditions / Notes Min Typ Max Unit Reliability MTBF MIL-HDBK-217 Plus Parts Count; 25ºC Ground Benign, Stationary, Indoors / Computer Profile 6.74 MHrs Telcordia Issue 2 - Method I Case III; Ground Benign, Controlled 15.6 MHrs N/A µF 0 Ω Safety Isolation voltage (hipot) VHIPOT Non isolated VTM Isolation capacitance CIN_OUT Unpowered unit Isolation resistance RIN_OUT N/A Agency Approvals UL 60950-1, CAN/CSA C22.2 No. 60950-1, EN 60950-1, IEC 60950-1 Agency approvals / standards CE Marked for Low Voltage Directive and RoHS Recast Directive, as applicable Using the Control Signals VCC, EN_BUS, TM, CM VCC: The VTM VCC Supply This pin is an input pin which powers the internal VCC circuit within the specified voltage range of 4.85 V to 5.35 V. This voltage is required for VTM current multiplier start up and must be applied for entire input voltage range. Some additional notes on the using the VCC pin: n The VCC voltage must be applied indefinitely allowing for continuous operation for entire input voltage range of VTM. n The fault response of the VTM module is latching. Recycle of input voltage in presence of VCC is required in order to restart the unit, provided the EN_BUS pin is floating. n VTMs array fault shutdown: In an array, the EN_BUS pin of VTMs should be tied together. In the case of a fault on one of the VTMs, the EN_BUS pin of VTM under fault can pull the common EN_BUS signal low and shut the VTM array off. n VTMs array start-up: In an array, EN_BUS signal can be used as a Power Good/Ready signal to apply the input voltage to the VTM. The EN_BUS signal should be above maximum enable threshold voltage to ensure all VTMs in the array are ready. TM: Temperature Monitor This pin provides a voltage proportional to the absolute temperature of the converter control IC. It can be used to accomplish the following functions: n Monitor the control IC temperature: The temperature in EN_BUS: ENABLE_BUS This pin can be used to accomplish the following functions: n VTM output disable: EN_BUS pin can be actively pulled down in order to disable the module. The pull down resistance shall be lower than 25 kΩ. The EN voltage should be lower than minimum EN disable threshold as specified in signal characteristics in order to keep the VTM off. n VTM start-up: VTM will start up after EN_BUS signal crosses its maximum under voltage threshold point. In order to guarantee VTM start-up, resistance applied from EN_BUS pin to ground must exceed the minimum external resistance as specified in signal characteristics. n VTM start-up after EN_BUS pulled low: Disabling the VTM by pulling the EN_BUS pin of the VTM low is latching. Recycling the input voltage in presence of VCC is required in order to restart the VTM, provided the EN_BUS pin is floating. Kelvin is equal to the voltage on the TM pin scaled by 100. (i.e. 3.0 V = 300 K = 27ºC). If a heat sink is applied, TM can be used to thermally protect the system. n Fault detection flag: The TM voltage source is internally turned off as soon as a fault is detected. For system monitoring purposes (microcontroller interface) faults are detected on falling edges of TM signal. n VTMs array start-up: In an array, TM signal can be used as a Power Good/Ready signal to apply the input voltage to the VTM. The TM signal of all VTMs should high to ensure all VTMs in the array are ready. CM: Current Monitor This pin provides a voltage proportional to the output current of the VTM module. The nominal voltage will vary between 0.3 V and 3.05 V over the output current range of the VTM module (See Figures 16 - 18). The accuracy of the CM pin will be within (±20%) under all line and temperature conditions between 0% and 100% load. VTM® Current Multiplier Rev 1.1 vicorpower.com Page 14 of 24 10/2014 800 927.9474 VTM 48R P 015 x 050 A B 1 Start Up Behavior TON VEN_BUS_EN TON A C VC Figure 19 — VCC applied after Input Voltage VTM® Current Multiplier Rev 1.1 vicorpower.com Page 15 of 24 10/2014 800 927.9474 Output Voltage Input Voltage TM TINT_OTP CM VEN_BUS EN_BUS VVCC_EXT VCC UV V IN not recommended to start up the VTM in this order): In this case the VTM module output will begin to rise upon the application of the VCC voltage. However, the adaptive soft start circuit is disabled internal to the VTM and the start-up current will be unlimited. The TM and output voltage signal appear after a TON time with respect to the VCC under-voltage point. The EN_BUS signal crosses its enable threshold voltage at TON time. In this mode of start-up, input voltage is applied prior to VCC, so input capacitance is already charged prior to application of VCC. When VCC applied, the VTM powertrain generates the output voltage and charges the output capacitance. In this mode of operation the inrush is due to the output capacitance. The following diagram shows the power up sequence for such mode of operation. This product requires an external soft start circuit to limit the inrush current in this mode of operation. This product does not support the auto-restart feature in fault conditions. ED LI n Stand-alone operation (VCC applied after Input voltage. It is PP In this case the controller is active prior to ramping the input voltage. In this mode of operation, TM signal appearance is delayed by the TON time from VCC under-voltage point. TM signal appears after EN_BUS signal crosses its enable threshold voltage. It is recommended to apply the input voltage after TM signal appearance. When the input voltage is applied, the VTM module output voltage will track the input (See Figure 12). The inrush current is determined by the input voltage rate of rise, input and output capacitance. If the VCC voltage is removed prior to the input reaching 0 V, the VTM will shut down. This mode of operation is recommended when this VTM operates with upstream regulator such as PRM. Timing diagram shows the power up sequence for such mode of operation. ED LI PP A n Normal operation (VCC applied prior to Input voltage): D VE ED O LI LT EM U R PP A A F C C C TM V VC Depending on the sequencing of the VCC with respect to the input voltage, the behavior during start-up will vary as follows: VTM® Current Multiplier Rev 1.1 vicorpower.com Page 16 of 24 10/2014 800 927.9474 CM TM EN_BUS VCC -IN +IN Input Over Voltage Protection +VIN Current Monitor Input Under Voltage Protection Over Temperature Protection Temperature Monitor +VIN CEN_BUS_INT Bias Voltage EN_BUS Enable, Startup and Fault Logic Soft-Start Logic Modulator (Gate Drive Timing) Primary Gate Drivers C2 C1 Cr Primary Side: Half Bridge -IN Power Transformer Slow Current Limit (Output Current Limit) Fast Current Limit (Short-Circuit Current Limit) -IN Enable Secondary Gate Drivers Differential Current Sensing Q2 Q1 Reverse Current Protection Secondary Gate Drivers and gate drive level -OUT Q6 Q5 Secondary Side: Center Tap with Synchronous Rectification COUT -OUT +OUT VTM 48R P 015 x 050 A B 1 VTM Module Block Diagram VTM 48R P 015 x 050 A B 1 Sine Amplitude Converter™ Point of Load Conversion 976 pH IOUT IOUT LIN = 0.27 nH OUT RROUT + 1.78 mΩ R RCIN CIN 18 mΩ VININ V LOUT = 270 pH CCININ V•I 1/32 • IOUT + + 0.125 µF IIQQ 26 mA – RRCOUT COUT 1Ω + 100 µΩ 1/32 • VIN COUT COUT 200 µF VOUT V OUT – K – – Figure 20 — VI Chip® product AC model The Sine Amplitude Converter (SAC™) uses a high frequency resonant tank to move energy from input to output. (The resonant tank is formed by Cr and leakage inductance Lr in the power transformer windings as shown in the VTM Module Block Diagram). The resonant LC tank, operated at high frequency, is amplitude modulated as a function of input voltage and output current. A small amount of capacitance embedded in the input and output stages of the module is sufficient for full functionality and is key to achieving power density. The VTM48RP015x050AB1 SAC can be simplified into the following model: The use of DC voltage transformation provides additional interesting attributes. Assuming that ROUT = 0 Ω and IQ = 0 A, Eq. (3) now becomes Eq. (1) and is essentially load independent, resistor R is now placed in series with VIN as shown in Figure 21. R R VIN Vin + – SAC™ SAC K= = 1/32 1/32 K VOUT Vout At no load: VOUT = VIN • K (1) Figure 21 — K = 1/32 Sine Amplitude Converter with series input resistor K represents the “turns ratio” of the SAC. Rearranging Eq (1): K= The relationship between VIN and VOUT becomes: VOUT VIN (2) VOUT = (VIN – IIN • RIN) • K In the presence of load, VOUT is represented by: Substituting the simplified version of Eq. (4) (IQ is assumed = 0 A) into Eq. (5) yields: VOUT = VIN • K – IOUT • ROUT (3) VOUT = VIN • K – IOUT • RIN • K2 and IOUT is represented by: IOUT = (5) IIN – IQ K (4) ROUT represents the impedance of the SAC, and is a function of the RDSON of the input and output MOSFETs and the winding resistance of the power transformer. IQ represents the quiescent current of the SAC control and gate drive circuitry. VTM® Current Multiplier Rev 1.1 vicorpower.com Page 17 of 24 10/2014 800 927.9474 (6) VTM 48R P 015 x 050 A B 1 This is similar in form to Eq. (3), where ROUT is used to represent the characteristic impedance of the SAC™. However, in this case a real R on the input side of the SAC is effectively scaled by K2 with respect to the output. Assuming that R = 1 Ω, the effective R as seen from the secondary side is 0.98 mΩ, with K = 1/32 as shown in Figure 21. A similar exercise should be performed with the addition of a capacitor or shunt impedance at the input to the SAC. A switch in series with Vin is added to the circuit. This is depicted in Figure 22. A solution for keeping the impedance of the SAC low involves switching at a high frequency. This enables small magnetic components because magnetizing currents remain low. Small magnetics mean small path lengths for turns. Use of low loss core material at high frequencies also reduces core losses. S VVin IN + – Low impedance is a key requirement for powering a high-current, low voltage load efficiently. A switching regulation stage should have minimal impedance while simultaneously providing appropriate filtering for any switched current. The use of a SAC between the regulation stage and the point of load provides a dual benefit of scaling down series impedance leading back to the source and scaling up shunt capacitance or energy storage as a function of its K factor squared. However, the benefits are not useful if the series impedance of the SAC is too high. The impedance of the SAC must be low, i.e. well beyond the crossover frequency of the system. C SAC™ SAC K = 1/32 K = 1/32 VVout OUT Figure 22 — Sine Amplitude Converter™ with input capacitor The two main terms of power loss in the VTM module are: - No load power dissipation (PNL): defined as the power used to power up the module with an enabled powertrain at no load. It includes the components due to input voltage and VCC voltage. - Resistive loss (ROUT): refers to the power loss across the VTM module modeled as pure resistive impedance. PDISSIPATED = PNL + PROUT A change in VIN with the switch closed would result in a change in capacitor current according to the following equation: IC(t) = C dVIN dt Therefore, (7) Assume that with the capacitor charged to VIN, the switch is opened and the capacitor is discharged through the idealized SAC. In this case, IC= IOUT • K (10) POUT = PIN – PDISSIPATED = PIN – PNL – PROUT The above relations can be combined to calculate the overall module efficiency: (8) h = (9) = POUT = PIN – PNL – PROUT PIN PIN Substituting Eq. (1) and (8) into Eq. (7) reveals: IOUT = C • dVOUT K2 dt The equation in terms of the output has yielded a K2 scaling factor for C, specified in the denominator of the equation. A K factor less than unity, results in an effectively larger capacitance on the output when expressed in terms of the input. With a K = 1/32 as shown in Figure 22, C = 1 μF would appear as C = 1024 μF when viewed from the output. (11) VIN • IIN – PNL – (IOUT)2 • ROUT VIN • IIN = 1– ( ) PNL + (IOUT)2 • ROUT VIN • IIN VTM® Current Multiplier Rev 1.1 vicorpower.com Page 18 of 24 10/2014 800 927.9474 (12) VTM 48R P 015 x 050 A B 1 Input and Output Filter Design Capacitive Filtering Considerations for a Sine Amplitude Converter™ A major advantage of a SAC™ system versus a conventional PWM converter is that the former does not require large functional filters. The resonant LC tank, operated at extreme high frequency, is amplitude modulated as a function of input voltage and output current and efficiently transfers charge through the isolation transformer. A small amount of capacitance embedded in the input and output stages of the module is sufficient for full functionality and is key to achieving high power density. This paradigm shift requires system design to carefully evaluate external filters in order to: n Guarantee low source impedance: To take full advantage of the VTM current multiplier dynamic response, the impedance presented to its input terminals must be low from DC to approximately 5 MHz. Input capacitance may be added to improve transient performance or compensate for high source impedance. n Further reduce input and/or output voltage ripple without sacrificing dynamic response: Given the wide bandwidth of the VTM module, the source response is generally the limiting factor in the overall system response. Anomalies in the response of the source will appear at the output of the VTM module multiplied by its K factor. n Protect the module from overvoltage transients imposed by the system that would exceed maximum ratings and cause failures: The module input/output voltage ranges shall not be exceeded. An internal overvoltage lockout function prevents operation outside of the normal operating input range. Even when disabled, the powertrain is exposed to the applied voltage and power MOSFETs must withstand it. The VI Chip® module input/output voltage ranges must not be exceeded. An internal overvoltage lockout function prevents operation outside of the normal operating input range. Even during this condition, the powertrain is exposed to the applied voltage and power MOSFETs must withstand it. It is important to consider the impact of adding input and output capacitance to a Sine Amplitude Converter on the system as a whole. Both the capacitance value and the effective impedance of the capacitor must be considered. A Sine Amplitude Converter has a DC Rout value which has already been discussed. The AC Rout of the SAC contains several terms: n Resonant tank impedance n Input lead inductance and internal capacitance n Output lead inductance and internal capacitance The values of these terms are shown in the behavioral mode. It is important to note on which side of the transformer these impedances appear and how they reflect across the transformer given the K factor. The overall AC impedance varies from model to model. For most models it is dominated by DC Rout value from DC to beyond 500 KHz. The behavioral model should be used to approximate the AC impedance of the specific model. Any capacitors placed at the output of the VTM reflect back to the input of the VTM module by the square of the K factor (Eq. 9) with the impedance of the VTM module appearing in series. It is very important to keep this in mind when using a PRM® regulator to power the VTM module. Most PRM modules have a limit on the maximum amount of capacitance that can be applied to the output. This capacitance includes both the PRM output capacitance and the VTM module output capacitance reflected back to the input. In PRM remote sense applications, it is important to consider the reflected value of VTM module output capacitance when designing and compensating the PRM control loop. Capacitance placed at the input of the VTM module appear to the load reflected by the K factor with the impedance of the VTM module in series. In step-down ratios, the effective capacitance is increased by the K factor. The effective ESR of the capacitor is decreased by the square of the K factor, but the impedance of the module appears in series. Still, in most step-down VTM modules an electrolytic capacitor placed at the input of the module will have a lower effective impedance compared to an electrolytic capacitor placed at the output. This is important to consider when placing capacitors at the output of the module. Even though the capacitor may be placed at the output, the majority of the AC current will be sourced from the lower impedance, which in most cases will be the module. This should be studied carefully in any system design using a module. In most cases, it should be clear that electrolytic output capacitors are not necessary to design a stable, well-bypassed system. VTM® Current Multiplier Rev 1.1 vicorpower.com Page 19 of 24 10/2014 800 927.9474 VTM 48R P 015 x 050 A B 1 Current Sharing Reverse Inrush Current Protection The SAC™ topology bases its performance on efficient transfer of energy through a transformer without the need of closed loop control. For this reason, the transfer characteristic can be approximated by an ideal current multiplier with some resistive drop and positive temperature coefficient. The VTM48RP015x050AB1 provides reverse inrush protection which prevents reverse current flow until the input voltage is high enough to first establish current flow in the forward direction. In the event that there is a DC voltage present on the output before the VTM module is powered up, this feature protects sensitive loads from excessive dV/dT during power up as shown in Figure 24. This type of characteristic is close to the impedance characteristic of a DC power distribution system, both in behavior (AC dynamic) and absolute value (DC dynamic). When connected in an array with the same K factor, the VTM module will inherently share the load current (typically 5%) with parallel units according to the equivalent impedance divider that the system implements from the power source to the point of load. Some general recommendations to achieve matched array impedances: If a voltage is present at the output of the VTM module which satisfies the condition Vout > Vin • K after a successful power up the energy will be transferred from secondary to primary. The input to output ratio of the VTM module will be maintained. The VTM module will continue to operate in reverse as long as the input and output voltages are within the specified range. The VTM48RP015x050AB1 has not been qualified for continuous reverse operation. n Dedicate common copper planes within the PCB Current Multiplier to deliver and return the current to the modules. n Provide the PCB layout as symmetric as possible. n Apply same input / output filters (if present) to each unit. For further details see AN:016 Using in High Power Arrays. BCM® TM VCC EN_BUS CM R R VTM® Bus Converters VIN +In +Out + _ -In VIN ZIN_EQ1 VTM®1 ZOUT_EQ1 A VOUT B CD Supply -Out E F G H RO_1 VCC ZIN_EQ2 + – VTM®2 ZOUT_EQ2 VIN RO_2 Supply DC Load VIN VOUT ZIN_EQn VTM®n ZOUT_EQn RO_n VOUT Supply TM Figure 23 — VTM current multiplier array EN_BUS Input Fuse Selection The VTM is not internally fused, see safety approvals for required fusing. A: VOUT supply > 0 V B: VCC to -IN > 4.85 V controller wakes-up, than the EN_BUS pulled high, reverse inrush protection blocks VOUT supplying VIN C: VIN supply ramps up D: VIN > VOUT /K, powertrain starts in normal mode E: VIN supply ramps down F: VIN > VOUT /K, powertrain transfers reverse energy G: VOUT ramps down, VIN follows H: VCC turns off Figure 24 — Reverse inrush protection VTM® Current Multiplier Rev 1.1 vicorpower.com Page 20 of 24 10/2014 800 927.9474 VTM 48R P 015 x 050 A B 1 Thermal Considerations The ChiP package provides a high degree of flexibility in that it presents three pathways to remove heat from internal power dissipating components. Heat may be removed from the top surface, the bottom surface and the leads. The extent to which these three surfaces are cooled is a key component for determining the maximum power that is available from a ChiP. Since the ChiP has a maximum internal temperature rating, it is necessary to estimate this internal temperature based on a real thermal solution. Given that there are three pathways to remove heat from the ChiP, it is helpful to simplify the thermal solution into a roughly equivalent circuit where power dissipation is modeled as a current source, isothermal surface temperatures are represented as voltage sources and the thermal resistances are represented as resistors. Figure 25 shows the “thermal circuit” for a 0623 ChiP VTM in an application where the top, bottom, and leads are cooled. In this case, the VTM power dissipation is PDTOTAL and the three surface temperatures are represented as TCASE_TOP, TCASE_BOTTOM, and TLEADS. This thermal system can now be very easily analyzed using a SPICE simulator with simple resistors, voltage sources, and a current source. The results of the simulation would provide an estimate of heat flow through the various pathways as well as internal temperature. Thermal Resistance Top Figure 26 shows a scenario where there is no bottom side cooling. In this case, the heat flow path to the bottom is left open and the equations now simplify to: TINT – PD1 • 5.9 = TCASE_TOP TINT – PD3 • 2.4 = TLEADS PDTOTAL = PD1 + PD3 Thermal Resistance Top Thermal Resistance Bottom Power Dissipation (W) TCASE_BOTTOM(°C) MAX INTERNAL TEMP Thermal Resistance Leads TLEADS(°C) TCASE_TOP(°C) + – Figure 27 — One side cooling thermal model Figure 27 shows a scenario where there is no bottom side and leads cooling. In this case, the heat flow path to the bottom is left open and the equations now simplify to: TINT – PD1 • 5.9 = TCASE_TOP MAX INTERNAL TEMP PDTOTAL = PD1 Thermal Resistance Bottom Power Dissipation (W) TCASE_BOTTOM(°C) Thermal Resistance Leads + – TLEADS(°C) + – TCASE_TOP(°C) + – Please note that Vicor has a suite of online tools, including a simulator and thermal estimator which greatly simplify the task of determining whether or not a VTM thermal configuration is valid for a given condition. These tools can be found at: http://www.vicorpower.com/powerbench. Figure 25 — Double side cooling and leads thermal model Alternatively, equations can be written around this circuit and analyzed algebraically: TINT – PD1 • 5.9 = TCASE_TOP TINT – PD2 • 5.5 = TCASE_BOTTOM TINT – PD3 • 2.4 = TLEADS PDTOTAL = PD1+ PD2+ PD3 Where TINT represents the internal temperature and PD1, PD2, and PD3 represent the heat flow through the top side, bottom side, and leads respectively. Thermal Resistance Top Thermal Resistance Bottom Power Dissipation (W) TCASE_BOTTOM(°C) MAX INTERNAL TEMP Thermal Resistance Leads TLEADS(°C) + – TCASE_TOP(°C) + – Figure 26 — One side cooling and leads thermal model VTM® Current Multiplier Rev 1.1 vicorpower.com Page 21 of 24 10/2014 800 927.9474 VTM 48R P 015 x 050 A B 1 Product Outline Drawing and Recommended Hole Pattern - Through Hole 8.41±.38 .331±.015 4.21 .166 7.80 .307 0 1.14 .045 (10) PL. 11.25 .443 0 1.02 .040 (2) PL. 0 22.50±.13 .886±.005 .51 .020 (4) PL. 0 .89 .035 (2) PL. TOP VIEW (COMPONENT VIEW) .05 [.010] 4.50±.05 .177±.002 SEATING PLANE 3.30 .130 (18) PL. 1.50 .059 PLATED THRU .25 [.010] ANNULAR RING (8) PL. MARKED 'B' 9.66±.08 .380±.003 (2) PL. A B B 1.75 .069 (8) PL. MARKED 'B' B +OUT +OUT -OUT 1.50 .059 PLATED THRU .25 [.010] ANNULAR RING (2) PL. MARKED A 3.57±.08 .141±.003 0 3.57±.08 .141±.003 .30 .012 (18) PL. A -OUT +OUT +OUT -OUT -OUT +OUT +OUT -OUT -OUT B 6.93±.08 .273±.003 (2) PL. B 4.20±.08 .165±.003 (2) PL. B 1.47±.08 .058±.003 (2) PL. 0 0 .86 .034 PLATED THRU .25 [.010] ANNULAR RING MARKED 'D' B 3.98±.08 .157±.003 (2) PL. C 10.32±.08 .406±.003 (2) PL. D 6.18±.08 .243±.003 (2) PL. VCC CM D 8.19±.08 .323±.003 (2) PL. +IN -IN EN_BUS D 1.37 .054 PLATED THRU .25 [.010] (2) PL. MARKED 'C' C TM D E B E 0 1.12 .044 (4) PL, MARKED 'D' 1.26±.08 .050±.003 (2) PL. 1.88 .074 (2) PL. MARKED 'A' RECOMMENDED HOLE PATTERN (COMPONENT SIDE) 1.24 .049 PLATED THRU .25 [.010] (2) PL. MARKED NOTES: 1- RoHS COMPLIANT, LEAD FREE CST-0001 LATEST REVISION. 2- SEE SHEET 2 FOR RECOMMENDED HOLE PATTERN. VTM® Current Multiplier Rev 1.1 vicorpower.com Page 22 of 24 10/2014 800 927.9474 1.63 .064 (2) PL. MARKED 'C' 1.63 .064 (2) PL. MARKED 'E' VTM 48R y 015 x 050 A B 1 Revision History Revision Date Description 1.0 09/05/14 Initial release 1.1 10/24/14 Updated standard product model Page Number(s) n/a 1, 2, 3, 13, 23 VTM® Current Multiplier Rev 1.1 vicorpower.com Page 23 of 24 10/2014 800 927.9474 VTM 48R y 015 x 050 A B 1 Vicor’s comprehensive line of power solutions includes high density AC-DC and DC-DC modules and accessory components, fully configurable AC-DC and DC-DC power supplies, and complete custom power systems. Information furnished by Vicor is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed by Vicor for its use. Vicor makes no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this publication. Vicor reserves the right to make changes to any products, specifications, and product descriptions at any time without notice. Information published by Vicor has been checked and is believed to be accurate at the time it was printed; however, Vicor assumes no responsibility for inaccuracies. Testing and other quality controls are used to the extent Vicor deems necessary to support Vicor’s product warranty. Except where mandated by government requirements, testing of all parameters of each product is not necessarily performed. Specifications are subject to change without notice. Vicor’s Standard Terms and Conditions All sales are subject to Vicor’s Standard Terms and Conditions of Sale, which are available on Vicor’s webpage or upon request. Product Warranty In Vicor’s standard terms and conditions of sale, Vicor warrants that its products are free from non-conformity to its Standard Specifications (the “Express Limited Warranty”). This warranty is extended only to the original Buyer for the period expiring two (2) years after the date of shipment and is not transferable. UNLESS OTHERWISE EXPRESSLY STATED IN A WRITTEN SALES AGREEMENT SIGNED BY A DULY AUTHORIZED VICOR SIGNATORY, VICOR DISCLAIMS ALL REPRESENTATIONS, LIABILITIES, AND WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND (WHETHER ARISING BY IMPLICATION OR BY OPERATION OF LAW) WITH RESPECT TO THE PRODUCTS, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY WARRANTIES OR REPRESENTATIONS AS TO MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR PARTICULAR PURPOSE, INFRINGEMENT OF ANY PATENT, COPYRIGHT, OR OTHER INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT, OR ANY OTHER MATTER. This warranty does not extend to products subjected to misuse, accident, or improper application, maintenance, or storage. Vicor shall not be liable for collateral or consequential damage. Vicor disclaims any and all liability arising out of the application or use of any product or circuit and assumes no liability for applications assistance or buyer product design. Buyers are responsible for their products and applications using Vicor products and components. Prior to using or distributing any products that include Vicor components, buyers should provide adequate design, testing and operating safeguards. Vicor will repair or replace defective products in accordance with its own best judgment. For service under this warranty, the buyer must contact Vicor to obtain a Return Material Authorization (RMA) number and shipping instructions. Products returned without prior authorization will be returned to the buyer. The buyer will pay all charges incurred in returning the product to the factory. Vicor will pay all reshipment charges if the product was defective within the terms of this warranty. Life Support Policy VICOR’S PRODUCTS ARE NOT AUTHORIZED FOR USE AS CRITICAL COMPONENTS IN LIFE SUPPORT DEVICES OR SYSTEMS WITHOUT THE EXPRESS PRIOR WRITTEN APPROVAL OF THE CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER AND GENERAL COUNSEL OF VICOR CORPORATION. As used herein, life support devices or systems are devices which (a) are intended for surgical implant into the body, or (b) support or sustain life and whose failure to perform when properly used in accordance with instructions for use provided in the labeling can be reasonably expected to result in a significant injury to the user. A critical component is any component in a life support device or system whose failure to perform can be reasonably expected to cause the failure of the life support device or system or to affect its safety or effectiveness. Per Vicor Terms and Conditions of Sale, the user of Vicor products and components in life support applications assumes all risks of such use and indemnifies Vicor against all liability and damages. Intellectual Property Notice Vicor and its subsidiaries own Intellectual Property (including issued U.S. and Foreign Patents and pending patent applications) relating to the products described in this data sheet. No license, whether express, implied, or arising by estoppel or otherwise, to any intellectual property rights is granted by this document. Interested parties should contact Vicor's Intellectual Property Department. The products described on this data sheet are protected by the following U.S. Patents Numbers: 5,945,130; 6,403,009; 6,710,257; 6,911,848; 6,930,893; 6,934,166; 6,940,013; 6,969,909; 7,038,917; 7,145,186; 7,166,898; 7,187,263; 7,202,646; 7,361,844; D496,906; D505,114; D506,438; D509,472; and for use under 6,975,098 and 6,984,965. Vicor Corporation 25 Frontage Road Andover, MA, USA 01810 Tel: 800-735-6200 Fax: 978-475-6715 email Customer Service: [email protected] Technical Support: [email protected] VTM® Current Multiplier Rev 1.1 vicorpower.com Page 24 of 24 10/2014 800 927.9474