Digitally Isolated 2-Channel, Wide DC Binary

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Digitally Isolated 2-Channel, Wide DC Binary Input Module
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•
Design Resources
•
TIDA-00420
MSP430G2332IPW20
ISO1541D
Tool Folder Containing Design Files
•
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•
SN6501DBV
ISO7220A
Product Folder
Product Folder
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•
•
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BI1
18-V DC to 300-V DC
3.3 VSEC
+ 3.3 V
SN6501
Transformer
driver
+ 3.3 V
1:1.1
Isolated
GND
3.3 VSEC
+ 3.3 V
Transistor switch
MOSFET with
2.5 Kcurrent
limit resistor
Wetting
control BI1
•
•
•
Featured Applications
3.3 VSEC
To host MCU
ADC input
ISO1541D
or
ISO7220ADR
I2C
J2
BI1
18-V DC to 300-V DC
DGND
Isolated
GND
TP25
Transistor bias
from 15-V DC
input
Accurate Sensing of Input Voltage Over Wide
Temperature Range
– Accuracy < ±3% of Measured Value ±1 V
(Programming Resolution or Step Size)
MCU-Based 2-Channel DC Binary Input Voltage
Sensing
Isolator Rated for 2500-VRMS Isolation for 1 Minute
per UL 1577
Independent Wetting Current Control for Both
Inputs
Can be Extended to Measure Four or Six Binary
Inputs
Wide DC Input Measurement: 18 to 300-V DC
Can be Interfaced to the Host CPU Using I2C
Interface or Digital Output Type of Isolators
≥2.5-KΩ Impedance for Wetting and
>300-KΩ Impedance for Binary Input
Less Than 1-mA Consumption at 300-V DC Input
Measurement Resolution Better Than 1 V
PCB Width ≤ 1 Inch
BI1
Resistor divider
with protection
binary input 2
BI2
MSP430G2332IPW20
I2C
Isolated
GND
Resistor divider
with protection
binary input 1
ADC input
DGND
I2C address
configuration and
programming
18-V DC
to
300-V DC
18-V DC
to
300-V DC
Wetting
control BI2
Transistor switch
MOSFET with
2.5 Kcurrent
limit resistor
Transistor bias
from 15-V DC input
BI2
18-V DC to 300-V DC
BI2
18-V DC to 300-V DC
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Multifunction Protection Relays
Remote Terminal Unit
Bay Controller
Remote I/O
Power Quality Analyzer
Merging Unit
Circuit Breaker Digital Input Module
FTU/DTU/FRTU
All trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
TIDU858A – March 2015 – Revised May 2015
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Digitally Isolated 2-Channel, Wide DC Binary Input Module
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System Description
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An IMPORTANT NOTICE at the end of this TI reference design addresses authorized use, intellectual property matters and other
important disclaimers and information.
1
System Description
1.1
Introduction to IED and Subsystems in Grid Applications
Key interface
Digital input
subsystem
Communication
port
Power
system
interface
Analog input
subsystem
Relay
software
Power supply
Digital output
subsystem
Console panel
LCD/LED
targets/alarms
Figure 1. Generic Block Diagram of a Protection Relay
The protection relay, intelligent electronic device (IED), or substation controllers used in grid applications
have the following generic subsystems. The subsystems are based on the functionality and are as follows:
• CPU or DSP module
– This module handles all protection functions and logic. Additionally, the HMI and communication
functions are also handled by this module.
• Power supply
– Nominal auxiliary voltage: 24-V DC, 48 to 60-V DC, 110 to 125-V DC, 220-V DC, and 230-V AC,
50 or 60 Hz, ± 20%, and 40-W max admissible consumption
– Stored energy for up to 50 ms power supply interruption
– Dual source power supply (optional)
• AC measurement inputs
– Nominal frequency (FNOM): 50 or 60 Hz
– Operating range: 45 to 66 Hz
– Accuracy: 0.2% FS at FNOM
• CT measurements inputs
– Nominal current: 1 or 5 A (ΙN)
– Nominal consumption per phase: < 0.15 A at IN
– Load rating: 20 A in continuous; 30 A for 3 s; 100 A for 1 s
• VT measurements inputs
– Nominal voltage: 57.7 to 500 V
– Nominal consumption per phase: < 0.1 VA at 130 V
– Maximum measurable voltage: 577 VRMS
2
Digitally Isolated 2-Channel, Wide DC Binary Input Module
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
DC analog input range (independently configurable):
– ±1.25, ±2.5, ±5, and ±10 V
– ±1, ±5, ±10, and ±20 mA
– 0 to 1, 0 to 5, 0 to 10, 0 to 20, and 4 to 20 mA
DC analog output range (independently configurable):
– ±5, ±10, ±20 mA, and 4 to 20 mA
Digital inputs
– Nominal voltage: 24-V DC, 48 to 60-V DC, 110 to 125-V DC/AC and 220-V DC/AC, ±20% or
multi-voltage (24 to 250-V DC/AC)
– Power consumption per input: 2 to 6 mA, maximum power dissipation is 0.45 W ±20% per input or
short peak-current (> 25 mA)
– Groups of 4, 8, 12, 16, or 32
Digital output relays
– Continuous current: 5 A
– Short-duration current: 30 A for 500 ms; 100 A for 30 ms
– Breaking capacity: DC: 50 W resistive, 15 W inductive (L/R = 20 ms); AC: 1250 VA (cos PF = 0,7)
Control output relays
– Continuous current: 5 A
– Short-duration current: 30 A for 4 s; 250 A for 30 ms
– Breaking capacity (Double pole contacts wired in serial): DC: 100 W resistive, 30 W inductive
(L/R = 40 ms); AC: 2000 VA (cos F = 0.7)
Time synchronization
– by an IRIG–B GPS clock (through the IRIG-B input)
– by an Ethernet SNTP server
– by a time telegram message issued by remote Scada (DNP3.0, IEC 60870-5-101 or
IEC 60870-5-104)
Communication capabilities
– Ethernet communication
• 10/100BASE-TX, auto-crossing or 100BASE-FX
• Protocols include UCA2 or IEC 61850, IEC 60870-5-104 (multi-client) or DNP3.0 IP
• Embedded Ethernet switch module with up to six ports (permitting a compact connection of
various devices or I/O extensions)
– Serial communication
• Up to two SCADA or four IED links per device
• SCADA protocol can be switched between DNP3.0, IEC 60870-5-101 and MODBUS
• IED Protocol can be switched between DNP3.0, IEC 60870-5-103, MODBUS and
IEC 60870-5-101
• Transmission rate is configurable up to 38.4 kbps
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Digitally Isolated 2-Channel, Wide DC Binary Input Module
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System Description
1.2
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Binary Inputs or Digital Inputs
The inputs to the protection relay or substation controllers are called under different names:
• Binary input
• Digital input
• Control input
• Indication input
The names are based on the function performed. These inputs will be referred as binary inputs in this
design guide. Binary inputs have wide applications. The binary input module specifications differ with
OEMs. The binary inputs are designed as modules and based on application one or more modules are
used. Below is the summary of some of the Applications, functionalities, and specifications. These inputs
have galvanic isolation from internal circuits, generally opto-coupler are used for isolation. Number of
binary inputs per module can vary as 4, 8, 16, or 32. The binary inputs are organized in groups
(depending upon application) with a common wire. In some of the applications the inputs are channel
isolated.
1.2.1
Binary Input Applications
Some of the grip applications use binary inputs for the following functionalities:
• Substation battery monitoring
• Bay or substation interlocking
• Breaker status indications
• General interrogations
• LED test
• Diagnostics (self-test)
• Fault indication (alarm)
• Configuration change (operated with new settings to perform different functionality)
4
Digitally Isolated 2-Channel, Wide DC Binary Input Module
Copyright © 2015, Texas Instruments Incorporated
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1.2.2
Specifications
Key Specification
•
•
•
•
•
Input voltage range
Threshold for guarantee operation
Threshold for uncertain operation
Response or reset time (software provides de-bounce time)
Power consumption, energized
General Specification
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
1.2.3
Inputs are jumper selectable for low range (nominal system voltages of up to 100 V) or high range
(from 100 to 300 V)
Tolerance: ±10%
Common input voltage ranges:
– 24-V DC
– 48-V DC
– 110-V DC
– 230-V DC
Contacts per common return: Four or more
Recognition (processing of the inputs) time: ≥ 3 ms
Inputs protected against continuous overload up to 300-V DC
All I/O terminals protected with internal transient limiting devices
Input de-bounce time is selectable; de-bounce time: 0.0 to 16.0 ms in steps of 0.5
Continuous current draw: < 5 mA
Auto-burnish impulse current: 20 to 50 mA
Duration of auto-burnish impulse: 25 to 50 ms
Wetting or Auto Burnishing
The binary inputs sense a change of the state of the external device. When these external devices are
located in a harsh industrial environments (either outdoor or indoor), their contacts can be exposed to
various types of contamination. Normally, there is a thin film of insulating sulfidation, oxidation, or
contaminates on the surface of the contacts, sometimes making it difficult or impossible to detect a
change of the state. This film must be removed to establish circuit continuity; an impulse of higher than
normal current can accomplish this.
The contact inputs with auto-burnish create a high current impulse when the threshold is reached to burn
off this oxidation layer as maintenance to the contacts. Afterwards, the contact input current is reduced to
a steady-state current. Contact inputs with auto burnishing allow currents up to 50 mA at the first instance
when the change of state was sensed. Then, within 25 to 50 ms, this current is slowly reduced to 5 mA.
The 50-mA peak current burns any film on the contacts, allowing for proper sensing of state changes.
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System Description
1.2.4
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Miscellaneous Features
Filter
Filters prevent the input signal from being detected erroneously. The following types of input filters can be
used:
• The hardware input filter is used to suppress contact bounce (1 to 64 ms).
• Change-of-state delay is used to suppress short signal interruptions.
• Chatter blocking is used to suppress huge bursts of indications in case of defective battery or
intermediate relays.
Processing
The detected changes of state can be processed further in the following ways:
• Single-point indication: Each incoming or outgoing input signal causes data to be entered in the event
buffer and the process image to be updated.
• Transient indication: Each change in the input signal causes the process image to be updated.
However, only an incoming input signal causes data to be entered in the event buffer.
• Double-point indication: Two defined states of an operational device ( for example, on/off) and two
undefined states (for example, intermediate state information) can be represented with two inputs.
Each change in the double-point indication causes data to be entered in the event buffer. Each new
state of the two inputs is entered in the process image.
• Bit patterns: Several inputs are used to detect freely definable states of an operating device. This
information can be transferred to the event buffer by an internal event signal (change in the bit pattern)
or an external event signal (impulse through a fixed external input).
• Transformer tap indication: Several inputs are used to detect the states of a transformer tap generator.
This information is transferred according to the moving contact. The transformer taps can be entered in
variable codes.
• Metered-value acquisition: Signal changes are interpreted as metering pulses and totalized. The
metered value is transferred to the event buffer by means of a transfer job.
6
Digitally Isolated 2-Channel, Wide DC Binary Input Module
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1.3
Isolation
Table 1. Key Methods of Isolation
SiO2: ISO72x; Typical BV is VPEAK/µm
• Inorganic
• Highly stable (over temperature, moisture, time), high quality
• Used extensively and for a long time as dielectric in semiconductor (low defunct rates)
• Deposited in a controlled semiconductor process
Polymide: ADI transformer core; Typical BV is 250 VPEAK/µm
• Organic
• Retains moisture — affects lifetime especially at high voltages
• Used in semiconductor mainly for stress relief and now as isolation barrier
Epoxy: Opto-couplers; Typical BV is 50 VPEAK/µm
• Uses filler materials
• Leaky (higher partial discharge)
• Applied at packaging as mold compound
• Voids and anomalies are common
Table 2. Isolation Solutions Reliability
OPTO
MAGNETIC
CAPACITIVE
Signaling rate (Mbps)
PARAMETER
50
150
150
Propagation delay time (ns)
20
32
12
Pulse width distortion (ns)
2
2
1.5
Channel-to-channel skew (ns)
16
2
1.6
Part-to-part skew (ns)
20
10
2
ESD on all pins (kV)
±2
±2
±4
CM transient immunity (kV/µs)
20
25
25
–45 to 125
–40 to 125
–55 to 125
2255
Temperature (°C)
MTTF @ 125°C, 90% confidence (years)
8
1746
14391
65
50
Magnetic immunity @ 1 kHz (Wb/m2)
—
102
108
Radiated electromagnetic-field immunity
IEC61000-4-3 (80 to 1000 MHz)
MIL-STD 461E RS103 (30 to 1000 MHz)
—
—
—
a
Fails
Fails
a
Compiles
Compiles
High-voltage lifetime expectancy (years)
<5
< 10
> 28
FIT @ 125°C, 90% confidence
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System Description
1.4
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EMC — Transient Overvoltage Stress
In industrial applications, lightning strikes, power source fluctuations, inductive switching, and electrostatic
discharge (ESD) can cause damage to binary inputs by generating large transient voltages. The following
ESD and surge protection specifications are relevant to binary input applications:
• IEC 61000-4-2 ESD protection
• IEC 61000-4-5 Surge protection
The level of protection can be further enhanced when using external clamping devices, such as TVS
diodes. TVS diodes are normally used to protect silicon devices, like binary inputs, from transients. The
protection is accomplished by clamping the voltage spike to a limit, by the low impedance avalanche
breakdown of a PN junction. TVS diodes are ideally open-circuit devices. A TVS diode can be modeled as
a large resistance in parallel with some capacitance while working below its breakdown voltage. When a
transient is generated and the surge voltage is larger than the breakdown voltage of the TVS, the
resistance of the TVS decreases to keep the clamping voltage constant. The TVS clamps the pulse to a
level that does not damage the device that it is protecting. The transients are clamped instantaneously
(< 1 ns) and the damaging current is diverted away from the protected device.
1.5
1.5.1
TI Isolator Solutions for Binary Input Module
ISO72x Family of High-Speed Digital Isolators
The Texas Instruments ISO72x family of isolators use capacitive coupling. The capacitive coupling
solution uses proven and cost-effective manufacturing processes and provides an inherent immunity to
magnetic fields.
To provide transfer of steady-state information, the ISO72x uses both a high-signaling rate and lowsignaling rate channel to communicate as shown in Figure 2. The high-signaling rate channel is not
encoded and it transmits data transitions across the barrier after a single-ended-to-differential conversion.
The low-signaling rate channel encodes the data in a pulse-width modulated format and transmits the data
across the barrier differentially, ensuring the accurate communication of steady-state conditions (long
string of 1s or 0s).
Differential transfer of the single-ended logic signal across the isolation barrier allows low-level signals and
small coupling capacitance. This appears as high impedance to common-mode noise and, with the
common-mode noise rejection of the receiver, gives excellent transient immunity, the primary concern in
capacitive coupling of signals.
Isolation Barrier
DC Channel
Filter
OSC
Vref
+
PWD
PWM
Carrier Detect
POR
BIAS
POR
Data MUX
Input
IN
+
EN
AC Detect
Vref
3-State
Filter
OUT
Output Buffer
AC Channel
Figure 2. ISO72x Isolator Internal Diagram
8
Digitally Isolated 2-Channel, Wide DC Binary Input Module
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1.5.2
Power Consumption
Beyond the efficiency of the signal transfer across the barrier, the design of the input and output
conditioning circuitry has the most to do with power consumption. As shown in Table 3, the opto-couplers
use more power than the inductive or capacitive examples.
Table 3. Quiescent Power Supply Current Table
PART
COUPLING TECHNOLOGY
ISO721
Capacitive
ADuM1100
Magnetic
HCPL-0900
Magnetic
HCPL-0721
Optical
HCPL-0723
(1)
(2)
1.5.3
Optical
VCC1 AND VCC2 (V)
ICC1 (mA)
ICC2 (mA)
POWER (mW)
5
1
11
60
3.3
0.5
6
21.5
5
0.8
0.06
4.3
3.3
0.3
0.04
1.2
5
0.018
6
30
3.3
0.01
4
13.2
5 only
10 (1)
9
5 only
(1)
10
17.5
95
(2)
137.5
10 mA is for the logic-low input state. When the logic input state is high, then the current consumption drops to 3 mA.
17.5 mA is for the logic-low input state. When the logic input state is high, then the current consumption drops to 16.5 mA.
Reliability
Mean time to failure (MTTF) is a standard measure for reliability of semiconductor devices. For digital
isolators, this measure represents the reliability of both the integrated circuit and the isolation mechanism.
Table 4 shows the MTTF of an optical, inductive, and capacitive digital isolator. The ISO721 is very
reliable when compared to inductive and optical solutions.
Table 4. MTTF Reliability Measurement
PART
1.6
COUPLING
TECHNOLOGY
AMBIENT
TEMPERATURE
(°C)
MTTF (Hr/Fail)
TYPICAL, 60% CONFIDENCE
TYPICAL, 90% CONFIDENCE
FITs (Fail/10 Hr)
MTTF (Hr/Fail)
FITs (Fail/109 Hr)
1983
9
ISO721
Capacitive
125
1,246,889
802
504,408
HCPL-0900
Inductive
125
288,118
3471
114,654
8722
HCPL-0721
Optical
125
174,617
5727
69,487
14.391
Isolated 2-Channel, Wide DC Binary Input Module TI Design Advantages
Some of the advantage of the DC binary input module is as follows:
• Allows for measurement of wide DC input voltage
• Uses MCU to allow flexibility in terms of input voltage processing and measurement accuracy
• Provides provision for programmable threshold on the host side
• Uses digital isolator to increase reliability
• Uses MCU capabilities to control wetting current
• Costs optimized solution
• Reduces the cost per channel with addition of more channels with common ground
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Design Features
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Design Features
The DC binary input module measures the input DC voltage and converts the measured voltage into ADC
counts. The ADC counts are communicated to the host and the host converts the ADC count into voltage
for further processing.
Table 5. DC Binary Input — Electrical Specifications
SERIAL
NUMBER
PARAMETER
DESCRIPTION
COMMENT
1
Number of inputs
2
Both inputs share common ground.
2
Input voltage range
18-V to 264-V DC
Maximum permissible voltage input is
≤ 300-V DC.
3
Input voltage frequency
DC
4
Measurement resolution
<1 V for input values between
24-V to 230-V DC
5
Input voltage
measurement accuracy
±3% of measured value ±1 V
(programmable step size)
6
Voltage input resistance
≥ 300 KΩ
7
Current drain at voltage
input
< 1 mA at 300-V DC
8
Response time
≥ 3 ms
Measurement averaged over 3 ms.
9
Binary input wetting
resistance
≥ 2.5 KΩ
Default wetting is off
Binary wetting pulse width is based on
nominal voltage (24 V, 110 V, 230 V).
10
Isolator type
11
Binary input contact type
External wetting type
12
LED indication
N/A
13
Reference temperature
25°C
14
Isolation of binary inputs
Group isolated
14
Electrical isolation level
> 2 kVRMS
16
Protection against ESD,
surge (EMC
requirements)
ESD: 2 kV, contact
Surge: 2 kV , 42-Ω differential mode
• I2C isolator
• Digital isolator (replaces I2C isolator)
Binary module communicates measured
voltage as ADC counts using I2C interface
to the host.
3.3-V isolated voltage is generated
internally on the module.
Tested with DC input.
NOTE: This module must not be used to measure AC input or negative DC input.
10
Digitally Isolated 2-Channel, Wide DC Binary Input Module
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Block Diagram
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3
Block Diagram
BI1
18-V DC to 300-V DC
3.3 VSEC
+ 3.3 V
SN6501
Transformer
driver
+ 3.3 V
BI1
18-V DC to 300-V DC
Transistor switch
MOSFET with
2.5 Kcurrent
limit resistor
DGND
Isolated
GND
TP25
Transistor bias
from 15-V DC
input
1:1.1
Isolated
GND
3.3 VSEC
+ 3.3 V
3.3 VSEC
To host MCU
ADC input
ISO1541D
or
ISO7220ADR
2
IC
Isolated
GND
Resistor divider
with protection
binary input 1
BI1
Resistor divider
with protection
binary input 2
BI2
MSP430G2332IPW20
2
IC
J2
Wetting
control BI1
ADC input
DGND
2
I C address
configuration and
programming
18-V DC
to
300-V DC
18-V DC
to
300-V DC
Wetting
control BI2
Transistor switch
MOSFET with
2.5 Kcurrent
limit resistor
Transistor bias
from 15-V DC input
BI2
18-V DC to 300-V DC
BI2
18-V DC to 300-V DC
Figure 3. Block Diagram of Wide DC Binary Input Module
3.1
MCU With Internal ADC
The MSP430 family of ultra-low-power microcontrollers has been considered for this TI design. The MCU
considered is MSP430G2332IPW20. The MCU has an internal 10-bit ADC.
Other features include:
• Low supply voltage range: 1.8 to 3.6 V
• Ultra-low power consumption
– Active mode: 220 μA at 1 MHz, 2.2 V
• Internal very-low-power low-frequency (LF) oscillator
• One 16-bit Timer_A with three capture/compare registers
3.2
Digital Isolator
To meet safety requirements, the binary input module is isolated from the host interface. Digital isolators
have been considered for isolation. The binary inputs status information is communicated to the host MCU
using the following options:
• I2C isolator: ISO1541D low-power bidirectional I2C isolators The status information is communicated as
ADC counts that can be converted to voltage
• Digital isolator: ISO7220ADR dual-channel digital isolators. The status information is conveyed as
above (high) or below (low) a set value
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Block Diagram
3.3
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Isolated Power Supply
The isolated power for the MCU, digital isolator, and the signal conditioning circuit used for sensing the
status of the binary inputs are generated using a Push-Pull Driver for Isolated Power Supplies
SN6501DBV. The transformer used for this application is 750313734. The transformer package is
selected to have isolation voltage of ≥ 5 kV. Choosing a bigger transformer package facilitates easy
migration to reinforced isolators. Zener diode PTZTE253.9B is used for protecting the power supply
against overvoltage and ESD. The Isolated power supply operates with a single 3.3-V input. The host
interface provides the required power supply for the binary module operation.
3.4
Host Interface
The status of the binary output can be communicated as voltage output (I2C output) or digital output. The
status is communicated to a host MCU. Tiva™ C Series TM4C123G LaunchPad™ Evaluation Board is
used as the host MCU.
NOTE: The host MCU (LaunchPad) is not part of the binary module.
3.5
Input Voltage Divider and Protection
•
•
3.6
3.6.1
Input protection: TVS SMCJ400CA is used for protecting binary input module against overvoltage and
transient inputs. Package selection is critical to ensure the device has low leakage with temperature
variation.
Resistor divider: The DC binary input voltage applied is divided by a resistor divider, which presents a
constant resistance to the binary input. Multiple resistors are used to ensure the resistors withstand the
maximum input voltage reliably. The output of the resistor divider is measured by the ADC, which is
within the ADC measurement range at maximum input. A Zener diode PTZTE255.1B is used to protect
the electronic circuit from overvoltage.
Wetting Current Control
Transistor Drive for MOSFET Gate Driver
A transistor is used to drive the MOSFET that controls the wetting current. The bias voltage of 15 V max
for the MOSFET operation is generated from the binary input using a Zener regulator. The bias current for
the Zener must be in µA and care should be taken during selection of the Zener. Vz versus Iz
characteristics is critical.
3.6.2
Wetting Current Limiting Resistor and MOSFET
Four resistors, 10 KΩ each connected in parallel, are used as current limit for wetting current. A D-PAK
MOSFET with a 600-V rating AOD2N60A is used that ensures reliability of the MOSFET. The short time
overload capability of the resistor is being used and care should be taken to not test the wetting current for
test > 100 ms (typically 50 ms).
12
Digitally Isolated 2-Channel, Wide DC Binary Input Module
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Circuit Design and Component Selection
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4
Circuit Design and Component Selection
4.1
MCU With Internal ADC
The binary input modules are highly cost sensitive and to ensure the overall solution cost is optimal, MCU
with internal ADC has been selected. The internal ADC is a 10-bit SAR ADC.
+3.3VSEC
+3.3VSEC +3.3VSEC
R23
R21
DNP
10.0k DNP
10.0k
U1
DVCC
ADC_0
PWM_0
PWM_1
ADC_0
PWM_0
PWM_1
2
3
4
DVSS
TA0CLK
TA0.0/A1
TA0.1/A2
XIN/P2.6
XOUT/P2.7
TP6
ADC_1
ADC_2
R19
R20
0
0
5
6
7
ADC_3
8
9
10
11
12
13
TP12
TP15
TP13
TP19
TP18
TP20
0.1µF
C1
1µF
1
20
+3.3VSEC
19
TP17
18
GND
TP16
R24
1.50k
ADC10CLK
SMCLK
TDO/TDI
TP7
C2
TA0.0/SCLK/A5
TDI/TCLK
15
SDA
14
SCL
R27
1.50k
+3.3VSEC
P2.0_GPIO
P2.1_GPIO
P2.2_GPIO
P2.3_GPIO
P2.4_GPIO
P2.5_GPIO
TEST/SBWTCK
RST
R35
47k
17
16
J1
R22 R28 R25 R26
DNP
0 DNP
0 DNP
0 DNP
0
C8
470pF
1
2
3
MSP430G2332IPW20
GND
GND
GND
Figure 4. MCU Functionality Configuration
The MCU considered is MSP430G2332IPW20. Texas Instruments MSP430 family of ultra-low-power
microcontrollers consist of several devices featuring different sets of peripherals targeted for various
applications. The architecture, combined with five low-power modes is optimized to achieve extended
battery life in portable measurement applications. The device features a powerful 16-bit RISC CPU, 16-bit
registers, and constant generators that contribute to maximum code efficiency. The digitally controlled
oscillator (DCO) allows wake-up from low-power modes to active mode in less than 1 μs.
The MSP430G2332IPW20 is a ultra-low-power mixed signal microcontroller with a built-in 16-bit timer.
The device has up to 16 I/O capacitive-touch enabled pins and built-in communication capability using the
universal serial communication interface. TheMSP430G2332IPW20 has a 10-bit A/D converter.
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Features
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Low supply voltage range: 1.8 to 3.6 V
Ultra-low power consumption
– Active mode: 220 μA at 1 MHz, 2.2 V
– Standby mode: 0.5 μA
– Off mode (RAM retention): 0.1 μA
Five power-saving modes
Ultra-fast wake-up from standby mode in less than 1 μs
16-bit RISC architecture, 62.5-ns instruction cycle time
Basic clock module configurations
– Internal frequencies up to 16 MHz with four calibrated frequencies
– Internal very-low-power LF oscillator
– 32-kHz crystal
– External digital clock source
One 16-bit Timer_A with three capture/compare registers
Universal serial interface (USI) supporting SPI and I2C
10-bit 200-ksps A/D converter with internal reference, sample-and-hold, and autoscan
(MSP430G2x32 only)
Brownout detector
Serial onboard programming, no external programming voltage needed, programmable code protection
by security fuse
On-chip emulation logic with Spy-Bi-Wire interface
Package
– TSSOP: 20-pin
N OR PW PACKAGE
(TOP VIEW)
DVCC
P1.0/TA0CLK/ACLK/A0
P1.1/TA0.0/A1
P1.2/TA0.1/A2
P1.3/ADC10CLK/VREF-/VEREF-/A3
P1.4/TA0.2/SMCLK/A4/VREF+/VEREF+/TCK
P1.5/TA0.0/SCLK/A5/TMS
P2.0
P2.1
P2.2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
DVSS
XIN/P2.6/TA0.1
XOUT/P2.7
TEST/SBWTCK
RST/NMI/SBWTDIO
P1.7/SDI/SDA/A7/TDO/TDI
P1.6/TA0.1/SDO/SCL/A6/TDI/TCLK
P2.5
P2.4
P2.3
Figure 5. MCU Pinout Description
14
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4.1.2
MCU Resources
Table 6. MCU RAM and Flash Size
4.1.3
PIN NUMBER
DESCRIPTION
SIZE
1
Flash
4 KB
2
RAM
256 bytes
3
ADC10
8 channels
4
Package and pin count
20-TSSOP
MCU Configuration
Table 7. MCU Pin Configuration for the DC Binary Module
PIN NUMBER
PIN FUNCTION
1
DVCC
CONFIGURATION
3.3 VSEC
2
A0
3
TA0.0
PWM_0 (Control of Binary input1 wetting current)
4
TA0.1
PWM_1 (Control of Binary input2 wetting current)
5
A3
ADC_1 (Currently not used — configured as Port)
6
A4
ADC_2 (Currently not used — configured as Port)
7
A5
ADC_3 (Binary input2)
8
P2.0
Not used – configured as output
9
P2.1
Not used – configured as output
10
P2.2
Can be used to set I2C address — configured as output
11
P2.3
Can be used to set I2C address — configured as output
12
P2.4
Can be used to set I2C address — configured as output
13
P2.5
Can be used to set I2C address — configured as output
14
SCL
I2C clock
15
SDA
I2C data
16
/RST
Programming
17
SBWTCK
Programming
18
P2.7
Not used – configured as output
19
P2.6
Not used – configured as output
20
DVSS
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GND
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ADC Features
The ADC used is a 10-bit, 8-channel ADC with Autoscan and DMA capabilities.
Table 8. 10-Bit ADC, Timing Parameters (MSP430G2x32 Only) (1)
PARAMETER
TEST CONDITIONS
For specified performance of ADC10SR = 0
ADC10 linearity parameters ADC10SR = 1
fADC10CLK
ADC input clock
frequency
fADC10OSC
ADC10 built-in
ADC10DIVx = 0, ADC10SSELx = 0,
oscillator frequency fADC10CLK = fADC10OSC
tCONVERT
tADC10ON
(1)
(2)
Conversion time
ADC10 built-in oscillator, ADC10SSELx = 0,
fADC10CLK = fADC10OSC
VCC
MIN
TYP
MAX
0.45
6.3
0.45
1.5
3V
3.7
6.3
3V
2.06
3.51
3V
fADC10CLK from ACLK, MCLK, or SMCLK:
ADC10SSELx ≠ 0
UNIT
MHz
MHz
µs
13 × ADC10DIV × 1/fADC10CLK
Turn-on setting
time of the ADC
(2)
100
ns
Over recommended ranges of supply voltage and operating free-air temperature (unless otherwise noted).
The condition is that the error in a conversion started after tADC10ON is les than ±0.5 LSB. The reference and input signal are
already settled.
Table 9. 10-Bit ADC, Linearity Parameters (MSP430G2x32 Only)
PARAMETER
16
TEST CONDITIONS
VCC
MIN
TYP
MAX
UNIT
EI
Integral linearity error
3V
±1
LSB
ED
Differential linearity error
3V
±1
LSB
EO
Offset error
3V
±1
LSB
EG
Gain error
3V
±1.1
±2
LSB
ET
Total unadjusted error
3V
±2
±5
LSB
Source impedance RS < 100 Ω
Digitally Isolated 2-Channel, Wide DC Binary Input Module
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4.2
Digital Isolator
The binary input module is isolated from the host MCU. TI digital isolators are used to provide the required
isolation. The isolator could be digital output type or I2C interface type.
Primary
Secondary
An I2C interface type isolator provides flexibility in terms of functionality. A digital output type is
recommended when cost is critical and the binary inputs are a fixed input voltage.
+3.3VSEC
VCC_ISO
VCC_ISO
C5
C6
0.1µF
0.1µF
U2
1
2
3
4
VCC1
VCC2
SDA1
SDA2
SCL1
SCL2
GND1
GND2
GND_iso
8
R32
R29
1.50k 1.50k
J2
7
R30
0
SDA_iso
6
R31
0
SCL_iso
800-10-003-10-001000
5
ISO1541D
GND_iso
GND
1
2
3
GND_iso
TP22 TP21
Figure 6. Digital Isolator for I2C Interface
I2C Isolator: ISO1541D Low-Power Bidirectional I2C Isolators
4.2.1
The ISO1541 are low-power, bidirectional isolators that are compatible with I2C interfaces. These devices
have their logic input and output buffers separated by TI’s capacitive isolation technology using a SiO2
barrier. When used in conjunction with isolated power supplies, these devices block high voltages, isolate
grounds, and prevent noise currents from entering the local ground and interfering with or damaging
sensitive circuitry.
This isolation technology provides for function, performance, size, and power consumption advantages
when compared to opto-couplers. The ISO1541 enable a complete isolated I2C interface to be
implemented within a small form factor. The ISO1541 is useful in applications that have a single master
while the ISO1540 is ideally fit for multi-master applications.
Isolated bidirectional communications is accomplished within these devices by offsetting the Side 1
Low-Level Output Voltage to a value greater than the Side 1 High-Level Input Voltage, thus preventing an
internal logic latch that otherwise would occur with standard digital isolators.
4.2.1.1
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Features
Isolated bidirectional, I2C compatible, communications
Supports up to 1 MHz operation
3- to 5.5-V supply range
Open drain outputs with 3.5-mA Side 1 and 35-mA Side 2 sink current capability
–40°C to 125°C operating temperature
±50 kV/μs transient immunity (typical)
HBM ESD protection of 4 kV on all pins; 8 kV on bus pins
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Digital Isolator: ISO7220ADR Dual Channel Digital Isolators
The ISO7220 are dual-channel digital isolators. The logic input and output buffer is separated by TI’s SiO2
isolation barrier, providing galvanic isolation of up to 4000 VPK per VDE. Used in conjunction with isolated
power supplies, these devices block high voltage, isolate grounds, and prevent noise currents on a data
bus or other circuits from entering the local ground and interfering with or damaging sensitive circuitry.
A binary input signal is conditioned, translated to a balanced signal, then differentiated by the capacitive
isolation barrier. Across the isolation barrier, a differential comparator receives the logic transition
information, then sets or resets a flip-flop and the output circuit accordingly. A periodic update pulse is
sent across the barrier to ensure the proper dc level of the output. If this dc-refresh pulse is not received
every 4 μs, the input is assumed to be unpowered or not being actively driven, and the failsafe circuit
drives the output to a logic high state.
The small capacitance and resulting time constant provide fast operation with signaling rates available
from 0 Mbps (DC) to 150 Mbps. The signaling rate of a line is the number of voltage transitions that are
made per second expressed in the units bps (bits per second). The A-, B-, and C-option devices have TTL
input thresholds and a noise filter at the input that prevents transient pulses from being passed to the
output of the device. The M-option devices have CMOS VCC/2 input thresholds and do not have the input
noise-filter and the additional propagation delay.
4.2.2.1
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Features
1 Mbps signaling rate options
– Low channel-to-channel output skew; 1-ns max
– Low pulse-width distortion (PWD); 1-ns max
– Low jitter content; 1 ns typical at 150 Mbps
50 kV/μs typical transient immunity
Operates with 2.8-V (C-Grade), 3.3-V or 5-V supplies
4-kV ESD protection
High electromagnetic immunity
–40°C to 125°C operating range
Typical 28-year life at rated voltage (see High-Voltage Lifetime of the ISO72x Family of Digital Isolators
[SLLA197])
VDE basic insulation with 4000-VPK VIOTM, 560 VPK VIORM per DIN EN 60747-5-5 (VDE 0884-5)
and DIN EN 61010-1 (VDE 0411-1)
2500 VRMS isolation per UL 1577
CSA approved for component acceptance notice 5 A and IEC 60950-1
NOTE: ISO7220ADR is pin compatible to the I2C isolator and hence is not shown in the schematics.
Based on the requirement, the I2C or digital isolator is mounted.
ISO7320 series isolators provide higher isolation and surge ratings. These devices are pin compatible and
can be considered based on application requirement.
18
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4.3
Isolated Power Supply
T1
1
5
2
U3
SN6501DBV
2
+3.3VSEC
+3.3V
6
1
D6
BAT54C-7-F
3
C4
1µF
X7R
16V
C3
10µF
3
GND
1
D5
PTZTE253.9B
3.9V
2
4
D1
GND
4
VCC
D2
GND
5
3
1.1:1
C7
1µF
X7R
16V
GND_iso
GND_iso
GND
Figure 7. Isolated Power Supply
4.3.1
Push-Pull Driver for Isolated Power Supplies SN6501DBV
The SN6501 is a monolithic oscillator/power-driver, specifically designed for small form factor, isolated
power supplies in isolated interface applications. The device drives a low-profile, center-tapped
transformer primary from a 3.3-V or 5-V DC power supply. The secondary can be wound to provide any
isolated voltage based on transformer turns ratio.
The SN6501 consists of an oscillator followed by a gate drive circuit that provides the complementary
output signals to drive the ground referenced N-channel power switches. The internal logic ensures breakbefore-make action between the two switches. The SN6501 is available in a small SOT-23 (5) package,
and is specified for operation at temperatures from –40°C to 125°C.
4.3.1.1
•
•
•
•
•
Features
Push-pull driver for small transformers
Single 3.3- or 5-V supply
High primary-side current drive:
– 5-V supply: 350 mA (max)
– 3.3-V supply: 150 mA (max)
Low ripple on rectified output permits small output capacitors
Small 5-pin SOT-23 package
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Isolation Transformer
Table 10. Isolation Transformer 750313734 Specifications
PARAMETER
4.3.3
SPECIFICATION
Isolation voltage
6.25 kV
Operating temperature range
–40°C to 125°C
Termination style
SMD/SMT
Dimensions
9.14 × 8 × 7.62 mm (L × W × H)
Brand
Midcom / Wurth Electronics
Current rating
150 mA
Inductance
340 µH
Maximum DC resistance
0.419 Ω
Primary resistance
0.419 Ω
Product
Transformers
Secondary resistance
0.335 Ω
Series
MID-SN6501
Shielding
Unshielded
Type
Power transformer
Power Supply Overvoltage and ESD Protection Zener (PTZTE253.9B)
Table 11. 3.9-V Power Supply Protection Zener Diode Specification
20
PARAMETER
SPECIFICATION
Voltage — Zener (Nom; Vz)
4.1 V
Tolerance
±6%
Power — Max
1W
Impedance (Max; Zzt)
15 Ω
Current — Reverse leakage @ Vr
40 µA @ 1 V
Mounting type
Surface mount
Package or case
DO-214AC, SMA
Supplier device package
PMDS
Digitally Isolated 2-Channel, Wide DC Binary Input Module
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4.4
Simulation of Host MCU Interface
To test the functionality, the host interface was simulated using an MCU-based system.
4.4.1
Tiva C Series LaunchPad Interface
The Tiva C Series LaunchPad (EK-TM4C123GXL) is a low-cost evaluation platform for ARM®
Cortex™-M4F-based microcontrollers. The Tiva C Series LaunchPad design highlights the
TM4C123GH6PMI microcontroller USB 2.0 device interface, hibernation module, and motion control
pulse-width modulator (MC PWM) module. The Tiva C Series LaunchPad also features programmable
user buttons and an RGB LED for custom applications. The stackable headers of the Tiva C Series
LaunchPad BoosterPack™ XL interface demonstrate how easy it is to expand the functionality of the Tiva
C Series LaunchPad when interfacing to other peripherals on many existing BoosterPack add-on boards
as well as future products. Figure 8 shows a photo of the Tiva C Series LaunchPad.
Power Select
Switch
USB Connector
(Power/ICDI) Green Power LED
Tiva
TM4C123GH6PMI
Microcontroller
USB Micro-A/-B
Connector
(Device)
Reset Switch
RGB User LED
Tiva C Series
LaunchPad
BoosterPack XL
Interface (J1, J2, J3,
and J4 Connectors)
Tiva C Series
LaunchPad
BoosterPack XL
Interface (J1, J2, J3,
and J4 Connectors)
Tiva
TM4C123GH6PMI
Microcontroller
MSP430
LaunchPad-Compatible
BoosterPack Interface
MSP430
LaunchPad-Compatible
BoosterPack Interface
User Switch 1
User Switch 2
Figure 8. Tiva C Series TM4C123G LaunchPad Evaluation Board
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Input Voltage Divider, Signal Conditioning, and Protection
Note on resistor divider
The 300-KΩ resistance was increased to 500 KΩ and 1 MΩ, and voltage measurement accuracy was
tested. No variation in accuracy was observed with increase in resistance. The 300-KΩ impedance has
been finalized. The ratio of division has to be maintained even with an increase in total resistance.
TP2
D1
SMCJ400CA
R1
100k
TP4
R5
100k
R9
100k
R7
0
R13
R51
R3
6.34k 6.34k
C11
DNP 1000pF
C0G/NP0
50V
ADC_0
0
D3
PTZTE255.1B
5.1V
ADC_0
TP9
GND1
GND1
Figure 9. Analog Input
22
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4.5.1
Input Protection
The binary input module is protected against overvoltage and transients. The SMCJ400CA is used to
achieve the required protection.
Table 12. SMCJ400 Specifications
4.5.2
PARAMETER
SPECIFICATION
Type
Zener
Bidirectional channels
1
Voltage — Reverse standoff (Typ)
400 V
Voltage — Breakdown (Min)
447 V
Voltage — Clamping (Max) @ IPP
648 V
Current — Peak Pulse (10/1000 µs)
2.3 A
Power — Peak pulse
1500 W (1.5 kW)
Power line protection
No
Applications
General Purpose
Capacitance @ frequency
—
Operating temperature
–55°C to 150°C (TJ)
Mounting type
Surface mount
Package or case
DO-214AB, SMC
Resistor Divider
A 100-KΩ 1206 package resistor, which can withstand a maximum voltage of 200 V, is selected for this
application. The resistor tolerance and temperature drift can be selected based on the accuracy
requirement.
4.5.3
ADC Input Overvoltage Protection (PTZTE255.1B)
A Zener diode is used to protect the electronic circuit from overvoltage and ESD.
Table 13. 5.1-V Analog Input to ADC Protection Diode Specifications
PARAMETER
SPECIFICATION
Voltage — Zener (Nom; Vz)
5.4 V
Tolerance
±6%
Power — Max
1W
Impedance (Max; Zzt)
8Ω
Current — Reverse leakage @ Vr
20 µA @ 1 V
Mounting type
Surface mount
Package or case
DO-214AC, SMA
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Wetting Current Control
R40
R46
10.0k
R44
10.0k
100k
R42
10.0k
D
R48
10.0k
R39
100k
Q2
AOD2N60
600V
R37
100k
S
G
D7
DNPC9
PTZTE2515B
1µF
15V
R12
100k
1%
1206
Q4
4
2
GND1
GND1
FCX458
R18
2.61k
1%
PWM_0
3
1
PWM_0
R16
100k
1%
GND1
TP8
GND1
Figure 10. Wetting Current Control Circuit
4.6.1
Transistor Drive for MOSFET Gate Driver
A transistor is used to drive the MOSFET that controls the wetting current. The bias voltage of 15 V max is
generated from the binary input using a Zener PTZTE2515BCT regulator.
Table 14. 15-V Transistor Bias Voltage Regulation Zener Specification
PARAMETER
SPECIFICATION
Voltage — Zener (Nom; Vz)
15.4 V
Tolerance
±6%
Power — Max
1W
Impedance (Max; Zzt)
10 Ω
Current — Reverse leakage @ Vr
10 µA @ 11 V
Mounting type
Surface mount
Package or case
DO-214AC, SMA
Table 15. FCX458 Transistor Specifications
PARAMETER
24
SPECIFICATION
Transistor type
NPN
Current — Collector (Ic; Max)
225 mA
Voltage — Collector emitter breakdown (Max)
400 V
Vce Saturation (Max) @ Ib, Ic
500 mV @ 6 mA, 50 mA
Current — Collector cutoff (Max)
100 nA
DC current gain (hFE) (Min) @ Ic, Vce
100 @ 50 mA, 10 V
Power (Max)
1W
Frequency — Transition
50 MHz
Mounting type
Surface mount
Package or case
TO-243AA
Digitally Isolated 2-Channel, Wide DC Binary Input Module
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4.6.2
Current Limiting Resistors and MOSFET AOD2N60A
Table 16. Wetting Current Control MOSFET Specifications
PARAMETER
SPECIFICATION
FET type
MOSFET N-channel, metal oxide
FET feature
Standard
Drain-to-source voltage (VDS)
600 V
Current — Continuous drain (Id) @ 25°C
2 A (Tc)
Rds On (Max) @ Id, Vgs
4.7 Ω @ 1 A, 10 V
VGS(th) (Max) @ Id
4.5 V @ 250 µA
Gate charge (Qg) @ Vgs
11 nC @ 10 V
Input capacitance (Ciss) @ VDS
295 pF @ 25 V
Power (Max)
57 W
Mounting type
Surface mount
Package or case
TO-252-3, DPak (Two Leads + Tab), SC-63
Supplier device package
TO-252 (D-Pak)
Four resistors, 1206 package 10 KΩ each in parallel, are used as current limit for wetting current. A
D-PAK MOSFET with a 600-V rating is used for enhanced reliability.
4.7
Hardware Design Guidelines
•
•
•
•
Input voltage divider selection: Ensure the resistors are de-rated 30% for the maximum withstand
voltage rating.
Wetting current control resistor selection: The short time overload capability must be greater than 2.5
times the normal voltage withstand capability for one second.
15-V Zener selection for MOSFET switching: Vz must be constant for wide bias currents. The Zener
current must be as less as possible to reduce power loss.
Zener selection for ADC input overvoltage protection: At lower biasing, current Vz reduces and this will
clip the input voltage affecting accuracy. The Vz at low bias current must be selected such that at the
lowest input voltage, the voltage would be sufficient to bias the MOSFET.
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4.8.1
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Enhancements
Increasing Binary Inputs
Up to six inputs can be configured as ADC to measure the binary inputs. If there is a requirement to
increase number of inputs to more than two, the resistor divider and the wetting control circuit have to be
added. The circuit that has to be added is shown in Figure 11.
R40
R46
10.0k
R44
10.0k
100k
R42
10.0k
D
R48
10.0k
R39
100k
Q2
AOD2N60
600V
R37
100k
S
G
D7
DNPC9
PTZTE2515B
1µF
15V
R12
100k
1%
1206
Q4
4
2
GND1
GND1
FCX458
R18
2.61k
1%
PWM_0
1
3
TP2
GND1
D1
SMCJ400CA
PWM_0
R16
100k
1%
TP8
R1
100k
GND1
TP4
R5
100k
R9
100k
R7
0
R13
R51
R3
6.34k 6.34k
C11
DNP 1000pF
C0G/NP0
50V
ADC_0
0
D3
PTZTE255.1B
5.1V
ADC_0
TP9
GND1
GND1
Figure 11. Circuit to Add for Binary Input Channel Expansion
4.8.2
Migration of Digital Isolator From Basic to Reinforced Isolation
TI has a reinforced isolator as part of the isolator roadmap that is package and pin compatible. With this
design, the migration to reinforce would need minimal efforts of digital isolator replacement and testing.
There may not be any design efforts required.
26
Digitally Isolated 2-Channel, Wide DC Binary Input Module
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5
Software Description
5.1
Initialization
Table 17. MCU Peripherals Initialization for DC Binary Module Functionality
FUNCTIONALITY
MCU clock
DESCRIPTION
SMCLK and DCO are initialized to 1 MHz
1.
Timer
3.
Configure the timer capture control register (TA0CCTL0) to select no capture CMx as 0,
compare/capture input selected as CCIxA, output mode OUTMODx as 0 and enable compare interrupt
CCIE.
Timer A programmed to provide interrupt every 200 µs (or any other sampling interval desired). Set the
sampling interval (TA0CCR0)
Configure the Timer A control register (TA0CTL) to choose SMCLK, divider as 1 and up/down mode.
1.
2.
Disable conversion.
Configure the following options for the ADC control register0 (ADC10CTL0):
2.
(a) Enable ADC interrupt.
(b) Switch ON ADC.
(c) Set the sample and hold time to 16 x ADC10CLKs.
3.
(d) Set the reference voltages for ADC: VR+ = VCC and VR– = VSS
ADC10CTL0, once configured, does not need to be changed to switch between different channels.
Configure the following options for the ADC control register0 (ADC10CTL1):
(a) Set the mode to single channel single conversion.
ADC – Four channels
(b) Set the ADC clock to ADC1OSC.
(c) Set the divider to 1.
(d) Set the sampling trigger to ADC10SC bit.
7.
(e) Set the channel to be sampled.
Enable ADC channels ADC10AE0.
Enable conversion.
To sample multiple channels, ADC10CTL1 and ADC10AE0 registers can be updated with the other
desired ADC channel.
Issue ADC convert sample by setting ADC10SC bit.
Ports
1.
2.
Configure the direction of the ports (P1DIR); 0 as inputs and 1 as outputs.
Set the default values for outputs (0 as low, 1 as high).
I2C
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
·
Set the output pins for I2C (P1.6 and P1.7) to high.
Enable the pull up resistors for P1.6 and P1.7 (P1REN).
Enable the USI function by setting the USIPE6 and USIPE7 bits in USICTL0 register.
Disable the USI peripheral using software reset (USISWRST bit).
Enable I2C mode and USI interrupt enable.
Set clock polarity.
Disable automatic clear control (USIIFGCC bit).
Enable USI peripheral by clearing the (USISWRST bit).
4.
5.
6.
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Software Description
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Functionality
Table 18. DC Binary Module Functional Description
FUNCTIONALITY
Power ON
DESCRIPTION
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
ADC sample capturing
ADC samples integration
• Samples are triggered by setting ADC10SC bit. (From the timer interrupt for the first
channel)
• When conversion is complete, it triggers an interrupt. The result is obtained by reading
the register ADC10MEM.
• Reinitialize the ADC to read the other ADC channels and issue ADC10SC trigger.
Repeat this step to read the other ADC channels.
• After the value is read from ADC10MEM, the offset has to be corrected.
• For each ADC channel, the sample values are added over a timer period (1 ms) and
then averaged by dividing with the number of sample counts.
3- and 10-ms ADC count calculation
• The 1-ms average for each channel can be stored for a pay period of time (for
example, 10 ms equals 10 values). This facilitates calculating the 3- and 10-ms sample
count average.
I2C interface for communicating ADC
count to host
• The 3- and 10-ms averages can be transmitted over I2C to the host processor.
• A pre-requisite for this is to have a host processor (for example, LaunchPad) that runs
as an I2C slave.
• The master sends 3- and 10-ms averages for each channel on I2C. The slave replies
with 3- and 10-ms averages for each channel on I2C.
Digital isolator interface for testing
28
Stop the watchdog timer.
Initialize the clocks to set SMCLK to 1 MHz.
Disable all interrupts.
Set the direction of port pins to default values.
Initialize I2C in master mode.
Configure Timer A to provide an interval based interrupt using compare register. The
timer interrupt can be used to periodically trigger ADC sampling.
Initialize ADC to sample one ADC channel. Re-initialize ADC10CTL1 and ADC10AE0 to
sample a different ADC channel.
Enable all interrupts.
• Measure the input voltage in ADC counts and compare with set ADC count and indicate
the input voltage as high or low.
Digitally Isolated 2-Channel, Wide DC Binary Input Module
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5.3
Calculations
Table 19. Maximum DC Input Allowed
PARAMETER
SPECIFICATION
ADC range in counts
0 to 1023
Resistor divider ratio
303.16 KΩ / 3.16 KΩ = 95.93
ADC reference
ADCref = 3.3 V
Maximum input voltage
ADCref × Resistor divider ratio = 315 V
Table 20. Converting ADC Count to Voltage
SPECIFICATION
VCC
3.3 V
Maximum input
315 V
ADC count for maximum input
1023
DC voltage equivalent for one ADC count
Maximum input / ADC count = 0.3076 V
Programming
SBWTDIO
RAM/Flash Memory
TCK
TDO
TMS
Spy-Bi-Wire
Logic
SBWTCK
TDI
5.4
PARAMETER
JTAG
TAP Controller
Core Logic
and
Emulation Logic
Figure 12. Spy-Bi-Wire Basic Concept
The 2-wire interface is made up of the SBWTCK (Spy-Bi-Wire test clock) and SBWTDIO (Spy-Bi-Wire test
data I/O) pins. The SBWTCK signal is the clock signal and is a dedicated pin. In normal operation, this pin
is internally pulled to ground. The SBWTDIO signal represents the data and is a bidirectional connection.
To reduce the overhead of the 2-wire interface, the SBWTDIO line is shared with the RST/NMI pin of the
device.
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Testing
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6
Testing
6.1
Functional Testing
Table 21. Measurements
PARAMETERS
6.2
SPECIFICATION
MEASUREMENT
Isolated supply — 3.3-V output
3.3 V
3.28 V
MCU programming
Spy-Bi-Wire
OK
Voltage Measurement Accuracy Testing
NOTE: The readings in the following tables are the measurements taken without any calibration.
The errors include component tolerances and ADC error. The accuracy can be improved by
introducing software calibration.
The errors observed can be further improved by doing a gain calibration. To ensure that the results are
less than ±3.0% of measured value ±1 V (programmable step size), applying gain calibration is
recommended. The gain calibration can be applied on the host side.
For initial testing, averaging was done for 1, 3, and 10 ms. The measurement was repeatable at
3 and 10 ms, and there was no difference observed in the measured values. In case measurements are
expected to be done faster than 3 ms, characterization has be done for accuracy before implementation.
6.2.1
Testing with 3-ms Averaging
Table 22. Board 1: DC Input Voltage versus Measured Voltage Difference
30
DC INPUT
VOLTAGE
ALLOWED DC
VOLTAGE LIMIT (±V)
MEASURED
VOLTAGE
DIFFERENCE
B1_Ch1
MEASURED
VOLTAGE
DIFFERENCE
B1_Ch2
18
1.54
17.932
–0.068
17.932
–0.068
19
1.57
18.859
–0.141
18.55
–0.45
20
1.6
19.787
–0.213
19.478
–0.522
21
1.63
20.714
–0.286
20.714
–0.286
24
1.72
23.806
–0.194
23.497
–0.503
48
2.44
47.922
–0.078
47.612
–0.388
49
2.47
48.54
–0.46
48.231
–0.769
50
2.5
49.467
–0.533
49.467
–0.533
51
2.53
50.395
–0.605
50.086
–0.914
72
3.16
71.419
–0.581
71.419
–0.581
110
4.3
109.137
–0.863
108.519
–1.481
111
4.33
110.065
–0.935
109.756
–1.244
112
4.36
110.683
–1.317
110.374
–1.626
113
4.39
112.229
–0.771
111.611
–1.389
144
5.32
142.837
–1.163
142.219
–1.781
196
6.88
194.469
–1.531
193.85
–2.15
240
8.2
237.753
–2.247
236.825
–3.175
241
8.23
238.68
–2.32
238.062
–2.938
242
8.26
239.608
–2.392
238.68
–3.32
276
9.28
273.616
–2.384
272.689
–3.311
300
10
296.804
–3.196
295.877
–4.123
Digitally Isolated 2-Channel, Wide DC Binary Input Module
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Table 23. Board 2: DC Input Voltage versus Measured Voltage Difference
DC INPUT
VOLTAGE
ALLOWED DC
VOLTAGE LIMIT (±V)
MEASURED
VOLTAGE
DIFFERENCE
B2_Ch1
MEASURED
VOLTAGE (V)
DIFFERENCE
B2_Ch2
18
1.54
18.241
0.241
18.55
0.55
19
1.57
19.169
0.169
19.478
0.478
20
1.6
20.405
0.405
20.405
0.405
21
1.63
21.333
0.333
21.642
0.642
24
1.72
24.425
0.425
24.425
0.425
48
2.44
48.54
0.54
48.54
0.54
49
2.47
49.467
0.467
49.467
0.467
50
2.5
50.395
0.395
50.704
0.704
51
2.53
51.632
0.632
51.632
0.632
72
3.16
72.346
0.346
71.419
–0.581
110
4.3
110.374
0.374
109.447
–0.553
111
4.33
111.302
0.302
110.374
–0.626
112
4.36
112.538
0.538
110.992
–1.008
113
4.39
113.466
0.466
111.92
–1.08
144
5.32
144.383
0.383
143.455
–0.545
196
6.88
196.324
0.324
194.778
–1.222
240
8.2
240.226
0.226
238.68
–1.32
241
8.23
241.153
0.153
239.608
–1.392
242
8.26
242.39
0.39
240.226
–1.774
276
9.28
276.399
0.399
273.926
–2.074
300
10
300.205
0.205
297.732
–2.268
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Testing With 10-ms Averaging
Table 24. Board 1: DC Input Voltage versus Measured Voltage Difference
32
DC INPUT
VOLTAGE
ALLOWED DC
VOLTAGE LIMIT (±V)
MEASURED
VOLTAGE
DIFFERENCE
B1_Ch1
MEASURED
VOLTAGE
DIFFERENCE
B1_Ch2
18
1.54
17.932
0.068
17.932
0.068
19
1.57
18.859
0.141
18.55
0.45
20
1.6
19.787
0.213
19.787
0.213
21
1.63
20.714
0.286
20.405
0.595
24
1.72
23.806
0.194
23.497
0.503
48
2.44
47.612
0.388
47.612
0.388
49
2.47
48.849
0.151
48.54
0.46
50
2.5
49.467
0.533
49.467
0.533
51
2.53
50.395
0.605
50.086
0.914
72
3.16
71.419
0.581
71.109
0.891
110
4.3
108.828
1.172
108.519
1.481
111
4.33
110.065
0.935
109.447
1.553
112
4.36
110.992
1.008
110.374
1.626
113
4.39
111.92
1.08
111.611
1.389
144
5.32
142.837
1.163
142.219
1.781
196
6.88
194.159
1.841
193.541
2.459
240
8.2
237.753
2.247
236.825
3.175
241
8.23
238.68
2.32
237.753
3.247
242
8.26
239.608
2.392
238.68
3.32
276
9.28
273.307
2.693
272.071
3.929
300
10
296.804
3.196
295.568
4.432
Digitally Isolated 2-Channel, Wide DC Binary Input Module
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Table 25. Board 2: DC Input Voltage versus Measured Voltage Difference
DC INPUT
VOLTAGE
ALLOWED DC
VOLTAGE LIMIT (±V)
MEASURED
VOLTAGE
DIFFERENCE
B2_Ch1
MEASURED
VOLTAGE
DIFFERENCE
B2_Ch2
18
1.54
18.241
0.241
18.55
0.55
19
1.57
19.169
0.169
19.169
0.169
20
1.6
20.405
0.405
20.405
0.405
21
1.63
21.333
0.333
21.333
0.333
24
1.72
24.425
0.425
24.115
0.115
48
2.44
48.54
0.54
48.54
0.54
49
2.47
49.467
0.467
49.467
0.467
50
2.5
50.395
0.395
50.704
0.704
51
2.53
51.632
0.632
51.322
0.322
72
3.16
72.346
0.346
71.419
–0.581
110
4.3
110.374
0.374
109.447
–0.553
111
4.33
111.302
0.302
110.374
–0.626
112
4.36
112.229
0.229
110.992
–1.008
113
4.39
113.466
0.466
111.92
–1.08
144
5.32
144.383
0.383
143.455
–0.545
196
6.88
196.324
0.324
194.778
–1.222
240
8.2
240.226
0.226
238.68
–1.32
241
8.23
241.153
0.153
239.608
–1.392
242
8.26
242.39
0.39
240.226
–1.774
276
9.28
276.399
0.399
273.926
–2.074
300
10
300.205
0.205
297.732
–2.268
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Error in % of the Measured Value
Table 26. Input Voltage versus Measured Voltage Error (% of the Reading)
BOARD 1 ERROR (%)
BOARD 2 ERROR (%)
DC INPUT VOLTAGE
@ 10 ms
B1_Ch1
B1_Ch2
B2_Ch1
B2_Ch2
18
–0.38
–0.38
1.34
3.06
19
–0.74
–2.37
0.89
2.51
20
–1.07
–2.61
2.03
2.03
21
–1.36
–1.36
1.58
3.06
24
–0.81
–2.10
1.77
1.77
48
–0.16
–0.81
1.12
1.12
49
–0.94
–1.57
0.95
0.95
50
–1.07
–1.07
0.79
1.41
51
–1.19
–1.79
1.24
1.24
72
–0.81
–0.81
0.48
–0.81
110
–0.78
–1.35
0.34
–0.50
111
–0.84
–1.12
0.27
–0.56
112
–1.18
–1.45
0.48
–0.90
113
–0.68
–1.23
0.41
–0.96
144
–0.81
–1.24
0.27
–0.38
196
–0.78
–1.10
0.17
–0.62
240
–0.94
–1.32
0.09
–0.55
241
–0.96
–1.22
0.06
–0.58
242
–0.99
–1.37
0.16
–0.73
276
–0.86
–1.2
0.14
–0.75
300
–1.07
–1.37
0.07
–0.76
4
B1_Ch1
B1_Ch2
B2_Ch1
B2_Ch2
3
Error at 3 ms (%)
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
18
20
24
49
51 110 112 144
DC Input Voltage (V)
240
242
300
D001
Figure 13. DC Input Voltage versus Measured Voltage Error (% of the Reading)
34
Digitally Isolated 2-Channel, Wide DC Binary Input Module
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Table 27. Input Voltage versus Measured Voltage Error (% of the Reading)
BOARD 1 ERROR (%)
BOARD 2 ERROR (%)
DC INPUT VOLTAGE
@ 10 ms
B1_Ch1
B1_Ch2
B2_Ch1
B2_Ch2
18
–0.38
–0.38
1.34
3.06
19
–0.74
–2.37
0.89
0.89
20
–1.07
–1.07
2.03
2.03
21
–1.36
–2.83
1.58
1.58
24
–0.81
–2.10
1.77
0.48
48
–0.81
–0.81
1.12
1.12
49
–0.31
–0.94
0.95
0.95
50
–1.07
–1.07
0.79
1.41
51
–1.19
–1.79
1.24
0.63
72
–0.81
–1.24
0.48
–0.81
110
–1.07
–1.35
0.34
–0.50
111
–0.84
–1.40
0.27
–0.56
112
–0.90
–1.45
0.20
–0.90
113
–0.96
–1.23
0.41
–0.96
144
–0.81
–1.24
0.27
–0.38
196
–0.94
–1.25
0.17
–0.62
240
–0.94
–1.32
0.09
–0.55
241
–0.96
–1.35
0.06
–0.58
242
–0.99
–1.37
0.16
–0.73
276
–0.98
–1.42
0.14
–0.75
300
–1.07
–1.48
0.07
–0.76
4
B1_Ch1
B1_Ch2
B2_Ch1
B2_Ch2
3
Error at 10 ms (%)
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
18
20
24
49
51 110 112 144
DC Input Voltage (V)
240
242
300
D002
Figure 14. DC Input Voltage versus Measured Voltage Error (% of the Reading)
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Drift Due to Temperature Variation of Signal Conditioning Circuit
The signal conditioning circuit consisting of the resistor divider, 400-V input TVS, 5.1-V ADC input
protection Zener was tested for temperature variation. The leakage current for 400-V TVS is < 1 µA at
rated voltage for SMCJ package. The following results indicate that the effect of leakage current does not
significantly influence the voltage input to ADC.
Table 28. Voltage Drift With Temperature at 300-V Input
TEMPERATURE °C
MEASURED VOLTAGE (V)
DIFFERENCE (–V)
–10
298.92
–1.082
12
299.01
–0.986
40
299.01
–0.986
70
299.11
–0.890
Table 29. Voltage Drift With Temperature at 110-V Input
TEMPERATURE °C
MEASURED VOLTAGE (V)
DIFFERENCE (–V)
–10
109.84
–0.160
10
109.74
–0.256
40
109.84
–0.160
70
109.84
–0.160
Table 30. Voltage Drift With Temperature 24-V Input
6.4
TEMPERATURE °C
MEASURED VOLTAGE (V)
DIFFERENCE (–V)
–10
23.98
–0.018
10
23.89
–0.113
40
23.98
–0.018
70
23.98
–0.018
Wetting Current Measurement
Table 31. Wetting Current Measurement at Different Voltage Inputs
6.5
DC VOLTAGE INPUT
SWITCHED ON FOR 50 ms
IMPEDANCE
INPUT 1
CURRENT (mA)
DUTY CYCLE
INPUT 2
CURRENT (mA)
DUTY CYCLE
N/A
24 V
2.5 K
~9
NA
~9
110 V
2.5 K
~44
NA
~44
N/A
230 V
2.5 K
~44
50%
~44
50%
Binary Input Testing With Digital Output (ISO7220ADR)
Table 32. Results With Digital Isolator Mounted
36
BINARY INPUT 1
OBSERVATION
BINARY INPUT 2
OBSERVATION
DC INPUT VIN
APPLIED VOLTAGE
TOLERANCE
24
22
±3% of VIN ±1 V
Low
Low
24
26
±3% of VIN ±1 V
High
High
110
106
±3% of VIN ±1 V
Low
Low
110
114
±3% of VIN ±1 V
High
High
240
230
±3% of VIN ±1 V
Low
Low
240
250
±3% of VIN ±1 V
High
High
Digitally Isolated 2-Channel, Wide DC Binary Input Module
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6.6
IEC Pre-Compliance Testing
The following EMC tests have been performed.
Table 33. EMC Tests
TEST
STANDARD
ESD
IEC61000-4-2
Surge
IEC61000-4-5
Table 34. Performance Criteria
CRITERIA
A
B
ACCEPTANCE (PASS) CRITERIA
The analog output module must continue to operate as intended. No loss of function or performance occur
even during the test.
Temporary degradation of performance is accepted.
After the test, the analog output module must continue to operate as intended without manual intervention.
During the test, a loss of functions accepted, but no destruction of hardware or software.
C
After the test, the analog output module must continue to operate as intended automatically after manual
restart or power off/power on.
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IEC61000-4-2 ESD Test
The IEC610004-2 ESD test simulates the electrostatic discharge of an operator directly onto an adjacent
electronic component. Electrostatic charge usually develops in low relative humidity, and on lowconductivity carpets, or vinyl garments. To simulate a discharge event, an ESD generator applies ESD
pulses to the equipment under test (EUT), which can happen through direct contact with the EUT (contact
discharge), or through an air-gap (air-discharge). This was applied across signal inputs only. A series of
10 negative and positive pulses were applied directly on the binary inputs during the test (contact
discharge). After the test, the binary input module was attached to TM4C123GXL LaunchPad to verify
functionality. The test results show the EUT was able to withstand the required discharge . The EUT was
not permanently damaged.
Table 35. ESD Test Steps
TEST NO
TEST MODE
OBSERVATION
1
Contact 1 kV
Pass
2
Contact –1 kV
Pass
3
Contact 2 kV
Pass
4
Contact –2 kV
Pass
Table 36. ESD Test Observations
IMMUNITY TEST
STANDARD
PORT
TARGET VOLTAGE
ESD
IEC 61000-4-2, contact
Binary input
±2 kV
RESULT
Meets Criteria B
(After the test, the
module continued to
operate as intended.)
Constant
Voltage
Source
ESD Gun
ESD Generator
Figure 15. ESD Setup for Binary Input Module
38
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Testing
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6.6.2
IEC61000-4-5 Surge Test
The IEC61000-4-5 surge test simulates switching transients caused by lightning strikes or the switching of
power systems including load changes and short circuits. The test requires five positive and five negative
surge pulses with a time interval between successive pulses of one minute or less. The unshielded
symmetrical data line setup as defined by the IEC61000-4-5 specification was used for this test. The test
generator was configured for 1.2/50-μs surges and diode clamps were used for line-to-ground coupling. A
series of five negative and positive pulses, with 10 seconds spacing between each pulse, were applied
during the test. After the test, the binary input module was attached to TM4C123GXL LaunchPad to verify
functionality. The test results show the EUT was able to withstand up to ±500-V bursts. The EUT was able
to perform normally after each test. Because functionality could not be verified during the test, the result
was noted as passing with Class B.
Table 37. Surge Test Steps
TEST NO
TEST MODE
OBSERVATION
1
0.5 kV
Pass
2
–0.5 kV
Pass
3
1 kV
Pass
4
–1 kV
Pass
5
2 kV
Pass
6
–2 kV
Pass
Table 38. Surge Test Observations
IMMUNITY TEST
Surge, DM
STANDARD
IEC 61000-4-5:
1.2/20-µs voltage waveform
8/20-µs current waveform
42-Ω impedance
PORT
TARGET VOLTAGE
Binary input
± 1 kV
RESULT
Meets Criteria B
(After the test, the
module continued to
operate as intended.)
CDN Network
Constant
Voltage
Source
EFT/Surge Generator
Figure 16. Surge Setup for Binary Input Module
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39
Testing
6.7
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Test Results Summary
Table 39. Test Results Summary for DC Binary Input Module
40
TESTS
OBSERVATION
Power supply
OK
MCU programming
OK
Measurement of DC voltage input
OK
DC input voltage measurement accuracy
< ±3% of measured value ±1 V
(programmable step size)
EMC pre-compliance tests
OK
Digitally Isolated 2-Channel, Wide DC Binary Input Module
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Design Files
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7
Design Files
7.1
Schematics
To download the schematics, see the design files at TIDA-00420.
7.2
Bill of Materials
To download the bill of materials (BOM), see the design files at TIDA-00420.
7.3
Layer Plots
To download the layer plots, see the design files at TIDA-00420.
7.4
Altium Project
To download the Altium project files, see the design files at TIDA-00420.
7.5
Gerber Files
To download the Gerber files, see the design files at TIDA-00420.
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41
Terminology
8
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Terminology
External clearance— The shortest distance through air between conductive input and output leads;
measured in mm.
Comparative tracking index (CTI)— Outer molding material characterization in the presence of aqueous
contaminants. The higher the CTI value, the more resistant the material is to electrical arc tracking.
CTI is often used with creepage by safety agencies to determine working voltage.
External creepage— The shortest distance along the outside surface between input and output leads;
measured in mm.
Dielectric insulation voltage withstand rating— The ability to withstand without breakdown a 60-second
application of a defined dielectric insulation voltage between input and output leads.
Installation class—
1. Equipment in closed systems (for example, telecom) protected against overvoltage with devices
such as diverters, filters, capacitors, and so on.
2. Energy consuming equipment (for example, appliances) supplied through a fixed installation.
3. Primarily equipment in fixed installations (for example, fixed industrial equipment).
4. Primary supply level for industrial factories.
Insulation—
• Operational — Required for correct equipment operation but not as a protection against electric
shock.
• Basic — Protects against electric shock.
• Supplementary — Independently applied to basic insulation to protect against shock in the event
of its failure.
• Double — Composed of both basic and supplementary.
• Reinforced — A single insulation system composed of several layers (for example, single and
supplementary).
Material group (see Comparative Tracking Index) —
1. 600 < CTI
2. 400 < CTI < 600
3. 175 < CTI < 400
4. 100 < CTI <175
Partial discharge— Electric discharge that partially bridges the insulation between two electrodes. Agilent
supports partial discharge measurements per VDE0884, a technique developed to evaluate the
integrity of insulating materials
Pollution degree—
1. Nonconductive pollution only.
2. Only occasional, temporary conductivity due to condensation.
3. Frequent conductive pollution due to condensation.
4. Persistent conductive pollution due to dust, rain, or snow.
Rated mains voltage— Primary power voltage declared by manufacturer. Used to categorize opto-coupler
maximum allowable working voltage.
Common-mode transient rejection (CMTR)— CMTR describes the maximum tolerable rate-of-rise (or
fall) of a common-mode voltage (given in volts per microsecond). The specification for CMTR also
includes the amplitude of the common-mode voltage (VCM) that can be tolerated. Common-mode
interference that exceeds the maximum specification might result in abnormal voltage transitions or
excessive noise on the output signal.
42
Digitally Isolated 2-Channel, Wide DC Binary Input Module
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References
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9
References
1. Texas Instruments, MSP430™ Programming Via the JTAG Interface, User's Guide (SLAU320).
2. Texas Instruments, The ISO72x Family of High-Speed Digital Isolators, Application Report (SLLA198).
10
About the Author
KALLIKUPPA MUNIYAPPA SREENIVASA is a systems architect at Texas Instruments where he is
responsible for developing reference design solutions for the industrial segment. Sreenivasa brings to this
role his experience in high-speed digital and analog systems design. Sreenivasa earned his bachelor of
electronics (BE) in electronics and communication engineering (BE-E&C) from VTU, Mysore, India.
VIVEK GOPALAKRISHNAN is a firmware architect at Texas Instruments India where he is responsible
for developing reference design solutions for Smart Grid within Industrial Systems. Vivek brings to his role
his experience in firmware architecture design and development. Vivek earned his master’s degree in
sensor systems technology from VIT University, India. He can be reached at [email protected].
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Revision History
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Revision History
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Revision History
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