E I C E D R I V E R™ High voltage gate drive IC 1E D F a mil y Technical Description 1E D02 0I1 2 -F2 1E D02 0I1 2 -B 2 1E D02 0I1 2 -B T 2E D02 0I1 2 -F2 Applic atio n N ote Revision 1.4, 2014-07-01 Infin eon T echnol ogi es A G Edition 2014-07-01 Published by Infineon Technologies AG 81726 Munich, Germany © 2014 Infineon Technologies AG All Rights Reserved. Legal Disclaimer The information given in this document shall in no event be regarded as a guarantee of conditions or characteristics. With respect to any examples or hints given herein, any typical values stated herein and/or any information regarding the application of the device, Infineon Technologies hereby disclaims any and all warranties and liabilities of any kind, including without limitation, warranties of non-infringement of intellectual property rights of any third party. Information For further information on technology, delivery terms and conditions and prices, please contact the nearest Infineon Technologies Office (www.infineon.com). Warnings Due to technical requirements, components may contain dangerous substances. For information on the types in question, please contact the nearest Infineon Technologies Office. Infineon Technologies components may be used in life-support devices or systems only with the express written approval of Infineon Technologies, if a failure of such components can reasonably be expected to cause the failure of that life-support device or system or to affect the safety or effectiveness of that device or system. Life support devices or systems are intended to be implanted in the human body or to support and/or maintain and sustain and/or protect human life. If they fail, it is reasonable to assume that the health of the user or other persons may be endangered. 1ED Family Technical Description Revision History: 2014-07 Rev.1.4 Page or Item Previous Version: 1.3 Trademarks of Infineon Technologies AG AURIX™, BlueMoon™, COMNEON™, C166™, CROSSAVE™, CanPAK™, CIPOS™, CoolMOS™, CoolSET™, CORECONTROL™, DAVE™, EasyPIM™, EconoBRIDGE™, EconoDUAL™, EconoPACK™, EconoPIM™, EiceDRIVER™, EUPEC™, FCOS™, HITFET™, HybridPACK™, ISOFACE™, I²RF™, IsoPACK™, MIPAQ™, ModSTACK™, my-d™, NovalithIC™, OmniTune™, OptiMOS™, ORIGA™, PROFET™, PRO-SIL™, PRIMARION™, PrimePACK™, RASIC™, ReverSave™, SatRIC™, SIEGET™, SINDRION™, SMARTi™, SmartLEWIS™, TEMPFET™, thinQ!™, TriCore™, TRENCHSTOP™, X-GOLD™, XMM™, X-PMU™, XPOSYS™. Other Trademarks Advance Design System™ (ADS) of Agilent Technologies, AMBA™, ARM™, MULTI-ICE™, PRIMECELL™, REALVIEW™, THUMB™ of ARM Limited, UK. AUTOSAR™ is licensed by AUTOSAR development partnership. Bluetooth™ of Bluetooth SIG Inc. CAT-iq™ of DECT Forum. COLOSSUS™, FirstGPS™ of Trimble Navigation Ltd. EMV™ of EMVCo, LLC (Visa Holdings Inc.). EPCOS™ of Epcos AG. FLEXGO™ of Microsoft Corporation. FlexRay™ is licensed by FlexRay Consortium. HYPERTERMINAL™ of Hilgraeve Incorporated. IEC™ of Commission Electrotechnique Internationale. IrDA™ of Infrared Data Association Corporation. ISO™ of INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION. MATLAB™ of MathWorks, Inc. MAXIM™ of Maxim Integrated Products, Inc. MICROTEC™, NUCLEUS™ of Mentor Graphics Corporation. Mifare™ of NXP. MIPI™ of MIPI Alliance, Inc. MIPS™ of MIPS Technologies, Inc., USA. muRata™ of MURATA MANUFACTURING CO., MICROWAVE OFFICE™ (MWO) of Applied Wave Research Inc., OmniVision™ of OmniVision Technologies, Inc. Openwave™ Openwave Systems Inc. RED HAT™ Red Hat, Inc. RFMD™ RF Micro Devices, Inc. SIRIUS™ of Sirius Sattelite Radio Inc. SOLARIS™ of Sun Microsystems, Inc. SPANSION™ of Spansion LLC Ltd. Symbian™ of Symbian Software Limited. TAIYO YUDEN™ of Taiyo Yuden Co. TEAKLITE™ of CEVA, Inc. TEKTRONIX™ of Tektronix Inc. TOKO™ of TOKO KABUSHIKI KAISHA TA. UNIX™ of X/Open Company Limited. VERILOG™, PALLADIUM™ of Cadence Design Systems, Inc. VLYNQ™ of Texas Instruments Incorporated. VXWORKS™, WIND RIVER™ of WIND RIVER SYSTEMS, INC. ZETEX™ of Diodes Zetex Limited. Last Trademarks Update 2010-06-09 Revision 1.4, 2014-07-01 1ED Family Technical Description Table of Contents Table of Contents 1 1.1 1.2 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 5 Scope and Product Family ................................................................................................................... 5 Short Description .................................................................................................................................. 5 2 2.1 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.1.3 2.1.4 2.2 2.3 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3 2.3.4 2.3.5 2.3.6 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 Technical Description of 1ED020I12-BT .......................................................................................... 6 Power Supply ....................................................................................................................................... 6 IC Supply Voltage................................................................................................................................. 6 Undervoltage Lockout (UVLO) ............................................................................................................. 7 Bootstrap Circuit ................................................................................................................................... 7 Active Shut-Down ................................................................................................................................. 9 Input Logic ............................................................................................................................................ 9 Driver Output ........................................................................................................................................ 9 Basic Feature ....................................................................................................................................... 9 Short Circuit Clamping ....................................................................................................................... 10 Rail-to-rail Output ............................................................................................................................... 11 Gate Resistor ..................................................................................................................................... 11 Two-Level Turn-Off (1ED020I12BT only) .......................................................................................... 12 Booster Design ................................................................................................................................... 16 DESAT ............................................................................................................................................... 17 Active Miller Clamping ........................................................................................................................ 19 Fault Output........................................................................................................................................ 20 Ready Output ..................................................................................................................................... 20 Reset .................................................................................................................................................. 21 Power Dissipation............................................................................................................................... 22 3 References ........................................................................................................................................ 25 Application Note 4 Revision 1.4, 2014-07-01 1ED Family Technical Description Introduction 1 Introduction 1.1 Scope and Product Family The Infineon EiceDRIVER™ 1ED family is the high voltage gate drive IC with Coreless Transformer (CLT) Technology up to a maximum blocking voltage of 1200V. The EiceDRIVER™ single channel products 1ED020I12-F2 and 1ED020I12-B2 feature desaturation detection (DESAT), active Miller Clamp, undervoltage lockout (UVLO), active shut down, reset input (RST) and ready output (RDY) with functional or basic insulation. The 1ED020I12-BT also supports two-level-turn-off (TLTO) for safe overcurrent shut down. In the 2ED020I12F2, two independent channels are implemented in a compact package providing the same features as the 1ED020I12-F2. The following Table 1 gives an overview for the EiceDRIVER™ 1ED family. Product List Technology Max. Voltage [V] 1ED020I12-F2 Single channel-CLT 1200 1ED020I12-B2 Single channel-CLT 1200 1ED020I12-BT Single channel-CLT 1200 2ED020I12-F2 Dual channel-CLT *according to IEC60747-5-2 Table 1 1200 Input Logic pos & neg pos & neg pos & neg pos & neg Features RST, DESAT, RDY RST, DESAT, RDY RST, DESAT, RDY, TLTO RST, DESAT, RDY Basic Typ. Pack Isolation* UVLO [V] -age DSO – 11 / 12 -16 DSO X 11 / 12 -16 DSO X 11 / 12 -16 DSO – 11 / 12 -36 Members of 1ED family This application note will be based on the 1ED020I12-BT since it includes most of the features and a common core functionality to the whole family of devices. Specific references to other 1ED variants will be noted. 1.2 Short Description The 1ED020I12-BT is a galvanically insolated single channel IGBT driver in PG-DSO-16-15 package that provides an output current capability of typically 2A. The device consists of two galvanically separated parts. The input chip can be directly connected to a standard 5V DSP or microcontroller with CMOS in/output and the output chip is connected to the power transistor side. The device is designed to fully protect a power transistor in case of short circuit operation or parasitic influences, which come from the application. An effective active Miller clamp function avoids the need of negative gate driving in some applications and allows the use of a simple bootstrap supply for the high side driver. A rail-to-rail driver output enables the user to provide easy clamping of the IGBTs gate voltage during short circuit of the IGBT. So an increase of short circuit current due to the feedback via the Miller capacitance can be avoided. Further, a rail-to-rail output reduces power dissipation. The device also includes an IGBT desaturation protection with a FAULT status output. A two-level turn-off feature with adjustable delay protects against excessive overvoltage at turn-off in case of overcurrent or short circuit condition. The same delay is applied at turn-on to prevent pulse width distortion. A READY status output reports if the device is supplied and operates correctly. Application Note 5 Revision 1.4, 2014-07-01 1ED Family Technical Description Technical Description of 1ED020I12-BT 2 Technical Description of 1ED020I12-BT The following chapter describes functionality of the 1ED020I12BT in detail. 2.1 Power Supply 2.1.1 IC Supply Voltage The supply voltage of the IC must reach initially at least a typical voltage of VUVLOH1=4.1V and VUVLOH2=12V for the input supply (VCC1) and output supply (VCC2) respectively, before the IC gets into an operational state. This is necessary in order to have a sufficient supply voltage for correct driving of the gate. Figure 1 Typical application example bipolar supply The 1ED020I12-BT offers the possibility of two types of supply topology: bipolar supply and unipolar supply as shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2. The pin GND2 is the reference ground of the output chip. VEE2 pins are the negative power supply pins of the output chip. If no negative supply voltage is available, both VEE2 pins have to be connected to GND2. Figure 2 Typical application example unipolar supply Although the maximum positive output side power supply VVCC2 is 20V and the minimum negative output side power supply VVEE2 is -12V (both reference to GND2), the actual maximum output side power supply voltage is Vmax2=28V (VVCC2-VVEE2). Figure 3 shows the supply voltage range and the recommended range. Application Note 6 Revision 1.4, 2014-07-01 1ED Family Technical Description Technical Description of 1ED020I12-BT Figure 3 Supply voltage range The recommended capacitor value for VCC1 is 100nF, and for VCC2/VEE2 is 1µF. They should be placed as close as possible to the power pins VEE2 and VCC2. Otherwise, parasitic circuit elements may lead to voltage spikes, which may trigger the undervoltage lockout threshold. 2.1.2 Undervoltage Lockout (UVLO) The IC shuts down the individual gate drives, when the related supply voltage is below VUVLOL1=3.8V and VUVLOL2=11V for the lowside and highside supply respectively. This ensures correct switching of IGBTs. In case of an UVLO shut down, it is necessary to reach the start-up levels of VUVLOH1=4.1V and VUVLOH2=12V again to initialize the IC. 2.1.3 Bootstrap Circuit A bootstrap circuit is a common and cost efficient technique to supply a floating high side driver section in a halfbrige configuration. Shown in Fig 4 below. The supply voltage in IGBT based half bridge configurations is usually in a range of 15V to 18V. The supply voltage is also applied to the gate of the IGBT. This is sufficient in order to drive IGBT properly. The bootstrap capacitor should be large enough to support the IQ2 (Quiescent Current Output Chip in datasheet) of high side driver chip and also the gate charge of high side IGBT. Please consider different switching sheme to give enough margins for the bootstrap capacitor, so that the voltage can be stable in periods. Application Note 7 Revision 1.4, 2014-07-01 1ED Family Technical Description Technical Description of 1ED020I12-BT Figure 4 Bootstrap circuit for halfbridge The turn on of transistor T2 will force the reference potential GND2 of high side drive IC to ground. It leads to a charging current iBS into the capacitor CBS. The current iBS is a pulse current and therefore the ESR of the capacitor CBS must be very small in order to avoid losses in the capacitor. The reference potential GND2 of high side drive IC is high again when the current commutates from transistor T2 or diode D2 into transistor T1. At this time the bootstrap diode DBS blocks a reverse current, so that the charge will remain in the capacitor CBS. The bootstrap diode DBS also takes over the blocking voltage between pin VCC2 and 15V supply and should therefore have the same voltage rating as the driven power transistors. The voltage of the bootstrap capacitor can now supply the highside gate drive section. The voltage of bootstrap capacitor is approximately VBS ≈ VCC - VFBS (1) A current limiting resistor RLim reduces the peak of the pulse current during the turn-on of transistor T2. The pulse current will occur at each turn-on of transistor T2, so that with increasing switching frequency the capacitor CBS is charged more frequently. Therefore a smaller capacitor can be used at higher switching frequencies. Please note here, that the current limiting resistor RLim (10Ω is recommended) must therefore endure both types of stresses: the rms current stress and the worst case pulse load stress (e.g. at the initial charging of CBS). The bootstrap capacitor is mainly discharged by two effects: the highside quiescent current and the gate charge of the transistor to be turned on. The calculation of the bootstrap capacitor results in (2) with IQ2_max being the maximum quiescent current of the output chip, tP the switching period, QG_max the maximum total gate charge value and ∆VBS the voltage drop at the bootstrap capacitor within a switching period. Please note here, that Equation (2) is valid for continuous switching operation according to the switching frequency. The recommended bootstrap capacitance is in the range up to 10µF for IGBT current ratings up to 40A at a switching frequency of 20kHz. It is a general design rule for the location of bootstrap capacitors, that they must be placed as close as possible to the IC. Application Note 8 Revision 1.4, 2014-07-01 1ED Family Technical Description Technical Description of 1ED020I12-BT 2.1.4 Active Shut-Down The Active Shut-Down feature ensures a safe IGBT off-state if the output chip is not connected to the power supply. That means, even with 200mA forced current, the pin OUT will be lower than 2V, which is used to prevent the IGBT from turning on unintentionally. 2.2 Input Logic There are two possible input modes to control the IGBT. At non-inverting mode the signal at pin IN+ controls the driver output while IN- is set to low according to Figure 5. At inverting mode the signal at pin IN- controls the driver output while IN+ is set to high. Figure 5 Example for non-inverting mode input including RC filter The IN+ input logic has an integrated pull-down resistor and IN- input logic has an integrated pull-up resistor, this design is for safety reasons in case of input pin floating or driven from a high impedance source. A HIGH level is identified, when the input is higher than 3.5V, and a LOW level is identified by input is lower than 1.5V. This setting of level provides a full compliance to 5V CMOS-level as referring to [1]. The maximum input bias current is 400µA for IN+ and IN-. Figure 5 shows an example for non-inverting mode input. In this case, the input signal of driver IC is connected to IN+ pin through a RC-filter to reduce the influence from electromagnetic interference, which may cause distorsion of the input signal. Meanwhile the IN- pin needs to be grounded to ensure the non-inverting mode input. The RC-filter needs to be placed as close as possible to input logic pin. A minimum input pulse width (~40ns) for both on and off states is defined to filter occasional glitches. This is called input pulse suppression timing. This means, that an input signal must stay on its level for this period of time in order that the state change is processed correctly. Otherwise the change in the status of the input signal will be ignored and the output keeps its state. The internal pull-up/pull-down resistor (12.5kΩ ~ 50kΩ) can be calculated according to the datasheet and the according test condition 2.3 Driver Output 2.3.1 Basic Feature The 1ED020I12-BT is designed for operation of IGBTs and MOSFETs up to a rating of 1200V, and the output capability of 1ED020I12-BT is +/- 2A for driving IGBT up to 100A directly. The output pin (OUT) is switched between VEE2 and VCC2. In normal operating mode VOUT is controlled by IN+, IN- and /RST. During error mode (UVLO, internal error or DESAT) VOUT is set to VEE2 independent of the input control signals. Application Note 9 Revision 1.4, 2014-07-01 1ED Family Technical Description Technical Description of 1ED020I12-BT Figure 6 Propagation delay, Rise and Fall time As shown in Figure 6, the intervals TPDON and TPDOFF are the propagation delay between the input pins IN+, INand the ouput pin OUT. The mismatch between TPDON and TPDOFF is called propagation delay distortion TPDISTO = TPDOFF - TPDON. The propagation delay and rise/fall time all depend on the load which is connected with the driver IC (for IGBT, it is the gate input capacitance). The propagation delay distortion TPDISTO will have the influence to the duty cycle of the driver output signal which finally also influence the application. Besides this, the TPDISTO also influences the dead time which is used to avoid shoot through. 2.3.2 Short Circuit Clamping The IGBTs gate voltage tends to rise because of the feedback via the Miller capacitance during short circuit. An additional protection circuit connected to VCC2 and OUT limits this voltage to a value slightly higher than the supply voltage. A current of maximum 500 mA for 10 μs may be fed back to the supply through one of these paths. If higher currents are expected or a tighter clamping is desired external diodes DCI may be added as shown in Figure 7. Figure 7 Short circuit clamping to VCC2, but without additional protection between OUT and CLAMP In case of short circuit, dvCE/dt due to short circuit tries to pull up gate terminial of the IGBT via its reverse capacitance CGC, while the gate terminal is decoupled from gate driver IC by the gate resistor RG. The increased gate terminal voltage opens the IGBT channel even more and increases the short circuit current further. Clamping is necessary and done by diode DCL, which will effectively clamp the IGBT gate to VCC2 in case of short circuit and limit the short circuit current. Application Note 10 Revision 1.4, 2014-07-01 1ED Family Technical Description Technical Description of 1ED020I12-BT 2.3.3 Rail-to-rail Output The output driver section uses PMOS and NMOS to provide a rail-to-rail output. This feature permits that tight control of gate voltage during on-state and short circuit can be maintained as long as the drivers supply is stable. Due to the low internal voltage drop VDS which is provided by PMOS and NMOS as shown in Figure 8, switching behaviour of the IGBT is predominantly governed by the gate resistor. Furthermore, it reduces the power to be dissipated by the driver. Figure 8 Rail-to-rail output Increasing the gate voltage is a widely used method to overcome the potential voltage drop VDS in the IC and to improve the conduction capability of the IGBT. Rail-to-rail output ensures, that output supply voltage VCC2 is given to the gate by almost 100% (VGate = VCC2). No remaining voltage at the upper or lower gate drive transistor (e.g. no higher supply voltage is needed for achieving 15V at the gate). This feature is also important for the short circuit situation. When the IGBT gate is clamped to VCC2 by diode DCL, the gate voltage will be limited to output supply voltage VCC2 plus the diode voltage. The lower VCC2 supply voltage the driver can use, the lower gate voltage can be limited and the safer the IGBT will be in short circuit situation. 2.3.4 Gate Resistor The switching speed of the power device (e.g. IGBT) can be controlled by sizing the gate resistors which control the turn-on and turn-off gate currents. Small gate resistance value leads to fast switching which results in lower switching loss. The minimal gate resistance value is limited by the maximum gate driver output current IOUT_max which is 2.4A for 1ED020I12-BT according to datasheet. – (3) here the Rtotal_min = RGon + RDriverH + RGint, RGon is the gate on-resistance, RDriverH is the driver output resistance during driving high (derived from driver datasheet) and RGint is the IGBT integrated gate resistor value (from IGBT datasheet). The voltage change -dvCE/dt and the current change diC/dt during the turn-on process may be influenced by varying the gate resistor RGon. Increasing the gate resistor reduces the voltage and current changes, which will lead to better EMI/EMC performance. It is always a trade-off between EMI/EMC, parasitic turn-on and switching loss. For detail discussion on the influence of gate resistance please refers to [2]. In many applications separated turn-on and turn-off resistors are used as shown in Figure 9. Choosing RGoff < RGon is due to the reason that for IGBT the turn-off delay time is normally larger than turn-on delay time, meanwhile it can also help to prevent a capacitive turn-on via the Miller capacitance. On the other hand, if the RGoff value is too small, it could lead to big voltage overshoot across IGBT as explained in section 2.3.5 and Application Note 11 Revision 1.4, 2014-07-01 1ED Family Technical Description Technical Description of 1ED020I12-BT section 2.4. So it is always a trade-off inbetween. Depending on the individual parameters, RGoff can be roughly half of the RGon value. Figure 9 Gate resistors 2.3.5 Two-Level Turn-Off (1ED020I12BT only) The Two-Level Turn-off is only available for 1 family member, which is 1ED020I12BT. This feature is user configurable and enabling a soft turn-off during short circuit. There will be a large voltage overshoot across the IGBT under short circuit condition, if the gate voltage is removed abruptly. This voltage overshoot could exceed the IGBT breakdown voltage, which could finally damage the IGBT. The Two-Level Turn-Off introduces an additional turn off voltage level VZDIODE (as shown in Figure 10) at the driver output in between ON- and OFF-level. This additional level ensures lower VCE overshoots at turn off by reducing gate emitter voltage of the IGBT in short circuits. The lowered VGE level is limiting the current of the IGBT during the additional level interval TTLSET, the required timing value is depending on stray inductance and di/dt at beginning of two level turn off interval. Figure 10 Two-Level Turn-Off switching behaviour The additional turn off voltage level VZDIODE and hold up time TTLSET could be adjusted at TLSET pin as shown in Figure 11. The VZDIODE is set by the external Zener diode DTLSET connected between pin TLSET and GND2. The interval TTLSET is set by the external capacitor CTLSET_ext connected to the same pin TLSET and GND2. Application Note 12 Revision 1.4, 2014-07-01 1ED Family Technical Description Technical Description of 1ED020I12-BT Figure 11 TLSET pin connection Please be aware that the effective hold time TTLSET at the additional turn off voltage level VZDIODE is defined by the total capacitance connected at pin TLSET including capacitance CTLSET_ext of the external capacitor, parasitic wiring capacitance CTLSET_par and junction capacitance CZenerdiode of Zener diode as shown in the following equation. (4) With calculated CTLSET value, the actual hold time TTLSET at the additional turn off voltage level VZDIODE can be derived according to Figure 12. Figure 12 Typical TTLSET time over CTLSET capacitance To leave enough margin for CTLSET_ext and latter also CDESAT (DESAT capacitance which will define DESAT sensing time), it is recommended to choose Zener diode with small junction capacitance and small CTLSET_ext (even without, according to application), e.g. the junction capacitance of the BZX384 series 10V Zener diode is already 90pF which could even be the dominating portion of the while CTLSET value. The placement of CTLSET and DTLSET should be close to TLSET pin to reduce the parasitic wiring capacitance. Application Note 13 Revision 1.4, 2014-07-01 1ED Family Technical Description Technical Description of 1ED020I12-BT Since the Zener diode DTLSET defines the additional turn off voltage level, the selection of this Zener diode should depend on the IGBT device property. Normally the gate voltage level which fits to the nominal collector current is recommended as the Zener diode voltage. This can be derived from the IGBT output characteristic as shown in Figure 13. Figure 13 Output characteristic of Infineon IKW40T120 IGBT In this example the Infineon IKW40T120 IGBT has a 40A nornimal collector current, and this will refer to 10V VGE gate voltage which is derived with interpolation method according the IGBT output characteristic (dashed line in Figure 13). This voltage can be used to select the Zener diode voltage. As shown in Figure 10, when a switch on signal is given the IC starts to discharge CTLSET (voltage level of TLSET signal is decreasing). Discharging CTLSET is stopped after 500nsec. Then CTLSET is charged with an internal charge current ITLSET (voltage level of TLSET signal is increasing). When the voltage of the capacitor CTLSET exceeds 7V a second current source starts charging CTLSET up to the voltage of Zener diode VZDIODE. At the end of this discharge-charge cycle the gate driver is switched on. The time between IN+ initiated switch-on signal (minus an internal propagation delay of approximately 200ns) and switch-on of the gate drive is sampled and stored digitally as pre-sampled time. It represents the Two-Level Turn-Off set time TTLSET during switch-off. If switch off is initiated from IN+, IN- or /RST signal, the gate driver is switched off immediately after internal propagation delay of approximately 200ns and VOUT begins to decrease. The output voltage VOUT is sensed and compared with the Zener voltage VZDIODE. When VOUT falls below the reference voltage VZDIODE of the Zener diode the switch off process is interrupted and Vout is adjusted to VZDIODE for the pre-sampled Two-Level TurnOff time TTLSET (to produce close pulse matching). OUT is switched to VEE2 after the hold up time has passed. For switch off initiated by short circuit current detection DESAT (refer to section 2.4), the gate driver switch off is delayed by desaturation sense to OUT delay TDESATOUT. After TDESATOUT, input signal will be ignored and the Two-Level Turn-Off sequence is started immediately as shown in Figure 14. In this case, there will be no pulse matching anymore. Application Note 14 Revision 1.4, 2014-07-01 1ED Family Technical Description Technical Description of 1ED020I12-BT Figure 14 Two-Level Turn-Off under DESAT condition Due to the Two-Level Turn-Off feature, the 1ED020I12-BT driver requires minimal on and off time for proper operation in the application. Minimal on time from IN+/IN- must be greater than the TTLSET, shorter on time will be suppressed as shown in Figure 15. Figure 15 Short switch ON pulses Due to the short on time (e.g. Phase 1 and Phase 2 in Figure 15), the driver does not turn on. A similar principle takes place for off time. Minimal off time must also be greater than TTLSET, shorter off times (e.g. Phase 2 in Figure 16) will be suppressed, which means OUT stays as it is. Application Note 15 Revision 1.4, 2014-07-01 1ED Family Technical Description Technical Description of 1ED020I12-BT Figure 16 Short switch OFF pulses A two level turn off plateau cannot be shortened by the driver. If the driver has entered the turn off squence it cannot quit due to the fact, that the driver has already entered the shut off mode. But if the driver input signal is turned on again, it will leave the lower level after T TLSET time by switching OUT to high, as shown in Figure 17. Figure 17 Short switch OFF pulses, ringing suppression The Two-Level Turn-OFF function can not be disabled. 2.3.6 Booster Design Some applications require the external booster circuit at the driver output. As shown in Figure 18, one complementary pair of transistors is used to amplify the driver ICs signal. This allows driving IGBTs that need more current than the driver IC can deliver. The NPN transistor is used for switching the IGBT on and the PNP transistor for switching the IGBT off. The transistors are dimensioned to have enough peak current to drive 600V or 1200V IGBT. Peak current can be calculated like in following equation (5) Application Note 16 Revision 1.4, 2014-07-01 1ED Family Technical Description Technical Description of 1ED020I12-BT Figure 18 External booster design with clamp function and unipolar supply Gate resistors are connected in between booster stage and IGBT gate connection. For some applications the value for these resistors is 0 Ohm. In this case just a jumper is required. If resistors are needed ensure that these resistors have a suitable rating for repetitive pulse power to avoid degradation. 2.4 DESAT A desaturation protection ensures the protection of the IGBT at short circuit (current larger than 5 times rated value, not for over-current). The DESAT pin of the 1ED-family monitors the collector-emitter voltage (VCE) of the IGBT to detect desaturation caused by short circuits. When the DESAT voltage goes up and reaches a defined value, the output of the driver chip is driven low. Further, the FAULT output is activated. A programmable blanking time TDESATBLANK is used to allow enough time for IGBT saturation during normal turn on operation. Blanking time is provided by a highly precise internal current source and an external capacitor. Figure 19 DESAT circuit Application Note 17 Revision 1.4, 2014-07-01 1ED Family Technical Description Technical Description of 1ED020I12-BT As shown in Figure 19, fault detetion circuit monitors the IGBT’s emitter to collector voltage VCE. A high current in IGBT may cause the transistor to desaturate and this condition results in an increase of VCE. Due to the presense of diode DDESAT, an internal current source IDESAT (500µA with 10% tolerance) will start to charge up the external capacitor CDESAT, When the DESAT voltage at CDESAT goes up and reaches the DESAT reference level VREF_DESAT (9V), the gate is turned off by the logic blocks of the output section. A protective diode DProt at DESAT vs GND2 is recommended to limit negative voltage to DESAT input, which is not allowed to go below -0.3V according to the absolute maximum ratings. The diode DDESAT should be chosen accordingly to IGBT collector-emitter absolute maximum ratings, low stray capacitance and low recovery current (in order to minimize noise coupling and switching delays). Figure 20 DESAT timing diagram The external capacitor CDESAT defines the DESAT blanking time TDESATBLANK (as shown in Figure 20) which can be expressed according to the following equation (6) Meanwhile, if the CDESAT value is too big, it will slow down the charging procedure and lead to a slow sensing of desaturation current. This is dangerous when considering the short circuit withstand time T SC of IGBT (typically 5µs for 600V IGBT and 10µs for 1200V IGBT). So, the choice of CDESAT must fulfill the following condition for 1ED020I12-BT for others (7a) (7b) here the TDESATOUT is the desaturation sensing delay which is defined in the product datasheet, the TTLSET is the Two-Level Turn-Off set time as explained in section 2.3.5, and the TTLFALL (as shown in Figure 10) is mainly defined by gate resistance RGoff and driver output resistance during driving low RDriveL as explained in section 2.3.4. The values which are chosen for the calculation need be the maximum value so as to give enough marginality for safety reason. A good recommendation is to choose a DESAT capacitance of CDESAT = 100pF for 1200V IGBT and CDESAT = 56pF for 600V IGBT, which corresponds to a blanking interval of TDESATBLANK = 2µs (1200V IGBT) and = 1µs (600V IGBT) respectively. Application Note 18 Revision 1.4, 2014-07-01 1ED Family Technical Description Technical Description of 1ED020I12-BT In series with the desaturation diode D DESAT, an external decoupling resistor RDESAT is required in order to limit the current flowing in and out of the DESAT pin because of switching noise coupled through this desaturation diode DDESAT during the DESAT sensing time. The calculation of RDESAT can be based on following formula, (8a) (8b) here, the VRDESAT is the voltage drop on decoupling resistor RDESAT, the VDDESAT is the voltage drop on desaturaion diode, and the VCE(sat)_max is the maximum collector-emitter saturation voltage. The recommendation value for this decoupling resistor RDESAT is 1kΩ for half bridge topology. A higher value leads to a higher sensitivity of this function in respect of the collector current, but also to a higher sensitivity regarding a wrong triggering. This function should therefore only be used for dection of full desaturation instead of overcurrents. The desaturation capacitor CDESAT and decoupling resistor RDESAT should be placed as close as possible to DESAT pin. 2.5 Active Miller Clamping Turn-on or turn-off of IGBT can cause high dvCE/dt. Displacement currents flow through the parasitic capacitances of power transistors and may lead to an unintended turn-on of IGBT. For example, in a half bridge configuration the switched off IGBT tends to dynamically turn on during turn on phase of the opposite IGBT. A Miller clamp allows to sink the Miller current across a low impedance path in this high dv/dt situation as shown in Figure 21. Therefore in many applications, the use of a negative supply voltage can be avoided and VEE2 can be directly connected to GND2. Figure 21 Active Miller Clamp During turn-off, the gate voltage is monitored and the clamp output is activated (internal clamp FET is on) when the gate voltage goes below typical 2 V (related to VEE2). The clamp is designed for a Miller current up to 2A. In case the external booster is used at the driver output stage, there could be over-current at this Miller clamp pin due to the large displacement current. So the calculation need to be done together with the turn-off gate resistance RGoff, the resistance of the PNP transistor for booster (refer to Figure 18 in section 2.3.6), and the RDSon (1.5Ω) of clamp MOSFET in driver IC, since the current is shared in-between these two paths. Carefully choosing the turn-off gate resistance and booster transistor according to the calculation can keep the clamp function safely. Application Note 19 Revision 1.4, 2014-07-01 1ED Family Technical Description Technical Description of 1ED020I12-BT 2.6 Fault Output The 1ED020I12-BT has a FAULT status output feature, which is an open-drain output to report a desaturation error of the IGBT (/FLT is low if desaturation occurs). The integrated pull-up resistor is designed for the case of input pin floating or driven from a high impedance source. It is highly recommended to still use an external pullup (e.g. 4.7kΩ) as shown in Figure 22 for safety reason. Figure 22 Fault output Here the internal pull-up resistor (12.5kΩ ~ 50kΩ) can be calculated according to the /FLT Pull Up Current I/PFLT value from datasheet and the RON,FLT (max. 60Ω) can be calculated according to the /FLT Low Voltage VFLTL value from datasheet. There is a delay time from the desaturation sensing finished to the /FLT low, which is maximum 2.25µs according to the datasheet for all family members. The waveform of this Fault output function please refers to Figure 14 in section 2.3.5. 2.7 Ready Output The 1ED020I12-BT has a READY output feature, which is an open-drain output to show the status of three internal protection features: • UVLO of the input chip • UVLO of the output chip after a short delay •Successful establishment of the internal signal transmission after a short delay RDY = high if both chips are above the UVLO level and the internal chip transmission is faultless. It is not necessary to reset the READY signal since its state only depends on the status of the former mentioned protection signals. The waveform of this READY output function is shown in Figure 23. Application Note 20 Revision 1.4, 2014-07-01 1ED Family Technical Description Technical Description of 1ED020I12-BT Figure 23 Ready output during VCC2 ramp up for 1ED020I12BT The integrated pull-up resistor is designed for the case of input pin floating or driven from a high impedance source. It is highly recommended to still use an external pull-up setup as shown in Figure 24 for safety reason. Figure 24 Ready output Here the internal pull-up resistor (12.5kΩ ~ 50kΩ) can be calculated according to the RDY Pull Up Current IPRDY value from datasheet and the according test condition. The RON,/RDY (max. 60Ω) can be calculated according to the RDY Low Voltage VRDYL value from datasheet and the according test condition. 2.8 Reset The 1ED020I12-BT has a RESET feature, which is an input pin with internal pull-up resistor and has the following two functions: Application Note 21 Revision 1.4, 2014-07-01 1ED Family Technical Description Technical Description of 1ED020I12-BT Figure 25 Principle switching behavior for RESET Function 1: Enable/shutdown of the input chip. This means the IGBT is off if /RST is low (as shown in Figure 25). A minimum pulse width TMINRST (30ns) is defined to make the IC robust against glitches at /RST. Function 2: Reset of the DESAT-FAULT-state of the chip. If /RST is low for longer than a given time TRST (minimum 800ns), the /FLT signal will be cleared at the rising edge of /RST. Otherwise, it will remain unchanged, refer to Figure 14 in section 2.3.5. Figure 26 RESET circuit Figure 26 shows the RESET circuit. The internal pull-up resistor (12.5kΩ ~ 50kΩ) can be calculated according to the /RST input current I/RST value from datasheet and the according test condition. It is recommended to use a RC-filter at the input to reduce the influence from electromagnetic interference, which may cause distorsion of the input signal and therefore to an unintended reset process. The values of the filter may be the same as for other control pins (100Ω, 100pF-1nF). The RC-filter needs to be placed as close as possible to the /RST pin. 2.9 Power Dissipation The power dissipation for the input chip of the gate driver is mainly determined by quiescent current. The quiescent current is the current which is consumed by the input chip when it is in quiescent state. The power dissipation can be calculated as shown in following equations: (9) In these equations IQ1_max is the maximum quiescent current of the input chip from datasheet, VVCC1 represents the power supply voltage at input side, and kin (the value can be assumed as 1.1) is the factor which takes into account the power dissipation also from the IN+/IN- and RESET pins. The power dissipation for the output chip of the gate driver is mainly determined by quiescent current and output load current. The quiescent current is the current which is consumed by the output chip when it is in quiescent state, and the output load current is the current which is consumed by the load when the device is switching. So Application Note 22 Revision 1.4, 2014-07-01 1ED Family Technical Description Technical Description of 1ED020I12-BT the total power dissipation of the output chip can be calculated as the summation of quiescent power and output load power as shown in following equations (10a) ~ (10c): (10a) (10b) (10c) In these equations IQ2_max is the maximum quiescent current of the output chip from datasheet, fs resembles the switching frequency, Vout represents the voltage step at the driver output, which is VVCC2 – VVEE2, QG_max is the maximum IGBT gate charge value, and kout (the value can be assumed as 1.2) is the factor which takes into account the power dissipation also from the CLAMP, DESAT and TLSET pins. With the calculated power dissipation value, the junction temperature TJ can be obtained by the equations (11a) ~ (11b): (11a) (11b) RTHJA,IN and RTHJA,OUT is the thermal resistance of input and output chip in the datasheet and TA is the ambient temperature. The calculation junction temperature need to be smaller than the maximum allowed junction o temperature which is defined by datasheet (150 C for 1ED020I12-BT), otherwise the driver device will be thermally damaged. In another way around, the maximum junction temperature will determine the maximum power dissipation of the driver, so as to the maximum switching frequency once the IGBT used in the application is defined (QG_max is certain) and the operation voltage step is known ( Vout is certain). To better understand a total power dissipation calculation, consider the 1ED020I12-BT is driving Infineon IGBT module FS75R12KT4_B15 and operating under following conditions: Input chip supply voltage: VVCC1 = 5.0V Voltage step at output chip: ∆Vout = 15.0V – (-8.0V) = 23.0V Switch frequency: fs = 20kHz o Ambient temperature: TA = 80 C Input chip coefficent factor: kin = 1.1 Output chip coefficent factor: kout = 1.2 According to the datasheets: Max. input chip quiescent current: IQ1_max = 9mA Max. output chip quiescent current: IQ2_max = 6mA Max. IGBT gate charge: QG_max = 0.57µC Input chip thermal resistance: RTHJA,IN = 139K/W Output chip thermal resistance: RTHJA,OUT = 117K/W o Max. allowed junction temperature: TJ = 150 C From (9), the power dissipation for the input chip is: Pdis_in = kin ∙ PQuiecent_in = kin ∙ VVCC1 ∙ IQ1_max = 1.1 ∙ 5.0V ∙ 9mA = 49.5mW From (10a-10c), the power dissipation for output chip is: Application Note 23 Revision 1.4, 2014-07-01 1ED Family Technical Description Technical Description of 1ED020I12-BT Pdis_out = kout ∙ (PQuiescent_out + Poutputs) = kout ∙ (∆Vout ∙ IQ2_max + ∆Vout ∙ fs ∙ QG_max) = 1.2 ∙ (23.0V ∙ 6mA + 23.0V ∙ 20kHz ∙ 0.57µC) = 480.24mW From (11a), the junction temperature for input chip is: TJ_in = Pdis_in ∙ RTHJA,IN + TA o = 49.5mW ∙ 139K/W + 80 C o = 86.68 C From (11b), the junction temperature for output chip is: TJ_out = Pdis_out ∙ RTHJA,OUT + TA o = 480.24mW ∙ 117K/W + 80 C o = 136.19 C o The maximum allowable junction temperature for 1ED020I12-BT is 150 C, so that this example application is within the allowed maximum. Application Note 24 Revision 1.4, 2014-07-01 1ED Family Technical Description References 3 References [1] Logic signals voltage levels: http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_4/chpt_3/10.html [2] Driving IGBTs with unipolar gate voltage: http://www.infineon.com/dgdl/Infineon+-+AN2006-01++Driving+IGBTs+with+unipolar+gate+voltage.pdf?folderId=db3a304412b407950112b408e8c90004&fileId= db3a304412b407950112b40ed1711291 Application Note 25 Revision 1.4, 2014-07-01 w w w . i n f i n e o n . c o m Published by Infineon Technologies AG