Am79514 Subscriber Line Interface Circuit DISTINCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS ■ Programmable constant-current feed ■ Programmable loop-detect threshold ■ Line feed characteristics independent of battery variations ■ On-chip switching regulator for low-power dissipation ■ Two-wire impedance set by single external impedance ■ Polarity reversal feature ■ Tip Open state for ground-start lines ■ Optimized for –60 V battery ■ Ring and test relay drivers ■ On-hook transmission BLOCK DIAGRAM Test Relay Driver TESTOUT Ring Relay Driver RINGOUT A(TIP) C1 C2 Ground-Key Detector HPA Input Decoder and Control C3 C4 E1 DET Two-Wire Interface HPB VTX Signal Transmission RSN Off-Hook Detector B(RING) RD Power-Feed Controller DA DB VREG L VBAT RDC Ring-Trip Detector Switching Regulator BGND CHS QBAT CHCLK VCC VEE AGND/DGND Publication# 18411 Rev: D Amendment: /0 Issue Date: October 1999 ORDERING INFORMATION Standard Products AMD standard products are available in several packages and operating ranges. The order number (Valid Combination) is formed by a combination of the elements below. Am79514 –1 C J TEMPERATURE RANGE C = Commercial (0°C to 70°C)* PACKAGE TYPE J = 32-pin Plastic Leaded Chip Carrier (PL 032) PERFORMANCE GRADE –1 = Performance Grading –2 = Performance Grading DEVICE NUMBER/DESCRIPTION Am79514 Subscriber Line Interface Circuit Valid Combinations Valid Combinations –1 Am7951X JC –2 Valid Combinations list configurations planned to be supported in volume for this device. Consult the local AMD sales office to confirm availability of specific valid combinations, to check on newly released combinations, and to obtain additional data on AMD’s standard military grade products. Note: * Functionality of the device from 0°C to +70°C is guaranteed by production testing. Performance from –40°C to +85°C is guaranteed by characterization and periodic sampling of production units. 2 Am79514 Data Sheet CONNECTION DIAGRAMS Top View RINGOUT VCC VREG BGND B(RING) A(TIP) DB Am79514 4 3 2 1 32 31 30 28 DA L 7 27 RD VBAT 8 26 HPB QBAT 9 25 HPA CHS 10 24 VTX CHCLK 11 23 VEE C4 12 22 RSN E1 13 21 AGND E0 14 Notes: 1. Pin 1 is marked for orientation. 2. TP is a thermal conduction pin tied to substrate. 15 16 17 18 19 20 DGND 6 RDC TESTOUT C1 TP C3 29 C2 5 DET TP SLIC Products 3 PIN DESCRIPTIONS Pin Names Type AGND Gnd A(TIP) Output BGND Gnd B(RING) Output Output of B(RING) power amplifier. C3–C1 Inputs Decoder. TTL compatible. C3 is MSB and C1 is LSB. C4 Input Test relay driver command. TTL compatible. A logic High enables the driver. DGND Gnd Digital ground. CHCLK Input Chopper clock. Input to switching regulator (TTL compatible) Frequency = 256 kHz (nominal). CHS Input Chopper stabilization. Connection for external stabilization components. DA Input Ring-Trip negative. Negative input to ring-trip comparator. DB Input Ring-Trip positive. Positive input to ring-trip comparator. DET Output E0 Input Read enable. A logic High enables DET. A logic Low disables DET. E1 Input Ground key enable. E1 = High connects the ground-key detector to DET, and E1 = Low connects the off-hook or ring-trip detector to DET. HPA Capacitor High-pass filter capacitor. A(TIP) side of high-pass filter capacitor. HPB Capacitor High-pass filter capacitor. B(RING) side of high-pass filter capacitor. L Output Switching regulator power transistor. Connection point for filter inductor and anode of catch diode. This pin will have up to 60 V of pulse waveform on it and must be isolated from sensitive circuits. Extreme care must be taken to keep the diode connections short because of the high currents and high di/dt. QBAT Battery Quiet battery. Filtered battery supply for the signal processing circuits. An external 100 Ω, 1/8 Ω resistor must be connected between QBAT and VBAT pins. RD Resistor Detect resistor. Threshold modification and filter point for the off-hook detector. RDC Resistor DC feed resistor. Connection point for the DC feed current programming network. The other end of the network connects to the receiver summing node (RSN). The sign of VRDC is negative for normal polarity and positive for reverse polarity. RINGOUT Output RSN Input TESTOUT Output TP Thermal Thermal pin. Connection for heat dissipation. Internally connected to substrate (QBAT). Leave as open circuit or connected to QBAT. In both cases, the TP pins can connect to an area of copper on the board to enhance heat dissipation. VBAT Battery Battery Supply. VCC Power +5 V power supply. VEE Power –5 V power supply. VREG Input VTX Output 4 Description Analog ground. Output of A(TIP) power amplifier. Battery (power) ground. Detector. When enabled, a logic Low indicates that the selected detector is tripped. The detector is selected by the logic inputs (C3–C1 and E1). The output is open-collector with a built-in 15 kΩ pull-up resistor. Ring relay driver. Sourcing from BGND with internal diode to QBAT. Receive summing node. The metallic current (both AC and DC) between A(TIP) and B(RING) is equal to 1000 times the current into this pin. The networks that program receive gain, two-wire impedance, and feed current all connect to this node. This node is extremely sensitive. Care should be taken to route the 256-kHz chopper clock and switch lines away from the RSN node. Test relay driver. Sourcing from BGND with internal diode to QBAT. Regulated voltage. Provides negative power supply for power amplifiers, connection point for inductor, filter capacitor, and chopper stabilization. Transmit audio. This output is a unity gain version of the A(TIP) and B(RING) metallic voltage. The other end of the two-wire input impedance programming network connects here. Am79514 Data Sheet ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS OPERATING RANGES Storage temperature ......................... –55°C to +150°C Commercial (C) Devices VCC with respect to AGND/DGND ..... –0.4 V to +7.0 V Ambient temperature .............................0°C to +70°C* VEE with respect to AGND/DGND...... +0.4 V to –7.0 V VCC .....................................................4.75 V to 5.25 V VBAT with respect to AGND/DGND ..... +0.4 V to –70 V VEE .................................................–4.75 V to –5.25 V Note: Rise time of VBAT (dv/dt) must be limited to 27 V/µs or less when QBAT bypass = 0.33 µF. VBAT ......................................................–40 V to –63 V BGND with respect to AGND/DGND.. +1.0 V to –3.0 V BGND with respect to AGND/DGND........................ –100 mV to +100 mV A(TIP) or B(RING) to BGND: Continuous .................................... –70 V to +1.0 V 10 ms (f = 0.1 Hz) .......................... –70 V to +5.0 V 1 µs (f = 0.1 Hz) .............................. –90 V to +10 V 250 ns (f = 0.1 Hz) ........................ –120 V to +15 V Current from A(TIP) or B(RING) ....................... ±150 mA Voltage on RINGOUT ....... BGND to 70 V above QBAT Voltage on TESTOUT ....... BGND to 70 V above QBAT AGND/DGND .......................................................... 0 V Load resistance on VTX to ground .............. 10 kΩ min Operating Ranges define those limits between which the functionality of the device is guaranteed. * Functionality of the device from 0°C to +70°C is guaranteed by production testing. Performance from –40°C to +85°C is guaranteed by characterization and periodic sampling of production units. Current through relay drivers .............................60 mA Voltage on ring-trip inputs DA and DB .......VBAT to 0 V Current into ring-trip inputs.................................. ±10 mA Peak current into regulator switch (L pin) ........150 mA Switcher transient peak off voltage on L pin ......+1.0 V C4–C1, E1, CHCLK, to AGND/DGND ....................–0.4 V to VCC + 0.4 V Maximum power dissipation, (see note) ...... TA = 70°C In 32-pin PLCC package..............................1.74 W Note: Thermal limiting circuitry on chip will shut down the circuit at a junction temperature of about 165°C. The device should never be exposed to this temperature. Operation above 145°C junction temperature may degrade device reliability. See the SLIC Packaging Considerations for more information. Stresses above those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings may cause permanent device failure. Functionality at or above these limits is not implied. Exposure to Absolute Maximum Ratings for extended periods may affect device reliability. SLIC Products 5 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS Description Test Conditions (See Note 1) Min Analog (VTX) output impedance Analog (VTX) output offset 0°C to +70°C –40°C to +85°C Analog (RSN) input impedance 300 Hz to 3.4 kHz Max Unit 3 20 W +35 +40 mV –35 –40 1 Longitudinal impedance at A or B Overload level Z2WIN = 600 Ω to 900 Ω Typ –3.1 –3.1 — 4 20 35 4-wire 2-wire Note +3.1 +3.1 W Vpk 2 — dB 4 — — Transmission Performance, 2-Wire Impedance 2-wire return loss (See Test Circuit D) 300 Hz to 500 Hz 500 Hz to 2500 Hz 2500 Hz to 3400 Hz 26 26 20 Longitudinal Balance (2-Wire and 4-Wire, See Test Circuit C) Longitudinal to metallic L-T, L-4 200 Hz to 1 kHz: normal polarity 0°C to +70°C normal polarity –40°C to+85°C reverse polarity –1* 50 –2 63 –2 –2 58 58 1 kHz to 3.4 kHz: normal polarity 0°C to +70°C normal polarity –40°C to +85°C reverse polarity –1* 52 –2 58 –2 –2 54 54 5 dB Longitudinal sum (L-T) + (T-L) 300 to 3400 Hz 95 Longitudinal signal generation 4-L or T-L 300 to 800 Hz 800 to 3400 Hz 40 35 Longitudinal current capability per wire Active state OHT state 17 8 mArms Insertion Loss (2- to 4-Wire and 4- to 2-Wire, See Test Circuits A and B) Gain accuracy Variation with frequency Gain tracking 0 dBm, 1 kHz, 0°C to +70°C 0 dBm, 1 kHz, –40°C to +85°C 0 dBm, 1 kHz, 0°C to +70°C 0 dBm, 1 kHz, –40°C to +85°C –0.15 +0.15 –0.20 +0.20 –1* –0.1 +0.1 –1 –0.15 +0.15 300 Hz to 3400 Hz Relative to 1 kHz 0°C to +70°C –40°C to +85°C –0.1 –0.15 +0.1 +0.15 +7 dBm to –55 dBm 0°C to +70°C –40°C to +85°C –0.1 –0.15 +0.1 +0.15 Note: * P.G. = Performance Grade 6 Am79514 Data Sheet 4 dB 4 4 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (CONTINUED) Description Test Conditions (See Note 1) Min Typ Max Unit Note Balance Return Signal (4-Wire to 4-Wire, See Test Circuit B) Gain accuracy Variation with frequency Gain tracking Group delay 0 dBm, 1 kHz, 0°C to +70°C 0 dBm, 1 kHz, –40°C to +85°C 0 dBm, 1 kHz, 0°C to +70°C 0 dBm, 1 kHz, –40°C to +85°C –0.15 +0.15 –0.20 +0.20 –1* –0.1 +0.1 –1 –0.15 +0.15 300 Hz to 3400 Hz Relative to 1 kHz 0°C to +70°C –40°C to +85°C –0.1 –0.15 +0.1 +0.15 +7 dBm to –55 dBm 0°C to +70°C –40°C to +85°C –0.1 –0.15 +0.1 +0.15 f = 1 kHz 4 dB 4 4 µs 5.3 Total Harmonic Distortion (2- to 4-Wire or 4- to 2-Wire, See Test Circuits A and B) Distortion level 0 dBm, 300 Hz to 3400 Hz –64 –50 Distortion level +9 dBm –55 –40 dB Idle Channel Noise Psophometric weighted noise 2-wire 2-wire 0°C to +70°C –40°C to +85°C –83 –83 –78 –75 4-wire 4-wire 0°C to +70°C –40°C to +85°C –83 –83 –78 –75 dBmp 7 4, 7 7 4, 7 Single Frequency Out-of-Band Noise (See Test Circuit E) Metallic Longitudinal 4 kHz to 9 kHz 9 kHz to 1 MHz 256 kHz and harmonics –76 –76 –57 1 kHz to 15 kHz Above 15 kHz 256 kHz and harmonics –70 –85 –57 dBm 4, 5, 9 4, 5 4, 5, 9 4, 5 DC Feed Current and Voltage (See Figure 1) Unless otherwise noted, Battery = 60 V (VBAT = –59.3 V) Active state loop-current accuracy ILOOP (nominal) = 40 mA RL = 2000 Ω, Battery = 62 V RL = 2080 Ω On-hook loop voltage RL = ∞ OHT state Tip Open state Disconnect state RL = 600 Ω RL = 600 Ω RL = 0 –1* –2 –7.5 23 22.7 +7.5 % mA mA 47.5 49 18 20 22 1.0 1.0 mA 50 175 260 500 650 120 250 400 750 1000 mW 4 V Power Dissipation, Battery = –60 V On-hook Open Circuit state On-hook OHT state On-hook Active state Off-hook OHT state Off-hook Active state RL = 600 Ω RL = 600 Ω SLIC Products 7 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (CONTINUED) Description Test Conditions (See Note 1) Min Typ Max Unit Note Supply Currents VCC On-hook supply current Open Circuit state OHT state Active state 3 6 7.5 4.5 10 12 VEE On-hook supply current Open Circuit state OHT state Active state 1.0 2.2 2.7 2.3 3.5 6.0 Open Circuit state OHT state Active state 0.4 3.0 4.0 1.0 5.0 6.0 VBAT On-hook supply current mA Power Supply Rejection Ratio (VRIPPLE = 50 mVrms) VCC 40 Hz to 3400 Hz 3.4 kHz to 50 kHz 20 20 35 30 VEE 40 Hz to 3400 Hz 3.4 kHz to 50 kHz 20 15 30 25 VBAT 40 Hz to 3400 Hz 3.4 kHz to 50 kHz 27 20 30 30 IDET = 365/RD –20 6, 7 — dB 6, 7 — 6, 7 — Off-Hook Detector Current threshold +20 % 10.0 kΩ Ground-Key Detector Thresholds Active State, Battery = –60 V Ground-key resistance threshold B(RING) to GND Ground-key current threshold 2.0 B(RING) or midpoint to GND 4.2 9 mA Ring-Trip Detector Input Bias current Offset voltage Source resistance = 0 to 200 kΩ –5 –0.05 –50 0 µA +50 mV Logic Inputs (C4–C1, E1, and CHCLK) Input High voltage 2.0 V Input Low voltage Input High current 0.8 All inputs except E1 Input E1 –75 –75 Input Low current 40 45 –0.4 µA mA Logic Output (DET) Output Low voltage IOUT = 0.8 mA Output High voltage IOUT = –0.1 mA 0.4 2.4 V Relay Driver Outputs (RINGOUT, TESTOUT) On voltage 50 mA source BGND –2 Off leakage Clamp voltage 8 V 0.5 50 mA sink QBAT –2 Am79514 Data Sheet 100 µA V 8 RELAY DRIVER SCHEMATICS BGND BGND RINGOUT TESTOUT QBAT QBAT SWITCHING CHARACTERISTICS Symbol tgkde Parameter Test Conditions E1 Low to DET High (E0 = 1) E1 Low to DET Low (E0 = 1) Ground-key Detect state RL open, RG connected (See Figure H) Temperature Ranges Min Typ Max 0°C to +70°C –40°C to +85°C 3.8 4.0 0°C to +70°C –40°C to +85°C 1.1 1.6 0°C to +70°C –40°C to +85°C 1.1 1.6 tgkdd E0 High to DET Low (E1 = 0) tgkd0 E0 Low to DET High (E1 = 0) 0°C to +70°C –40°C to +85°C 3.8 4.0 tshde E1 High to DET Low (E0 = 1) 0°C to +70°C –40°C to +85°C 1.2 1.7 0°C to +70°C –40°C to +85°C 3.8 4.0 tshdd E1 High to DET High (E0 = 1) Switchhook Detect state RL = 600 Ω, RG open E0 High to DET Low (E1 = 1) (See Figure G) 0°C to +70°C –40°C to +85°C 1.1 1.6 tshd0 E0 Low to DET High (E1 = 1) 0°C to +70°C –40°C to +85°C 3.8 4.0 SLIC Products Unit Note µs 4 9 SWITCHING WAVEFORMS E1 to DET E1 DET tgkde tshde tgkde tshde E0 to DET E1 E0 DET tshdd tshd0 tgkdd tgkd0 Note: All delays measured at 1.4 V level. Notes: 1. Unless otherwise noted, test conditions are BAT = –60 V, VCC = +5 V, VEE = –5 V, RL = 600 Ω, CHP = 0.33 µF, RDC1 = RDC2 = 31.25 kΩ, CDC = 0.1 µF, Rd = 51.1 kΩ, no fuse resistors, two-wire AC output impedance programming impedance (ZT) = 600 kΩ resistive, receive input summing impedance (ZRX) = 300 kΩ resistive. (See Table 2 for component formulas.) 2. Overload level is defined when THD = 1%. 3. Balance return signal is the signal generated at VTX by VRX. This specification assumes that the two-wire AC load impedance matches the impedance programmed by ZT. 4. Not tested in production. This parameter is guaranteed by characterization or correlation to other tests. 5. These tests are performed with a longitudinal impedance of 90 Ω and metallic impedance of 300 Ω for frequencies below 12 kHz and 135 Ω for frequencies greater than 12 kHz. These tests are extremely sensitive to circuit board layout. Please refer to application notes for details. 6. This parameter is tested at 1 kHz in production. Performance at other frequencies is guaranteed by characterization. 7. When the SLIC is in the Anti-Sat 2 operating region, this parameter is degraded. The exact degradation depends on system design. The Anti-Sat 2 region occurs at high loop resistances when |VBAT| – |VAX –VBX| is less than approximately 15 V. 8. “Midpoint” is defined as the connection point between two 300 Ω series resistors connected between A(TIP) and B(RING). 9. Fundamental and harmonics from 256 kHz switch regulator chopper are not included. 10 Am79514 Data Sheet Table 1. SLIC Decoding DET Output State C3 C2 C1 Two-Wire Status E1 = 0 E1 = 1 0 0 0 0 Open Circuit Ring trip Ring trip 1 0 0 1 Ringing Ring trip Ring trip 2 0 1 0 Active Loop detector Ground key 3 0 1 1 On-hook TX (OHT) Loop detector Ground key 4 1 0 0 Tip Open Loop detector 5 1 0 1 Reserved Loop detector 6 1 1 0 Active Polarity Reversal Loop detector Ground key 7 1 1 1 OHT Polarity Reversal Ground key Table 2. Loop detector — — User-Programmable Components Z T = 1000 ( Z 2WIN – 2R F ) Where ZT is connected between the VTX and RSN pins. The fuse resistors are RF, and Z2WIN is the desired 2-wire AC input impedance. When computing ZT, the internal current amplifier pole and any external stray capacitance between VTX and RSN must be taken into account. ZL 1000 • Z T Z RX = ----------- • ---------------------------------------------------G 42L Z T + 1000 ( Z L + 2R F ) Where ZRX is connected from VRX to the RSN pin, ZT is defined above, G42L is the desired receive gain, and ZL is the 2-wire load impedance. 2500 R DC1 + R DC2 = ------------I FEED Where RDC1, RDC2, and CDC form the network CDC = (1.5 ms)(RDC1 + RDC2)/(RDC1 • RDC2) connected to the RDC pin. RDC1 and RDC2 are approximately equal. 365 R D = --------- , IT Where RD and CD form the network connected from RD to –5 V and IT is the threshold current between on hook and off hook. 0.5 ms C D = ----------------RD SLIC Products 11 DC FEED CHARACTERISTICS 3 4 2 1 1 VBAT = 62.3 V Active state RDC = 62.5 kΩ OHT state Notes: 1. Constant-current region: Active state, 2500 I L = -----------R DC OHT state, 1 2500 IL = --- • -----------2 R DC 2. Anti-sat cut-in: 3. Open Circuit voltage: V AB = 46 V, V BAT ≥ 58.9 V V AB = 1.087 V BAT – 18.017, V BAT < 58.9 V V AB = 51.23 V, V BAT ≥ 61.5 V V AB = 1.073 V BAT – 14.72, V BAT < 61.5 V 4. Anti-sat 1 region: R DC V AB = 51.23 – I L -----------488.3 5. Anti-sat 2 region: R DC V AB = 1.073 V BAT – 14.72 – I L ----------1071 a. VA–VB (VAB) Voltage vs. Loop Current (Typical) 12 Am79514 Data Sheet DC FEED CHARACTERISTICS (continued) VBAT = 62.3 V RDC = 62.5 kΩ b. Loop Current vs. Load Resistance (Typical) A a RL SLIC IL RSN RDC1 b RDC2 B CDC RDC Feed current programmed by RDC1 and RDC2 c. Feed Programming Figure 1. DC Feed Characteristics SLIC Products 13 TEST CIRCUITS A(TIP) VTX A(TIP) VTX RL 2 SLIC VAB VL RL 2 SLIC RT AGND RL VAB RT AGND RRX RSN RRX B(RING) B(RING) RSN VRX IL2–4 = 20 log (VTX / VAB) IL4–2 = 20 log (VAB / VTX) BRS = 20 log (VTX / VAB) B. Four- to Two-Wire Insertion Loss and Balance Return Signal A. Two- to Four-Wire Insertion Loss ZD 1 ωC << RL C S1 RL 2 SLIC AGND VM VS RL 2 S2 RSN RT R RT VL VL A(TIP) VTX VTX A(TIP) RRX SLIC R ZIN B(RING) VRX RSN B(RING) S2 Open, S1 Closed RRX L-T Long. Bal. = 20 log (VAB / VL) L-4 Long. Bal. = 20 log (VTX / VL) Note: ZD is the desired impedance (e.g., the characteristic impedance of the line). S2 Closed, S1 Open 4-L Long. Sig. Gen. = 20 log (VL / VRX) RL = –20 log (2 VM / VS) D. Two-Wire Return Loss Test Circuit C. Longitudinal Balance 14 Am79514 Data Sheet TEST CIRCUITS (continued) 68 Ω C RL A(TIP) SLIC IDC 56 Ω A(TIP) SM RL B(RING) 68 Ω C RE B(RING) 1 ωC SE << 90 Ω Current Feed or Ground Key F. Ground-Key Detection E. Single-Frequency Noise VCC 6.2 kΩ A(TIP) A(TIP) DET 15 pF RL = 600 Ω B(RING) RG = 3.9 kΩ E1 B(RING) G. Loop-Detector Switching H. Ground-Key Switching SLIC Products 15 PHYSICAL DIMENSION PL032 .447 .453 .485 .495 .009 .015 .585 .595 .042 .056 .125 .140 Pin 1 I.D. .080 .095 .547 .553 SEATING PLANE .400 REF. .490 .530 .013 .021 .050 REF. .026 .032 TOP VIEW SIDE VIEW 16-038FPO-5 PL 032 DA79 6-28-94 ae REVISION SUMMARY Revision A to Revision B • Minor changes were made to the data sheet style and format to conform to AMD standards. Revision B to Revision C • In Pin Description table, inserted/changed TP pin description to: “Thermal pin. Connection for heat dissipation. Internally connected to substrate (QBAT). Leave as open circuit or connected to QBAT. In both cases, the TP pins can connect to an area of copper on the board to enhance heat dissipation.” • Minor changes were made to the data sheet style and format to conform to AMD standards. Revision C to Revision D • The physical dimension (PL032) was added to the Physical Dimension section. • Deleted the Ceramic DIP and Plastic DIP part (Am79512) and references to them. • Updated Pin Description table to correct inconsistencies. 16 Am79514 Data Sheet The contents of this document are provided in connection with Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. ("AMD") products. AMD makes no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this publication and reserves the right to make changes to specifications and product descriptions at any time without notice. No license, whether express, implied, arising by estoppel or otherwise, to any intellectual property rights is granted by this publication. Except as set forth in AMD’s Standard Terms and Conditions of Sale, AMD assumes no liability whatsoever, and disclaims any express or implied warranty, relating to its products including, but not limited to, the implied warranty of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, or infringement of any intellectual property right. AMD’s products are not designed, intended, authorized or warranted for use as components in systems intended for surgical implant into the body, or in other applications intended to support or sustain life, or in any other application in which the failure of AMD’s product could create a situation where personal injury, death, or severe property or environmental damage may occur. AMD reserves the right to discontinue or make changes to its products at any time without notice. © 1999 Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. All rights reserved. Trademarks AMD, the AMD logo and combinations thereof are trademarks of Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. Product names used in this publication are for identification purposes only and may be trademarks of their respective companies. SLIC Products 17