FAIRCHILD FAN6921MR

FAN6921MR
Integrated Critical Mode PFC and Quasi-Resonant
Current Mode PWM Controller
Features
Description
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The highly integrated FAN6921MR combines Power
Factor Correction (PFC) controller and Quasi-Resonant
PWM controller. Integration provides cost effect design
and allows for fewer external components.
Integrated PFC and Flyback Controller
Critical Mode PFC Controller
Zero-Current Detection for PFC Stage
Quasi-Resonant Operation for PWM Stage
Internal Minimum tOFF 8µs for QR PWM Stage
Internal 10ms Soft-Start for PWM
Brownout Protection
High / Low Line Over-Power Compensation
Auto-Recovery Over-Current Protection
Auto-Recovery Open-Loop Protection
Externally Latch Triggering (RT Pin)
Adjustable Over-Temperature Latched (RT Pin)
VDD Pin and Output Voltage OVP (Latched)
Internal Over-Temperature Shutdown (140°C)
Applications



For PFC, FAN6921MR uses a controlled on-time
technique to provide a regulated DC output voltage and
to perform natural power factor correction. With an
innovative THD optimizer, FAN6921MR can reduce
input current distortion at zero-crossing duration to
improve THD performance.
For PWM, FAN6921MR provides several functions to
enhance the power system performance: valley
detection, green-mode operation, high / low line over
power compensation. FAN6921MR provides many
protection functions as well: secondary-side open-loop
and over-current with auto recovery protection, external
latch triggering, adjustable over-temperature protection
by RT pin and external NTC resistor, internal overtemperature shutdown, VDD pin OVP, and DET pin overvoltage for output OVP, and brown-in / out for AC input
voltage UVP.
The FAN6921MR controller is available in a 16-pin small
outline package (SOP).
AC/DC NB Adapters
Open-Frame SMPS
Battery Charger
Ordering Information
Part Number
OLP
Mode
Operating
Temperature Range
Package
Packing
Method
FAN6921MRMY
Recovery
-40°C to +105°C
16-Pin Small Outline Package (SOP)
Tape & Reel
© 2009 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation
FAN6921MR Rev. 1.0.2
www.fairchildsemi.com
FAN6921MR — Integrated Critical Mode PFC and Quasi-Resonant Current Mode PWM Controller
June 2011
Figure 1. Typical Application
© 2009 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation
FAN6921MR Rev. 1.0.2
FAN6921MR — Integrated Critical Mode PFC and Quasi-Resonant Flyback PWM Controller
Application Diagram
www.fairchildsemi.com
2
Figure 2. Functional Block Diagram
© 2009 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation
FAN6921MR Rev. 1.0.2
FAN6921MR — Integrated Critical Mode PFC and Quasi-Resonant Flyback PWM Controller
Internal Block Diagram
www.fairchildsemi.com
3
Figure 3. Marking Diagram
Pin Configuration
Figure 4. Pin Configuration
Pin Definitions
Pin #
Name
Description
1
RANGE
RANGE pin’s impedance changes according to VIN pin voltage level. When the input voltage
detected by VIN pin is lower than a threshold voltage, it sets to high impedance; whereas it sets
to low impedance if input voltage is high level.
2
COMP
Output pin of the error amplifier. It is a transconductance type error amplifier for PFC output
voltage feedback. Proprietary multi-vector current is built-in to this amplifier. Therefore the
compensation for PFC voltage feedback loop allows a simple compensation circuit between this
pin and GND.
3
INV
4
CSPFC
5
Input to the comparator of the PWM over-current protection and performs PWM current-mode
control with FB pin voltage. A resistor is used to sense the switching current of PWM switch and
CSPWM the sensing voltage is applied to the CSPWM pin for the cycle-by-cycle current limit, currentmode control, and high / low line over-power compensation according to DET pin source current
during PWM tON time.
FAN6921MR — Integrated Critical Mode PFC and Quasi-Resonant Flyback PWM Controller
Marking Information
Inverting input of the error amplifier. This pin is used to receive PFC voltage level by a voltage
divider and provides PFC output over- and under-voltage protections.
Input to the PFC over-current protection comparator that provides cycle-by-cycle current limiting
protection. When the sensed voltage across the PFC current sensing resistor reaches the internal
threshold (0.82V typical), the PFC switch is turned off to activate cycle-by-cycle current limiting.
Continued on the following page…
© 2009 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation
FAN6921MR Rev. 1.0.2
www.fairchildsemi.com
4
Pin #
Name
Description
6
OPFC
Totem-pole driver output to drive the external power MOSFET. The clamped gate output voltage
is 15.5V.
7
VDD
8
OPWM
9
GND
The power ground and signal ground.
DET
This pin is connected to an auxiliary winding of the PWM transformer through a resistor divider for
the following purposes:
 Producing an offset voltage to compensate the threshold voltage of PWM current limit for
providing over-power compensation. The offset is generated in accordance with the input
voltage when PWM switch is on.
 Detecting the valley voltage signal of drain voltage of the PWM switch to achieve the valley
voltage switching and minimize the switching loss on PWM switch.
 Providing output over-voltage protection. A voltage comparator is built-in to the DET pin. The
DET pin detects the flat voltage through a voltage divider paralleled with auxiliary winding. This
flat voltage is reflected to the secondary winding during PWM inductor discharge time. If output
OVP and this flat voltage is higher than 2.5V, the controller enters latch mode and stops all
PFC and PWM switching operation.
11
FB
Feedback voltage pin. This pin is used to receive output voltage level signal to determine PWM
gate duty for regulating output voltage. The FB pin voltage can also activate open-loop, over-load
protection, and output-short circuit protection if the FB pin voltage is higher than a threshold of
around 4.2V for more than 50ms.The input impedance of this pin is a 5kΩequivalent resistance. A
1/3 attenuator is connected between the FB pin and the input of the CSPWM/FB comparator.
12
RT
Adjustable over-temperature protection and external latch triggering. A constant current is flowed
out of the RT pin. When RT pin voltage is lower than 0.8V (typical), latch mode protection is
activated and stops all PFC and PWM switching operation until the AC plug is removed.
13
VIN
Line-voltage detection for brown-in / out protections. This pin can receive the AC input voltage
level through a voltage divider. The voltage level of the VIN pin is not only used to control
RANGE pin’s status, but it can also perform brown-in / out protection for AC input voltage UVP.
14
ZCD
Zero-current detection for the PFC stage. This pin is connected to an auxiliary winding coupled to
PFC inductor winding to detect the ZCD voltage signal once the PFC inductor current discharges
to zero. When the ZCD voltage signal is detected, the controller starts a new PFC switching
cycle. When the ZCD pin voltage is pulled to under 0.2V (typical), it disables the PFC stage and
the controller stops PFC switching. This can be realized with an external circuit if disabling the
PFC stage is desired.
15
NC
No connection
16
HV
High-voltage startup. HV pin is connected to the AC line voltage through a resistor
(100kΩtypical) for providing a high charging current to VDD capacitor.
10
Power supply. The threshold voltage for startup and turn-off is 18V and 7.5V, respectively. The
startup current is less than 30µA and the operating current is lower than 10mA.
Totem-pole output generates the PWM signal to drive the external power MOSFET. The clamped
gate output voltage is 17.5V.
© 2009 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation
FAN6921MR Rev. 1.0.2
FAN6921MR — Integrated Critical Mode PFC and Quasi-Resonant Flyback PWM Controller
Pin Definitions (Continued)
www.fairchildsemi.com
5
Stresses exceeding the absolute maximum ratings may damage the device. The device may not function or be
operable above the recommended operating conditions and stressing the parts to these levels is not recommended.
In addition, extended exposure to stresses above the recommended operating conditions may affect device reliability.
The absolute maximum ratings are stress ratings only.
Symbol
VDD
Parameter
Min.
DC Supply Voltage
Max.
Unit
30
V
VHV
HV
500
V
VH
OPFC, OPWM
-0.3
25.0
V
VL
Others (INV, COMP, CSPFC, DET, FB, CSPWM, RT)
-0.3
7.0
V
Input Voltage to ZCD Pin
-0.3
12.0
V
VZCD
Power Dissipation
800
mW
θJA
PD
Thermal Resistance (Junction-to-Air)
104
°C/W
θJC
Thermal Resistance (Junction-to-Case)
TJ
TSTG
TL
41
°C/W
Operating Junction Temperature
-40
+150
°C
Storage Temperature Range
-55
+150
°C
+260
°C
Lead Temperature (Soldering 10 Seconds)
(3)
ESD
Human Body Model, JESD22-A114 (All Pins Except HV Pin)
4500
Charged Device Model, JESD22-C101 (All Pins Except HV Pin)(3)
1250
V
Notes:
1. Stresses beyond those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings may cause permanent damage to the device.
2. All voltage values, except differential voltages, are given with respect to GND pin.
3. All pins including HV pin: CDM=750V, HBM 1000V.
Recommended Operating Conditions
The Recommended Operating Conditions table defines the conditions for actual device operation. Recommended
operating conditions are specified to ensure optimal performance to the datasheet specifications. Fairchild does not
recommend exceeding them or designing to Absolute Maximum Ratings.
Symbol
TA
Parameter
Operating Ambient Temperature
© 2009 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation
FAN6921MR Rev. 1.0.2
Min.
Max.
Unit
-40
+105
°C
FAN6921MR — Integrated Critical Mode PFC and Quasi-Resonant Flyback PWM Controller
Absolute Maximum Ratings
www.fairchildsemi.com
6
VDD=15V, TA=-40°C~105°C (TA=TJ), unless otherwise specified.
Symbol
Parameter
Conditions
Min.
Typ.
Max.
Units
25
V
19.5
V
VDD Section
VOP
Continuously Operating Voltage
VDD-ON
Turn-On Threshold Voltage
16.5
VDD-PWM-OFF
PWM Off Threshold Voltage
9
10
11
V
VDD-OFF
Turn-Off Threshold Voltage
6.5
7.5
8.5
V
20
30
µA
10
mA
IDD-ST
Startup Current
VDD=VDD-ON - 0.16V,
Gate Open
IDD-OP
Operating Current
VDD=15V,
OPFC, OPWM=100kHz,
CL-PFC, CL-PWM=2nF
IDD-GREEN
Green-Mode Operating Supply
Current (Average)
VDD=15V,
OPWM=450Hz,
CL-PWM=2nF
IDD-PWM-OFF
Operating Current at PWM-Off
Phase
VDD=VDD-PWM-OFF - 0.5V
18.0
5.5
mA
70
120
170
µA
VDD-OVP
VDD Over-Voltage Protection
(Latch-Off)
26.5
27.5
28.5
V
tVDD-OVP
VDD OVP Debounce Time
100
150
200
µs
IDD-LATCH
VDD Over-Voltage Protection
Latch-Up Holding Current
VDD=7.5V
120
µA
HV Startup Current Source Section
VHV-MIN
IHV
Minimum Startup Voltage on HV
Pin
Supply Current Drawn from HV Pin
50
VAC=90V (VDC=120V),
VDD=0V
1.3
HV=500V,
VDD= VDD-OFF +1V
V
mA
1
µA
VIN and RANGE Section
VVIN-UVP
Threshold Voltage for AC Input
Under-Voltage Protection
0.95
1.00
1.05
V
VVIN-RE-UVP
Under-Voltage Protection Reset
Voltage (for Startup)
VVIN-UVP
+0.25V
VVIN-UVP
+0.30V
VVIN-UVP
+0.35V
V
70
100
130
ms
tVIN-UVP
Under-Voltage Protection
Debounce Time (No Need at
Startup and Hiccup Mode)
VVIN-RANGE-H
High VVIN Threshold for RANGE
Comparator
2.40
2.45
2.50
V
VVIN-RANGE-L
Low VVIN Threshold for RANGE
Comparator
2.05
2.10
2.15
V
70
100
130
ms
tRANGE
Range-Enable/ Disable Debounce
Time
VRANGE-OL
Output Low Voltage of RANGE Pin IO=1mA
0.5
V
IRANGE-OH
Output High Leakage Current of
RANGE Pin
RANGE=5V
50
nA
PFC Maximum On Time
RMOT=24k
28
µs
tON-MAX-PFC
22
25
FAN6921MR — Integrated Critical Mode PFC and Quasi-Resonant Flyback PWM Controller
Electrical Characteristics
Continued on the following page…
© 2009 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation
FAN6921MR Rev. 1.0.2
www.fairchildsemi.com
7
VDD=15V, TA=-40°C ~105°C (TA=TJ), unless otherwise specified.
Symbol
Parameter
Conditions
Min.
Typ.
Max.
Units
100
125
150
µmho
2.465
2.500
2.535
V
PFC Stage
Voltage Error Amplifier Section
Gm
Transconductance(4)
VREF
Feedback Comparator Reference
Voltage
VINV-H
Clamp High Feedback Voltage
VRATIO
VINV-L
(4)
Clamp High Output Voltage Ratio
RANGE=Open
2.70
2.75
2.80
RANGE=Ground
2.60
2.65
2.70
VINVH / VREF,
RANGE=Open
1.06
1.14
VINVH / VREF,
RANGE=Ground
1.04
1.08
Clamp Low Feedback Voltage
V
V/V
2.35
2.45
RANGE=Open
2.25
2.90
2.95
V
RANGE=Ground
2.75
2.80
50
70
90
µs
0.35
0.45
0.55
V
50
70
90
µs
VINV-OVP
Over-Voltage Protection for INV
Input
tINV-OVP
Over-Voltage Protection Debounce
Time
VINV-UVP
Under-Voltage Protection for INV
Input
tINV-UVP
Under-Voltage Protection
Debounce Time
VINV-BO
PWM and PFC Off Threshold for
Brownout Protection
1.15
1.20
1.25
V
VCOMP-BO
Limited Voltage on COMP Pin for
Brownout Protection
1.55
1.60
1.65
V
VCOMP
Comparator Output High Voltage
4.8
6.0
V
Zero Duty Cycle Voltage on COMP
Pin
1.10
1.25
1.40
V
15
30
45
µA
0.50
0.75
1.00
mA
RANGE=Open,
VINV=2.75V, VCOMP=5V
20
30
40
RANGE=Ground,
VINV=2.65V, VCOMP=5V
20
30
40
VOZ
Comparator Output Source
Current
ICOMP
Comparator Output Sink Current
VINV=2.3V, VCOMP=1.5V
VINV=1.5V
V
µA
PFC Current Sense Section
VCSPFC
Threshold Voltage for Peak
Current Cycle-by-Cycle Limit
tPD
Propagation Delay
tBNK
Leading-Edge Blanking Time
AV
CSPFC Compensation Ratio for
THD
VCOMP=5V
0.82
FAN6921MR — Integrated Critical Mode PFC and Quasi-Resonant Flyback PWM Controller
Electrical Characteristics (Continued)
V
110
200
ns
110
180
250
ns
0.90
0.95
1.00
V/V
Continued on the following page…
© 2009 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation
FAN6921MR Rev. 1.0.2
www.fairchildsemi.com
8
VDD=15V, TA=-40°C ~105°C (TA=TJ), unless otherwise specified.
Symbol
Parameter
Conditions
Min.
Typ.
Max.
Units
14.0
15.5
17.0
V
1.5
V
PFC Output Section
VZ
PFC Gate Output Clamping
Voltage
VDD= 25V
VOL
PFC Gate Output Voltage Low
VDD=15V, IO=100mA
VOH
PFC Gate Output Voltage High
VDD=15V, IO=100mA
8
tR
PFC Gate Output Rising Time
VDD=12V, CL=3nF,
20~80%
30
65
100
ns
tF
PFC Gate Output Falling Time
VDD=12V, CL=3nF,
80~20%
30
50
70
ns
Input Threshold Voltage Rising
Edge
VZCD Increasing
1.9
2.1
2.3
V
Threshold Voltage Hysteresis
VZCD Decreasing
0.25
0.35
0.45
V
VZCD-HIGH
Upper Clamp Voltage
IZCD=3mA
8
10
VZCD-LOW
Lower Clamp Voltage
0.4
0.65
0.9
V
VZCD-SSC
Starting Source Current
Threshold Voltage
1.3
1.4
1.5
V
200
ns
V
PFC Zero Current Detection Section
VZCD
VZCD-HYST
tDELAY
tRESTART-PFC
Maximum Delay from ZCD to
Output Turn-On
VCOMP=5V, fS=60kHz
100
V
Restart Time
300
500
700
µs
Inhibit Time (Maximum Switching
VCOMP=5V
Frequency Limit)
1.5
2.5
3.5
µs
VZCD-DIS
PFC Enable/ Disable Function
Threshold Voltage
0.15
0.2
0.25
V
tZCD-DIS
PFC Enable/ Disable Function
Debounce Time
100
150
200
µs
tINHIB
VZCD=100mV
Continued on the following page…
© 2009 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation
FAN6921MR Rev. 1.0.2
FAN6921MR — Integrated Critical Mode PFC and Quasi-Resonant Flyback PWM Controller
Electrical Characteristics (Continued)
www.fairchildsemi.com
9
VDD=15V, TA=-40°C ~105°C (TA=TJ), unless otherwise specified.
Symbol
Parameter
Conditions
Min.
Typ.
Max.
Units
1/2.75
1/3.00
1/3.25
V/V
3
5
7
kΩ
1.2
2.0
mA
PWM STAGE
Feedback Input Section
AV
Input-Voltage to Current Sense
Attenuation(4)
AV=ᇞVCSPWM /ᇞVFB,
0<VCSPWM<0.9
ZFB
Input Impedance(4)
FB>VG
IOZ
Bias Current
FB=VOZ
VOZ
Zero Duty-cycle Input Voltage
0.7
0.9
1.1
V
VFB-OLP
Open-Loop Protection Threshold
Voltage
3.9
4.2
4.5
V
tFB-OLP
The Debounce Time for Open
Loop Protection
40
50
60
ms
tFB-SS
Internal Soft-Start Time(4)
8.5
9.5
10.5
ms
2.45
2.50
2.55
V
VFB=0V~3.6V
DET Pin OVP and Valley Detection Section
VDET-OVP
Av
BW
tDET-OVP
IDET-SOURCE
Comparator Reference Voltage
(4)
Open-Loop Gain
(4)
Gain Bandwidth
Output OVP(Latched) Debounce
Time
Maximum Source Current
100
60
dB
1
MHz
150
VDET=0V
VDET-HIGH
Upper Clamp Voltage
IDET=-1mA
VDET-LOW
Lower Clamp Voltage
IDET=1mA
200
µs
1
mA
5
V
0.5
0.7
0.9
V
150
200
250
ns
tOFF-BNK
Leading-Edge Blanking Time for
DET-OVP (2.5V) and Valley
Signal when PWM MOS Turns
Off(4)
3
4
5
µs
tTIME-OUT
Time-Out After tOFF-MIN
8
9
10
µs
38
45
52
µs
VFB≧VN, TA=25°C
7
8
9
VFB=VG
32
37
42
tVALLEY-DELAY
Delay Time from Valley Signal
Detected to Output Turn-on(4)
PWM Oscillator Section
tON-MAX-PWM
Maximum On Time
tOFF-MIN
Minimum Off Time
µs
VN
Beginning of Green-On Mode at
FB Voltage Level
1.95
2.10
2.25
V
VG
Beginning of Green-Off Mode at
FB Voltage Level
1.00
1.15
1.30
V
ΔVG
Hysteresis for Beginning of
Green-Off Mode at FB Voltage
Level
0.1
FAN6921MR — Integrated Critical Mode PFC and Quasi-Resonant Flyback PWM Controller
Electrical Characteristics (Continued)
V
Continued on the following page…
© 2009 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation
FAN6921MR Rev. 1.0.2
www.fairchildsemi.com
10
VDD=15V, TA=-40℃~105℃ (TA=TJ), unless otherwise specified.
Symbol
VCTL-PFC-OFF
VCTL-PFC-ON
Parameter
Threshold Voltage on FB Pin for
PFC EnableDisable
Threshold Voltage on FB Pin for
PFC Disable  Enable
Conditions
Min.
Typ.
Max.
RANGE Pin Internally
Open
1.70
1.75
1.80
RANGE Pin Internally
Ground
1.60
1.65
1.70
RANGE Pin Internally
Open
1.85
1.90
1.95
RANGE Pin Internally
Ground
1.70
1.75
1.80
Units
V
V
tPFC-OFF
PFC Disable Debounce Time
PFC Enable 
Disable
400
500
600
ms
tPFC-ON
PFC Enable Debounce Time
PFC Disable 
Enable
2.0
2.5
3.0
ms
VFB <VG
1.85
2.25
2.65
ms
22
28
34
µs
16.0
17.5
19.0
V
1.5
V
tSTARTER-PWM Start Timer (Time-Out Timer)
VFB >VFB-OLP
PWM Output Section
PWM Gate Output Clamping
Voltage
VDD=25V
VOL
PWM Gate Output Voltage Low
VDD=15V, IO=100mA
VOH
PWM Gate Output Voltage High
VDD=15V, IO=100mA
tR
PWM Gate Output Rising Time
CL=3nF, VDD=12V,
20~80%
80
110
ns
tF
PWM Gate Output Falling Time
CL=3nF, VDD=12V,
20~80%
40
70
ns
150
200
ns
VCLAMP
8
V
Current Sense Section
tPD
VLIMIT
VSLOPE
Delay to Output
The Limit Voltage on CSPWM
Pin for Over Power
Compensation
Slope Compensation(4)
IDET <75µA, TA=25°C
0.81
0.84
0.87
IDET=185µA, TA=25°C
0.69
0.72
0.75
IDET=350µA, TA=25°C
0.55
0.58
0.61
IDET=550µA, TA=25°C
0.37
0.40
0.43
tON=45µs,
RANGE=Open
0.25
0.30
0.35
tON=0µs
0.05
0.10
0.15
tON-BNK
Leading-Edge Blanking Time
VCS-FLOATING
CSPWM Pin Floating VCSPWM
Clamped High Voltage
CSPWM Pin Floating
The Delay Time once CSPWM
Pin Floating
CSPWM Pin Floating
tCS-H
300
4.5
V
ns
5.0
150
V
FAN6921MR — Integrated Critical Mode PFC and Quasi-Resonant Flyback PWM Controller
Electrical Characteristics (Continued)
V
µs
Continued on the following page…
© 2009 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation
FAN6921MR Rev. 1.0.2
www.fairchildsemi.com
11
VDD=15V, TA=-40℃~105℃ (TA=TJ), unless otherwise specified.
Symbol
Parameter
Conditions
Min.
Typ.
Max.
Units
125
140
155
°C
RT Pin Over-Temperature Protection Section
TOTP
TOTP-HYST
IRT
VRT-LATCH
Internal Threshold Temperature
for OTP(4)
Hysteresis Temperature for
Internal OTP(4)
30
Internal Source Current of RT Pin
Latch-Mode Triggering Voltage
VRT-RE-LATCH
Latch-Mode Release Voltage
VRT-OTP-LEVEL
Threshold Voltage for Two-level
Debounce Time
tRT-OTP-H
Debounce Time for OTP
tRT-OTP-L
Debounce Time for Externally
Triggering
90
100
110
µA
0.75
0.80
0.85
V
VRT-LATCH
+0.15
VRT-LATCH
+0.20
VRT-LATCH
+0.25
V
0.45
0.50
0.55
V
10
VRT<VRT-OTP-LEVEL
Note:
4. Guaranteed by design.
© 2009 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation
FAN6921MR Rev. 1.0.2
°C
70
110
ms
150
µs
FAN6921MR — Integrated Critical Mode PFC and Quasi-Resonant Flyback PWM Controller
Electrical Characteristics (Continued)
www.fairchildsemi.com
12
18.5
11.0
18.0
10.5
V DD-PWM-OFF (V)
V DD-ON (V)
These characteristic graphs are normalized at TA=25°C.
17.5
17.0
16.5
10.0
9.5
9.0
-40 -25 -10
5
20
35
50
65
80
95 110 125
-40 -25 -10
5
Temperature(o C)
8.5
29.0
8.0
28.5
7.5
7.0
6.5
50
65
80
95 110 125
28.0
27.5
27.0
-40 -25
-10
5
20
35
50
65
80
95
110 125
-40 -25 -10
5
Temperature(o C)
20
35
50
65
80
95 110 125
Temperature(o C)
Figure 7. Turn-Off Threshold Voltage
Figure 8. VDD Over-Voltage Protection Threshold
16.0
8.0
14.0
7.0
IDD-OP (mA)
IDD-ST (A)
35
Figure 6. PWM Off Threshold Voltage
V DD-OVP (V)
V DD-OFF (V)
Figure 5. Turn-On Threshold Voltage
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
-40 -25 -10
5
20
35
50
65
80
95 110 125
-40 -25 -10
5
Temperature(o C)
20
35
50
65
80
95
110 125
Temperature(o C)
Figure 9. Startup Current
Figure 10. Operating Current
2.60
17.0
16.5
2.55
16.0
V Z(V)
V REF (V)
20
Temperature(o C)
FAN6921MR — Integrated Critical Mode PFC and Quasi-Resonant Flyback PWM Controller
Typical Performance Characteristics
2.50
2.45
15.5
15.0
14.5
14.0
2.40
-40 -25 -10
5
20
35
50
65
80
-40 -25 -10
95 110 125
20
35
50
65
80
95 110 125
Temperature( C)
Temperature( C)
Figure 11. PFC Output Feedback Reference Voltage
© 2009 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation
FAN6921MR Rev. 1.0.2
5
o
o
Figure 12. PFC Gate Output Clamping Voltage
www.fairchildsemi.com
13
These characteristic graphs are normalized at TA=25°C.
0.95
27.0
0.90
26.0
V CSPFC (V)
tON-MAX-PFC (sec)
28.0
25.0
24.0
23.0
22.0
0.85
0.80
0.75
-40 -25 -10
5
20
35
50
65
80
95 110 125
-40 -25 -10
5
Temperature(o C)
65
80
95 110 125
Figure 14. PFC Peak Current Limit Voltage
19.0
50.0
18.5
48.0
t ON-MAX-PWM (sec)
V CLAMP (V)
50
Temperature( C)
18.0
17.5
17.0
16.5
16.0
46.0
44.0
42.0
40.0
-40 -25 -10
5
20
35
50
65
80
-40 -25 -10
95 110 125
5
Temperature(o C)
20
35
50
65
80
95 110 125
Temperature(o C)
Figure 15. PWM Gate Output Clamping Voltage
Figure 16. PWM Maximum On-Time
2.3
1.4
2.2
1.3
V G (V)
V N(V)
35
o
Figure 13. PFC Maximum On-Time
2.1
2.0
1.2
1.1
1.9
1.0
-40
-25 -10
5
20
35
50
65
80
95 110 125
-40
-25 -10
5
o
20
35
50
65
80
95 110 125
o
Temperature( C)
Temperature( C)
Figure 17. Beginning of Green-On Mode at VFB
Figure 18. Beginning of Green-Off Mode at VFB
9.0
42.0
40.0
8.5
tOFF-MIN (sec)
tOFF-MIN (sec)
20
FAN6921MR — Integrated Critical Mode PFC and Quasi-Resonant Flyback PWM Controller
Typical Performance Characteristics (Continued)
8.0
7.5
7.0
38.0
36.0
34.0
32.0
-40
-25 -10
5
20
35
50
65
80
95 110 125
-40 -25 -10
Temperature(o C)
20
35
50
65
80
95 110 125
Temperature(o C)
Figure 19. PWM Minimum Off-Time for VFB > VN
© 2009 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation
FAN6921MR Rev. 1.0.2
5
Figure 20. PWM Minimum Off-Time for VFB=VG
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14
These characteristic graphs are normalized at TA=25°C.
2.60
1.0
V DET-OVP (V)
V DET-LOW (V)
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
2.55
2.50
2.45
2.40
-40
-25 -10
5
20
35
50
65
80
-40 -25 -10
95 110 125
5
Temperature(o C)
35
50
65
80
95 110 125
Figure 22. Reference Voltage for Output OverVoltage Protection of DET Pin
Figure 21. Lower Clamp Voltage of DET Pin
110
0.90
105
0.85
V RT-LATCH (V)
I RT (A)
20
Temperature(o C)
100
95
90
0.80
0.75
0.70
-40 -25 -10
5
20
35
50
65
80
95 110 125
-40 -25 -10
Temperature(o C)
20
35
50
65
80
95 110 125
Temperature(o C)
Figure 24. Over Temperature Protection
Threshold Voltage of RT Pin
Figure 23. Internal Source Current of RT Pin
© 2009 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation
FAN6921MR Rev. 1.0.2
5
FAN6921MR — Integrated Critical Mode PFC and Quasi-Resonant Flyback PWM Controller
Typical Performance Characteristics (Continued)
www.fairchildsemi.com
15
PFC Stage
Multi-Vector Error Amplifier and THD Optimizer
For better dynamic performance, faster transient
response, and precise clamping on PFC output,
FAN6921MR uses a trans-conductance type amplifier
with proprietary innovative multi-vector error amplifier.
The schematic diagram of this amplifier is shown in
Figure 25. The PFC output voltage is detected from the
INV pin by an external resistor divider circuit that
consists of R1 and R2. When PFC output variation
voltage reaches 6% over or under the reference voltage
2.5V, the multi-vector error amplifier adjusts its output
sink or source current to increase the loop response to
simplify the compensated circuit.
+

+
Figure 26. Multi-Vector Error Amplifier with
THD Optimizer
Figure 25. Multi-Vector Error Amplifier
The feedback voltage signal on the INV pin is compared
with reference voltage 2.5V, which makes the error
amplifier source or sink current to charge or discharge
its output capacitor CCOMP. The COMP voltage is
compared with the internally generated sawtooth
waveform to determine the on-time of PFC gate.
Normally, with lower feedback loop bandwidth, the
variation of the PFC gate on-time should be very small
and almost constant within one input AC cycle.
However, the power factor correction circuit operating at
light load condition has a defect, zero crossing
distortion; which distorts input current and makes the
system’s Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) worse. To
improve the result of THD at light load condition,
especially at high input voltage, an innovative THD
Optimizer is inserted by sampling the voltage across the
current-sense resistor. This sampling voltage on
current-sense resistor is added into the sawtooth
waveform to modulate the on-time of PFC gate, so it is
not constant on-time within a half AC cycle. The method
of operation block between THD Optimizer and PWM
are shown in Figure 26. After THD Optimizer processes,
around the valley of AC input voltage, the compensated
on-time becomes wider than the original. The PFC ontime, which is around the peak voltage, is narrowed by
the THD Optimizer. The timing sequences of the PFC
MOS and the shape of the inductor current are shown in
Figure 27. Figure 28 shows the difference between
calculated fixed on-time mechanism and fixed on-time
with THD Optimizer during a half AC cycle.
© 2009 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation
FAN6921MR Rev. 1.0.2
Current (A)
Figure 27. Operation Waveforms of Fixed On-Time
with and without THD Optimizer
FAN6921MR — Integrated Critical Mode PFC and Quasi-Resonant Flyback PWM Controller
Functional Description
Figure 28. Calculated Waveforms of Fixed On-Time
with and without THD Optimizer During a Half
AC Cycle
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16
VZCD
A built-in low voltage MOSFET can be turned on or off
according to VVIN voltage level. The drain pin of this
internal MOSFET is connected to the RANGE pin.
Figure 29 shows the status curve of VVIN voltage level
and RANGE impedance (open or ground).
10V
2.1V
1.75V
VDS
t
PFCVO
VIN,MAX
Figure 29. Hysteresis Behavior between RANGE Pin
and VIN Pin Voltage
Zero Current Detection (ZCD Pin)
Figure 30 shows the internal block of zero-current
detection. The detection function is performed by
sensing the information on an auxiliary winding of the
PFC inductor. Referring to Figure 31, when PFC MOS is
off, the stored energy of the PFC inductor starts to
release to the output load. Then the drain voltage of
PFC MOS starts to decrease since the PFC inductor
resonates with parasitic capacitance. Once the ZCD pin
voltage is lower than the triggering voltage (1.75V
typical), the PFC gate signal is sent again to start a new
switching cycle.
If PFC operation needs to be shut down due to
abnormal condition, it is suggested to pull the ZCD pin
LOW, voltage under 0.2V (typical), to activate the PFC
disable function to stop PFC switching operation.
For preventing excessive high switching frequency at
light load, a built-in inhibit timer is used to limit the
minimum tOFF time. Even if the ZCD signal has been
detected, the PFC gate signal still would not be sent
during the inhibit time (2.5µs typical).
t
PFC
Gate
Inhibit
Time
t
Figure 31. Operation Waveforms of PFC ZeroCurrent Detection
Protection for PFC Stage
PFC Output Voltage UVP and OVP (INV Pin)
FAN6921MR provides several kinds of protection for
PFC stage. PFC output over- and under-voltage are
essential for PFC stage. Both are detected and
determined by INV pin voltage, as shown in Figure 32.
When INV pin voltage is over 2.75V or under 0.45V, due
to overshoot or abnormal conditions and lasts for a debounce time around 70µs, the OVP or UVP circuit is
activated to stop PFC switching operation immediately.
The INV pin is not only used to receive and regulate
PFC output voltage, but can also perform PFC output
OVP/ UVP protection. For failure-mode test, this pin can
shut down PFC switching if pin floating occurs.
PFC VO
1.4V
D river
PFC Gate
Drive
VREF (2.5V)
Q R
ZCD
0.2V
S
5
1.75V
S
Q R
D eboun ce
Time
PFC Gate On
2.1V
V AC
COMP
2
RZCD
Lb
CCOMP
10V
1:n
FAN6921
Figure 30. Internal Block of the Zero-Current
Detection
© 2009 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation
FAN6921MR Rev. 1.0.2
VCOMP
R1
INV
V oltage
D etector
FAN6921MR — Integrated Critical Mode PFC and Quasi-Resonant Flyback PWM Controller
RANGE Pin
1
Error
R2
Amplifier
OVP = (VINV ≥ 2.75V)
UVP = (VINV ≤ 0.45V)
FAN6921
CO
Figure 32. Internal Block of PFC Over-and UnderVoltage Protection
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17
During PFC stage switching operation, the PFC switch
current is detected by current-sense resistor on the
CSPFC pin and the detected voltage on this resistor is
delivered to input terminal of a comparator and
compared with a threshold voltage 0.82V (typical). Once
the CSPFC pin voltage is higher than the threshold
voltage, PFC gate is turned off immediately.
The PFC peak switching current is adjustable by the
current-sense resistor. Figure 33 shows the measured
waveform of PFC gate and CSPFC pin voltage.
PFC MOS Current Limit
0.82V
CSPFC
OPFC
Figure 33. Cycle-by-Cycle Current Limiting
Brown-In / Out Protection (VIN Pin)
With AC voltage detection, FAN6921MR can perform
brown-in/ out protection (AC voltage UVP). Figure 34
shows the key operation waveforms of brown-in / out
protection. Both use the VIN pin to detect AC input
voltage level and the VIN pin is connected to AC input
by a resistor divider (refer to Figure 1); therefore, the
VVIN voltage is proportional to the AC input voltage.
When the AC voltage drops, and VVIN voltage is lower
than 1V for 100ms, the UVP protection is activated and
the COMP pin voltage is clamped to around 1.6V.
Because PFC gate duty is determined by comparing
sawtooth waveform and COMP pin voltage, lower
COMP voltage results in narrow PFC on-time, so that
the energy converged is limited and the PFC output
voltage decreases. When INV pin is lower than 1.2V,
FAN6921MR stops all PFC and PWM switching
operation immediately until VDD voltage drops to turn-off
voltage then raises to turn-on voltage again (UVLO).
When the brownout protection is activated, all switching
operation is turned off, VDD voltage enters hiccup mode
up and down continuously. Until VVIN voltage is higher
than 1.3V (typical) and VDD reaches turn-on voltage
again, the PWM and PFC gate is sent out.
Figure 34. Operation Waveforms of Brown-In/ Out
Protection
VDD
VDD Hiccup Mode
Brownout
Brown-In
AC Input
OPWM
FAN6921MR — Integrated Critical Mode PFC and Quasi-Resonant Flyback PWM Controller
PFC Peak Current Limiting (CSPFC pin)
OPFC
Figure 35. Measured Waveform of Brown-In/ Out
Protection (Adapter Application)
The measured waveforms of brown-in / out protection
are shown in Figure 35.
© 2009 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation
FAN6921MR Rev. 1.0.2
www.fairchildsemi.com
18
HV Startup and Operating Current (HV Pin)
The HV pin is connected to AC line through a resistor
(refer to Figure 1). With a built-in high-voltage startup
circuit, when AC voltage is applied to power system,
FAN6921MR provides a high current to charge external
VDD capacitor to speed up controller’s startup time and
build up normal rated output voltage within three
seconds. To save power consumption, after VDD voltage
exceeds turn-on voltage and enters normal operation;
this high voltage startup circuit is shut down to avoid
power loss from startup resistor.
Figure 36 shows the characteristic curve of VDD voltage
and operating current IDD. When VDD voltage is lower
than VDD-PWM-OFF, FAN6921MR stops all switching
operation and turns off some internal unnecessary
circuit to reduce operating current. By doing so, the
period from VDD-PWM-OFF to VDD-OFF can be extended and
the hiccup mode frequency can be decreased to reduce
the input power in case of output short circuit. Figure 37
shows the typical waveforms of VDD voltage and gate
signal at hiccup mode operation.
the valley signal is detected, FAN6921MR outputs PWM
gate signal to turn on the switch and begin a new
switching cycle.
With green mode operation and valley detection, at light
load condition; power system can perform extended
valley switching at DCM operation and can further
reduce switching loss for getting better conversion
efficiency. The FB pin voltage versus tOFF-MIN time
characteristic curve is shown in Figure 38. As Figure 38
shows, FAN6921MR can narrow down to 2.25ms tOFF
time, which is around 440Hz switching frequency.
Referring to Figure 1 and Figure 2, FB pin voltage is not
only used to receive secondary feedback signal to
determine gate on-time, but also determines PFC stage
on or off status. At no-load or light-load conditions, if PFC
stage is set to be off; that can reduce power consumption
from PFC stage switching device and increase
conversion efficiency. When output loading is decreased,
the FB pin voltage becomes lower and, therefore, the
FAN6921MR can detect the output loading level
according
to the FB pin voltage to control the on / off status of the
PFC part.
tOFF-MIN
2.25ms
PFC On
PFC OFF
37µs
V CTL-PFC-ON
V CTL-PFC-OFF
8µs
Figure 36. VDD vs. IDD-OP Characteristic Curve
1.15V(VG )
2.1V(VN)
Figure 38. VFB Voltage vs. tOFF-MIN Time
Characteristic Curve
Valley Detection (DET Pin)
Figure 37. Typical Waveform of VDD Voltage and
Gate Signal at Hiccup Mode Operation
Green-Mode Operation and PFC-ON / OFF Control
(FB Pin)
Green mode mechanism is used to further reduce
power loss in the system (e.g. switching loss). It uses an
off-time modulation technique to regulate switching
frequency according to FB pin voltage. When output
loading is decreased, FB voltage becomes lower due to
secondary feedback movement and the tOFF-MIN is
extended. After tOFF-MIN (determined by FB voltage), the
internal valley detection circuit is activated to detect the
valley on the drain voltage of the PWM switch. When
© 2009 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation
FAN6921MR Rev. 1.0.2
When FAN6921MR operates in green mode, tOFF-MIN
time is determined by the green mode circuit according
to FB pin voltage level. After tOFF-MIN time, the internal
valley detection circuit is activated. During the tOFF time
of PWM switch, when transformer inductor current
discharges to zero, the transformer inductor and
parasitic capacitor of PWM switch start to resonate
concurrently. When the drain voltage on the PWM
switch falls, the voltage across on auxiliary winding VAUX
also decreases since auxiliary winding is coupled to
primary winding. Once the VAUX voltage resonates and
falls to negative, VDET voltage is clamped by the DET pin
(refer to Figure 39) and FAN6921MR is forced to flow
out a current IDET. FAN6921MR reflects and compares
this IDET current. If this source current rises to a
threshold current, PWM gate signal is sent out after a
fixed delay time (200ns typical).
FAN6921MR — Integrated Critical Mode PFC and Quasi-Resonant Flyback PWM Controller
PWM Stage
www.fairchildsemi.com
19
The RDET resistor is connected from auxiliary winding to
the DET pin. Engineers can adjust this RDET resistor to
get proper VLIMIT voltage to fit power system needs. The
characteristic curve of IDET current vs. VLIMIT voltage on
CSPWM pin is shown in Figure 42.
Figure 39. Valley Detection
Start to Idet flow out
detect valley from DET pin
VAUX
0V
I DET  VIN   N A NP   RDET
(1)
where VIN is input voltage; NA is turn number of auxiliary
winding; and NP is turn number of primary winding.
Delay time
and then
trigger Gate
signal
VDET
Valley
Switching
0V
OPWM
tOFF
Figure 40. Measured Waveform of Valley Detection
High / Low Line Over-Power Compensation (DET Pin)
Figure 41. Relationship between VAUX and VIN
Generally, when the power switch turns off, there is a
delay time from gate signal falling edge to power switch
off. This delay is produced by an internal propagation
delay of the controller and the turn-off delay time of
PWM switch due to gate resistor and gate-source
capacitor CISS of PWM switch. At different AC input
voltage, this delay time produces different maximum
output power under the same PWM current limit level.
Higher input voltage generates higher maximum output
power since applied voltage on primary winding is
higher and causes higher rising slope inductor current. It
results in higher peak inductor current at the same delay
time. Furthermore, under the same output wattage, the
peak switching current at high line is lower than that at
low line. Therefore, to make the maximum output power
close at different input voltages, the controller needs to
regulate VLIMIT voltage of the CSPWM pin to control the
PWM switch current.
Referring to Figure 41, during tON time of the PWM
switch, the input voltage is applied to primary winding
and the voltage across on auxiliary winding VAUX is
proportional to primary winding voltage. So as the input
voltage increases, the reflected voltage on auxiliary
winding VAUX becomes higher as well. FAN6921MR also
clamps the DET pin voltage and flows out a current IDET.
Since the current IDET is in accordance with VAUX
voltage, FAN6921MR can depend on this current IDET
during tON time period to regulate the current limit level
of PWM switch to perform high / low line over-power
compensation.
© 2009 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation
FAN6921MR Rev. 1.0.2
FAN6921MR — Integrated Critical Mode PFC and Quasi-Resonant Flyback PWM Controller
As the input voltage increases, the reflected voltage on
the auxiliary winding VAUX becomes higher as well as
the current IDET and the controller regulates the VLIMIT to
a lower level.
Figure 42. IDET Current vs. VLIMIT Voltage
Characteristic Curve
Leading-Edge Blanking (LEB)
When the PFC or PWM switches are turned on, a
voltage spike is induced on the current sense resistor
due to the reciprocal effect by reverse recovery energy
of the output diode and COSS of power MOSFET. To
prevent this spike, a leading-edge blanking time is builtin to FAN6921MR and a small RC filter is also
recommended between the CSPWM pin and GND (e.g.
100Ω, 470pF).
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20
Output Over-Voltage Protection (DET Pin)
VDD Pin Over-Voltage Protection (OVP)
Referring to Figure 44, during the discharge time of
PWM transformer inductor; the voltage across on
auxiliary winding is reflected from secondary winding
and therefore the flat voltage on the DET pin is
proportional to the output voltage. FAN6921MR can
sample this flat voltage level after a tOFF blanking time to
perform output over-voltage protection. This tOFF
blanking time is used to ignore the voltage ringing from
leakage inductance of PWM transformer. The sampling
flat voltage level is compared with internal threshold
voltage 2.5V and, once the protection is activated,
FAN6921MR enters latch mode.
The controller can protect rapidly by this kind of cycleby-cycle sampling method in the case of output over
voltage. The protection voltage level can be determined
by the ratio of external resistor divider RA and RDET. The
flat voltage on DET pin can be expressed by the
following equation:
VDD over-voltage protection is used to prevent device
damage once VDD voltage is higher than device stress
rating voltage. In case of VDD OVP, the controller stops
all switching operation immediately and enters latch-off
mode until the AC plug is removed.
Adjustable Over-Temperature Protection and
Externally Latch Triggering (RT Pin)
Figure 43 is a typical application circuit with an internal
block of RT pin. As shown, a constant current IRT flows
out from the RT pin, so the voltage VRT on RT pin can
be obtained as IRT current multiplied by the resistor,
which consists of NTC resistor and RA resistor. If the RT
pin voltage is lower than 0.8V and lasts for a de-bounce
time, latch mode is activated and stops all PFC and
PWM switching.
RT pin is usually used to achieve over-temperature
protection with a NTC resistor and provides external
latch triggering for additional protection. Engineers can
use an external triggering circuit (e.g. transistor) to pull
low the RT pin and activate controller latch mode.
VDET   N A N S   VO 
(2)
RA
RDET  RA
Generally, the external latch triggering needs to activate
rapidly since it is usually used to protect power system
from abnormal conditions. Therefore, the protection
debounce time of the RT pin is set to around 110µs
once RT pin voltage is lower than 0.5V.
For over-temperature protection, because the
temperature would not change immediately; the RT pin
voltage is reduced slowly as well. The debounce time
for adjustable OTP should not need a fast reaction. To
prevent improper latch triggering on the RT pin due to
exacting test condition (e.g. lightning test), when the RT
pin triggering voltage is higher than 0.5V, the protection
debounce time is set to around 10ms. To avoid
improper triggering on the RT pin, it is recommended to
add a small value capacitor (e.g. 1000pF) paralleled
with NTC and RA resistor.
VO 
NA
NS
PFC _ VO 
FAN692 1
Adjustable OverTemperature protection &
External Latch triggering
VO 
NA
NP
NA
RA

N S R DET  R A
I RT=100µA
12
NTC
R RT
RT
0.8V
0.5V
Deboun ce
time
FAN6921MR — Integrated Critical Mode PFC and Quasi-Resonant Flyback PWM Controller
Protection for PWM Stage
Latched
110µs
10ms
Figure 43. Adjustable Over-Temperature Protection
Figure 44. Operation Waveform of Output OverVoltage Detection
© 2009 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation
FAN6921MR Rev. 1.0.2
www.fairchildsemi.com
21
As the output loading is increased, the output voltage is
decreased and the sink current of transistor of optocoupler on primary side is reduced. So the FB pin
voltage is increased by internal voltage bias. In the case
of an open loop, output short circuit, or overload
conditions, this sink current is further reduced and the
FB pin voltage is pulled to high level by internal bias
voltage. When the FB pin voltage is higher than 4.2V for
50ms, the FB pin protection is activated.
Under-Voltage Lockout (UVLO, VDD Pin)
Figure 45. FB Pin Open-Loop, Short Circuit, and
Overload Protection
Referring to Figure 45, outside of FAN6921MR, the FB
pin is connected to the collector of transistor of an optocoupler. Inside of FAN6921MR, the FB pin is connected
to an internal voltage bias through a resistor around
5k.
© 2009 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation
FAN6921MR Rev. 1.0.2
Referring to Figure 36 and Figure 37, the turn-on and
turn-off VDD threshold voltages of FAN6921MR are fixed
at 18V and 10V, respectively. During startup, the holdup capacitor (VDD cap.) is charged by HV startup current
until VDD voltage reaches the turn-on voltage. Before the
output voltage rises to rated voltage and delivers energy
to the VDD capacitor from auxiliary winding, this hold-up
capacitor has to sustain the VDD voltage energy for
operation. When VDD voltage reaches turn-on voltage,
FAN6921MR starts all switching operation if no
protection is triggered before VDD voltage drops to turnoff voltage VDD-PWM-OFF.
FAN6921MR — Integrated Critical Mode PFC and Quasi-Resonant Flyback PWM Controller
Open-Loop, Short-Circuit, and Overload Protection
(FB Pin)
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22
FAN6921MR — Integrated Critical Mode PFC and Quasi-Resonant Flyback PWM Controller
Physical Dimensions
Figure 46. 16-Pin Small Outline Package (SOIC)
Package drawings are provided as a service to customers considering Fairchild components. Drawings may change in any manner
without notice. Please note the revision and/or date on the drawing and contact a Fairchild Semiconductor representative to verify or
obtain the most recent revision. Package specifications do not expand the terms of Fairchild’s worldwide terms and conditions, specifically the
warranty therein, which covers Fairchild products.
Always visit Fairchild Semiconductor’s online packaging area for the most recent package drawings:
http://www.fairchildsemi.com/packaging/,
© 2009 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation
FAN6921MR Rev. 1.0.2
www.fairchildsemi.com
23
FAN6921MR — Integrated Critical Mode PFC and Quasi-Resonant Current Mode PWM Controller
24
www.fairchildsemi.com
© 2009 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation
FAN6921MR Rev. 1.0.2