TPS55010 SLVSAV0A – APRIL 2011 – REVISED JUNE 2011 www.ti.com 2.95V To 6V Input, 2W, Isolated DC/DC Converter with Integrated FETs Check for Samples: TPS55010 FEATURES DESCRIPTION • • • • • • • • • • The TPS55010 is a transformer driver designed to provide isolated power for isolated interfaces, such as RS-485 and RS-232, from 3.3V or 5V input supply. 1 23 Isolated Fly-Buck™ Topology Primary Side Feedback 100 kHz to 2000 kHz Switching Frequency Synchronizes to External Clock Adjustable Slow Start Adjustable Input Voltage UVLO Open Drain Fault Output Cycle-by-Cycle Current Limit Thermal Shutdown Protection 3 mm x 3 mm 16 Pin QFN Package The device uses fixed frequency current mode control and half bridge power stage with primary side feedback to regulate the output voltage for power levels up to 2W. The switching frequency is adjustable from 100 kHz to 2000 kHz so solution size, efficiency and noise can be optimized. The switching frequency is set with a resistor or is synchronized to external clock using the RT/CLK pin. To minimize inrush currents, a small capacitor can be connected to the SS pin. The EN pin can be used as an enable pin or to increase the default input UVLO voltage from 2.6V. APPLICATIONS • • • • • Noise Immunity in PLCs, Data Acquisition and Measurement Equipment Isolated RS-232 and RS-485 Communication Channels Powers Line Drivers, ISO Amplifiers, Sensors, CAN Transceivers Floating Supplies for IGBT Gate Drivers Promotes Safety in Medical Equipment With the same transformer the TPS55010 can provide a solution for different input and output voltage combinations by adjusting the primary side voltage. Off the shelf transformers are available to provide single positive, or dual positive and negative output voltages. The TPS55010 is available in a 3 mm x 3 mm 16 pin QFN package with thermal pad. Figure 1. SIMPLIFIED SCHEMATIC VIN BOOT TPS55010 Cboot T1 1:2.5 PH Css Rt Figure 2. Efficiency vs Load Current 100 EN FAULT SS VSENSE RT/CLK COMP CO RHS RLS GND CC + VO _ CPRI 90 5V 200mA 80 Efficiency (%) 3V to 5.5 V CIN 70 60 50 40 30 VOUT = 5V FSW = 350kHz 20 10 0 0.00 VIN = 5V 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 Output Current (A) 0.25 0.30 G040 1 2 3 Please be aware that an important notice concerning availability, standard warranty, and use in critical applications of Texas Instruments semiconductor products and disclaimers thereto appears at the end of this data sheet. Fly-Buck is a trademark of Texas Instruments. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. PRODUCTION DATA information is current as of publication date. Products conform to specifications per the terms of the Texas Instruments standard warranty. Production processing does not necessarily include testing of all parameters. Copyright © 2011, Texas Instruments Incorporated TPS55010 SLVSAV0A – APRIL 2011 – REVISED JUNE 2011 www.ti.com These devices have limited built-in ESD protection. The leads should be shorted together or the device placed in conductive foam during storage or handling to prevent electrostatic damage to the MOS gates. PIN CONFIGURATION VIN EN FAULT BOOT RTE PACKAGE (TOP VIEW) 16 15 14 13 VIN 1 VIN 2 5 6 7 8 RT/CLK 4 COMP GND VSENSE 3 GND GND Thermal Pad (17) 12 PH 11 PH 10 PH 9 SS Table 1. PIN FUNCTIONS Pin Name Number Description VIN 1, 2, 16 Supplies the control circuitry and switches of the power converter. GND 3, 4, 5 Power Ground. This pin should be electrically connected directly to the thermal pad under the IC. VSENSE 6 Inverting node of the gm error amplifier. COMP 7 Error amplifier output, and input to the output switch current comparator. Connect frequency compensation components to this pin. RT/CLK 8 Resistor Timing and External Clock. An internal amplifier holds this pin at a fixed voltage when using an external resistor to ground to set the switching frequency. If the pin is pulled above the PLL upper threshold, a mode change occurs and the pin becomes a synchronization input. The internal amplifier is disabled and the pin is a high impedance clock input to the internal PLL. If clocking edges stop, the internal amplifier is re-enabled and the mode returns to a resistor set function. SS 9 Slow-start. An external capacitor connected to this pin sets the output rise time. PH 10, 11, 12 The source of the internal high side power MOSFET, and drain of the internal low side MOSFET. BOOT 13 A bootstrap capacitor is required between BOOT and PH. If the voltage on this capacitor is below the minimum required by the output device, the output is forced to switch off until the capacitor is refreshed. FAULT 14 An open drain output. Active low if the output voltage is low due to thermal shutdown, dropout, overvoltage or EN shut down. EN 15 Enable pin, internal pull-up current source. Pull below 1.2V to disable. Float to enable. Adjust the input undervoltage lockout with two resistors. THERMAL PAD 17 GND pin should be connected to the exposed thermal pad for proper operation. This thermal pad should be connected to any internal PCB ground plane using multiple vias for good thermal performance. 2 Copyright © 2011, Texas Instruments Incorporated TPS55010 SLVSAV0A – APRIL 2011 – REVISED JUNE 2011 www.ti.com FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM FAULT EN VIN Shutdown 91% Enable Comparator Logic Thermal Shutdown UVLO Shutdown Shutdown Logic Enable Threshold 108% Boot Charge Voltage Reference Minimum Clamp Pulse Skip ERROR AMPLIFIER VSENSE Boot UVLO PWM Comparator Current Sense BOOT PWM Latch R SS Q Logic S Shutdown Logic S COMP Slope Compensation PH Current Limit Overload Recovery Maximum Clamp Oscillator with PLL RT/CLK GND THERMAL PAD ORDERING INFORMATION (1) (1) TJ PACKAGE PART NUMBER -40°C to 150°C 3 x 3 mm QFN TPS55010RTE For the most current package and ordering information, see the Package Option Addendum at the end of this document, or see the TI Web site at ww.w.ti.com. Copyright © 2011, Texas Instruments Incorporated 3 TPS55010 SLVSAV0A – APRIL 2011 – REVISED JUNE 2011 ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS www.ti.com (1) over operating free-air temperature range (unless otherwise noted) PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN MAX UNIT VIN EN -0.3 7 V -0.3 3.6 V PH + 7 V BOOT Voltage VSENSE -0.3 3 V COMP -0.3 3 V FAULT -0.3 7 V SS -0.3 3 V RT/CLK -0.3 6 V 7 V 7 V BOOT-PH PH PH, 10ns Transient Current -0.6 10 V EN 100 µA RT/CLK 100 µA COMP 100 uA FAULT 10 mA SS 100 µA 2 kV Electrostatic Discharge (HBM) (2) QSS 009-105 (JESD22-A114A) Electrostatic Discharge (CDM) (2) QSS 009-147 (JESD22-C101B.01) -2 500 V Operating Junction Temperature -40 150 ºC Storage Temperature -65 150 ºC (1) (2) Stresses beyond those listed under absolute maximum ratings may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings only, and functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated under ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATIONS is not implied. Exposure to absolute-maximum-rated conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability. The human body model is a 100-pF capacitor discharged through a 1.5-kΩ resistor into each pin. The machine model is a 200-pF capacitor discharged directly into each pin. THERMAL INFORMATION THERMAL METRIC (1) TPS55010 RTE (16 PINS) θJA Junction-to-ambient thermal resistance θJCtop Junction-to-case (top) thermal resistance 55.5 θJB Junction-to-board thermal resistance 24.9 ψJT Junction-to-top characterization parameter 1.0 ψJB Junction-to-board characterization parameter 24.9 θJCbot Junction-to-case (bottom) thermal resistance 9.9 (1) 4 UNITS 60 °C/W For more information about traditional and new thermal metrics, see the IC Package Thermal Metrics application report, SPRA953. Copyright © 2011, Texas Instruments Incorporated TPS55010 SLVSAV0A – APRIL 2011 – REVISED JUNE 2011 www.ti.com ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS TJ = –40°C TO 150°C, VIN = 2.95V TO 6V (unless otherwise noted) DESCRIPTION CONDITIONS MIN Operating input voltage VIN 2.95 Shutdown current EN = 0V, 25°C Operating current VSENSE = 0.9V, 25°C TYP MAX UNIT SUPPLY VOLTAGE Internal undervoltage lockout 6 V 2 5 µA 360 575 µA 2.6 2.9 V 1.25 1.37 V ENABLE Enable threshold Input current rising falling 1.15 1.18 Threshold - 50mV -1.2 Threshold + 50mV -4.6 Hysteresis µA µA 3.4 VOLTAGE REFERENCE Reference 3V < VIN < 6V 0.804 0.829 0.854 V MOSFET High side switch resistance BOOT- PH = 5 V 45 81 mΩ Low side switch resistance VIN = 5 V 45 81 mΩ ERROR AMPLIFIER Input current 50 nA Error amp transconductance -2 µA < I(COMP) < 2 µA 245 uMhos Error amp dc gain VSENSE = 0.8 V 500 V/V 3 MHz Error amp source/sink V(COMP) = 1V, 100 mV overdrive ±16 µA COMP to Iph gm Iph = 0.5 A 7.5 A/V Minimum unity gain Bandwidth CURRENT LIMIT High side sourcing current limit VIN = 3 V 2 2.75 A Low Side Sinking Current Limit VIN = 3 V -3 -4.5 A 171 °C 12 °C THERMAL SHUTDOWN Thermal Shutdown OT Hysteresis RT/CLK Switching frequency using RT mode 100 Switching Frequency R(RT/CLK) = 195 kΩ RT/CLK voltage R(RT/CLK) = 195 kΩ 400 500 2000 kHz 600 kHz 0.5 RT/CLK high threshold 1.6 RT/CLK low threshold 0.4 Switching frequency using CLK mode 300 V 2.2 0.6 V V 2000 kHz Minimum CLK pulse width 75 ns PLL lock in time 50 µs RT/CLK falling edge to PH rising edge delay 90 ns 130 ns 2.5 V PH Minimum On time Measured at 10% to 10% of VIN BOOT Boot UVLO Copyright © 2011, Texas Instruments Incorporated 5 TPS55010 SLVSAV0A – APRIL 2011 – REVISED JUNE 2011 www.ti.com ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued) TJ = –40°C TO 150°C, VIN = 2.95V TO 6V (unless otherwise noted) DESCRIPTION CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNIT Charge current V(SS) = 0.4 V 0.5 SS to VSENSE matching V(SS) = 0.4 V SS to reference Crossover 98% reference 1.1 V SS discharge current (overload) VSENSE = 0 V 325 µA SS discharge voltage VSENSE = 0V 46 mV SS discharge current (UVLO, EN, thermal fault) V(SS) = 0.5 V 1.2 mA VSENSE falling 91 % VREF VSENSE rising 108 % VREF SS Slow Start VIN UVLO to SS start time µs 100 2.2 µA 4 35 mV FAULT Pin VSENSE threshold Output high leakage VSENSE = VREF, V(FAULT) = 5.5 V Output low I(FAULT) = 3 mA Minimum VIN for valid output V(FAULT) < 0.5 V at 100 µA 2 nA 0.3 V 1.6 V Spacer TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS SPACER 90 500 VIN = 5V RT = 200kΩ Oscillator Frequency (kHz) On Resistance (mΩ) 80 70 60 50 40 30 High Side VIN = 5V Low Side VIN = 5V High Side VIN = 3.3V Low Side VIN = 3.3V 20 10 0 −50 −25 0 25 50 75 100 Junction Temperature (°C) 125 475 450 425 400 −50 150 Figure 3. HIGH SIDE AND LOW SIDE RDS(on) vs TEMPERATURE 125 150 G002 VIN = 3.3V VIN = 5V −4.2 Current Limit Threshold (A) Current Limit Threshold (A) 25 50 75 100 Junction Temperature (°C) −4.0 VIN = 5V VIN = 3.3V 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 −4.4 −4.6 −4.8 −5.0 −5.2 −5.4 −5.6 −5.8 −25 0 25 50 75 100 Junction Temperature (°C) 125 150 G003 Figure 5. HIGH SIDE CURRENT LIMIT (SOURCING) vs JUNCTION TEMPERATURE 6 0 Figure 4. FREQUENCY vs TEMPERATURE 3.5 2.5 −50 −25 G001 −6.0 −50 −25 0 25 50 75 100 Junction Temperature (°C) 125 150 G004 Figure 6. LOW SIDE CURRENT LIMIT (SINKING) vs JUNCTION TEMPERATURE Copyright © 2011, Texas Instruments Incorporated TPS55010 SLVSAV0A – APRIL 2011 – REVISED JUNE 2011 www.ti.com TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued) 1.240 300 VIN = 5V 1.235 1.230 VENA− Enable (V) Transconductance (µA) 250 200 150 100 1.225 1.220 Rising Falling 1.215 1.210 1.205 1.200 1.195 50 1.190 0 −50 −25 0 25 50 75 100 Junction Temperature (°C) 125 0 25 50 75 100 Junction Temperature (°C) 125 150 G006 Figure 8. EN PIN VOLTAGE vs TEMPERATURE −0.1 −3.24 VIN = 5V −0.2 VIN = 5V −3.26 −0.3 ENA− Enable Hyst (µA) ENA− Enable Current (µA) −25 G005 Figure 7. ERROR AMPLIFIER TRANSCONDUCTANCE vs TEMPERATURE −0.4 −0.5 −0.6 −0.7 −0.8 −3.28 −3.30 −3.32 −3.34 −3.36 −3.38 −0.9 −1.0 −50 −25 0 25 50 75 100 Junction Temperature (°C) 125 −3.40 −50 150 25 50 75 100 Junction Temperature (°C) 125 150 G008 2.76 VIN = 5V 2.74 2.72 −2.3 2.70 Input Voltage (V) −2.2 −2.4 −2.5 −2.6 −2.7 2.66 2.62 2.60 2.58 2.56 0 25 50 75 100 Junction Temperature (°C) 125 150 G009 Figure 11. SS CHARGE CURRENT vs TEMPERATURE Copyright © 2011, Texas Instruments Incorporated VIN = 5V 2.64 −2.9 −25 Rising Falling 2.68 −2.8 −3.0 −50 0 Figure 10. EN PIN HYSTERESIS CURRENT vs TEMPERATURE −2.0 −2.1 −25 G007 Figure 9. EN PIN PULLUP vs TEMPERATURE (VEN = Threshold -50 mV) SS Current (µA) VIN = 5V 1.185 −50 150 2.54 −50 −25 0 25 50 75 100 Junction Temperature (°C) 125 150 G010 Figure 12. INPUT START and STOP VOLTAGE vs TEMPERATURE 7 TPS55010 SLVSAV0A – APRIL 2011 – REVISED JUNE 2011 www.ti.com TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued) 2.5 400 EN = Open VSENSE = 0.9V 2.0 380 Supply Current (µA) Shutdown Current (µA) EN = 0V 1.5 1.0 0.5 360 340 320 VIN = 5V VIN = 3.3V 0.0 −50 −25 0 25 50 75 100 Junction Temperature (°C) 125 VIN = 5V VIN = 3.3V 300 −50 150 Figure 13. SHUTDOWN SUPPLY CURRENT vs TEMPERATURE 0.831 0.830 0.829 0.828 0.827 0.826 G012 100 VIN = 5V 95 90 85 −25 0 25 50 75 100 Junction Temperature (°C) 125 80 −50 150 VSENSE Rising VSENSE Falling −25 0 G013 25 50 75 100 Junction Temperature (°C) 125 150 G014 Figure 15. VOLTAGE REFERENCE vs TEMPERATURE Figure 16. FAULT THRESHOLD vs TEMPERATURE 160 36 VIN = 5V VIN = 5V SS to VSENSE Offset (mV) 140 On Resistance (Ω) 150 105 0.825 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 −50 −25 0 25 50 75 100 Junction Temperature (°C) 125 150 G015 Figure 17. FAULT ON-RESISTANCE vs TEMPERATURE 8 125 110 0.832 0.824 −50 25 50 75 100 Junction Temperature (°C) VIN = 5V Fault Threshold (% VREF) Voltage Reference (V) 0 Figure 14. VIN SUPPLY CURRENT vs TEMPERATURE 0.834 0.833 −25 G011 35 34 33 32 31 30 −50 −25 0 25 50 75 100 Junction Temperature (°C) 125 150 G016 Figure 18. SS to VSENSE OFFSET vs TEMPERATURE Copyright © 2011, Texas Instruments Incorporated TPS55010 SLVSAV0A – APRIL 2011 – REVISED JUNE 2011 www.ti.com Detailed Description The TPS55010 is a half bridge transformer driver designed to implement a high efficiency, low power isolated supply. The primary side feedback implemented using two resistors and a primary side capacitor provides excellent regulation over line and load compared to an open loop push pull converter. The half bridge power stage consists of two integrated n-channel MOSFETs with 45 mΩ on resistance. The drive voltage for the integrated high side MOSFET is supplied by a capacitor between the BOOT and PH pins. The switching frequency is adjusted using a resistor to ground on the RT/CLK pin. The device has an internal phase lock loop (PLL) on the RT/CLK pin that is used to synchronize the high side power switch turn on to a falling edge of an external system clock. The wide switching frequency of 100 kHz to 2000 kHz (300kHz to 2000kHz in CLK mode) allows for efficiency, size optimization or noise avoidance when selecting the switching frequency. The TPS55010 has a typical default start up voltage of 2.6 V. The EN pin has an internal pull-up current source that can be used to adjust the input voltage under voltage lockout (UVLO) with two external resistors. In addition, the pull up current provides a default condition when the EN pin is floating for the device to operate. The total operating current for the TPS55010 is typically 360 µA when not switching and under no load. When the device is disabled, the supply current is less than 5 µA. The slow start (SS) pin is used to minimize inrush currents during start up. Fixed Frequency PWM Control The TPS55010 uses an adjustable fixed frequency, peak current mode control. The primary voltage is compared through external resistors on the VSENSE pin to an internal voltage reference by an error amplifier which drives the COMP pin. An internal oscillator initiates the turn on of the high side power switch. The error amplifier output is compared to the high side power switch current. When the power switch current reaches the COMP voltage level the high side power switch is turned off and the low side power switch is turned on. The COMP pin voltage increases and decreases as the output current increases and decreases. The device implements a current limit by clamping the COMP pin voltage to a maximum level. The TPS55010 adds a compensating ramp to the switch current signal. This slope compensation prevents sub-harmonic oscillations as duty cycle increases. Half Bridge and Bootstrap Voltage The TPS55010 has an integrated boot regulator and requires a small ceramic capacitor between the BOOT and PH pin to provide the gate drive voltage for the high side MOSFET. The value of the ceramic capacitor should be 0.1 µF. A ceramic capacitor with an X7R or X5R grade dielectric and a voltage rating of 10 V or higher is recommended because of the stable characteristics over temperature and voltage. Error Amplifier The TPS55010 uses a transconductance error amplifier. The amplifier compares the VSENSE voltage to the lower of the SS pin voltage or the internal 0.829 V voltage reference. The transconductance of the error amplifier is 245 µA/V. The frequency compensation components are placed between the COMP pin and ground. Voltage Reference The voltage reference system produces a precise ±3.0% voltage reference over temperature by scaling the output of a temperature-stable band gap circuit. The band gap and scaling circuits produce 0.829 V at the non-inverting input of the error amplifier. Adjusting the Output Voltage The primary side voltage is set with a resistor divider from the primary side capacitor to the VSENSE pin. It is recommended to use 1% tolerance or better divider resistors. Start with a 10 kΩ for the RLS resistor and use Equation 1 to calculate RHS. The output voltage is a function of the primary voltage, transformer turns ratio and forward voltage of the diode. æV - 0.829V ö÷ ÷÷ RHS = RLS × ççç PRI çè 0.829V ø÷ (1) spacer Copyright © 2011, Texas Instruments Incorporated 9 TPS55010 SLVSAV0A – APRIL 2011 – REVISED JUNE 2011 www.ti.com N VOUT = VPRI × SEC - Vfd NPRI (2) spacer VIN Npri:Nsec PH VFD VO CO TPS55010 VSENSE - RHS + 0.829V VPRI RLS GND CPRI Figure 19. Setting the Output Voltage Enable and Adjusting Undervoltage Lockout The TPS55010 is disabled when the VIN pin voltage falls below 2.6 V. If an application requires a higher undervoltage lockout (UVLO), use the EN pin as shown in Figure 20 to adjust the input voltage UVLO by using two external resistors. The EN pin has an internal pull-up current source of 1.2 µA that provides the default condition of the TPS55010 operating when the EN pin floats. Once the EN pin voltage exceeds 1.25 V, an additional 3.4 µA of hysteresis is added. When the EN pin is pulled below 1.18 V, the hysteresis current is removed. TPS55010 VIN I1 Ihys RUVLO1 EN RUVLO2 VENA Figure 20. Adjustable Under Voltage Lock Out æ ö çç VENfalling ÷÷ ÷÷ - V VSTART çç STOP ÷÷ çç V è ENrising ø÷ RUVLO1 = æ V ö çç ENfalling ÷÷ I1 × ç1÷÷ + IHYS çç V ÷ ENrising ø÷ è (3) spacer 10 Copyright © 2011, Texas Instruments Incorporated TPS55010 SLVSAV0A – APRIL 2011 – REVISED JUNE 2011 www.ti.com RUVLO1 × VENfalling VSTOP - VENfalling + RUVLO1 × (I1 + IHYS ) RUVLO2 = (4) Adjusting Slow Start Time A capacitor on the SS pin to ground implements a slow start time to minimize inrush current during startup. The TPS55010 regulates to the lower of the SS pin and the internal reference voltage. The TPS55010 has an internal pull-up current source of 2.2 µA which charges the external slow start capacitor. Equation 5 calculates the required slow start capacitor value where TSS is the desired slow start time in ms, Iss is the internal slow start charging current of 2.2 µA, and VREF is the internal voltage reference of 0.829 V. If during normal operation, the VIN goes below the UVLO, EN pin pulled below 1.18 V, or a thermal shutdown event occurs, the TPS55010 stops switching. When the VIN goes above UVLO, EN is released or pulled high, or a thermal shutdown is exited, then SS is discharged to below 40 mV before reinitiating a powering up sequence. The VSENSE voltage will follow the SS pin voltage with a 35 mV offset up to 85% of the internal voltage reference. When the SS voltage is greater than 85% on the internal reference voltage the offset increases as the effective system reference transitions from the SS voltage to the internal voltage reference. If no slow start time is needed, the SS pin can be left open. The slow start capacitor should be less than 0.47 µF. CSS (nF) = TSS (ms) × ISS (uA) VREF (V) (5) Constant Switching Frequency and Timing Resistor (RT/CLK Pin) The switching frequency of the TPS55010 is adjustable over a wide range from 100 kHz to 2000 kHz by placing a maximum of 1070 kΩ and minimum of 42.2 kΩ, respectively, on the RT/CLK pin. An internal amplifier holds this pin at a fixed voltage when using an external resistor to ground to set the switching frequency. The RT/CLK is typically 0.5 V. To determine the timing resistance for a given switching frequency, use Equation 6. To reduce the solution size one would typically set the switching frequency as high as possible, but tradeoffs of the efficiency, maximum input voltage and minimum controllable on time should be considered. The minimum controllable on time is typically 130 ns. RT (kW) = 156000 fsw (kHz)1.0793 (6) How to Interface to RT/CLK Pin The RT/CLK pin can be used to synchronize the regulator to an external system clock. To implement the synchronization feature connect a square wave to the RT/CLK pin through one of the circuit networks shown in Figure 21. The square wave amplitude must transition lower than 0.4V and higher than 2.2V on the RT/CLK pin and have a high time greater than 75 ns. The synchronization frequency range is 300 kHz to 2000 kHz. The rising edge of the PH is synchronized to the falling edge of RT/CLK pin signal. The external synchronization circuit should be designed in such a way that the device has the default frequency set resistor connected from the RT/CLK pin to ground should the synchronization signal turn off. It is recommended to use a frequency set resistor connected as shown in Figure 21 through another resistor (e.g 50 Ω) to ground for clock signal that are not Hi-Z or tri-state during the off state. The RT resistor value should set the switching frequency close to the external CLK frequency. It is recommended to ac couple the synchronization signal through a 10 pF ceramic capacitor to RT/CLK pin. The first time the CLK is pulled above the CLK threshold the device switches from the RT resistor frequency to PLL mode. The internal 0.5 V voltage source is removed and the CLK pin becomes high impedance as the PLL starts to lock onto the external signal. Since there is a PLL on the regulator the switching frequency can be higher or lower than the frequency set with the external resistor. The device transitions from the resistor mode to the PLL mode and then will increase or decrease the switching frequency until the PLL locks onto the external CLK frequency within 50 microseconds. When the device transitions from the PLL to resistor mode the switching frequency will slow down from the CLK frequency to 150 kHz, then reapply the 0.5V voltage and the resistor will then set the switching frequency. Copyright © 2011, Texas Instruments Incorporated 11 TPS55010 SLVSAV0A – APRIL 2011 – REVISED JUNE 2011 www.ti.com TPS55010 TPS55010 RT/CLK RT/CLK PLL PLL Clock Source RT Hi-Z Clock Source RT Figure 21. Synchronizing to a System Clock Overcurrent Protection The TPS55010 implements a cycle by cycle current limit. During each switching cycle the high side switch current is compared to the voltage on the COMP pin. When the instantaneous switch current intersects the COMP voltage, the high side switch is turned off. During overcurrent conditions that pull the output voltage low, the error amplifier responds by driving the COMP pin high, increasing the switch current. The error amplifier output is clamped internally. This clamp functions as a switch current limit. Reverse Overcurrent Protection The TPS55010 implements low side current protection by detecting the voltage across the low side MOSFET. When the converter sinks current through its low side FET, the control circuit turns off the low side MOSFET if the reverse current is more than 4.5 A FAULT Pin The Fault pin output is an open drain MOSFET. The output is pulled low when the VSENSE voltage is below 91% or rising above 108% of the nominal internal reference voltage. It is recommended to use a pull-up resistor between the values of 1kΩ and 100kΩ to a voltage source that is 6 V or less. The Fault pin is in a valid state once the VIN input voltage is greater than 1.6 V. The FAULT pin is pulled low, if the input UVLO or thermal shutdown is asserted, or the EN pin is pulled low. Thermal Shutdown The device implements an internal thermal shutdown to protect itself if the junction temperature exceeds 171°C. The thermal shutdown forces the device to stop switching when the junction temperature exceeds the thermal trip threshold. Once the die temperature decreases below 159°C, the device reinitiates the power up sequence by discharging the SS pin to below 40 mV. The thermal shutdown hysteresis is 12°C. OPERATION OF THE Fly-Buck™ CONVERTER Figure 22 shows a simplified schematic and the two primary operational states of the Fly-Buck converter. The power supply is a variation of a Flyback converter and consists of a half bridge power stage SHS and SLS, transformer, primary side capacitor, diode and output capacitor. The output voltage is regulated indirectly by using the primary side capacitor voltage, VPRI, as feedback. The Fly-Buck is a portmanteau of flyback and buck since the transformer is connected as a flyback converter and the input to output voltage relationship is similar to a buck derived converter, assuming the converter is operating in steady state and the transformer has negligible leakage inductance. The CPRI and LPRI are charged by the input voltage source VIN during the time the high side switch SHS is on. During this time, diode D1 is reversed biased and the load current is supplied by output capacitor CO. 12 Copyright © 2011, Texas Instruments Incorporated TPS55010 SLVSAV0A – APRIL 2011 – REVISED JUNE 2011 www.ti.com During the off time of SHS, SLS conducts and the voltage on CPRI continues to increase during a portion of the SLS conduction time. The voltage increase is due to the energy transfer from LPRI to CPRI. For the remaining portion of the SLS conduction time, the CPRI voltage decreases because of current in LPRI reverses; see the ILPRI and VPRI waveforms in Figure 23. By neglecting the diode voltage drop, conduction dead time and leakage inductance, the input to output voltage conversion ratio can be derived as shown in Equation 7 from the flux balance in LPRI. It can be seen in Equation 7 that the input to output relationship is the same as a buck-derived converter with transformer isolation. The dc voltage VPRI on the primary side capacitor in Equation 8 has the same linear relationship to the input voltage as a buck converter. SHS D1 T1 D1 T1 CIN SLS NPRI NSEC CO _ + SHS VIN C IN NPRI NSEC CO + VPRI VO _ SHS + VPRI _ CPRI D x Ts _ SLS + VO D1 T1 CPRI CIN SLS NPRI NSEC _ + VO _ + VPRI CO CPRI (1 - D) x Ts Figure 22. The small signal model for the Fly-Buck is derived by changing the transformer to the inductor equivalent and reflecting the output filter to the primary side for the circuit shown in Figure 22. Assuming negligible leakage inductance and equivalent series resistance for the capacitors, the VPRI transfer function is similar to the current mode control buck power stage transfer function with the exception that the CO and load are in parallel with the CPRI only for the 1-D time. Averaging the secondary side components, an approximate transfer function is shown in Equation 9 and pole location in Equation 10. RO is the secondary side load resistance and the RLM is the dc resistance of the primary. Ri is the inverse of the Comp to PH gm. VO VIN = NSEC ×D NPRI (7) spacer VPRI =D VIN (8) Spacer Copyright © 2011, Texas Instruments Incorporated 13 TPS55010 SLVSAV0A – APRIL 2011 – REVISED JUNE 2011 www.ti.com 2 æ æN ö÷ ÷ö çç RO ç PRI ÷÷ ÷÷÷ RLM + çç × çç ççè (1- D) èç NSEC ø÷÷ ÷÷ø Vˆ PRI » æ Vˆ C s ÷÷ö Ri × ççç1 + ÷ 2 × p x fPOLE ÷÷ø èç (9) Spacer fPOLE = 1 2 2 æ æN ö ÷ö æç æN ö ÷ö ç RO ÷ ÷ ÷ ç ÷ ç SEC ç PRI ç 2 × p ×çç × çç ÷÷ ÷÷ × ç(1 - D) × CO × çç ÷÷ + CPRI ÷÷÷ çè NPRI ÷÷ø çèç(1 - D) çè NSEC ÷÷ø ÷÷ø ççè ÷ø (10) SHS SLS ILpri_pospk ILpri Im_valley ILpri_negpk Vpri ID1_pk ID1 DTs (1-D) x Ts Figure 23. Simplified Voltage and Current Waveforms 14 Copyright © 2011, Texas Instruments Incorporated TPS55010 SLVSAV0A – APRIL 2011 – REVISED JUNE 2011 www.ti.com Overview The following design example illustrates how to determine the components for a single output isolated power supply. TI offers an EVM (TPS55010EVM-009) with user guide (SLVU459) and excel calculator tool (SLVC363) to expedite the design process. The support material is available on the TPS55010 product folder at www.ti.com. INPUT VIN BOOT +5V CIN TPS55010 CBOOT T1 1:2.5 PH EN CO FAULT 5V _ VSENSE SS RT/CLK COMP CSS + RHS CPRI RLS GND CY Rt CC Figure 24. 5V to 5V ISOLATED POWER SUPPLY Schematic DESIGN GUIDE – STEP-BY-STEP DESIGN PROCEDURE Input Voltage 5V nominal (4.5V to 5.5V) Output Voltage 5V Output Voltage Ripple <0.5% Output Current 200mA Start Voltage 4.5V Stop Voltage 4V PRIMARY SIDE VOLTAGE The output voltage is a function of the primary voltage, transformer turns ratio and the diode voltage. The primary voltage is a function of the duty cycle and input voltage, and is similar to a step down (buck) regulator as shown in Equation 11. The primary side voltage must be lower than the minimum operating input voltage by 500 mV to avoid maximum duty cycle problems and allow sufficient time for energy transfer during the low side power switch on time. Typically, a primary side voltage that is 50% of the input voltage is ideal, but 20% to 80% is acceptable. Using the design constraints, the primary side voltage could be from 3.6 V to 1.1 V. A 2.2 V primary side voltage is selected, and the duty cycle is approximately 45%. D= VPRI VIN Copyright © 2011, Texas Instruments Incorporated (11) 15 TPS55010 SLVSAV0A – APRIL 2011 – REVISED JUNE 2011 www.ti.com TURNS RATIO The transformer turns ratio is calculated using the desired output voltage, diode voltage and the primary voltage. Assuming a diode voltage of 0.5 V, VOUT of 5 V, VPRI of 2.2 V yields a NPRI:NSEC turns ratio of 1:2.5. NSEC = NPRI VOUT + VFD VPRI (12) VOLTAGE FEEDBACK Selecting 61.9 kΩ for the RLS, RHS is calculated to be 102.4 kΩ using Equation 13. Choose 100 kΩ as the nearest standard value. It may be necessary to adjust the feedback resistors to optimize the output voltage over the full load range. Usually checking and setting the output voltage to the nominal voltage at 50% load, yields the best results. æV - 0.829V ö÷ ÷÷ RHS = RLS × ççç PRI çè 0.829V ø÷ (13) SELECTING THE SWITCHING FREQUENCY and PRIMARY INDUCTANCE The selection of switching frequency is usually a trade-off between efficiency and component size. However, when isolation is a requirement, switching frequency is not the key variable in determining solution size. Low switching frequency operation improves efficiency by reducing gate drive losses and MOSFET and diode switching losses. However, a lower switching frequency operation requires a larger primary inductance which will have more windings and higher dc resistance. The optimal primary inductance should be selected between two inductance values, LOMAX and LOMIN. The primary inductance should be less than LOMAX to maintain good efficiency and greater than Lomin to avoid the peak switch current from exceeding the high side power switch current limit. Once the primary inductance is selected, check against the low side current limit using the Equation 17 and the high side current limit. For this design example, the switching frequency is selected to be 350 kHz. Using Equation 6, the resistor value is 280 kΩ. LOMAX and Lomin are calculated to be 3.52 µH and 1.17 µH respectively assuming a current limit of 2 A. Selecting a primary inductance of the 2.5 µH, the positive and negative peak current are calculated as 1.204 A and -1.99 A in the primary which do not exceed the current limits of the power switch. The rms currents can be calculated and used to determine the power dissipation in the device. The magnetizing ripple current is caculated as 1.41 A using Equation 18. The highside FET and lowside FET rms currents are calculated as 0.43 A and 0.61 A, respectively using Equation 19 and Equation 20. The sum of these currents, i.e. 1.04 A is the primary side rms current for the magnetics. LOMAX = VIN × D × (1 - D) N 2 × SEC × IOUT × fsw NPRI (14) Spacer LOMIN = VIN × D × (1 - D) æ ö÷ N 2 × fsw × çççIHSCL - IOUT × SEC ÷÷ NPRI ø÷÷ çè (15) Spacer N V × D × (1 - D) ILpri_pospk » IOUT SEC + IN N 2 × fsw × LOPRI PRI (16) Spacer 16 Copyright © 2011, Texas Instruments Incorporated TPS55010 SLVSAV0A – APRIL 2011 – REVISED JUNE 2011 www.ti.com N æ1 + D ö÷ VIN × D × (1-D) ILpri _ negpk » - IOUT SEC × çç çè 1 - D ø÷÷ 2 × f NPRI × LOPRI sw (17) Spacer Im_ ripple = VIN × D × (1 - D) f sw × LOPRI (18) Spacer æ ç ç Ihs _ rms » ççD × ççè 1 2 ö÷2 æ NSEC ö÷ D ÷ ççI 2 ÷ + × Im_ ripple ÷÷ ç OUT N ÷÷ ÷÷ 12 ÷ èç ø PRI ø (19) Spacer 1 2 æ ö2 æ Im_ripple x IOUT x NSEC NSEC ö÷ 1-D çç 3 × D-1 2÷ ç ÷÷ + Ils _ rms » ç × çI x + × Im_ripple ÷÷÷ çç 3 × (1-D) çè OUT ÷ ÷ø N 3 x N 12 PRI ø PRI è (20) Spacer ILrms » IHS _ rms+ ILS _ rms (21) PRIMARY SIDE CAPACITOR The ΔVPRI voltage should be less than 10% of VPRI. The rated RMS current of CPRI should be greater than Equation 22. It is desirable to have a larger primary capacitance to minimize ripple but this will slow the transient response. For this design example, assuming the ΔVPRI is 0.22 V, the primary side capacitance is 4.74 µF and the rms current is 1.04 A. A 4.7 µF/10V X5R ceramic capacitor is used. Spacer ICPRI_rms = ILrms (22) Spacer D + (1 - D) x ICPRI_ch » ILCPRI _pospk x ILPRI _pospk ILPRI _pospk - ILPRI _negpk 3 (23) Spacer tCPRI » D fSW + ILPRI _pospk (1 - D) x fSW ILPRI _pospk - ILPRI _negpk (24) Spacer CPRI = ICPRI_ch × tCPRI DVPRI Copyright © 2011, Texas Instruments Incorporated (25) 17 TPS55010 SLVSAV0A – APRIL 2011 – REVISED JUNE 2011 www.ti.com SECONDARY SIDE DIODE The diode should be selected to handle the voltage stress and rms current calculated in Equation 26 and Equation 27. Typically, a low duty cycle or high turns ratio design will have a larger voltage stress on the diode. At the maximum input voltage of 5.5V, the Vdiode_max voltage is calculated at 13.3 V. The rms current is calculated as 0.31 A. The diode peak current is 0.71 A using Equation 28 and the power dissipated in the diode is 0.1 W. The B120 diode is used which is rated for 20 V and 1 A. N Vdiode _ max = (VIN - VPRI ) × SEC + VOUT NPRI (26) Spacer 1 æ ö÷2 1 ÷÷ Idiode _ rms = 2 × IOUT × ççç çè 3 × (1 - D)ø÷ (27) Spacer I Idiode _ peak = 2 × OUT 1-D (28) Spacer Pdiode = Vfd × IOUT (29) SECONDARY SIDE CAPACITOR The ΔVCO voltage should be 0.25% to 1% of VCO voltage. The converter transfers energy each switching period to the secondary, since the converter has primary side feedback, at light or no load conditions the output voltage may rise above the desired output. If the application will experience a no load condition, attention to the capacitor voltage ratings should be considered. Adding a ballast load, zener diode or linear regulator can help prevent the overvoltage at light or no load. The output capacitance is calculated to be 10.1 µF using Equation 30 and the rms current is 0.24 A. Two 10 µF/10V X5R ceramic capactors are used. The effective capacitance is lower than the 20 µF, because of dc voltage bias. CO = IOUT × D fSW × D VCO (30) Spacer ICO _ rms = Idiode _ rms2 - IOUT 2 (31) INPUT CAPACITOR The ΔVCIN voltage should be 0.25% to 1% of VIN. The TPS55010 requires a high quality ceramic, type X5R or X7R, input decoupling capacitor of at least 2.2 µF of effective capacitance or larger coupled to VIN and GND pins and in some applications additional bulk capacitance. The effective capacitance includes any DC bias effects. The voltage rating of the input capacitor must be greater than the maximum input voltage. The capacitor must also have a ripple current rating greater than the maximum input current ripple of the TPS55010. The input ripple current can be calculated using Equation 33. The value of a ceramic capacitor varies significantly overtemperature and the amount of DC bias applied to the capacitor. The capacitance variations due to temperature can be minimized by selecting a dielectric material that is stable over temperature. X5R and X7R ceramic dielectrics are usually selected for power regulator capacitors because they have a high capacitance to volume ratio and are fairly stable overtemperature. The output capacitor must also be selected with the DC bias taken into account. The capacitance value of a capacitor decreases as the DC bias across a capacitor increases. In applications with significant unload transients, the bulk input capacitance must be sized to include energy transfer from the primary side capacitor to the input capacitor. 18 Copyright © 2011, Texas Instruments Incorporated TPS55010 SLVSAV0A – APRIL 2011 – REVISED JUNE 2011 www.ti.com The input capacitance is calculated 12.6 µF using Equation 32 and the rms current is 0.46 A. A 47 µF/10V X5R ceramic capacitor is used on the input. A 0.1 µF ceramic capacitor is placed as close to the VIN and GND pins as possible for a good bias supply. CIN = N IOUT SEC × D NPRI fSW × DVCIN (32) Spacer ICin _ rms = ILpri _ pospk × D 3 (33) Y – Capacitor The Y-capacitor should be used between the primary and secondary to attenuate common mode (CM) noise in noise sensitive applications. When connecting the primary and secondary grounds with a large loop area, the primary side switching noise can be injected via the interwinding capacitance of the isolation transformer, creating common mode noise in the secondary. A Y-capacitor can be used to provide a local return path for these currents with a small capacitor connected between the secondary ground and the primary ground. The voltage rating of the Y-capacitor should be equivalent to the transformer insulation voltage. If the converter is used for safety isolation there is an upper limit on the amount of capacitance. The inter-winding capacitances of the transformer and maximum leakage current (e.g. UL60950 Class I equipment leakage current <3.5 mA) allowed by the safety standard will set the maximum value. It is not recommended to use the Y-capacitor in applications which experience large voltage transients such as a floating gate drive supply in a power inverter. SLOW START CAPACITOR To minimize overshoot during power up or recovery from an overload condition a slow start capacitor is used. A 35-ms slow start is desired and using Equation 5 a 0.1 µF capacitor is calculated. BOOTSTRAP CAPACITOR SELECTION A 0.1 µF ceramic capacitor must be connected between the BOOT to PH pin for proper operation. It is recommended to use a ceramic capacitor with X5R or better grade dielectric. The capacitor should have 10 V or higher voltage rating. UVLO Resistors Using the start and stop voltages of 4.5 V and 4 V, respectively, the uvlo resistors 71.5 kΩ and 26.7 kΩ are calculated using Equation 3 and Equation 4. COMPENSATION There are several methods used to compensate DC/DC regulators. The method presented here ignores the effects of the slope compensation that is internal to the device. Since the slope compensation is ignored, the actual cross over frequency should be lower than the cross over frequency used in the calculations. This method assumes the cross over frequency is between the modulator pole and 20 times greater the modulator pole. When choosing a crossover frequency with the single compensation capacitor method (i.e. type 1), use the lower end of the recommended range when developing a supply if the primary capacitor ripple voltage is <1%. Type 2 or 3 compensation should be considered if a low primary ripple design is preferred. To get started, the modulator pole frequency, fPOLE, determined from Equation 10 should be used to select the crossover frequency, fCO. In this example, 5 kHz is selected as the crossover frequency. The next step is to determine the compensation gain, ACOMP, at the crossover frequency to compensate the loop. Equation 35 uses the dc gain of the power stage, modulator pole, and crossover frequency to estimate the gain. Ri is the current sense gain which is the inverse of the Comp to IPH transconductance, which is 7.5 A/V. 10.1 dB is calculated for ACOMP. The compensation pole frequency fCOMP_POLE can be calculated using Equation 36. AOL in Equation 36 is the open loop gain of the error amplifier and is 500 V/V. fCOMP_POLE is calculated as 8.27 Hz. Using Equation 37, CCOMP is calculated to be 0.01 μF. Copyright © 2011, Texas Instruments Incorporated 19 TPS55010 SLVSAV0A – APRIL 2011 – REVISED JUNE 2011 wPOLE 2×p < fCO < 20 × www.ti.com wPOLE 2×p (34) Spacer æ RO ÷ö çç R ÷÷ + æ 2×p×f ö ççç LM (1 - D)÷÷ CO ÷÷ ÷÷ - 20 × logççç A COMP = 20 × logç ÷÷ ç ÷ Ri èç 2 × p × fPOLE ÷ø ÷÷÷ ççç ÷ø çè (35) Spacer VPRI fCOMP_POLE = 10 Acomp 20 × fCO × A OL × VREF (36) Spacer 1 CCOMP = 2×p× A OL gmea - × fCOMP_POLE gmea 2 × p × BW (37) VENDORS At the time of the product release, there are two catalog transformers available for the TPS55010. The transformers are available at Digikey or directly through Wurth Elektronics Midcom. Table 2. 20 Part Number Specifications Vendor 750311880 2.5 µH, 1:2.5 Turns Ratio, Basic Insulation, 2500 Vrms 750311780 2.0 µH, 1:8:8 Turns Ratio, Basic Insulation, 2000 Vrms Wurth Elektronics Midcom www.we-online.com/midcom Copyright © 2011, Texas Instruments Incorporated TPS55010 SLVSAV0A – APRIL 2011 – REVISED JUNE 2011 www.ti.com HOW TO SPECIFY A Fly-Buck TRANSFORMER If a catalog or standard off the shelf transformer is not available, use this section to determine the transformer specifications to supply a vendor. Selecting the magnetizing inductance is similar to the conventional flyback converter operating in continuous conduction mode. One distinction is the voltage across the transformer during the on time is different. The voltage is the difference in the input voltage and voltage across the primary capacitor. For a conventional flyback, only the input voltage is across the primary. Another distinction is the peak current in the primary is the negative current peak. Table 3. Transformer Design Form Input Voltage Range (V) Output Voltage (V) Output Current (A) Operating Mode Continuous Conduction Mode Primary Voltage (V) Use Equation 11 and Equation 12 Duty Cycle Range (%) Use Equation 11 Turns Ratio (NPRI:NSEC) Use Equation 12 Switching Frequency (Hz) Use Equation 14 to Equation 17 Primary Inductance (H) Use Equation 14 to Equation 17 Peak Current Positive (A) Use Equation 14 to Equation 17 Peak Current Negative (A) Use Equation 14 to Equation 17 Insulation Requirements Functional, Basic, Reinforced Regulatory Agencies/Specification UL, IEC Dielectric Withstand Voltage AC DC Working Voltage AC DC D1 T1 SHS VIN C IN NPRI NSEC CO + VO _ SLS + VPRI _ CPRI Figure 25. Topology Copyright © 2011, Texas Instruments Incorporated 21 TPS55010 SLVSAV0A – APRIL 2011 – REVISED JUNE 2011 www.ti.com CHARACTERISTICS 6 100 90 5.75 80 5.5 Output Voltage (V) Efficiency (%) 70 60 50 40 VOUT = 5V FSW = 350kHz 30 10 0 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 Output Current (A) 0.25 5 4.75 4.5 VIN = 4.5V VIN = 4.75V VIN = 5V VIN = 5.25V VIN = 5.5V 20 5.25 VIN = 4.5V VIN = 4.75V VIN = 5V VIN = 5.25V VIN = 5.5V 4.25 0.30 4 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 Output Current (A) 0.25 0.3 G040 Figure 26. Efficiency vs Output Current G025 Figure 27. Output Voltage vs Output Current 5.250 IOUT =100 mA VIN = 5 V / div Output Voltage (V) 5.125 VOUT = 2 V / div 5.000 VPRI = 2 V / div 4.875 ILOAD = 200 mA / div 4.750 4.50 Time = 10 msec / div 4.75 5.00 Input Voltage (V) 5.25 5.50 G026 Figure 28. Output Voltage vs Input Voltage 22 Figure 29. Power Up with Input Voltage Copyright © 2011, Texas Instruments Incorporated TPS55010 SLVSAV0A – APRIL 2011 – REVISED JUNE 2011 www.ti.com VIN = 5 V / div EN = 5 V / div VOUT = 2 V / div VOUT = 2 V / div VPRI = 2 V / div VPRI = 2 V / div ILOAD = 200 mA / div ILOAD = 200 mA / div Time = 20 msec / div Time = 10 msec / div Figure 30. Power Up with Enable Pin Figure 31. Power Down with Input Voltage VIN = 5 V / div EN = 5 V / div ENA = 2 V / div VOUT = 2 V / div VOUT = 2 V / div VPRI = 2 V / div IIN = 200 mA / div ILOAD = 200 mA / div Time = 2 msec / div Time = 20 ms / div Figure 32. Power Down with Enable Pin Figure 33. Inrush Current During Power Up VPRI = 500 mV / div (ac coupled) VIN = 50 mV / div (ac coupled) VIN = 5 V VIN = 5 V IOUT = 200 mA RT/CLK = 5 V / div PH = 5 V / div IOUT = 200 mA RT/CLK = 5 V / div PH = 5 V / div VOUT = 50 mV / div (ac coupled) VOUT = 50 mV / div (ac coupled) Time = 1 ms / div Figure 34. Output Ripple Voltage Copyright © 2011, Texas Instruments Incorporated Time = 1 ms / div Figure 35. Synchronize to External Clock 23 TPS55010 SLVSAV0A – APRIL 2011 – REVISED JUNE 2011 www.ti.com VOUT = 200 mV / div (ac coupled) VOUT = 200 mV / div (ac coupled) ILOAD = 100 mA / div ILOAD = 100 mA / div VIN = 5 V VIN = 5 V Time = 100 ms / div Time = 100 ms / div Figure 36. Load Step Response Figure 37. Load Step Response VIN = 2 V / div VIN = 2 V / div VOUT = 50 mV / div (ac coupled) VOUT = 50 mV / div (ac coupled) ILOAD = 100 mA / div ILOAD = 100 mA / div IOUT = 200 mA IOUT = 200 mA Time = 40 ms / div Time = 40 ms / div Figure 38. Line Step Response Figure 39. Line Step Response 180 60 VIN = 5 V IOUT = 200 mA VIN = 5 V IOUT = 200 mA PH = 5 V / div 50 135 40 90 30 45 20 0 10 −45 0 −90 Phase (°) Gain (dB) VOUT = 50 mV / div (ac coupled) ILSEC = 500 mA / div ILPRI = 1 A / div −135 −10 Gain Phase −20 Time = 1 ms / div 1 10 100 1k 10k Frequency (Hz) 100k −180 1M G045 Figure 40. Steady State Waveforms 24 Figure 41. Frequency Response Copyright © 2011, Texas Instruments Incorporated TPS55010 SLVSAV0A – APRIL 2011 – REVISED JUNE 2011 www.ti.com Table 4. Reference Design for Common Applications 5V to 5V/0.2A 3.3V to 5V/0.2A 5V to 3.3V/0.3A 3.3V to 3.3V/0.3A CIN 47 µF X5R 6.3V 100 µF X5R 6.3V 47 µF X5R 6.3V 100 µF X5R 6.3V COUT 2 x 10 µF X5R 10V 47 µF X5R 6.3V 22 µF X5R 6.3V 47 µF X5R 6.3V CPRI 4.7 µF X5R 10V 22 µF X5R 6.3V 10 µF X5R 6.3V 10 µF X5R 6.3V CBOOT 0.1 µF X5R 10V 0.1 µF X5R 10V 0.1 µF X5R 10V 0.1 µF X5R 10V CSS 0.1 µF X5R 10V 0.1 µF X5R 10V 0.1 µF X5R 10V 0.1 µF X5R 10V CC 0.01 µF X5R 10V 0.022 µF X5R 10V 0.01 µF X5R 10V 0.01 µF X5R 10V RHS 16.5k 16.5k 8.25k 8.25k RLS 10k 10k 10k 10k RT 280k 511k 332k 511k T1 750311880 750311880 750311880 750311880 Wurth Electronics Midcom Wurth Electronics Midcom Wurth Electronics Midcom Wurth Electronics Midcom D1 B120 Copyright © 2011, Texas Instruments Incorporated B120 B120 B120 25 TPS55010 SLVSAV0A – APRIL 2011 – REVISED JUNE 2011 www.ti.com POWER DISSIPATION BOOT INPUT VIN +5V CBOOT PH TPS55010 CIN EN NPRI FAULT Rt + COpos Nsec1 VOpos COneg Nsec2 + _ VOneg _ VSENSE SS RT/CLK GND COMP CSS T1 Dpos 1:8:8 RHS Dneg CPRI RLS CY CC Figure 42. 5V to 15V/-15V Isolated Power Supply DESIGN GUIDE – STEP-BY-STEP DESIGN PROCEDURE Table 5. Input Voltage 5V nominal (4.5V to 5.5V) Positive Output Voltage, Vopos +15V Negative Output Voltage, Voneg -15V Output Voltage Ripple <0.5% Output Current Iopos, Ioneg 40mA Start Voltage 4.5V Stop Voltage 4V PRIMARY SIDE VOLTAGE FOR DUAL OUTPUT Similar to the single output design, the dual output voltages are a function of the primary voltage, transformer turns ratio and the diode voltages. Using the same design constraints as the single, the primary side voltage could be from 3.6 V to 1.1 V. A 1.93 V primary side voltage is selected, and the duty cycle is approximately 38.5%. D= VPRI VIN 26 (38) Copyright © 2011, Texas Instruments Incorporated TPS55010 SLVSAV0A – APRIL 2011 – REVISED JUNE 2011 www.ti.com Turns Ratio The transformer turns ratio is calculated using the desired output voltages, diode voltages and the primary voltage. Assuming diode voltages of 0.5 V, VOpos of 15 V, VOneg of -15V and a VPRI of 1.93 V yields a NPRI x NSEC1 x NSEC2 turns ratio of 1:8:8. Since the TPS55010 is flexible on the adjusting the primary side, a couple iterations of selecting turns ratio may help find a solution that is good for multiple applications with the same transformer. NSEC1 + NSEC2 V - VONEG = OPOS NPRI VPRI + 2 x VFD (39) VOLTAGE FEEDBACK Selecting 10 kΩ for the RLS , RHS is calculated to be 13.28 kΩ using Equation 40. Choose 13.7 kΩ as the nearest standard value. æV - 0.829V ö÷ ÷÷ RHS = RLS × ççç PRI çè 0.829V ø÷ (40) SELECTING THE SWITCHING FREQUENCY and PRIMARY INDUCTANCE For this design example, the switching frequency is selected to be 400 kHz. Using Equation 6, the timing resistor value is 243 kΩ. LOmax and LOmin are calculated to be 2.31 µH and 1.09 µH respectively assuming a current limit of 2 A. Selecting a primary inductance of the 2 µH, the positive and negative peak current are calculated as 1.38 A and -2.19 A in the primary which do not exceed the current limits of the power switch. The rms currents can be calculated and used to determine the power dissipation in the device. The magnetizing ripple current is calculated as 1.48 A using Equation 46. The highside FET and lowside FET rms currents are calculated as 0.478 A and 0.681 A, respectively using Equation 47 and Equation 48. The sum of these currents, i.e. 1.16 A is the primary side rms current for the magnetics. æ N N IOPN = ççIOPOS SEC1 + IONEG SEC2 çè NPRI NPRI ÷÷ö ÷÷ ø (41) Spacer LOMAX = VIN × D × (1 - D) 2 × IOPN× fSW (42) Spacer LOMIN = VIN × D × (1 - D) 2 × fSW × (IHSCL - IOPN ) (43) Spacer V × D × (1 - D) ILpri_pospk » IOPN + IN 2 × fSW × LOPRI (44) Spacer æ1 + D ö÷ VIN × D × (1 - D) ILpri_negpk » -IOPN x çç çè 1 - D ø÷÷ 2 × f × LOPRI SW (45) Spacer Copyright © 2011, Texas Instruments Incorporated 27 TPS55010 SLVSAV0A – APRIL 2011 – REVISED JUNE 2011 Im_ ripple = www.ti.com VIN × D × (1 - D) f sw × LOPRI (46) Spacer 1 æ ö2 D IHS _ rms » ççD × IOPN2 + × Im_ripple2 ÷÷÷ çè ø 12 (47) Spacer 1 æ 3×D-1 ö÷2 Im_ripple 1-D ILS _ rms » ççç × IOPN2 + × IOPN + × Im_ripple2 ÷÷ ÷ø çè 3 × (1 - D) 3 12 (48) PRIMARY SIDE CAPACITOR The ΔVPRI voltage should be less than 10% of VPRI. The rated RMS current of CPRI should be greater than Equation 49. It is desirable to have a larger primary capacitance to minimize ripple but this will slow the transient response. For this design example, the charging current and time need to be calculated using Equation 50 and Equation 51. The ICPRI_ch is 0.63 A and the tCPRI is 1.56 µs. Assuming the ΔVPRI is 0.193 V, the primary side capacitance is 5.09 µF using Equation 49. The rms current is 1.16 A from Equation 49. A 10 µF/25 V X5R ceramic capacitor is used. Spacer ICPRI_rms » ILS_rms + IHS_rms (49) Spacer D + (1 - D) x ICPRI_ ch » ILpri_pospk x ILpri_pospk ILpri_pospk - ILpri_negpk 3 (50) Spacer tCPRI » D fSW + (1 - D) ILpri_pospk x fSW ILpri_pospk - ILpri_negpk (51) Spacer CPRI ICPRI_ch × tCPRI ) ( = DVPRI (52) SECONDARY SIDE DIODE The diodes should be selected to handle the voltage stresses and rms currents calculated in Equation 53 and Equation 55. Typically, a low duty cycle or high turns ratio design will have a larger voltage stress on the diode At the maximum input voltage of 5.5 V, the Vdiode_max voltage is calculated at 43.56 V. The rms current is calculated as 0.059 A. The diode peak current is 0.130 A using Equation 54 and the power dissipated in the diode is 0.02 W. The B1100 diode will be used which is rated for 100 V and 1 A. Spacer Vdiode_max = (VIN_max - VPRI ) x 28 NSEC1 NPRI + VOPOS = (VIN_max - VPRI ) x NSEC2 NPRI + VONEG (53) Copyright © 2011, Texas Instruments Incorporated TPS55010 SLVSAV0A – APRIL 2011 – REVISED JUNE 2011 www.ti.com I I Idiode_peak = 2 × OPOS = 2 × ONEG 1-D 1-D (54) Spacer 1 2 æ 1 ÷÷ö = 2 x I Idiode _ rms = 2 x IOPOS x çç ONEG çè 3 x (1 - D) ÷ø 1 æ ö÷2 1 xç ÷ çç è 3 x (1 - D) ø÷ (55) Spacer Pdiode = VFD × IOPOS = VFD × IONEG (56) SECONDARY SIDE CAPACITOR The ΔVCOPOS and ΔVCONEG voltage should be 0.25% to 1% of the respective nominal voltage. The converter transfers energy each switching period to the secondary, since the converter has primary side feedback, at light or no load conditions the output voltage may rise above the desired output. If the application will experience a no load condition, attention to the capacitor voltage ratings should be considered. Adding a ballast load, zener diode or linear regulator can help prevent the overvoltage at light or no load. The output capacitance is calculated to be 0.51 µF assuming a ΔVCOPOS of 75 mV using Equation 57 and the rms current is 0.043 A from Equation 58. 10 µF/25 V capacitors are used for VOPOS and VONEG output. CO = IOPOS × D IONEG × D = fSW × ΔVCOPOS fSW × ΔVCONEG (57) Spacer ICO_rms = Idiode_rms2 - IOPOS2 (58) INPUT CAPACITOR The ΔVCIN voltage should be 0.25% to 1% of VIN. The TPS55010 requires a high quality ceramic, type X5R or X7R, input decoupling capacitor of at least 2.2 µF of effective capacitance or larger coupled to VIN and GND pins and in some applications additional bulk capacitance. The effective capacitance includes any DC bias effects. The voltage rating of the input capacitor must be greater than the maximum input voltage. The input ripple current can be calculated using Equation 60, select a capacitor with a larger ripple current rating. In applications with significant unload transients, the bulk input capacitance must be sized to include energy transfer from the primary side capacitor to the input capacitor. The input capacitance is calculated 12.4 µF using Equation 59 and the rms current is 0.495 A. A 47 µF/10 V X5R ceramic capacitor is used on the input. A 0.1 µF ceramic capacitor is placed as close to the VIN and GND pins as possible for a good bias supply. Spacer CIN = IOPN × D fSW × DVCIN (59) Spacer ICIN_rms = ILpri_pospk x D 3 (60) COMPENSATION Similar to the single output design, there are several methods used to compensate DC/DC regulators. Since the slope compensation is ignored, the actual cross over frequency could be lower than the cross over frequency used in the calculations. This method assumes the cross over frequency is between the modulator pole and 20 times greater the modulator pole. When choosing a crossover frequency with the single capacitor compensation method (i.e. type 1), use the lower end of the recommended range when developing a supply if the primary Copyright © 2011, Texas Instruments Incorporated 29 TPS55010 SLVSAV0A – APRIL 2011 – REVISED JUNE 2011 www.ti.com capacitor ripple voltage is <1%. Type 2 or 3 compensation should be considered if a low primary ripple design is preferred. To get started, the modulator pole frequency, fPOLE, determined from Equation 61 should be used to select the crossover frequency, fCO. In this example, 0.4 kHz is selected as the crossover frequency. The next step is to determine the compensation gain, ACOMP , at the crossover frequency to compensate the loop. Equation 64 uses the dc gain of the power stage, modulator pole, and crossover frequency to estimate the gain. Ri is the current sense gain which is the inverse of the CCOMP to IPH transconductance, which is 7.5 A/V. 11.58 dB is calculated for ACOMP. The compensation pole frequency fCOMP_POLE can be calculated using Equation 65. AOL in Equation 65 is the open loop gain of the error amplifier and is 500 V/V. fCOMP_POLE is calculated as 0.49 Hz. Using Equation 66, CCOMP is calculated to be 0.159 µF. A 0.1 µF capacitor will be used for CCOMP. 2 æ æN ö ö÷ çç VPRI ÷ RLM + çç × ççç PRI ÷÷ ÷÷÷ ÷ x I (1 D) ççè OPN èç NSEC ÷ø ø÷÷ Vˆ PRI » æ Vˆ C s ÷÷ö Ri × ççç1 + ÷ 2 × p x fPOLE ÷÷ø èç (61) Spacer fPOLE = 1 æ æV 1 ö÷÷ çç ç PRI 2 × p ×çç × ÷ × ç(1 - D) × çèIOPN (1- D) ÷ø÷ ççç è 2 ö÷ æC æ öö ççç OPOS x CONEG × çç NSEC1 + NSEC2 ÷÷ ÷÷÷ + C ÷÷ ÷÷ ÷÷ çç PRI ÷÷ çC NPRI ÷ø ÷ è çè OPOS + CONEG ø ø÷÷ (62) Spacer wPOLE 2×p < fCO < 20 × wPOLE 2×p (63) Spacer æ ö÷ VPRI çç R ÷÷ + æ 2×p×f ö ççç LM IOPN x (1 - D)÷÷ CO ÷÷ ÷÷ - 20 × logççç A COMP = 20 × logç ÷÷ ç ÷ Ri èç 2 × p × fPOLE ø÷ ÷÷÷ ççç èç ø÷÷ (64) Spacer VPRI fCOMP_POLE = 10 Acomp 20 × fCO × A OL × VREF (65) Spacer 1 CCOMP = 2×p× 30 A OL gmea × fCOMP_POLE - gmea 2 × p × BW (66) Copyright © 2011, Texas Instruments Incorporated TPS55010 SLVSAV0A – APRIL 2011 – REVISED JUNE 2011 www.ti.com CHARACTERISTICS 18 100 −12 VIN = 5 V IOPOS = IONEG IOPOS = IONEG 95 17 −13 16 −14 15 −15 14 −16 90 Positive Voltage (V) 85 Efficiency (%) 80 75 70 65 60 13 VIN = 4.5V VIN = 4.75V VIN = 5V 55 50 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 Output Current (A) 0.04 −17 VOPOS VONEG 12 0 0.01 0.05 0.02 0.03 Output Current (A) 0.04 −18 0.05 G051 G050 Figure 43. Efficiency vs Output Current Figure 44. Output Voltage vs Output Current −13 16 IOPOS = IONEG = 20 mA 15.5 −13.5 Positive Voltage (V) VIN = 2 V / div 15 −14 14.5 VOPOS = 10 V / div −14.5 VOPOS VONEG VONEG = 10 V / div 14 −15 VPRI = 2 V / div 13.5 13 VIN = 5 V IOPOS = IONEG = 40 mA −15.5 4 4.5 5 Output Current (A) 5.5 6 Figure 45. Output Voltage vs Input Voltage Copyright © 2011, Texas Instruments Incorporated Time = 20 ms / div −16 G051 Figure 46. Power Up with Input Voltage 31 TPS55010 SLVSAV0A – APRIL 2011 – REVISED JUNE 2011 www.ti.com VIN = 5 V IOPOS = IONEG = 40 mA EN = 5 V / div VIN = 2 V / div VOPOS = 10 V / div VOPOS = 10 V / div VONEG = 10 V / div VONEG = 10 V / div VPRI = 2 V / div VPRI = 2 V / div VIN = 5 V IOPOS = IONEG = 40 mA Time = 20 ms / div Time = 20 ms / div Figure 47. Power Up with Enable Pin Figure 48. Power Down with Input Voltage EN = 5 V / div VONEG = 500 mV / div (ac coupled) VOPOS = 500 mV / div (ac coupled) VOPOS = 10 V / div VONEG = 10 V / div VIN = 5 V / div VPRI = 2 V / div VIN = 5 V IOPOS = IONEG = 40 mA Time = 20 ms / div Time = 40 ms / div Figure 49. Power Down with Enable Pin Figure 50. Load Step Response VOPOS = 500 mV / div VOPOS = 500 mV / div (ac coupled) VONEG = 500 mV / div (ac coupled) VONEG = 500 mV / div (ac coupled) VIN = 2 V / div VIN = 5 V / div IPOS = 50 mA / div 32 VIN = 5 V IOPOS = IONEG = 20 mA to 40 mA IPOS = 50 mA / div VIN = 5 V IOPOS = IONEG = 40 mA to 20 mA VIN = 4.5 V to 5.5 V IOPOS = IONEG = 40 mA IPOS = 50 mA / div Time = 40 ms / div Time = 40 ms / div Figure 51. Load Step Response Figure 52. Line Step Response Copyright © 2011, Texas Instruments Incorporated TPS55010 SLVSAV0A – APRIL 2011 – REVISED JUNE 2011 www.ti.com VIN = 5 V IOPOS = IONEG = 40 mA VPRI = 50 mV / div (ac coupled) VOPOS = 500 mV / div (ac coupled) VONEG = 500 mV / div (ac coupled) VONEG = 50 mV / div IDPOS = 100 mA / div VIN = 2 V / div VIN = 5.5 V to 4.5 V IOPOS = IONEG = 40 mA ILPRI = 2 A / div IPOS = 50 mA / div Time = 40 ms / div Time = 400 ns / div Figure 53. Line Step Response Figure 54. Steady State Waveforms VIN = 5 V IOPOS = IONEG = 40 mA VIN = 50 mV / div (ac coupled) Gain (dB) VONEG = 50 mV / div (ac coupled) 50 180 40 135 30 90 20 45 10 0 IDPOS = 100 mA / div 0 −45 −10 −90 VIN = 5 V IOPOS = IONEG = 40 mA ILPRI = 2 A / div −20 −135 Gain Phase Time = 400 ns / div −30 1 10 100 1k 10k Frequency (Hz) 100k −180 1M G055 Figure 55. Steady State Waveforms Figure 56. Frequency Response Table 6. Reference Design BOM for Dual Output Application 5V to +15V/-15V/0.04A CIN 47uF X5R 6.3V COPOS,CONEG 10uF X5R 25V CPRI 10uF X5R 10V Cboot 0.1uF X5R 10V CSS 0.1uF X5R 10V Cc 0.1uF X5R 10V RHS 13.7k RLS 10k Rt 243k T1 750311780 Wurth Electronics Midcom DPOS, DNEG B1100 Copyright © 2011, Texas Instruments Incorporated 33 TPS55010 SLVSAV0A – APRIL 2011 – REVISED JUNE 2011 www.ti.com PCB LAYOUT Layout is a critical portion of good power supply design. There are several signal paths that conduct fast changing currents or voltages that can interact with stray inductance or parasitic capacitance to generate noise or degrade the power supplies performance. Care should be taken to minimize the loop area formed by the bypass capacitor connections and the VIN pins. See Figure 57 for a PCB layout example. The GND pins should be tied directly to the thermal pad under the IC. The power pad should be connected to any internal PCB ground planes using multiple vias directly under the IC. Additional vias can be used to connect the top side ground area to the internal planes near the input and output capacitors. Locate the input bypass capacitor as close to the IC as possible. The PH pin should be routed to the primary side of the transformer. Since the PH connection is the switching node, the transformer should be located close to the PH pins, and the area of the PCB conductor minimized to prevent excessive capacitive coupling. The boot capacitor must also be located close to the device. The sensitive analog ground connections for the feedback voltage divider, compensation component, slow start capacitor and frequency set resistor should be connected to a separate analog ground trace as shown. The RT/CLK pin is particularly sensitive to noise so the RT resistor should be located as close as possible to the IC and routed with minimal lengths of trace. Avoid connecting y capacitor on nodes which experience high dv/dt. UVLO Adjust Resistors BOOT FAULT PH Thermal Pad GND PH GND SS Secondary Side Diode PH COMP Network Output Capacitor GND Slow Start Capacitor Resistor Divider VOUT RT/CLK PH COMP VIN GND Topside Ground Area VIN VSENSE VIN Input Bypass Capacitor EN VIN Via to Ground Plane Isolation Transformer VPRI Frequency Set Resistor Primary Capacitor Y Capacitor Figure 57. PCB Layout REVISION HISTORY Changes from Original (April 2010) to Revision A • 34 Page Added production data .......................................................................................................................................................... 1 Copyright © 2011, Texas Instruments Incorporated PACKAGE OPTION ADDENDUM www.ti.com 25-Jun-2011 PACKAGING INFORMATION Orderable Device Status (1) Package Type Package Drawing Pins Package Qty Eco Plan (2) Lead/ Ball Finish MSL Peak Temp (3) TPS55010RTER ACTIVE WQFN RTE 16 3000 Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br) CU NIPDAU Level-2-260C-1 YEAR TPS55010RTET ACTIVE WQFN RTE 16 250 Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br) CU NIPDAU Level-2-260C-1 YEAR Samples (Requires Login) (1) The marketing status values are defined as follows: ACTIVE: Product device recommended for new designs. LIFEBUY: TI has announced that the device will be discontinued, and a lifetime-buy period is in effect. NRND: Not recommended for new designs. Device is in production to support existing customers, but TI does not recommend using this part in a new design. PREVIEW: Device has been announced but is not in production. Samples may or may not be available. OBSOLETE: TI has discontinued the production of the device. (2) Eco Plan - The planned eco-friendly classification: Pb-Free (RoHS), Pb-Free (RoHS Exempt), or Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br) - please check http://www.ti.com/productcontent for the latest availability information and additional product content details. TBD: The Pb-Free/Green conversion plan has not been defined. Pb-Free (RoHS): TI's terms "Lead-Free" or "Pb-Free" mean semiconductor products that are compatible with the current RoHS requirements for all 6 substances, including the requirement that lead not exceed 0.1% by weight in homogeneous materials. Where designed to be soldered at high temperatures, TI Pb-Free products are suitable for use in specified lead-free processes. Pb-Free (RoHS Exempt): This component has a RoHS exemption for either 1) lead-based flip-chip solder bumps used between the die and package, or 2) lead-based die adhesive used between the die and leadframe. The component is otherwise considered Pb-Free (RoHS compatible) as defined above. Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br): TI defines "Green" to mean Pb-Free (RoHS compatible), and free of Bromine (Br) and Antimony (Sb) based flame retardants (Br or Sb do not exceed 0.1% by weight in homogeneous material) (3) MSL, Peak Temp. -- The Moisture Sensitivity Level rating according to the JEDEC industry standard classifications, and peak solder temperature. Important Information and Disclaimer:The information provided on this page represents TI's knowledge and belief as of the date that it is provided. TI bases its knowledge and belief on information provided by third parties, and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of such information. 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Addendum-Page 1 PACKAGE MATERIALS INFORMATION www.ti.com 23-Jun-2011 TAPE AND REEL INFORMATION *All dimensions are nominal Device TPS55010RTER Package Package Pins Type Drawing WQFN RTE 16 SPQ Reel Reel A0 Diameter Width (mm) (mm) W1 (mm) 3000 330.0 12.4 Pack Materials-Page 1 3.3 B0 (mm) K0 (mm) P1 (mm) 3.3 1.1 8.0 W Pin1 (mm) Quadrant 12.0 Q2 PACKAGE MATERIALS INFORMATION www.ti.com 23-Jun-2011 *All dimensions are nominal Device Package Type Package Drawing Pins SPQ Length (mm) Width (mm) Height (mm) TPS55010RTER WQFN RTE 16 3000 346.0 346.0 29.0 Pack Materials-Page 2 IMPORTANT NOTICE Texas Instruments Incorporated and its subsidiaries (TI) reserve the right to make corrections, modifications, enhancements, improvements, and other changes to its products and services at any time and to discontinue any product or service without notice. Customers should obtain the latest relevant information before placing orders and should verify that such information is current and complete. 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