HA16107P/FP, HA16108P/FP PWM Switching Regulator for High-performance Voltage Mode Control ADE-204-012C (Z) Rev.3 Jul. 2002 Description The IC products in this series are primary control switching regulator control IC’s appropriate for obtaining stabilized DC voltages from commercial AC power. These IC’s can directly drive power MOS FET’s, they have a timer function built in to the secondary overcurrent protection, and they can perform intermittent operation or delayed latched shutdown as protection operations in unusual conditions. They can be used to implement switching power supplies with a high level of safety due to the wide range of built-in functionality. Functions • 6.45 V reference voltage • Triangle wave generator • Error amplifier • Under voltage lockout protector • PWM comparator • Pulse-by-pulse current limitting • Timer-latch current limitting (HA16107) • ON/OFF timer function (HA16108) • Soft start and quick shutdown • Output circuit for power MOS FET driving HA16107P/FP, HA16108P/FP Features • Operating frequencies up to a high 600 kHz • Built-in pre-driver circuit for driving power MOS FET • Built-in timer latch over-current protection function (HA16107) • The OCL enables intermittent operation by an ON/OFF timer for prevention of secondary overcurrent. (HA16108) • The UVL function (under voltage lockout) is applied to both Vin and Vref. • ON/OFF reset: an auto-reset function which is based on the time constant of an external capacitor and observation of drops in Vin. • Since the over-voltage protection function OVP (the TL pin) only observes voltage drops in Vin, it is possible to use the OVP and ON/OFF pin for independent purposes. • Built-in 34 V Zener diode between Vin and ground. Ordering Information Typical Threshold Voltage Product UVL1 OVP Notes Package HA16107P Hi: 16.2 V 7.0 V Timer latch protection DP-16 HA16107FP Lo: 9.5 V HA16108P Hi: 16.2 V Hi: 7.0 V On-off timer protection DP-16 HA16108FP Lo: 9.5 V Lo: 1.3 V (intermittent operation possible) FP-16DA Rev.3, Jul. 2002, page 2 of 42 FP-16DA HA16107P/FP, HA16108P/FP Pin Arrangement VIN 1 16 Note 2 TL, ON/OFF OUT 2 15 E/O CL(+) 3 14 IN(−) VE 4 13 NC CL(−) 5 12 GND RT1 6 11 IN(+) CT 7 10 ST RT2 8 9 Vref Note 1 (Top view) Notes: 1. In the SOP package models (HA16107FP and HA16108FP) pins 4, 5, and 13 are connected inside the IC. However, all must be connected to the system ground. 2. Pin 16 is TL (HA16107), ON/OFF (HA16108). Pin Functions • HA16107P, HA16108P Pin No. Symbol Pin Functions 1 VIN Input voltage 2 OUT Pulse output 3 CL (+) Current limiter 4 VE Output ground 5 CL (–) Current limiter 6 RT1 Timing resistor (rising time) 7 CT Timing capacitor 8 RT2 Timing resistor (falling time) 9 Vref Reference voltage output 10 ST Soft start 11 IN (+) Error amp (+) input 12 GND Ground 13 NC NC 14 IN (–) Error amp (–) input 15 E/O Error output 16 TL, ON/OFF Timer latch (HA16107), ON/OFF (HA16108) Rev.3, Jul. 2002, page 3 of 42 HA16107P/FP, HA16108P/FP • HA16107FP, HA16108FP Pin No. Symbol Pin Functions 1 VIN Input voltage 2 OUT Pulse output 3 CL (+) Current limiter 4 GND Ground 5 GND Ground 6 RT1 Timing resistor (rising time) 7 CT Timing capacitor 8 RT2 Timing resistor (falling time) 9 Vref Reference voltage output 10 ST Soft start 11 IN (+) Error amp (+) input 12 GND Ground 13 GND Ground 14 IN (–) Error amp (–) input 15 E/O Error output 16 TL, ON/OFF Timer latch (HA16107), ON/OFF (HA16108) Rev.3, Jul. 2002, page 4 of 42 HA16107P/FP, HA16108P/FP Block Diagram • HA16107P/FP TL E/O 16 15 IN (−) 14 EA NC GND IN (+) ST Vref 13 12 11 10 9 − Error amp. + 140 µA VIN UVL1 H L 16 µA 6.45 V zener type Ref. voltage Gen. VL VH R Q 34 V Vref UVL2 O V P H L UVL2 4V 5V S 4 µA UVL1 On/Off latch (VTH = 7 V) ST + + − PWM Comparator Triangle waveform UVL1 and UVL2 Pulse-by-pulse latch Vref Q R QCLM Triangle waveform OSC Triangle waveform Latch reset pulse Q S VC OUT 3.4 V 10 µA Current limiter ON duty pulse VE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 VIN OUT CL (+) VE CL (−) RT1 CT RT2 ON/OFF E/O IN (−) NC GND IN (+) ST Vref 16 15 13 12 11 10 9 • HA16108P/FP 14 EA − Error amp. + 140 µA VIN UVL1 H L 16 µA 6.45 V zener type Ref. voltage Gen. VL VH R Q 34 V Vref UVL2 O V P H L UVL2 4V 5V S 4 µA UVL1 On/Off latch (VTH = 7 V) ST + + − PWM Comparator Triangle waveform UVL1 and UVL2 Pulse-by-pulse latch Vref Q R QCLM 1 OUT 3.4 V 10 µA Triangle waveform Latch reset pulse Q S VC VIN Triangle waveform OSC Current limiter ON duty pulse VE 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 OUT CL (+) VE CL (−) RT1 CT RT2 Note: Dotted lines apply to the SOP package model (pins 4, 5, and 13: ground) Rev.3, Jul. 2002, page 5 of 42 HA16107P/FP, HA16108P/FP Function and Timing Chart Triangle Waveform and PWM Output • Timing chart (during normal operation) Triangle waveform is output to CT pin VTH 4.2 V typ E/O CT VTL 2.2 V typ 2VBE 0V VRT2 VIN 0V OUT Dead band tDB tON • Oscillator equivalent circuit Vref (connected internally) 9 ×2 ×2 RT2 VRT2 − ×2 + 8 I1 I1 6 RT1 I2 7 CT Comparator for triangle waveform oscillation 2I2 − ×2 + 0.6 V The × 2s are transistors whose emitter area is doubled. Vref − 2VBE RT1 Vref − 2VBE I2 = RT2 I1 = tDB = tON ≈ CT × RT1 × 2V ≈ 0.4 × CT × RT1 (s) Vref − 2VBE RT2 tDB (s) 2RT1 − RT2 RT2 2RT1 1 − Du max (Hz) tDB Du max = fOSC ≈ Note: When fOSC is high, the actual value will differ from that given by the formula due to the delay time. Determine the correct constants after constructing a test circuit. Rev.3, Jul. 2002, page 6 of 42 HA16107P/FP, HA16108P/FP 1. Timing in Normal Operation Timing in these ICs is based on a triangular voltage waveform. The rising edge (leading edge) defines the deadband time tDB. The falling edge (trailing edge) defines the ON-duty control band tON. PWM output is on in the area within tON that is bounded above by the triangle wave VCT and error output VE/O. The following pin outputs are related to PWM control: • CT (pin 7): triangle-wave voltage output • E/O (pin 15): error output voltage • RT2 (pin 8): ON-duty pulse output voltage • OUT (pin 2): PWM pulse output (for driving the gate of a power MOS FET) 2. Triangle Oscillator, Waveform and Frequency The triangle oscillator in these ICs generates a triangular waveform by charging and discharging timing capacitor CT with a constant current, as shown in the equivalent circuit. The CT charge current is: I(CTchg) = I1 = VREF − 2VBE RT1 The discharge current is: I(CTdischg) = 2I2 − I1, where I2 = VREF − 2VBE RT2 In these equations Vref (reference voltage) is typically 6.45 V, and VBE (base-emitter voltage of internal transistors) is about 0.7 V. The deadband time is: tDB = CT × RT1 × 2V + 0.25 µs VREF − 2VBE ≈ 0.4 × CT × RT1 + 0.25 µs The ON-duty time is: tON = tDB × RT2 2RT1 − RT2 The 0.25 µs in these equations is a correction term for internal circuit delays. The maximum ON-duty is Du max = RT2 2RT1 The oscillating frequency is: 1 0.4 CT RT1 + 0.25 µ + 0.25 µ RT2 1– 2RT1 1 (Hz) = 0.8 CT RT12 + 0.25µ × 2RT1 + 0.25 µ 2RT1 − RT2 fOSC = When RT1 = RT2, the maximum ON-duty is 50%, and: fOSC ≈ = 1 0.8 CT RT1 + 0.25 µ × 2 + 0.25 µ 1 (Hz) 0.8 CT RT1 + 0.75 µ This approximation is fairly close, but it should be checked in-circuit. Rev.3, Jul. 2002, page 7 of 42 HA16107P/FP, HA16108P/FP 3. Programming of Maximum ON-Duty (Du Max) The preceding equations should be used to program the deadband or maximum ON-duty. The following table gives a summary. Condition RT1 > RT2 RT1 = RT2 RT1 < RT2 Less than 50% 50% Greater than 50%* Triangle waveform Du max Note: In a primary-control switching regulator, Du Max > 50% is dangerous because the transformer will saturate. Soft Start and Quick Shutdown One purpose of the soft-start function is to protect the switching controller and power MOS FET from surges at power-up. Another purpose is to let the secondary-side DC voltage rise smoothly. When power goes off, the quick-shutdown function rapidly discharges the capacitor in the soft-start circuit (and at the same time switches the PWM output off) to prepare for the next power-on. The soft-start function in these ICs lets the PWM output develop smoothly from zero to the designated pulse width at power-up. The soft-start voltage is the 3.8 V voltage value of an internal Zener diode, so the PWM output is able to start widening gradually as soon as the soft-start function starts operating. The softstart function will start promptly even if CST is large. The soft-start and quick-shutdown modes are selected automatically in the IC, under control of the UVL signal. Rev.3, Jul. 2002, page 8 of 42 HA16107P/FP, HA16108P/FP • Timing waveforms Level determined by transformer VIN 16.2 V VIN Vref 9.5 V 6.45 V 5V 4V 0V Vref VST VCT CST discharge 4.2 V 3.8 V 2.2 V VCT, VST, VE/O 0V VE/O VOUT (PWM pulse) VIN Quick shutdown 0V Soft start Normal operation Vref Vref 9 from Vref CST ST (Time t) + 10 3.8 V Zener diode from UVL2 (Effective for quick shutdown) + − PWM comparator 10 µA VCT E/O 15 7 Note: The soft-start time constant is determined by CST and the constant-current value (typically 10 µA). Rev.3, Jul. 2002, page 9 of 42 HA16107P/FP, HA16108P/FP Vref Protection Functions: Overvoltage and Undervoltage Vref overvoltage and undervoltage conditions are detected by the overvoltage detection circuit and UVL2 circuit. PWM output shuts down when Vref ≥ 8 V. UVL2 detects undervoltage with hysteresis between approximately 4 V and 5 V. PWM output also shuts down below these voltages. It follows that PWM output will shut off whenever the Vref pin is shorted to the power supply (VIN) or ground (GND). PWM output also shuts off when VIN is turned on or off. The following diagram shows how these protection functions operate when power comes on and goes off (Vref < 6.45 V), and when a high external voltage is applied to the Vref pin (Vref > 6.45 V). PWM output shutdown region PWM OUT Power-off, or shorted to ground PWM output operating region Shorted to power supply Power-up PWM output shut-down region Vref 0 4V 5V UVL2 6.45 V 8 V 10 V Vref OVP 1. Current-Limiter Circuit The current limiter pin (CL) is connected to the emitter of an npn transistor, as shown in the block diagram. The threshold voltage is 240 mV typ. The switching speed of this circuit is approximately 100 ns from detection of overcurrent to shut-down of PWM output. Switching speed increases with the strength of the signal input to the CL pin. Instead of simple pulse-by-pulse current limiting, in these ICs the current limiting circuit is linked to the timer-and-latch or ON/OFF timer circuit, and also detects the degree of overcurrent. The overcurrent value is determined from the point at which current limiting is triggered in the ON-duty cycle. With a large overcurrent (causing current limiting to operate even at a small ON-duty), the IC automatically shortens the timer time. Rev.3, Jul. 2002, page 10 of 42 HA16107P/FP, HA16108P/FP Undervoltage Lockout and PWM Output The undervoltage lockout function turns off the PWM pulse output when the controller’s supply voltage goes below a designated value. These ICs have two undervoltage lockout circuits. The UVL1 circuit senses the supply voltage VIN. The UVL2 circuit senses the Vref voltage. A feature of these ICs is that PWM output is turned on only when both voltages are above designated values. Otherwise, the IC operates in standby mode. The two built-in undervoltage lockout circuits make it possible to configure an extremely safe power supply system. PWM output will shut down under a variety of abnormal conditions, such as if Vref is shorted to ground while VIN is applied. • UVL1 (VIN and Vref) IIN *1 9.5 V 0 16.2 V 10 V 20 V 30 V 34 V VIN Notes: 1. Breakdown voltage of the internal Zener diode (Vz = 34 V typ). 2. Hysteresis characteristic. 6.45 V Vref *2 0 10 V 20 V VIN 30 V • UVL2 (Vref and PWM output) Vref 6.45 V 5V 4V 0 10 V 20 V VIN 30 V Operating region OUT 0 10 V 20 V PWM output shut-down region VIN 30 V • UVL1 and UVL2 VIN (UVL1) L H H L Vref (UVL2) L L H H PWM OUT L L OUT L Standby mode Note: Double circles indicate standby mode. Rev.3, Jul. 2002, page 11 of 42 HA16107P/FP, HA16108P/FP Timer Latch and ON/OFF Timer The HA16107 has a built-in timer-latch function. The HA16108 has a built-in ON/OFF timer function. The timer-latch function is an overvoltage protection function that combines latched shutdown of PWM output with a timer function to vary the time until latched shutdown occurs according to the overcurrent value. A dedicated voltage detection pin is provided in addition to Vref overvoltage protection. The ON/OFF timer function is equivalent to the above timer-latch function without the latch. If overcurrent is detected continuously, PWM output shuts down temporarily, then normal operation resumes. This process repeats, temporary shutdown alternating with normal operation. Both the timer-latch function in the HA16107 and the ON/OFF function in the HA16108 wait for an interval after overcurrent detection before shutting down PWM output. The interval is determined by capacitor CTM and the value of the charge/discharge current supplied internally from the IC. Normal operation therefore continues if a single overcurrent spike is detected, while if continuous overcurrent is detected, the current and voltage droop curves for the secondary-side output have sharp characteristics. 1. Use of Timer-Latch Pin (HA16107) • Timer-Latch Usage See external circuit 1 in the following diagram. Under continuous overcurrent, the CML switch turns on, charging CTM with 12 µA. PWM output shuts down when the voltage at pin 15 exceeds 7 V. • Overvoltage Protection Usage See external circuit 2 in the diagram. This configuration is suitable when overvoltage is detected by an OVP signal received through an optocoupler from the DC output on the secondary side of an AC/DC converter. PWM output shuts down when the OVP signal allows the voltage at the TL pin to exceed 7 V. The shutdown is latched. VIN must go below approximately 6.5 V (VINR2) to release the latched state. • External circuit 1 • External circuit 2 16 µA from CML OVP with latch timer 15 CTM OVP signal (from secondary) VIN TL 4 µA HA16107 7.0 V Latch (PWM output shuts down) VTH B VTL A 0V t OCL detected continuously (activating pulse-by-pulse current limiter) Notes: 1. Path A is followed if the OCL input stops before VTH is reached. 2. Path B is followed if OCL is detected continuously until the latch point is reached. 3. The latch function is cleared when VIN goes below approximately 7.0 V. Rev.3, Jul. 2002, page 12 of 42 HA16107P/FP, HA16108P/FP 2. Use of ON/OFF Timer Pin (HA16108) • External Circuit 16 µA from CML ION + OVP with latch timer 16 IOFF 4 µA HA16108 • ON/OFF Timer Operation 7.0 V 1.2 V VTHH tOFF tON VTHL 0V t OCL detected PWM OCL detected (PWM output on) output (PWM output on) shut down Pulse-by-pulse current limiting tON ≈ C × 5.8 V (0.9 − Du) × 16 µA − 4 µA tOFF ≈ C × 5.8 V 4 µA Notes: 1. C is the capacitance of an external timing capacitor connected between this pin and ground. 2. Du is the ON-duty of the PWM output when overcurrent limiting is triggered. 3. The values of tON and tOFF for TL can be determined by the same equations as given for the ON/OFF timer, except that 5.8 V (VTHH − VTHL) becomes VTHH = 7 V. 4. If the timer goes off during soft start or in the undervoltage lockout region, after recovery, output will come on after the soft-start time or after the rise time to the undervoltage lockout release point, which is determined by the time constant. Rev.3, Jul. 2002, page 13 of 42 HA16107P/FP, HA16108P/FP Absolute Maximum Ratings (Ta = 25°C) Item Symbol Rating Value Units Supply voltage VIN 30 V Output current (DC) IO ±0.2 A Output current (peak) Iopeak ±2 A Current limiter voltage VCL +4, –1 V Error amp input voltage VIEA Vref V E/O output voltage VIE/O Vref V RT1 pin current IRT1 500 µA RT2 pin current IRT2 5 mA Power dissipation PT 680 mW Operating temperature range Topr –20 to +85 °C Storage temperature range Tstg –55 to +125 °C Notes 1, 2 Power dissipation PT (mW) Notes: 1. For the “FP” products (SOP package), this value is when mounted on a 40 by 40 by 1.6 mm glass epoxy substrate. However, this value must be derated by 8.3 mW/°C from Ta = 45°C. When the wiring density is 10%, and 11.1 mW/°C from Ta = 64°C when the wiring density is 30%. 2. For the “P” products (DIP package), this value is valid up to 45°C, and must be derated by 8.3 mW/°C above 45°C. 3. In the case of SOP, use center 4 pins, (4), (5), (12), (13) for solder-mounting and connect the wide ground pattern, because these pins are available for heat sink of this IC. –20 30% Wiring density 45˚C 64˚C 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 10% Wiring density 0 20 40 60 80 100 Ambient temperature Ta (˚C) Rev.3, Jul. 2002, page 14 of 42 120 140 HA16107P/FP, HA16108P/FP Electrical Characteristics (Ta = 25°C, VIN = 18 V, fOSC = 100 kHz) Section Item Symbol Min Typ Max Unit Reference voltage Output voltage Vref 6.10 6.45 6.80 V Line regulation Line — 30 60 mV 12 V ≤ VIN ≤ 30 V Load regulation Load — 30 60 mV 0 mA ≤ IO ≤ 10 mA Temperature stability ∆Vref/ ∆Ta — 40 — ppm/ °C Short circuit current IOS 30 50 — mA Over voltage protection (Vref OVP voltage) Vrovp 7.4 8.0 9.0 V Maximum frequency fmax 600 — — kHz Minimum frequency fmin — — 1 kHz Voltage stability ∆f/fo1 — ±1 ±3 % 12 V ≤ VIN ≤ 30 V fo1 = (fmax + fmin)/2 Temperature stability ∆f/fo2 — ±1 — % –20°C ≤ Ta ≤ +85°C fo2 = (fmax + fmin)/2 Frequency accuracy fOSC 270 300 330 kHz RT1 = RT2 = 27 kΩ CT = 120 pF PWM Minimum deadband comparator pulse width tDB — — 1.0 µs Low level threshold voltage VTL 1.9 2.2 2.5 V High level threshold VTH 3.8 4.2 4.6 V Differential threshold ∆VTH 1.7 2.0 2.3 V Deadband width initial accuracy ∆DB1 — ±1 ±3 % RT1 = RT2 = 27 kΩ CT = 470 pF Deadband width voltage stability ∆DB2 — ±0.2 ±2.0 % 12 V ≤ VIN ≤ 30 V (Dmax – Dmin)/2 Deadband width temperature stability ∆DB3 — ±1 — % –20°C ≤ Ta ≤ +85°C (Dmax – Dmin)/2 Input offset voltage VIO — 2 10 mV Input bias current IIB — 0.8 2.0 µA Input sink current Iosink 80 140 — µA VO = 2 V Output source current Iosource 80 140 — µA VO = 5 V Triangle wave generator Error amp Test Conditions Note Vref = 0 V Rev.3, Jul. 2002, page 15 of 42 HA16107P/FP, HA16108P/FP Electrical Characteristics (cont.) (Ta = 25°C, VIN = 18 V, fOSC = 100 kHz) Section Item Symbol Min Typ Max Unit Test Conditions Error amp (cont.) High level output voltage VOH Vref – 1.5 — — V IO = 10 µA Low level output voltage VOL — — 0.5 V IO = 10 µA Voltage gain GV — 55 — dB f = 10 kHz Band width BW — 15 — MHz (–) Common mode voltage VCM– 1.2 — — V (+) Common mode voltage VCM+ — — Vref – 1.5 V Overcurrent detector Soft start Under voltage lockout 1 Under voltage lockout 2 (+) Threshold voltage VTH+ 0.216 0.240 0.264 V (+) Bias current — 180 250 µA IB+ VCL+ = 0 V (–) Threshold voltage VTH– –0.264 –0.240 –0.216 V (–) Bias current IB– — 950 1350 µA VCL = –0.3 V Response time toff — 100 — ns CL; open VCL = +0.35 V High level voltage VSTH 3.2 3.8 4.4 V Isink = 1 mA Sink current Isink 7 10 13 µA VST = 2.0 V VIN high level threshold voltage VINTH 14.7 16.2 17.7 V VIN low level threshold voltage VINTL 8.5 9.5 10.5 V Threshold differential ∆VTH voltage 5.2 6.2 7.2 V Vref high level threshold voltage VrTH 4.5 5.0 5.5 V Vref low level threshold voltage VrTL 3.5 4.0 4.5 V Notes: 1. Only applies to the HA16107P, HA16108P 2. The terminal should not be applied under –1.0 V. Rev.3, Jul. 2002, page 16 of 42 Note 1, 2 (VINTH – VINTL) 1, 2 HA16107P/FP, HA16108P/FP Electrical Characteristics (cont.) (Ta = 25°C, VIN = 18 V, fOSC = 100 kHz) Section Item Symbol Min Typ Max Unit VTHH 6.5 7.0 7.5 V VINR2 6.0 6.5 7.0 V Reset voltage VTHL2 1.0 1.3 1.6 V Differential threshold to UVL low voltage ∆V 2.0 3.0 — V (VINTL – VINR2) Source current (OCL mode) Isource 8 12 16 µA Over current detection mode Sink current (latch mode) Isink 2.5 4 5.5 µA TL(ON/OFF) terminal = 4 V Low voltage VOL1 — 1.7 2.2 V Iosink = 0.2 A High voltage VOH VIN – 2.2 — — V Iosource = 0.2 A Low voltage (standby mode) VOL2 — — 0.5 V Iosink = 1 mA Rising time tr — 40 — ns CL = 1000 pF Falling time tf — 60 — ns CL = 1000 pF Standby current Ist — 160 250 µA VIN = 14 V Operation current IIN1 — 16 20 mA VIN = 30 V, CL = 1000 pF, f = 100 kHz Operation current IIN2 — 12 16 mA VIN = 30 V, f = 100 kHz, Output open ON/OFF latch current IIN3 — 350 460 µA VIN = 14 V VIN – GND Zener voltage VZ 30 34 — V Timer latch, Latch threshold ON/OFF voltage 2 timer* VIN reset voltage Output Total Test Conditions Note 1 Notes: 1. Only applies to the HA16108P/FP. 2. Timer latch: HA16107P/FP. ON/OFF timer: HA16108P/FP. Rev.3, Jul. 2002, page 17 of 42 HA16107P/FP, HA16108P/FP Note on Standby Current In the test circuit shown in figure 1, the operating current at the start of PWM pulse output is the standby current. If the resistance connected externally to the Vref pin (including RT2) is smaller than that of the test circuit, the apparent standby current will increase. VIN Vref Rref ↑ Ist HA16107 Series + CIN ↑ IIN Figure 1 Standby Current Test Circuit Rev.3, Jul. 2002, page 18 of 42 HA16107P/FP, HA16108P/FP Application Note • Case: When DC power is applied directly as the power supply of the HA16107/HA16108, without using the transformer backup coil. • Phenomenon: The IC may not be activated in the case of a circuit in which VIN rises quickly (10 V/100 µs or faster), such as that shown in figure 2. • Reason: Because of the IC circuit configuration, the timer latch block operates first. • Remedy (counter measure): Take remedial action such as configuring a time constant circuit as shown in figure 3, to keep the VIN rise speed below 10 V/100 µs. If the IC power supply consists of an activation resistance and backup coil, as in an AC/DC converter, The VIN rise speed is usually around 1 V/100 µs, and there is no risk of this phenomenon occurring. Output Input VIN HA16107 Series VIN Feedback GND Figure 2 Example of Circuit with Fast VIN Rise Time Input Output Time constant circuit VIN 18 V 1 µF C R 51Ω VIN HA16107 Series Feedback GND Figure 3 Sample Remedial Circuit Rev.3, Jul. 2002, page 19 of 42 HA16107P/FP, HA16108P/FP Characteristic Curves Operating Current vs. Power Supply Voltage 40 Ta = 25°C RT1 = RT2 = 27 kΩ CT = 470 pF Operating current (mA) 30 fOSC = 100 kHz 20 10 0 10 20 30 40 Power supply voltage (V) Latch Current vs. Power Supply Voltage 2.0 Ta = 25°C RT1 = RT2 = 27 kΩ CT =470 pF Latch current (mA) 1.5 fOSC = 100 kHz 1.0 0.5 0 10 20 Power supply voltage (V) Rev.3, Jul. 2002, page 20 of 42 30 40 HA16107P/FP, HA16108P/FP Standby Current vs. Power Supply Voltage 400 Ta = 25°C RT1 = RT2 = 27 kΩ CT =470 pF Standby current (µA) 300 fOSC = 100 kHz 200 100 0 4 8 12 16 20 8 10 Power supply voltage (V) Output VOH vs. Reference Voltage 20 Ta = 25°C VIN = 20 V CT = 470 pF Output VOH (V) 15 10 Vref UVL2 Voltage Vref OVP Voltage 5 0 2 4 6 Reference voltage (V) Rev.3, Jul. 2002, page 21 of 42 HA16107P/FP, HA16108P/FP Reference Voltage vs. Power Supply Voltage Reference voltage (V) 8 Ta = 25°C RT1 = RT2 = 27 kΩ CT =470 pF fOSC = 100 kHz 6 4 2 0 10 20 30 Power supply voltage (V) Output OFF Time vs. VCL 400 Output OFF time (ns) 300 Ta = 25°C RT1 = RT2 = 27 kΩ CT =470 pF fOSC = 100 kHz VCL 200 CL = 100 pF CL = unloaded 100 0 0.2 0.3 VCL (V) Rev.3, Jul. 2002, page 22 of 42 0.4 HA16107P/FP, HA16108P/FP Output ON Duty vs. Error Input Voltage 60 Ta = 25°C RT1 = RT2 = 27 kΩ CT =470 pF fOSC = 100 kHz Output ON duty (%) 50 40 30 20 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 Error input voltage (V) Rev.3, Jul. 2002, page 23 of 42 HA16107P/FP, HA16108P/FP Vref Reference Voltage and PWM Out vs. CL(+) 0.1 0.2 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 3.0 0.3 0.4 3.0 PWM OUT 0 CL(+) Vref Reference Voltage and PWM Out vs. CL(−) −0.1 −0.2 0 −0.1 −0.2 −0.3 −0.4 −1.0 −0.3 −0.4 −1.0 PWM OUT 0 CL(−) Rev.3, Jul. 2002, page 24 of 42 HA16107P/FP, HA16108P/FP Timing Resistance vs. Deadband Duty 20 VIN = 18V Timing resistance RT1,RT2 (kΩ) Ta = 25°C 15 CT = 470 pF fOSC ≈ 100 kHz 10 RT1 RT2 5 0 30 40 50 60 80 70 Deadband duty (%) Temperature Fluctuation vs. Ambient Temperature 2000 VIN = 18V Temperature fluctuation (ppm) RT1 = RT2 = 27 kΩ CT = 470 pF 1000 fOSC = 100 kHz 0 −1000 −2000 −20 0 25 50 75 85 Ambient temperature (°C) Rev.3, Jul. 2002, page 25 of 42 HA16107P/FP, HA16108P/FP Frequency Variance vs. Ambient Temperature 10 VIN = 18V RT1 = RT2 = 27 kΩ Frequency variance (%) CT = 470 pF 5 fOSC = 100 kHz 0 −5 −10 −20 0 25 50 75 85 75 85 Ambient temperature (°C) Frequency Variance vs. Ambient Temperature 10 VIN = 18V RT1 = RT2 = 27 kΩ CT = 120 pF fOSC = 300 kHz Frequency variance (%) 5 0 −5 −10 −20 0 25 50 Ambient temperature (°C) Rev.3, Jul. 2002, page 26 of 42 HA16107P/FP, HA16108P/FP Frequency Variance vs. Ambient Temperature 10 VIN = 18V RT1 = RT2 = 13 kΩ CT = 120 pF fOSC = 600 kHz Frequency variance (%) 5 0 −5 −10 −20 0 25 50 75 85 Ambient temperature (°C) Output ON Duty Variance vs. Ambient Temperature 10 Output ON duty variance (%) VIN = 18V 5 0 f = 100 kHz f = 300 kHz −5 f = 600 kHz −10 −20 0 25 50 75 85 Ambient temperature (°C) Rev.3, Jul. 2002, page 27 of 42 HA16107P/FP, HA16108P/FP Oscillator Frequency vs. Timing Resistance 600 500 VIN = 18 V Ta = 25°C 300 C T = 12 0 pF 27 Oscillator frequency (kHz) 0 100 90 pF 47 0 70 50 pF 82 0 pF 30 00 33 pF 10 9 7 5 7 10 30 50 Timing resistance RT1 (= RT2) (kΩ) Rev.3, Jul. 2002, page 28 of 42 70 100 HA16107P/FP, HA16108P/FP Vout Output Rising Waveform Ta = 25°C Test circuit 40 RT1 = RT2 = 27 kΩ CT = 470 pF Vout (V) 30 Current probe 20 fOSC = 100 kHz IO TL 10 CL 1000 pF 0 IO (mA) VIN 470 pF R T1 CT ST RT2 Vref −500 1 µF CL (+) 27 kΩ 500 0 + OUT CST + 1 µF 27 kΩ 200 ns/div * Current probe: Tektronix AM503 Vout Output Falling Waveform 40 Vout (V) 30 20 10 I O (mA) 0 500 0 −500 200 ns/div Rev.3, Jul. 2002, page 29 of 42 HA16107P/FP, HA16108P/FP HA16107 Operating waveform at the TL pin Test circuit When overcurrent is input at the point where the duty cycle is 0%. VIN = 18V RT1 = RT2 = 27 kΩ CT = 470 pF fOSC = 100 kHz VIN 7 TL OUT CL 6 470 pF 27 kΩ 4 VTL (V) SW Clock B 5 1 µF CL(+) 1000 pF + RT1 CT ST RT2 Vref 27 kΩ 3 CST + 1 µF A 2 1 Triangle wave 0 CL(+) when input at a duty of 0% tON 0.5 sec/div tOFF Output pulse shutdown region SW ON CL(+) when input at a duty of 30% t1 SW OFF t2 When overcurrent is input at the point where the duty cycle is 30%. Du = 7 t1 t2 × 100 (%) Enlargement of section A 6 a c B 4 VTL (V) b VTL 5 CTL discharged at 4 µA CTL discharged at 12 µA 3 t 2 Enlargement of section A 1 B CTL discharged at 4 µA VTL 0 tON tOFF Output pulse shutdown region SW ON SW OFF Rev.3, Jul. 2002, page 30 of 42 t 0.5 sec/div a to b : The point where overcurrent is detected b b : PWM pulse output is High to c : PWM pulse output is Low. HA16107P/FP, HA16108P/FP HA16108 Operating waveform at the ON/OFF pin V IN = 18V R T1 = R T2 = 27 k½ C T = 470 pF f OSC = 100kHz Test circuit VIN When overcurrent is input at the point where the duty cycle is 0%. 7 ON/OFF OUT CL 6 1 µF CL(+) 1000 pF B Clock 5 V ON/OFF (V) + 470 pF 27 k½ R T1 CT 4 ST R T2 3 C ST + 1 µF 27 k½ 2 A 1 Triangle wave 0 CL(+) when input at a 0.5 sec/div duty of 0% t ON t OFF t ON t OFF t ON t OFF CL(+) when input at a duty of 30% t1 Output pulse shutdown region SW ON SW OFF t2 When overcurrent is input at the point where the duty cycle is 30%. Du = t1 × 100 (%) t2 7 Enlargement of section A B 6 a c V TL 5 V ON/OFF (V) b 4 CTL discharged at 4 µA CTL discharged at 12 µA 3 t 2 A Enlargement of section B 1 V TL CTL discharged at 4 µA 0 0.5 sec/div t ON t OFF t ON t OFF t a to b : PWM pulse output is High. b SW ON SW OFF Output pulse shutdown region : The point where overcurrent is detected. b to c : PWM pulse output is Low. Rev.3, Jul. 2002, page 31 of 42 HA16107P/FP, HA16108P/FP Error Amplifier Characteristic 40 0 45 AVO φ 20 90 135 0 10 k 30 k 100 k 300 k 1M 3M 10 M Phase Change φ (deg) Open Loop Gain AVO (dB) 60 180 30 M 100 M Input signal frequency fIN (Hz) Examples of Drooping Characteristics of Power Supplies Using these ICs 5.0 VOUT (DC) (V) ON Pulse by pulse Current limiter operation Normal operation Latch state here A 2.5 B A B OFF 0 1 2 IOUT (DC) (A) 3 Heavy load Light load 4 HA16107 (Latch shut-down) 5.0 VOUT (DC) (V) ON Pulse by pulse Current limiter operation OFF A 2.5 B 0 1 2 IOUT (DC) (A) A B 3 4 HA16108 (Intermittent operation by means of ON/OFF timer) Rev.3, Jul. 2002, page 32 of 42 Heavy load Light load HA16107P/FP, HA16108P/FP Operating Circuit Example • Flyback Transforrmer Application Example (IC Vref used as system as reference voltage) Schottky barrier diode Bridge Diode Start-up Resistor 82 kΩ 1W 51 Ω El-30 Trans former 140 V HRP 24 + + 6T 40T 2SK1567 − 5V OUTPUT 470 µF − HZP 16 1.5 Ω 3W RFI 23T HRP 32 Current Sense 18.9 V FILTER + 50 V 22 µF AC INPUT VIN −++ 16 16 µA 13 68 kΩ 12 11 IN(+) 3.225 V 10 ST Soft Start Cap. − 1 µF +16 V 9 Vref RT2 27 kΩ 510 kΩ NC Phase Comp. GND 34 V Vref UVL2 3.4 V 10 µA 8 Frequency, Max, Duty Setting 14 4V 5V 7 CT fosc = 100 kHz, Dumax = 50% E/O − IN(−) Error amp. UVL2 H L 470 pF VIN O V P 6 RT1 6.45 V Zener type reference voltage generation circuit UVL1 ST 27 kΩ 16 V 1 µF 330 kΩ + 15 140 µA UVL1 H L VL VH R Q S (V TH= 7V) Vref 5 CL(−) Current limiter 4 4700 pF ON/OFF Latch 3 VE 4 µA QR QS VE 51 Ω Triangle wave PWM Comparator UVL1&UVL2 P{ulse by pulse latch QCLM OUT 2 Current Sense L.P.F. VC CL(+) Timerlatch Capacitor TL 1 OUT 110 Ω OVP Detector HZP 16 33kΩ 33kΩ + − 1 µF 16 V HA16107P/FP 6.45 V Rev.3, Jul. 2002, page 33 of 42 Rev.3, Jul. 2002, page 34 of 42 10 kΩ 1 2 3 CL VOUT (+) 4 13 kΩ 5 6 7 470 pF 8 RT1 CT CT2 HA16107P/108P 4700 pF 51 Ω 13 kΩ 110 Ω HZP16 + 0.47 µF − 1 W 82 kΩ (Start-up resistor) RB 200 V − 100 µF + Power thermister (Soft start Timer latch 1 µF − 1 µF capacitor) − + capacitor + 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 IN ST Vref TL E/O IN NC (−) (+) AC INPUT Bridge diode 0.5 φ 8T * 0.5 φ 8T * (Current sense filter) 51 Ω 50 V – 22 µF + HRW26F 3W 1.5 Ω (Current sense) 2SK1567 0.3 φ 50 T 0.3 φ 50 T DFG1C8 HA17431P Secondary error amplifier 330 Ω + 16 V 3.3 kΩ − 1000 µF 1.8 kΩ + − 3.3 µF 4.7 kΩ B * Bifiler transfomer core size EI-30 equivalent product TLP521 47 µH − DC OUT (5 V) + HA16107P/FP, HA16108P/FP • Forward Transformer Application Example HA16107P/FP, HA16108P/FP • When OVP signal is inserted at CL(+) pin VIN RB OVP detector VIN OUT CL(+) TL + 1 µF When the OVP detection Zener diode turns on, latch shutdown of the output is performed after the elapse of the time determined by the capacitance connected the TL pin. Rev.3, Jul. 2002, page 35 of 42 HA16107P/FP, HA16108P/FP Application 1. Use of Error Amplifier for Flyback Transformer Primary-Side Control In this example, the fact that the transformer winding ratio and voltage ratio in Figure 1.1 are mutually proportional is made use of in a flyback transformer type AC-DC converter. As fluctuation of output voltage V2 also appears in IC power supply voltage V3, this is divided by a resistance and amplified by an error amplifier. An advantage of this method is that a photocoupler need not be used, making it possible to configure a power supply with a small number of parts (this example cannot be applied to a forward transformer). •V1(input voltage) Commercial AC input Output V3(IC power supply voltage) Start-up resistance To switch element N1 V2(output voltage) N2 N3 R4 R1 C1 − 14 + R2 11 R3 15 Flyback transformer E/O Error amp. R2 × V3 = R1 + R2 Where 2.5V V3 = 1 Vref 2 N3 × V2, N2 Figure 1.1 Error Amplifier Peripheral Circuitry Diagram <Determining External Constants around Error Amplifier> 1. Detrrrmining DC Characteristics In Figure 1.1, the relational expression in the box is satisfied, and therefore parameters are determined based on this. The absolute value of the number of transformer windings is determined based on the equation N1:N2:N3 = V1:V2:V3, taking primary inductance into consideration. Next, IC operating voltage V3 is made around 11V to 18V, taking the UVL voltage into consideration. If V3 is too large, the power consumption of the IC will increase, causing heat emission problems. If V3 is too small, on the other hand, there will be problems with defective power supply start-up. 2. Determining Error Amplifier Gain vs. Frequency Characteristic Taking the configuration in Figure 1.1, the error amplifier gain characteristic with respect to fluctuation of output voltage V2 is as shown in Figure 1.2. Gain G (dB) G1 G2 f1 fAC f2 R6 ≠ 0 R6 = 0 fOSC Frequency f (Hz) Figure 1.2 Error Amplifier Characteristic Rev.3, Jul. 2002, page 36 of 42 HA16107P/FP, HA16108P/FP In Figure 1.2, the parameters are given by the following equations. Gain G1 = V3/V2 × R3/R1 G2 = V3/V2 × R4/R1 Corner frequencies f1 = 1/(2π C1 R3) f2 = 1/(2π C1 R4) Where R3>>R4 (10:1 or above) G1 is made around 30 to 50 dB, taking both regulation and stability into consideration. f1 is made a lower value than commercial frequency ripple fAC, thus preventing hunting (a system instability phenomenon). Next, G2 is set to 0 dB or less as a guideline, so that there is no gain in IC operating frequency fOSC (several tens to several hundreds of kHz). f2 should be set to a value that is substantially smaller than fOSC, and that is appropriate for the power supply response speed (several kHz). In the case of a bridge type rectification circuit, the commercial frequency ripple is twice the input frequency (with a 50 Hz commercial frequency, fAC = 100 Hz). 2. External Constant Design for Current Detection Section (HA16107, HA16108, HA16666) In the above IC models, which incorporate a current detection function, a low-pass filter such as shown in Figure 2.1 must be inserted between switch element current detection resistance RCS and the current detection pin of the IC. Input voltage 140V VB Floating capacitance CX Output From PWM output pin of IC To current detection pin of IC Switch element power MOS FET ID RA V11 Current detection resistance V12 CA RB RCS Several hundred mΩ to several Ω Filter (LPF) Figure 2.1 Current Detection Circuit Rev.3, Jul. 2002, page 37 of 42 HA16107P/FP, HA16108P/FP The reason for this is that, when the switch element is on in each cycle, there is an impulse current associated with charging of transformer floating capacitance CX, and IC current detection malfunctions (see Figure 2.2). VTH V11 V12 Figure 2.2 Current Detection Waveform <Setting Numeric Values> If the switch element current to be detected is designated ID, and the current detection resistance RCS, then the following equation is satisfied using the parameters in Figure 2.1. ID × RCS = ((RA + RB)/RB) VTH VTH is the detection level voltage of the IC (240 mV in the case of the HA16107, for example). RA and RB are set to values on the order of several hundred Ω to several kΩ, so that RCS is not affected. Next, the filter cutoff frequency is set according to the following equation. fC = 1/(2π CA (RA/RB)) fC can be found with the following guideline, using IC operating frequency fOSC, power supply rating onduty D, and power MOS element turn-on time tON. fosc/D ≤ fC ≤ 1/(100 × tON) Value 100 in the above equation provides a margin for noise, ringing, and so forth. <Actual Example> In an SW power supply using an HA16107, with a 100 kHz operating frequency and a D value of 30%, the relevant values were as follows: VB = 140 V, CX = 80 pF, tON = 10 ns. Thus, when RCS = 1 Ω, the V11 level peak value reaches the following figure. V11 (peak) = RCS × ID peak = RCS × (VB × CX)/tON = 1Ω × (140 V × 80 pF)/10 ns = 1.12 (V) A filter with the following constants was then inserted. RA = RB = 1 kΩ, CA = 1000 pF At this time, the detectable drain current is 0.48 (A), and the filter cutoff frequency is 318 (kHz). Note that increasing a filter time constant is effective against noise, but if the value is too large, error will arise in the switch element current detection level. Rev.3, Jul. 2002, page 38 of 42 HA16107P/FP, HA16108P/FP 3. IC Heat Emission Problem and Countermeasures (HA16107 Series, HA16114 Series) While the above ICs can directly drive a power MOS FET gate, if the method of use is not thoroughly investigated, there will be a tendency for the gate drive power to increase and a problem of heat emission by the IC may occur. This section should therefore be noted and appropriate measures taken to prevent this kind of problem. 1. Power MOS FET Drive Characteristics When power MOS FET drive is performed, in order to lower the on-resistance sufficiently, overdrive is normally performed with a voltage considerably higher than 5 V, for example, such as the 15 V power supply voltage of the IC. At this time, the power that should be supplied from the IC to the power MOS FET is determined by gate load Qg in Figure 4.2. 2. IC Heat-Emission Power Calculation (Figure 4.2) The power that contributes to IC heat emission is calculated by means of the following equation. Pd = VIN IQ + 2Qg VIN f Where VIN IQ Qg f : Power supply voltage of IC : Operating current of IC (unloaded) : Above-mentioned gate load : Operating frequency of IC The coefficient, 2, indicates that gate discharging also contributes to heat emission. 4. Power MOS FET Gate Resistance Design (HA16107 Series, HA16114 Series) There are the following three purposes in connecting a gate resistance, and the circuit is generally of the kind shown in Figure 4.1. (1) To suppress peak current due to gate charging (2) To protect IC output pins (3) To provide drive appropriate to power MOS FET input characteristics DG To transformer OUT IC output pin RG1 RG2 Power MOS FET CS RCS Figure 4.1 Gate Drive Circuit Rev.3, Jul. 2002, page 39 of 42 HA16107P/FP, HA16108P/FP This gate resistance RG is given by the following equation. RG = (VG/IG) – (VG × tON)/Qg, RG = RG1 + RG2 IG : Gate input peak current VG : Gate drive voltage wave high value (equal to power supply voltage of IC) tON : Power MOS FET turn-on time tOFF : Power MOS FET turn-off time Qg : Gate charge according to Figure 4.2 VDS (V) VDS VGS VGS (V) Qg (nc) Figure 4.2 Power MOS FET Dynamic Input Characteristics Refer to the power MOS FET catalog for information on tON and Qg. By dividing RG into RG1 and RG2, it is possible for speed to be slowed when the power MOS FET is on, and increased when off. Power MOS FET on and off times when mounted, tON’ and tOFF’, are as follows. tON’ = tON + Qg(RG1 + RG2)/VG tOFF’ = tOFF + Qg ⋅ RG2/VG <Actual Example> When driving a power MOS FET and 2SK1567 with an HA16107, etc. (RG1 = 100 Ω, RG2 = 20 Ω, VG = 15 V) tON’ = 70 ns + 36 nc ⋅ (100 Ω + 20 Ω)/(15 V) = 360 (ns) tOFF’ = 135 ns + 36 nc ⋅ (20 Ω)/(15 V) = 183 (ns) Generally, the gate resistance values in the case of this circuit configuration are on the order of 100 to 470 Ω for RG1 and 10 to 47 Ω for RG2. Rev.3, Jul. 2002, page 40 of 42 HA16107P/FP, HA16108P/FP Package Dimensions As of January, 2002 19.20 20.00 Max Unit: mm 1 7.40 Max 9 6.30 16 8 1.3 0.48 ± 0.10 7.62 2.54 Min 5.06 Max 2.54 ± 0.25 0.51 Min 1.11 Max + 0.13 0.25 – 0.05 0˚ – 15˚ Hitachi Code JEDEC JEITA Mass (reference value) DP-16 Conforms Conforms 1.07 g As of January, 2002 Unit: mm 10.06 10.5 Max 9 1 8 1.27 *0.42 ± 0.08 0.40 ± 0.06 0.10 ± 0.10 0.80 Max *0.22 ± 0.05 0.20 ± 0.04 2.20 Max 5.5 16 0.20 7.80 +– 0.30 1.15 0˚ – 8˚ 0.70 ± 0.20 0.15 0.12 M *Dimension including the plating thickness Base material dimension Hitachi Code JEDEC JEITA Mass (reference value) FP-16DA — Conforms 0.24 g Rev.3, Jul. 2002, page 41 of 42 HA16107P/FP, HA16108P/FP Disclaimer 1. Hitachi neither warrants nor grants licenses of any rights of Hitachi’s or any third party’s patent, copyright, trademark, or other intellectual property rights for information contained in this document. Hitachi bears no responsibility for problems that may arise with third party’s rights, including intellectual property rights, in connection with use of the information contained in this document. 2. Products and product specifications may be subject to change without notice. Confirm that you have received the latest product standards or specifications before final design, purchase or use. 3. Hitachi makes every attempt to ensure that its products are of high quality and reliability. However, contact Hitachi’s sales office before using the product in an application that demands especially high quality and reliability or where its failure or malfunction may directly threaten human life or cause risk of bodily injury, such as aerospace, aeronautics, nuclear power, combustion control, transportation, traffic, safety equipment or medical equipment for life support. 4. 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(Taipei Branch Office) 4/F, No. 167, Tun Hwa North Road Hung-Kuo Building Taipei (105), Taiwan Tel : <886>-(2)-2718-3666 Fax : <886>-(2)-2718-8180 Telex : 23222 HAS-TP URL : http://www.hitachi.com.tw Hitachi Asia (Hong Kong) Ltd. Group III (Electronic Components) 7/F., North Tower World Finance Centre, Harbour City, Canton Road Tsim Sha Tsui, Kowloon Hong Kong Tel : <852>-2735-9218 Fax : <852>-2730-0281 URL : http://semiconductor.hitachi.com.hk Copyright © Hitachi, Ltd., 2002. All rights reserved. Printed in Japan. Colophon 6.0 Rev.3, Jul. 2002, page 42 of 42