CC2480 Z-Accel 2.4 GHz ZigBee® Processor Accelerate your ZigBee Development Applications • ZigBee™ systems • Home/Building automation • Industrial control and monitoring • Low power wireless sensor networks • Set-top boxes and remote controls • Automated Meter Reading Description The CC2480 (formerly known as CCZACC06) is a cost-effective, low power, Z-Accel ZigBee Processor that provides full ZigBee functionality with a minimal development effort. CC2480 supports TI’s SimpleAPI. SimpleAPI has only 10 API calls to learn, which drastically simplifies the development of ZigBee applications. Z-Accel is a solution where TI’s ZigBee stack, Z-Stack, runs on a ZigBee Processor and the application runs on an external microcontroller. The CC2480 handles all the timing critical and processing intensive ZigBee protocol tasks, and leaves the resources of the application microcontroller free to handle the application. Z-Accel makes it easy to add ZigBee to new or existing products at the same time as it provides great flexibility in choice of microcontroller. CC2480 interfaces any microcontroller through an SPI or UART interface. There is no need to learn a new microcontroller or new tools. CC2480 can for example be combined with an MSP430. Key Features • Simple integration of ZigBee into any design • Running the mature and stable ZigBee 2006 compliant TI Z-Stack • SPI or UART interface to any microcontroller running the application • Simple API and full ZigBee API supported • Can implement any type of ZigBee device: Coordinator, Router or End Device • Automatically enters low power mode (<0.5 uA) in idle periods when configured as End Device • Radio o Fully integrated and robust IEEE 802.15.4-compliant 2.4 GHz DSSS RF transceiver o Excellent receiver sensitivity and best in class robustness to interferers • Power Supply o Wide supply voltage range (2.0V – 3.6V) o Low current consumption (RX: 27 mA, TX: 27 mA) and fast transition times. • External System o Very few external components o RoHS compliant 7x7mm QLP48 package • Peripherals and Supporting Functions o Port expander with 4 general I/O pins, two with increased sink/source capability o Battery monitor and temperature sensor o 7-12 bits ADC with two channels o Robust power-on-reset and brownout-reset circuitry • Tools and Development o Packet sniffer PC software o Reference designs CC2480 Data Sheet SWRS074A Page 1 of 43 CC2480 Table Of Contents APPLICATIONS .............................................................................................................................................. 1 DESCRIPTION ................................................................................................................................................ 1 KEY FEATURES ............................................................................................................................................. 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................................. 2 1 ABBREVIATIONS................................................................................................................................ 4 2 REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................................... 5 3 ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS .................................................................................................. 6 4 OPERATING CONDITIONS............................................................................................................... 6 5 ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATIONS .................................................................................................... 7 5.1 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS ................................................................................................................ 8 5.2 RF RECEIVE SECTION ........................................................................................................................... 9 5.3 RF TRANSMIT SECTION ......................................................................................................................... 9 5.4 32 MHZ CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR .......................................................................................................... 10 5.5 32.768 KHZ CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR .................................................................................................... 10 5.6 32 KHZ RC OSCILLATOR..................................................................................................................... 11 5.7 16 MHZ RC OSCILLATOR ................................................................................................................... 11 5.8 FREQUENCY SYNTHESIZER CHARACTERISTICS ................................................................................... 12 5.9 ANALOG TEMPERATURE SENSOR ........................................................................................................ 12 5.10 ADC ................................................................................................................................................... 12 5.11 CONTROL AC CHARACTERISTICS........................................................................................................ 14 5.12 SPI AC CHARACTERISTICS ................................................................................................................. 15 5.13 PORT OUTPUTS AC CHARACTERISTICS ............................................................................................... 15 5.14 DC CHARACTERISTICS ........................................................................................................................ 15 6 PIN AND I/O PORT CONFIGURATION ........................................................................................ 17 7 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION ................................................................................................................. 19 8 APPLICATION CIRCUIT ................................................................................................................. 20 8.1 INPUT / OUTPUT MATCHING ................................................................................................................. 20 8.2 BIAS RESISTORS .................................................................................................................................. 20 8.3 CRYSTAL ............................................................................................................................................. 20 8.4 VOLTAGE REGULATORS ...................................................................................................................... 20 8.5 POWER SUPPLY DECOUPLING AND FILTERING...................................................................................... 21 9 PERIPHERALS ................................................................................................................................... 23 9.1 RESET ................................................................................................................................................. 23 9.2 I/O PORTS ............................................................................................................................................ 23 9.3 ADC ................................................................................................................................................... 25 9.4 RANDOM NUMBER GENERATOR ......................................................................................................... 27 9.5 USART............................................................................................................................................... 28 10 RADIO .................................................................................................................................................. 29 10.1 IEEE 802.15.4 MODULATION FORMAT ............................................................................................... 30 10.2 DEMODULATOR, SYMBOL SYNCHRONIZER AND DATA DECISION ....................................................... 31 10.3 FRAME FORMAT .................................................................................................................................. 31 10.4 SYNCHRONIZATION HEADER ............................................................................................................... 32 10.5 MAC PROTOCOL DATA UNIT ............................................................................................................... 32 10.6 FRAME CHECK SEQUENCE ................................................................................................................... 32 10.7 LINEAR IF AND AGC SETTINGS .......................................................................................................... 33 10.8 CLEAR CHANNEL ASSESSMENT........................................................................................................... 33 10.9 VCO AND PLL SELF-CALIBRATION .................................................................................................... 33 10.10 INPUT / OUTPUT MATCHING ................................................................................................................ 33 10.11 SYSTEM CONSIDERATIONS AND GUIDELINES ...................................................................................... 34 10.12 PCB LAYOUT RECOMMENDATION ...................................................................................................... 35 10.13 ANTENNA CONSIDERATIONS ............................................................................................................... 35 CC2480 Data Sheet SWRS074A Page 2 of 43 CC2480 11 VOLTAGE REGULATORS............................................................................................................... 36 11.1 VOLTAGE REGULATORS POWER-ON.................................................................................................... 36 12 PACKAGE DESCRIPTION (QLP 48) .............................................................................................. 37 12.1 RECOMMENDED PCB LAYOUT FOR PACKAGE (QLP 48)...................................................................... 38 12.2 PACKAGE THERMAL PROPERTIES......................................................................................................... 38 12.3 SOLDERING INFORMATION .................................................................................................................. 38 12.4 TRAY SPECIFICATION .......................................................................................................................... 38 12.5 CARRIER TAPE AND REEL SPECIFICATION ............................................................................................ 38 13 ORDERING INFORMATION........................................................................................................... 40 14 GENERAL INFORMATION ............................................................................................................. 41 14.1 DOCUMENT HISTORY .......................................................................................................................... 41 15 ADDRESS INFORMATION .............................................................................................................. 41 16 TI WORLDWIDE TECHNICAL SUPPORT ................................................................................... 41 CC2480 Data Sheet SWRS074A Page 3 of 43 CC2480 1 Abbreviations ADC Analog to Digital Converter LSB Least Significant Byte AES Advanced Encryption Standard MAC Medium Access Control AGC Automatic Gain Control MISO Master In Slave Out API Application Programming Interface MOSI Master Out Slave In ARIB Association of Radio Industries and Businesses MPDU MAC Protocol Data Unit MSB Most Significant Byte BOD Brown Out Detector MUX Multiplexer BOM Bill of Materials NA Not Available CCA Clear Channel Assessment NC Not Connected CFR Code of Federal Regulations O-QPSK Offset - Quadrature Phase Shift Keying CPU Central Processing Unit PA Power Amplifier CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check PCB Printed Circuit Board CSMA-CA Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance PER Packet Error Rate CW Continuous Wave PHY Physical Layer DAC Digital to Analog Converter PLL Phase Locked Loop DC Direct Current PM{0-3} Power Mode 0-3 DNL Differential Nonlinearity POR Power On Reset DSM Delta Sigma Modulator PWM Pulse Width Modulator DSSS Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum QLP Quad Leadless Package EM Evaluation Module RAM Random Access Memory ENOB Effective Number of bits RC Resistor-Capacitor ESD Electro Static Discharge RCOSC RC Oscillator ESR Equivalent Series Resistance RF Radio Frequency ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute RoHS Restriction on Hazardous Substances RSSI Receive Signal Strength Indicator EVM Error Vector Magnitude RX Receive FCC Federal Communications Commission SCK Serial Clock FCF Frame Control Field SFD Start of Frame Delimiter FCS Frame Check Sequence SHR Synchronization Header I/O Input / Output SINAD Signal-to-noise and distortion ratio I/Q In-phase / Quadrature-phase SPI Serial Peripheral Interface IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers SRAM Static Random Access Memory IF Intermediate Frequency ST Sleep Timer INL Integral Nonlinearity T/R Tape and reel ISM Industrial, Scientific and Medical T/R Transmit / Receive JEDEC Joint Electron Device Engineering Council TBD To Be Decided / To Be Defined THD Total Harmonic Distortion KB 1024 bytes TI Texas Instruments kbps kilo bits per second TX Transmit LFSR Linear Feedback Shift Register UART LNA Low-Noise Amplifier Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter LO Local Oscillator USART Universal Synchronous/Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter LQI Link Quality Indication VGA Variable Gain Amplifier LSB Least Significant Bit / Byte XOSC Crystal Oscillator CC2480 Data Sheet SWRS074A Page 4 of 43 CC2480 2 [1] References IEEE std. 802.15.4 - 2006: Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) specifications for Low Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPANs). http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/download/802.15.4-2006.pdf [2] CC2480 Interface Specification http://www.ti.com/lit/pdf/swra175 CC2480 Data Sheet SWRS074A Page 5 of 43 CC2480 3 Absolute Maximum Ratings Under no circumstances must the absolute maximum ratings given in Table 1 be violated. Stress exceeding one or more of the limiting values may cause permanent damage to the device. Table 1: Absolute Maximum Ratings Parameter Min Max Units Supply voltage, VDD –0.3 3.9 V Voltage on any digital pin –0.3 VDD+0.3, max 3.9 V Voltage on the 1.8V pins (pin no. 22, 25-40 and 42) –0.3 2.0 V 10 dBm 150 °C Device not programmed 260 °C According to IPC/JEDEC J-STD-020C <500 V On RF pads (RF_P, RF_N, AVDD_RF1, and AVDD_RF2), according to Human Body Model, JEDEC STD 22, method A114 700 V All other pads, according to Human Body Model, JEDEC STD 22, method A114 200 V According to Charged Device Model, JEDEC STD 22, method C101 Input RF level Storage temperature range –50 Reflow soldering temperature ESD Condition All supply pins must have the same voltage Caution! ESD sensitive device. Precaution should be used when handling the device in order to prevent permanent damage. 4 Operating Conditions The operating conditions for CC2480 are listed in Table 2. Table 2: Operating Conditions Parameter Min Max Unit Operating ambient temperature range, TA -40 85 °C Operating supply voltage 2.0 3.6 V CC2480 Data Sheet SWRS074A Condition The supply pins to the radio part must be driven by the 1.8 V on-chip regulator Page 6 of 43 CC2480 5 Electrical Specifications Measured on Texas Instruments CC2480 EM reference design with TA=25°C and VDD=3.0V unless stated otherwise. Table 3: Electrical Specifications Parameter Min Typ Max Unit Condition mA Digital regulator on. 16 MHz RCOSC running. No radio, crystals, or peripherals active. Low CPU activity: no flash access (i.e. only cache hit), no RAM access. Current Consumption CPU Active Mode, 16 MHz, low CPU activity 4.3 CPU Active Mode, 16 MHz, medium CPU activity 5.1 mA Digital regulator on. 16 MHz RCOSC running. No radio, crystals, or peripherals active. 1 Medium CPU activity: normal flash access , minor RAM access. CPU Active Mode, 16 MHz, high CPU activity 5.7 mA Digital regulator on. 16 MHz RCOSC running. No radio, crystals, or peripherals active. High CPU activity: normal flash access, extensive RAM access and heavy CPU load. CPU Active Mode, 32 MHz, low CPU activity 9.5 mA 32 MHz XOSC running. No radio or peripherals active. Low CPU activity : no flash access (i.e. only cache hit), no RAM access CPU Active Mode, 32 MHz, medium CPU activity 10.5 mA 32 MHz XOSC running. No radio or peripherals active. 1 Medium CPU activity: normal flash access , minor RAM access. CPU Active Mode, 32 MHz, high CPU activity 12.3 mA 32 MHz XOSC running. No radio or peripherals active. 1 High CPU activity: normal flash access , extensive RAM access and heavy CPU load. CPU Active and RX Mode 26.7 mA CPU running at full speed (32MHz), 32MHz XOSC running, radio in RX mode, -50 dBm input power. No peripherals active. Low CPU activity. CPU Active and TX Mode, 0dBm 26.9 mA CPU running at full speed (32MHz), 32MHz XOSC running, radio in TX mode, 0dBm output power. No peripherals active. Low CPU activity. Power mode 1 190 µA Digital regulator on, 16 MHz RCOSC and 32 MHz crystal oscillator off. 32.768 kHz XOSC, POR and ST active. RAM retention. Power mode 2 0.5 µA Digital regulator off, 16 MHz RCOSC and 32 MHz crystal oscillator off. 32.768 kHz XOSC, POR and ST active. RAM retention. Power mode 3 0.3 µA No clocks. RAM retention. POR active. Peripheral Current Consumption Adds to the figures above if the peripheral unit is activated Sleep Timer 0.2 µA Including 32.753 kHz RCOSC. ADC 1.2 mA When converting. Flash write 3 mA Estimated value Flash erase 3 mA Estimated value 1 Normal Flash access means that the code used exceeds the cache storage so cache misses will happen frequently. CC2480 Data Sheet SWRS074A Page 7 of 43 CC2480 5.1 General Characteristics Measured on Texas Instruments CC2480 EM reference design with TA=25°C and VDD=3.0V unless stated otherwise. Table 4: General Characteristics Parameter Min Typ Max Unit Condition/Note Wake-Up and Timing Power mode 1 Æ power mode 0 4.1 µs Digital regulator on, 16 MHz RCOSC and 32 MHz crystal oscillator off. Start-up of 16 MHz RCOSC. Power mode 2 or 3 Æ power mode 0 120 µs Digital regulator off, 16 MHz RCOSC and 32 MHz crystal oscillator off. Start-up of regulator and 16 MHz RCOSC. Active Æ TX or RX 32MHz XOSC initially OFF. Voltage regulator initially OFF 525 µs Time from enabling radio part in power mode 0, until TX or RX starts. Includes start-up of voltage regulator and crystal oscillator in parallel. Crystal ESR=16Ω. Active Æ TX or RX Voltage regulator initially OFF 320 µs Time from enabling radio part in power mode 0, until TX or RX starts. Includes start-up of voltage regulator. Radio part already enabled. Time until RX or TX starts. Active Æ RX or TX 192 µs RX/TX turnaround 192 µs Radio part RF Frequency Range 2400 2483.5 MHz Programmable in 1 MHz steps, 5 MHz between channels for compliance with [1] Radio bit rate 250 kbps As defined by [1] Radio chip rate 2.0 MChip/s As defined by [1] CC2480 Data Sheet SWRS074A Page 8 of 43 CC2480 5.2 RF Receive Section Measured on Texas Instruments CC2480 EM reference design with TA=25°C and VDD=3.0V unless stated otherwise. Table 5: RF Receive Parameters Parameter Receiver sensitivity Min Typ Max -92 Unit dBm Condition/Note PER = 1%, as specified by [1] Measured in 50 Ω single endedly through a balun. [1] requires –85 dBm Saturation (maximum input level) 10 dBm PER = 1%, as specified by [1] Measured in 50 Ω single endedly through a balun. [1] requires –20 dBm Adjacent channel rejection + 5 MHz channel spacing 41 dB Wanted signal -88dBm, adjacent modulated channel at +5 MHz, PER = 1 %, as specified by [1]. [1] requires 0 dB Adjacent channel rejection - 5 MHz channel spacing 30 dB Wanted signal -88dBm, adjacent modulated channel at -5 MHz, PER = 1 %, as specified by [1]. [1] requires 0 dB Alternate channel rejection + 10 MHz channel spacing 55 dB Wanted signal -88dBm, adjacent modulated channel at +10 MHz, PER = 1 %, as specified by [1] [1] requires 30 dB Alternate channel rejection - 10 MHz channel spacing 53 dB Wanted signal -88dBm, adjacent modulated channel at -10 MHz, PER = 1 %, as specified by [1] [1] requires 30 dB Channel rejection ≥ + 15 MHz 55 dB ≤ - 15 MHz 53 dB -6 dB + 5 MHz from band edge + 10 MHz from band edge + 20 MHz from band edge + 50 MHz from band edge -42 -29 -26 -22 dBm dBm dBm dBm - 5 MHz from band edge - 10 MHz from band edge - 20 MHz from band edge - 50 MHz from band edge -31 -36 -24 -25 dBm dBm dBm dBm Co-channel rejection Wanted signal @ -82 dBm. Undesired signal is an 802.15.4 modulated channel, stepped through all channels from 2405 to 2480 MHz. Signal level for PER = 1%. Values are estimated. Wanted signal @ -82 dBm. Undesired signal is 802.15.4 modulated at the same frequency as the desired signal. Signal level for PER = 1%. Blocking / Desensitization Wanted signal 3 dB above the sensitivity level, CW jammer, PER = 1%. Measured according to EN 300 440 class 2. Spurious emission 30 – 1000 MHz 1 – 12.75 GHz Frequency error tolerance −64 −75 ±140 dBm dBm Conducted measurement in a 50 Ω single ended load. Complies with EN 300 328, EN 300 440 class 2, FCC CFR47, Part 15 and ARIB STD-T-66. ppm Difference between centre frequency of the received RF signal and local oscillator frequency. [1] requires minimum 80 ppm Symbol rate error tolerance ±900 ppm Difference between incoming symbol rate and the internally generated symbol rate [1] requires minimum 80 ppm 5.3 RF Transmit Section Measured on Texas Instruments CC2480 EM reference design with TA=25°C, VDD=3.0V, and nominal output power unless stated otherwise. CC2480 Data Sheet SWRS074A Page 9 of 43 CC2480 Table 6: RF Transmit Parameters Parameter Min Typ Nominal output power Max Unit 0 dBm Condition/Note Delivered to a single ended 50 Ω load through a balun. [1] requires minimum –3 dBm Harmonics nd -50.7 dBm rd -55.8 dBm harmonic -54.2 dBm 5 harmonic -53.4 dBm 2 harmonic 3 harmonic 4 th th Spurious emission Measurement conducted with 100 kHz resolution bandwidth on spectrum analyzer. Output Delivered to a single ended 50 Ω load through a balun. Maximum output power. Texas Instruments CC2480 EM reference design complies with EN 300 328, EN 300 440, FCC CFR47 Part 15 and ARIB STDT-66. Transmit on 2480MHz under FCC is supported by duty-cycling 30 - 1000 MHz -47 dBm 1– 12.75 GHz -43 dBm 1.8 – 1.9 GHz -58 dBm 5.15 – 5.3 GHz -56 dBm The peak conducted spurious emission is -47 dBm @ 192 MHz which is in an EN 300 440 restricted band limited to -54 dBm. All radiated spurious emissions are within the limits of ETSI/FCC/ARIB. Conducted spurious emission (CSE) can be reduced with a simple band pass filter connected between matching network and RF connector (1.8 pF in parallel with 1.6 nH reduces the CSE by 20 dB), this filter must be connected to good RF ground. EVM 11 % Measured as defined by [1] [1] requires max. 35 % Optimum load impedance 5.4 Ω 60 + j164 Differential impedance as seen from the RF-port (RF_P and RF_N) towards the antenna2. 32 MHz Crystal Oscillator Measured on Texas Instruments CC2480 EM reference design with TA=25°C and VDD=3.0V unless stated otherwise. Table 7: 32 MHz Crystal Oscillator Parameters Parameter Min Crystal frequency Crystal frequency accuracy requirement Typ Max Unit 32 - 40 Condition/Note MHz 40 ppm Ω Including aging and temperature dependency, as specified by [1] ESR 6 16 60 C0 1 1.9 7 pF Simulated over operating conditions CL 10 13 16 pF Simulated over operating conditions Start-up time 5.5 212 Simulated over operating conditions µs 32.768 kHz Crystal Oscillator Measured on Texas Instruments CC2480 EM reference design with TA=25°C and VDD=3.0V unless stated otherwise. 2 This is for 2440MHz CC2480 Data Sheet SWRS074A Page 10 of 43 CC2480 Table 8: 32.768 kHz Crystal Oscillator Parameters Parameter Min Crystal frequency Crystal frequency accuracy requirement Typ Max 32.768 –40 Unit Condition/Note kHz 40 ppm kΩ Including aging and temperature dependency, as specified by [1] ESR 40 130 C0 0.9 2.0 pF Simulated over operating conditions CL 12 16 pF Simulated over operating conditions Start-up time 400 ms Value is simulated. 5.6 Simulated over operating conditions 32 kHz RC Oscillator Measured on Texas Instruments CC2480 EM reference design with TA=25°C and VDD=3.0V unless stated otherwise. Table 9: 32 kHz RC Oscillator parameters Parameter Min Calibrated frequency Typ Max 32.753 Unit Condition/Note kHz The calibrated 32 kHz RC Oscillator frequency is the 32 MHz XTAL frequency divided by 977 Frequency accuracy after calibration ±0.2 % Value is estimated. Temperature coefficient +0.4 % / °C Frequency drift when temperature changes after calibration. Value is estimated. Supply voltage coefficient +3 %/V Frequency drift when supply voltage changes after calibration. Value is estimated. Initial calibration time 1.7 ms When the 32 kHz RC Oscillator is enabled, calibration is continuously done in the background as long as the 32 MHz crystal oscillator is running. 5.7 16 MHz RC Oscillator Measured on Texas Instruments CC2480 EM reference design with TA=25°C and VDD=3.0V unless stated otherwise. Table 10: 16 MHz RC Oscillator parameters Parameter Min Typ Max Unit Condition/Note The calibrated 16 MHz RC Oscillator frequency is the 32 MHz XTAL frequency divided by 2 Frequency 16 MHz Uncalibrated frequency accuracy ±18 % Calibrated frequency accuracy ±0.6 Start-up time Temperature coefficient Supply voltage coefficient Initial calibration time 50 ±1 % 10 µs -325 ppm / °C Frequency drift when temperature changes after calibration 28 ppm / mV Frequency drift when supply voltage changes after calibration µs When the 16 MHz RC Oscillator is enabled it will be calibrated continuously when the 32MHz crystal oscillator is running. CC2480 Data Sheet SWRS074A Page 11 of 43 CC2480 5.8 Frequency Synthesizer Characteristics Measured on Texas Instruments CC2480 EM reference design with TA=25°C and VDD=3.0V unless stated otherwise. Table 11: Frequency Synthesizer Parameters Parameter Min Typ Max Unit Condition/Note Phase noise Unmodulated carrier −116 −117 −118 PLL lock time 5.9 192 dBc/Hz dBc/Hz dBc/Hz At ±1.5 MHz offset from carrier At ±3 MHz offset from carrier At ±5 MHz offset from carrier µs The startup time until RX/TX turnaround. The crystal oscillator is running. Analog Temperature Sensor Measured on Texas Instruments CC2480 EM reference design with TA=25°C and VDD=3.0V unless stated otherwise. Table 12: Analog Temperature Sensor Parameters Parameter Min Typ Max Unit Condition/Note Output voltage at –40°C 0.648 V Value is estimated Output voltage at 0°C 0.743 V Value is estimated Output voltage at +40°C 0.840 V Value is estimated Output voltage at +80°C 0.939 V Value is estimated Temperature coefficient 2.45 mV/°C Fitted from –20°C to +80°C on estimated values. °C From –20°C to +80°C when assuming best fit for absolute accuracy on estimated values: 0.743V at 0°C and 2.45mV / °C. °C From –20°C to +80°C when using 2.45mV / °C, after 1-point calibration at room temperature. Values are estimated. Indicated min/max with 1point calibration is based on simulated values for typical process parameters Absolute error in calculated temperature Error in calculated temperature, calibrated –8 -2 0 Current consumption increase when enabled 2 280 µA 5.10 ADC Measured with TA=25°C and VDD=3.0V. Note that other data may result when using Texas Instruments’ CC2480 EM reference design. Table 13: ADC Characteristics Parameter Min Input voltage Max Unit Condition/Note VDD V VDD is voltage on AVDD_SOC pin 197 kΩ Simulated using 4 MHz clock speed. 2.97 V Peak-to-peak, defines 0dBFS 0 Input resistance, signal 3 Full-Scale Signal 3 Typ Measured with 300 Hz Sine input and VDD as reference. CC2480 Data Sheet SWRS074A Page 12 of 43 CC2480 Parameter ENOB Min 3 5.7 Single ended input ENOB Typ Error! Bookmark not defined. Useful Power Bandwidth Unit bits Condition/Note 7-bits setting. 7.5 9-bits setting. 9.3 10-bits setting. 10.8 12-bits setting. 6.5 Differential input Max bits 7-bits setting. 8.3 9-bits setting. 10.0 10-bits setting. 11.5 12-bits setting. 0-20 kHz 7-bits setting -75.2 dB 12-bits setting, -6dBFS -86.6 dB 12-bits setting, -6dBFS 70.2 dB 12-bits setting 79.3 dB 12-bits setting -Single ended input 78.8 dB 12-bits setting, -6dBFS -Differential input 88.9 dB 12-bits setting, -6dBFS CMRR, differential input <-84 dB 12- bit setting, 1 kHz Sine (0dBFS), limited by ADC resolution Crosstalk, single ended input <-84 dB 12- bit setting, 1 kHz Sine (0dBFS), limited by ADC resolution -3 mV Mid. Scale 3 THD -Single ended input -Differential input Signal To Non-Harmonic Ratio 3 -Single ended input -Differential input Spurious Free Dynamic Range Offset 3 Gain error 0.68 % 3 0.05 LSB 12-bits setting, mean 0.9 LSB 12-bits setting, max 4.6 LSB 12-bits setting, mean DNL INL 3 13.3 LSB 12-bits setting, max SINAD 35.4 dB 7-bits setting. Single ended input 46.8 dB 9-bits setting. (-THD+N) 57.5 dB 10-bits setting. 66.6 dB 12-bits setting. SINAD 40.7 dB 7-bits setting. Differential input 51.6 dB 9-bits setting. (-THD+N) 61.8 dB 10-bits setting. 70.8 dB 12-bits setting. 20 µs 7-bits setting. 36 µs 9-bits setting. 68 µs 10-bits setting. 132 µs 12-bits setting. 1.2 mA 3 Error! Bookmark not defined. Conversion time Power Consumption CC2480 Data Sheet SWRS074A Page 13 of 43 CC2480 5.11 Control AC Characteristics TA= -40°C to 85°C, VDD=2.0V to 3.6V if nothing else stated. Table 14: Control Inputs AC Characteristics Parameter System clock, fSYSCLK Min Typ 16 Max Unit Condition/Note 32 MHz System clock is 32 MHz when crystal oscillator is used. System clock is 16 MHz when calibrated 16 MHz RC oscillator is used. tSYSCLK= 1/ fSYSCLK RESET_N low width 250 ns See item 1, Figure 1. This is the shortest pulse that is guaranteed to be recognized as a complete reset pin request. Note that shorter pulses may be recognized but will not lead to complete reset of all modules within the chip. Interrupt pulse width tSYSCLK ns See item 2, Figure 1.This is the shortest pulse that is guaranteed to be recognized as an interrupt request. In PM2/3 the internal synchronizers are bypassed so this requirement does not apply in PM2/3. 1 RESET_N GPIOx 2 2 GPIOx Figure 1: Control Inputs AC Characteristics CC2480 Data Sheet SWRS074A Page 14 of 43 CC2480 5.12 SPI AC Characteristics TA= -40°C to 85°C, VDD=2.0V to 3.6V if nothing else stated. Table 15: SPI AC Characteristics Parameter Min Typ Max Unit Condition/Note SSN low to SCK 2*tSYSCLK See item 5 Figure 2 SCK to SSN high 30 ns See item 6 Figure 2 SCK period 100 ns See item 1 Figure 2 SCK duty cycle 50% SI setup 10 ns See item 2 Figure 2 SI hold 10 ns See item 3 Figure 2 ns See item 4 Figure 2, load = 10 pF SCK to SO 25 Figure 2: SPI AC Characteristics 5.13 Port Outputs AC Characteristics TA= 25°C, VDD=3.0V if nothing else stated. Table 16: Port Outputs AC Characteristics Parameter Min Typ GPIO/USART output rise time (SC=0/SC=1) 3.15/ 1.34 fall time (SC=0/SC=1) 3.2/ 1.44 Max Unit Condition/Note ns Load = 10 pF Timing is with respect to 10% VDD and 90% VDD levels. Values are estimated Load = 10 pF Timing is with respect to 90% VDD and 10% VDD. Values are estimated 5.14 DC Characteristics The DC Characteristics of CC2480 are listed in Table 17 below. TA=25°C, VDD=3.0V if nothing else stated. Table 17: DC Characteristics CC2480 Data Sheet SWRS074A Page 15 of 43 CC2480 Digital Inputs/Outputs Min Typ Logic "0" input voltage Max 30 Unit Condition % Of VDD supply (2.0 – 3.6 V) % Of VDD supply (2.0 – 3.6 V) Logic "1" input voltage 70 Logic "0" input current per pin NA 12 nA Input equals 0V Logic "1" input current NA 12 nA Input equals VDD Total logic “0” input current all pins 70 nA Total logic “1” input current all pins 70 nA I/O pin pull-up and pull-down resistor 20 CC2480 Data Sheet SWRS074A kΩ Page 16 of 43 CC2480 6 Pin and I/O Port Configuration The CC2480 pinout is shown in Figure 3 with details in Table 18. Figure 3: Pinout top view Note: The exposed die attach pad must be connected to a solid ground plane as this is the ground connection for the chip. CC2480 Data Sheet SWRS074A Page 17 of 43 CC2480 Table 18: Pinout overview Pin 1 Pin name GND NC Pin type Ground N/A Description The exposed die attach pad must be connected to a solid ground plane 2 3 4 5 6 7 NC GPIO3 GPIO2 SRDY MRDY DVDD N/A Digital I/O Digital I/O Digital Output Digital Input Power (Digital) General I/O pin 3 General I/O pin 2 Slave ready. Mandatory for SPI, optional for UART. Master ready. Optional for SPI and UART. 2.0V-3.6V digital power supply for digital I/O 8 9 10 11 12 13 GPIO1 GPIO0 RESET_N CFG0 CFG1 SO/RX Digital I/O Digital I/O Digital input Digital Input Digital Input Digital Input General I/O pin 1 – increased drive capability General I/Opin 0 – increased drive capability Reset, active low Configuration input 0 Configuration input 1 SPI slave output or UART RX data 14 15 16 17 18 19 SI/TX SS/CT C/RT A0 A1 XOSC_Q2 Digital Output Digital I/O Digital Input Analog Input Analog Input Analog I/O SPI slave input or UART TX data SPI slave select (in) or UART CTS (out) SPI clock or UART RTS ADC input A0 ADC input A1 32 MHz crystal oscillator pin 2 20 21 22 23 24 AVDD_SOC XOSC_Q1 RBIAS1 AVDD_RREG RREG_OUT Power (Analog) Analog I/O Analog I/O Power (Analog) Power output 2.0V-3.6V analog power supply connection 32 MHz crystal oscillator pin 1, or external clock input External precision bias resistor for reference current 2.0V-3.6V analog power supply connection 1.8V Voltage regulator power supply output. Only intended for supplying the analog 1.8V part (power supply for pins 25, 27-31, 35-40). 25 AVDD_IF1 Power (Analog) 1.8V Power supply for the receiver band pass filter, analog test module, global bias and first part of the VGA External precision resistor, 43 kΩ, ±1 % 1.8V Power supply for phase detector, charge pump and first part of loop filter 26 RBIAS2 Analog output 27 AVDD_CHP Power (Analog) 28 29 30 31 32 VCO_GUARD AVDD_VCO AVDD_PRE AVDD_RF1 RF_P Power (Analog) Power (Analog) Power (Analog) Power (Analog) RF I/O Connection of guard ring for VCO (to AVDD) shielding 1.8V Power supply for VCO and last part of PLL loop filter 1.8V Power supply for Prescaler, Div-2 and LO buffers 1.8V Power supply for LNA, front-end bias and PA Positive RF input signal to LNA during RX. Positive RF output signal from PA during TX 33 34 TXRX_SWITCH RF_N Power (Analog) RF I/O 35 36 37 AVDD_SW AVDD_RF2 AVDD_IF2 Power (Analog) Power (Analog) Power (Analog) Regulated supply voltage for PA Negative RF input signal to LNA during RX Negative RF output signal from PA during TX 1.8V Power supply for LNA / PA switch 1.8V Power supply for receive and transmit mixers 1.8V Power supply for transmit low pass filter and last stages of VGA 38 39 40 41 42 43 AVDD_ADC DVDD_ADC AVDD_DGUARD AVDD_DREG DCOUPL 32K_XOSC_Q2 Power (Analog) Power (Digital) Power (Digital) Power (Digital) Power (Digital) Analog I/O 1.8V Power supply for analog parts of ADCs and DACs 1.8V Power supply for digital parts of ADCs Power supply connection for digital noise isolation 2.0V-3.6V digital power supply for digital core voltage regulator 1.8V digital power supply decoupling. Do not use for supplying external circuits. 32.768 kHz XOSC 44 45 46 47 48 32K_XOSC_Q1 NC NC DVDD NC Analog I/O N/A N/A Power (Digital) N/A 32.768 kHz XOSC 2.0V-3.6V digital power supply for digital I/O CC2480 Data Sheet SWRS074A Page 18 of 43 CC2480 7 Circuit Description DIGITAL ANALOG XOSC_Q2 XOSC_Q1 32 MHz CRYSTAL OSC HIGH SPEED RC-OSC POWER ON RESET BROWN OUT 32.768 kHz CRYSTAL OSC 32 kHz RC-OSC SLEEP TIMER RESET CLOCK MUX & CALIBRATION SLEEP MODE CONTROLLER RESET_N 128 KB FLASH GPIO3 GPIO2 GPIO1 GP I/O 8051 CPU CORE DMA MEMORY ARBITRATOR GPIO0 8 KB SRAM IRQ CTRL A1 A0 ∆Σ ADC AUDIO / DC 2 CHANNELS AES ENCRYPTION & DECRYPTION FLASH WRITE DEMODULATOR AGC MODULATOR SRDY SI/TX SO/RX USART FREQUENCY SYNTHESIZER MRDY RECEIVE CHAIN SS/CT C/RT RF_P TRANSMIT CHAIN IEEE 802.15.4 MAC TIMER 32K_XOSC_Q1 DCOUPL FIFO AND FRAME CONTROL 32K_XOSC_Q2 VDD (2.0 - 3.6 V) ON-CHIP VOLTAGE REGULATOR MIXED RF_N Figure 4: CC2480 Block Diagram A block diagram of CC2480 is shown in Figure 4. The modules can be roughly divided into one of three categories: CPU-related modules, modules related to power and clock distribution, and radio-related modules. CC2480 features an IEEE 802.15.4 compliant radio based on the leading CC2420 transceiver. See Section 10 for details. CC2480 Data Sheet SWRS074A Page 19 of 43 CC2480 8 Application Circuit Few external components are required for the operation of CC2480. A typical application circuit is shown in Figure 5. Typical values and 8.1 Input / output matching The RF input/output is high impedance and differential. The optimum differential load for the RF port is 60 + j164 Ω4. When using an unbalanced antenna such as a monopole, a balun should be used in order to optimize performance. The balun can be implemented using low-cost discrete inductors and capacitors. The recommended balun shown, consists of C341, L341, L321 and L331 together with a PCB microstrip transmission line (λ/2-dipole), and will match the RF input/output to 50 Ω. An internal T/R switch circuit is used to switch between the 4 This is for 2440MHz. 8.2 description of external components are shown in Table 19. LNA (RX) and the PA (TX). See Input/output matching section on page 33 for more details. If a balanced antenna such as a folded dipole is used, the balun can be omitted. If the antenna also provides a DC path from TXRX_SWITCH pin to the RF pins, inductors are not needed for DC bias. Figure 5 shows a suggested application circuit using a differential antenna. The antenna type is a standard folded dipole. The dipole has a virtual ground point; hence bias is provided without degradation in antenna performance. Also refer to the section Antenna Considerations on page 35. Bias resistors The bias resistors are R221 and R261. The bias resistor R221 is used to set an accurate bias current for the 32 MHz crystal oscillator. 8.3 Crystal An external 32 MHz crystal, XTAL1, with two loading capacitors (C191 and C211) is used for the 32 MHz crystal oscillator. See page 10 for details. The load capacitance seen by the 32 MHz crystal is given by: CL = 1 1 1 + C191 C 211 CL = + C parasitic XTAL2 is an optional 32.768 kHz crystal, with two loading capacitors (C441 and C431), used for the 32.768 kHz crystal oscillator. The 32.768 kHz crystal oscillator is used in applications where you need both very low 8.4 sleep current consumption and accurate wake up times. The load capacitance seen by the 32.768 kHz crystal is given by: 1 1 1 + C 441 C 431 + C parasitic A series resistor may be used to comply with the ESR requirement. Voltage regulators The on chip voltage regulators supply all 1.8 V power supply pins and internal power supplies. C241 and C421 are required for stability of the regulators. CC2480 Data Sheet SWRS074A Page 20 of 43 CC2480 8.5 Power supply decoupling and filtering Proper power supply decoupling must be used for optimum performance. The placement and size of the decoupling capacitors and the power supply filtering are very important to achieve the best performance in an application. TI provides a compact reference design that should be followed very closely. Refer to the section PCB Recommendation on page 35. C431 C441 C421 2.0 - 3.6V Power Supply 39 38 AVDD_ADC AVDD_IF2 37 40 DVDD_ADC 43 32K_XOSC_Q2 41 44 32K_XOSC_Q1 AVDD_DREG 45 NC NC AVDD_DGUARD 46 NC DVDD 47 48 NC 1 DCOUPL 42 XTAL2 optional 2 NC 3 GPIO3 RF_N 34 4 GPIO2 TXRX_SWITCH 33 5 SRDY 6 AVDD_SW 35 L331 CC2480 AVDD_RF1 31 7 DVDD 8 GPIO1 AVDD_VCO 29 9 GPIO0 VCO_GUARD 28 AVDD_PRE 30 10 RESET_N AVDD_CHP 27 11 CFG0 λ/4 λ/4 or R261 RBIAS2 26 RREG_OUT 24 AVDD_IF1 25 L331 XTAL1 R221 C241 C191 L321 Folded Dipole PCB Antenna RBIAS1 22 AVDD_RREG 23 XOSC_Q1 21 19 17 18 20 A1 16 14 A0 C/RT SI/TX SS/CT 15 SO/RX 13 XOSC_Q2 CFG1 AVDD_SOC 12 L341 C341 Figure 5: CC2480 Applicatio n Circuit. (Digital I/O and ADC interface not connected ). Decouplin g capacitors not shown. L321 RF_P 32 Q L P 4 8 7 x 7 MRDY Antenna (50 Ohm) AVDD_RF2 36 Layout C211 CC2480 Data Sheet SWRS074A Page 21 of 43 CC2480 Table 19: Overview of external components (excluding supply decoupling capacitors) Component Description Single Ended 50Ω Output Differential Antenna C191 32 MHz crystal load capacitor 33 pF, 5%, NP0, 0402 33 pF, 5%, NP0, 0402 C211 32 MHz crystal load capacitor 27 pF, 5%, NP0, 0402 27 pF, 5%, NP0, 0402 C241 Load capacitance for analogue power supply voltage regulators 220 nF, 10%, 0402 220 nF, 10%, 0402 C421 Load capacitance for digital power supply voltage regulators 1 µF, 10%, 0402 1 µF, 10%, 0402 C341 DC block to antenna and match Note: For RF connector a LP filter can be connected between this C, the antenna and good ground in order to remove conducted spurious emission by using 1.8pF in parallel with 1.6nH 5.6 pF, 5%, NP0, 0402 Not used 32.768 kHz crystal load capacitor (if lowfrequency crystal is needed in application) 15 pF, 5%, NP0, 0402 15 pF, 5%, NP0, 0402 L321 Discrete balun and match 6.8 nH, 5%, Monolithic/multilayer, 0402 12 nH 5%, Monolithic/multilayer, 0402 L331 Discrete balun and match 22 nH, 5%, Monolithic/multilayer, 0402 27 nH, 5%, Monolithic/multilayer, 0402 L341 Discrete balun and match 1.8 nH, +/-0.3 nH, Monolithic/multilayer, 0402 Not used R221 Precision resistor for current reference generator to system-on-chip part 56 kΩ, 1%, 0402 56 kΩ, 1%, 0402 R261 Precision resistor for current reference generator to RF part 43 kΩ, 1%, 0402 43 kΩ, 1%, 0402 XTAL1 32 MHz Crystal 32 MHz crystal, ESR < 60 Ω 32 MHz crystal, ESR < 60 Ω XTAL2 Optional 32.768 kHz watch crystal (if lowfrequency crystal is needed in application) 32.768 kHz crystal, Epson MC 306. 32.768 kHz crystal, Epson MC 306. C431, C441 1.8 pF, Murata COG 0402, GRM15 1.6 nH, Murata 0402, LQG15HS1N6S02 CC2480 Data Sheet SWRS074A Page 22 of 43 CC2480 9 Peripherals In the following sub-sections the useraccessible CC2480 peripheral modules are described in detail. 9.1 Reset The CC2480 has four reset sources. The following events generate a reset: The initial conditions after a reset are as follows: • • • • • Forcing RESET_N input pin low A power-on reset condition A brown-out reset condition A firmware-generated (SYS_RESET_REQ [2]) 9.1.1 • reset I/O pins are configured as inputs with pullup See the CC2480 Interface Specification [2] for a description of the interaction between CC2480 and the host processor after reset. Power On Reset and Brown Out Detector The CC2480 includes a Power On Reset (POR) providing correct initialization during device power-on. Also includes is a Brown Out Detector (BOD) operating on the regulated 1.8V digital power supply only, The BOD will protect the memory contents during supply voltage variations which cause the regulated 1.8V power to drop below the minimum level required by flash memory and SRAM. state until the supply voltage reaches above the Power On Reset and Brown Out voltages. Figure 6 shows the POR/BOD operation with the 1.8V (typical) regulated supply voltage together with the active low reset signals BOD_RESET and POR_RESET shown in the bottom of the figure (note that signals are not available, just for illustration of events). When power is initially applied to the CC2480 the Power On Reset (POR) and Brown Out Detector (BOD) will hold the device in reset 1.8V REGULATED VOLT UNREGULATED BOD RESET ASSERT POR RESET DEASSERT RISING VDD POR RESET ASSERT FALLING VDD 0 POR OUTPUT BOD RESET POR RESET X X X X X X Figure 6 : Power On Reset and Brown Out Detector Operation 9.2 I/O ports The CC2480 has digital input/output pins that have the following key features: • • • General purpose I/O or peripheral I/O Pull-up or pull-down capability on inputs External interrupt capability Two of the I/O pins have external interrupts that can be used to wake up the device from sleep modes. CC2480 Data Sheet SWRS074 Page 23 of 43 CC2480 9.2.1 Unused I/O pins Unused I/O pins should have a defined level and not be left floating. One way to do this is to leave the pin unconnected and configured with 9.2.2 Low I/O Supply Voltage In applications where the digital I/O power supply voltage pin DVDD is below 2.6 V, the SC bit should be set to 1 in order to obtain output DC characteristics specified in section 9.2.3 pull-up resistor. This is also the state of all pins after reset. 5.14. See the CC2480 user guide [2] for a description of how to do this. General Purpose I/O See the CC2480 user guide [2] for a description of how to configure and use the GPIO pins. The output drive strength is 4 mA on all outputs, except for the two high-drive outputs, GPIO0 and GPIO1, which each have ~20 mA output drive strength. When used as an input, the general purpose I/O port pins can be configured to have a pull- up, pull-down or tri-state mode of operation. By default, after a reset, inputs are configured as inputs with pull-up. Please note that GPIO0 and GPIO1 do not have pull-up or pull-down capabilities. In power modes PM2 and PM3 the I/O pins retain the I/O mode and output value (if applicable) that was set when PM2/3 was entered CC2480 Data Sheet SWRS074 Page 24 of 43 CC2480 9.3 ADC 9.3.1 ADC Introduction The ADC supports up to 12-bit analog-todigital conversion. The ADC includes an analog multiplexer with up to two individually configurable channels and reference voltage generator. The main features of the ADC are as follows: • • • • • Selectable decimation rates which also sets the resolution (7 to 12 bits). Two individual input channels, singleended or differential Internal voltage reference Temperature sensor input Battery measurement capability A1 A0 VDD/3 input mux TMP_SENSOR Sigma-delta modulator Decimation filter Int 1.25V Clock generation and control Figure 7: ADC block diagram. 9.3.2 ADC Operation This section describes the general setup and operation of the ADC. 9.3.2.1 ADC Core The ADC includes an ADC capable of converting an analog input into a digital representation with up to 12 bits resolution. 9.3.2.2 ADC Inputs The signals from input pins A0 and A1 are used as single-ended ADC inputs. The ADC automatically performs a sequence of conversions when the SYS_ADC_READ command is issued. In addition to the input pins A0-1, the output of an on-chip temperature sensor can be 9.3.2.3 The ADC uses a selectable positive reference voltage. selected as an input to temperature measurements. the ADC for It is also possible to select a voltage corresponding to AVDD_SOC/3 as an ADC input. This input allows the implementation of e.g. a battery monitor in applications where this feature is required. ADC conversion sequences The CC2480 has two ADC channels that are connected to external pins. Additionally, the ADC can measure the chip voltage and temperature. The ADC conversions are done channel by channel incrementally. In the case where differential inputs are selected, the differential inputs consist of the input pair A0-1. Note that no negative supply can be applied to these pins, nor a supply larger than VDD (unregulated power). It is the difference between the pairs that are converted in differential mode. The two external pin inputs A0 and A1 can be used as single-ended or differential inputs. CC2480 Data Sheet SWRS074 Page 25 of 43 CC2480 In addition to the input pins A0-1, the output of an on-chip temperature sensor can be selected as an input to the ADC for temperature measurements. 9.3.2.4 ADC Operating Modes This section describes the operating modes and initialization of conversions. The ADC uses an internal voltage reference for single-ended conversions. 9.3.2.5 The decimation rate (and thereby also the resolution and time required to complete a conversion and sample rate) is configurable from 7-12 bits. ADC Conversion Results The digital conversion result is represented in two's complement form. The result is always positive. This is because the result is the difference between ground and input signal which is always posivitely signed (Vconv=Vinp-Vinn, where Vinn=0V). The maximum value is reached when the input amplitude is equal VREF, the internal voltage reference. 9.3.2.6 It is also possible to select a voltage corresponding to AVDD_SOC/3 as an ADC input. This input allows the implementation of e.g. a battery monitor in applications where this feature is required. For differential configurations the difference between the pins is converted and this difference can be negatively signed. For 12-bit resolution the digital conversion result is 2047 when the analog input, Vconv, is equal to VREF, and the conversion result is -2048 when the analog input is equal to –VREF. ADC Reference Voltage The positive reference voltage for analog-todigital conversions is an internally generated 1.25V voltage. 9.3.2.7 ADC Conversion Timing The ADC is run on the 32MHz system clock, which is divided by 8 to give a 4 MHz clock. The time required to perform a conversion depends on the selected decimation rate. When the decimation rate is set to for instance 128, the decimation filter uses exactly 128 of the 4 MHz clock periods to calculate the result. When a conversion is started, the input multiplexer is allowed 16 4 MHz clock cycles to settle in case the channel has been changed since the previous conversion. The 16 clock cycles settling time applies to all decimation rates. Thus in general, the conversion time is given by: Tconv = (decimation rate + 16) x 0.25 µs. CC2480 Data Sheet SWRS074 Page 26 of 43 CC2480 9.4 Random Number Generator 9.4.1 Introduction The random number following features. • generator has the The random number generator is a 16-bit Linear Feedback Shift Register (LFSR) with polynomial X + X + X + 1 (i.e. CRC16). It uses different levels of unrolling depending on the operation it performs. The basic version (no unrolling) is shown in Figure 8. 16 Generate pseudo-random bytes which can be read by the external microprocessor. 15 in_bit + 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 15 3 2 2 + 1 0 + Figure 8: Basic structure of the Random Number Generator 9.4.2 Semi random sequence generation The operation is to clock the LFSR once (13x unrolling) each time the external microprocessor reads the random value. This leads to the availability of a fresh pseudorandom byte from the LSB end of the LFSR. CC2480 Data Sheet SWRS074 Page 27 of 43 CC2480 9.5 USART The USART is a serial communications interface that can be operated in either 9.5.1 UART mode For asynchronous serial interfaces, the UART mode is provided. In the UART mode the interface uses a two-wire or four-wire interface consisting of the pins RXD, TXD and optionally RTS and CTS. The UART mode of operation is as follows: • Baud rate: 115200. • Hardware (RTS/CTS) flow control. 9.5.2 8N1 byte format. • DCE signal connection. The UART mode provides full duplex asynchronous transfers, and the synchronization of bits in the receiver does not interfere with the transmit function. A UART byte transfer consists of a start bit, eight data bits, a parity bit, and one stop bit. • SPI slave. • Clock speed up to 4 MHz. • • Clock polarity 0 and clock phase 0 on CC2480 . Bit order: MSB first. SPI Slave Operation An SPI byte transfer in slave mode is controlled by the external system. The data on the SI input is shifted into the receive register controlled by the serial clock SCK which is an 9.5.3 • SPI Mode This section describes the SPI mode of operation for synchronous communication. In SPI mode, the USART communicates with an external system through a 3-wire or 4-wire interface. The interface consists of the pins SI, SO, SCK and SS_N. The SPI mode is as follows: 9.5.2.1 asynchronous UART mode or in synchronous SPI mode. input in slave mode. At the same time the byte in the transmit register is shifted out onto the SO output. SSN Slave Select Pin When the USART is operating in SPI mode, configured as an SPI slave, a 4-wire interface is used with the Slave Select (SSN) pin as an input to the SPI (edge controlled). At falling edge of SSN the SPI slave is active and receives data on the SI input and outputs data on the SO output. At rising edge of SSN, the SPI slave is inactive and will not receive data. Note that the SO output is not tri-stated after rising edge on SSn. This could be achieved using an external buffer. Also note that release of SSn (rising edge) must be aligned to end of byte recived or sent. If released in a byte the next received byte will not be received properly as information about previous byte is present in SPI system. CC2480 Data Sheet SWRS074 Page 28 of 43 CC2480 10 Radio AUTOMATIC GAIN CONTROL ADC DIGITAL DEMODULATOR ADC - Digital RSSI - Gain Control - Image Suppression - Channel Filtering - Demodulation - Frame synchronization LNA RADIO REGISTER BANK Register bus FFCTRL CSMA/CA STROBE PROCESSOR FREQ SYNTH 0 90 RADIO DATA INTERFACE CONTROL LOGIC TXRX SWITCH SFR bus TX POWER CONTROL DAC Power Control PA Σ DIGITAL MODULATOR IRQ HANDLING - Data spreading - Modulation DAC Figure 9: CC2480 Radio Module A simplified block diagram of the IEEE 802.15.4 compliant radio inside CC2480 is shown in Figure 9. The radio core is based on the industry leading CC2420 RF transceiver. CC2480 features a low-IF receiver. The received RF signal is amplified by the lownoise amplifier (LNA) and down-converted in quadrature (I and Q) to the intermediate frequency (IF). At IF (2 MHz), the complex I/Q signal is filtered and amplified, and then digitized by the RF receiver ADCs. The RF signal is amplified in the power amplifier (PA) and fed to the antenna. The internal T/R switch circuitry makes the antenna interface and matching easy. The RF connection is differential. A balun may be used for single-ended antennas. The biasing of the PA and LNA is done by connecting TXRX_SWITCH to RF_P and RF_N through an external DC path. The CC2480 transmitter is based on direct upconversion. The preamble and start of frame delimiter are generated in hardware. Each symbol (4 bits) is spread using the IEEE 802.15.4 spreading sequence to 32 chips and output to the digital-to-analog converters (DACs). The frequency synthesizer includes a completely on-chip LC VCO and a 90 degrees phase splitter for generating the I and Q LO signals to the down-conversion mixers in receive mode and up-conversion mixers in transmit mode. The VCO operates in the frequency range 4800 – 4966 MHz, and the frequency is divided by two when split into I and Q signals. An analog low pass filter passes the signal to the quadrature (I and Q) up-conversion mixers. An on-chip voltage regulator delivers the regulated 1.8 V supply voltage. CC2480 Data Sheet SWRS074 Page 29 of 43 CC2480 10.1 IEEE 802.15.4 Modulation Format This section is meant as an introduction to the 2.4 GHz direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) RF modulation format defined in IEEE 802.15.4. For a complete description, please refer to [1]. The modulation and spreading functions are illustrated at block level in Figure 10 [1]. Each byte is divided into two symbols, 4 bits each. The least significant symbol is transmitted first. Transmitted bit-stream (LSB first) Bit-toSymbol For multi-byte fields, the least significant byte is transmitted first. Each symbol is mapped to one out of 16 pseudo-random sequences, 32 chips each. The symbol to chip mapping is shown in Table 20. The chip sequence is then transmitted at 2 MChips/s, with the least significant chip (C0) transmitted first for each symbol. Symbolto-Chip O-QPSK Modulator Modulated Signal Figure 10: Modulation and spreading functions [1] The modulation format is Offset – Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (O-QPSK) with half-sine chip shaping. This is equivalent to MSK modulation. Each chip is shaped as a half- sine, transmitted alternately in the I and Q channels with one half chip period offset. This is illustrated for the zero-symbol in Figure 11. Table 20: IEEE 802.15.4 symbol-to-chip mapping [1] Symbol Chip sequence (C0, C1, C2, … , C31) 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 4 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 5 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 6 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 7 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 8 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 9 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 10 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 11 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 13 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 14 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 15 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 CC2480 Data Sheet SWRS074 Page 30 of 43 CC2480 TC I-phase 1 Q-phase 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 2TC Figure 11: I / Q Phases when transmitting a zero-symbol chip sequence, TC = 0.5 µs 10.2 Demodulator, Symbol Synchronizer and Data Decision The block diagram for the CC2480 demodulator is shown in Figure 12. Channel filtering and frequency offset compensation is performed digitally. The signal level in the channel is estimated to generate the RSSI level. Data filtering is also included for enhanced performance. Soft decision is used at the chip level, i.e. the demodulator does not make a decision for each chip, only for each received symbol. Despreading is performed using over-sampling symbol correlators. Symbol synchronization is achieved by a continuous start of frame delimiter (SFD) search. With the ±40 ppm frequency accuracy requirement from [1], a compliant receiver must be able to compensate for up to 80 ppm or 200 kHz. The CC2480 demodulator tolerates up to 300 kHz offset without significant degradation of the receiver performance. The CC2480 demodulator also handles symbol rate errors in excess of 120 ppm without performance degradation. Resynchronization is performed continuously to adjust for error in the incoming symbol rate. I / Q Analog IF signal ADC Digital IF Channel Filtering Frequency Offset Compensation RSSI Generator Digital Data Filtering RSSI Symbol Correlators and Synchronisation Data Symbol Output Average Correlation Value (may be used for LQI) Figure 12: Demodulator Simplified Block Diagram 10.3 Frame Format CC2480 has hardware support for parts of the IEEE 802.15.4 frame format. This section gives a brief summary to the IEEE 802.15.4 frame format, and describes how CC2480 is set up to comply with this. Figure 13 [1] shows a schematic view of the IEEE 802.15.4 frame format. Similar figures describing specific frame formats (data frames, beacon frames, acknowledgment frames and MAC command frames) are included in [1]. CC2480 Data Sheet SWRS074 Page 31 of 43 CC2480 Bytes: 1 0 to 20 2 Frame Data Address Control Field Sequence Information (FCF) Number MAC Header (MHR) MAC Layer 1 1 Start of frame Frame Delimiter Length (SFD) Synchronisation Header PHY Header (SHR) (PHR) Bytes: PHY Layer n 2 Frame Check Sequence (FCS) MAC Footer (MFR) Frame payload MAC Payload 5 + (0 to 20) + n MAC Protocol Data Unit (MPDU) PHY Service Data Unit (PSDU) 4 Preamble Sequence 11 + (0 to 20) + n PHY Protocol Data Unit (PPDU) Figure 13: Schematic view of the IEEE 802.15.4 Frame Format [1] 10.4 Synchronization header The synchronization header (SHR) consists of the preamble sequence followed by the start of frame delimiter (SFD). In [1], the preamble sequence is defined to be four bytes of 0x00. The SFD is one byte, set to 0xA7. A synchronization header is transmitted first in all transmit modes. In receive sequence frequency used always mode CC2480 uses the preamble for symbol synchronization and offset adjustments. The SFD is for byte synchronization. 10.5 MAC protocol data unit The FCF, data sequence number and address information follows the length field as shown in Figure 13. Together with the MAC data payload and Frame Check Sequence, they form the MAC Protocol Data Unit (MPDU). The format of the FCF is shown in Figure 14. Please refer to [1] for details. Bits: 0-2 3 4 5 6 7-9 10-11 12-13 14-15 Frame Type Security Enabled Frame Pending Acknowledge request Intra PAN Reserved Destination addressing mode Reserved Source addressing mode Figure 14: Format of the Frame Control Field (FCF) [1] 10.6 Frame check sequence The CC2480 hardware implementation is shown in Figure 15. Please refer to [1] for further details. A 2-byte frame check sequence (FCS) follows the last MAC payload byte as shown in Figure 13. The FCS is calculated over the MPDU, i.e. the length field is not part of the FCS. In transmit mode the FCS is appended at the correct position defined by the length field. The FCS polynomial is [1]: x16 + x12 + x5 + 1 The most significant bit in the last byte of each frame is set high if the CRC of the received frame is correct and low otherwise. Data input (LSB first) r0 r1 r2 r3 r4 r5 r6 r7 r8 r9 r10 r11 r12 r13 r14 r15 Figure 15: CC2480 Frame Check Sequence (FCS) hardware implementation [1] CC2480 Data Sheet SWRS074 Page 32 of 43 CC2480 10.7 Linear IF and AGC Settings CC2480 is based on a linear IF chain where the signal amplification is done in an analog VGA (variable gain amplifier). The gain of the VGA is digitally controlled. The AGC (Automatic Gain Control) loop ensures that the ADC operates inside its dynamic range by using an analog/digital feedback loop. 10.8 Clear Channel Assessment The clear channel assessment signal is based on the measured RSSI value and a programmable threshold. The clear channel assessment function is used to implement the CSMA-CA functionality specified in [1]. CCA is valid when the receiver has been enabled for at least 8 symbol periods. 10.9 VCO and PLL Self-Calibration 10.9.1 VCO The VCO is completely integrated and operates at 4800 – 4966 MHz. The VCO frequency is divided by 2 to generate 10.9.2 frequencies in the desired band (2400-2483.5 MHz). PLL self-calibration The VCO's characteristics will vary with temperature, changes in supply voltages, and the desired operating frequency. In order to ensure reliable operation the VCO’s bias current and tuning range are automatically calibrated every time the RX mode or TX mode is enabled. 10.10 Input / Output Matching The RF input / output is differential (RF_N and RF_P). In addition there is supply switch output pin (TXRX_SWITCH) that must have an external DC path to RF_N and RF_P. In RX mode the TXRX_SWITCH pin is at ground and will bias the LNA. In TX mode the TXRX_SWITCH pin is at supply rail voltage and will properly bias the internal PA. The RF output and DC bias can be done using different topologies. Some are shown in Figure 5 on page 21. Component values are given in Table 19 on page 22. If a differential antenna is implemented, no balun is required. If a single ended output is required (for a single ended connector or a single ended antenna), a balun should be used for optimum performance. CC2480 Data Sheet SWRS074 Page 33 of 43 CC2480 10.11 System Considerations and Guidelines 10.11.1 SRD regulations International regulations and national laws regulate the use of radio receivers and transmitters. SRDs (Short Range Devices) for license free operation are allowed to operate in the 2.4 GHz band worldwide. The most 10.11.2 Frequency hopping and multi-channel systems The 2.4 GHz band is shared by many systems both in industrial, office and home environments. CC2480 uses direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) as defined by [1] to 10.11.3 important regulations are ETSI EN 300 328 and EN 300 440 (Europe), FCC CFR-47 part 15.247 and 15.249 (USA), and ARIB STD-T66 (Japan). spread the output power, thereby making the communication link more robust even in a noisy environment. Crystal accuracy and drift A crystal accuracy of ±40 ppm is required for compliance with IEEE 802.15.4 [1]. This accuracy must also take ageing and temperature drift into consideration. total frequency offset between the transmitter and receiver. This could e.g. relax the accuracy requirement to 60 ppm for each of the devices. A crystal with low temperature drift and low aging could be used without further compensation. A trimmer capacitor in the crystal oscillator circuit (in parallel with C191 in Figure 5) could be used to set the initial frequency accurately. Optionally in a star network topology, the fullfunction device (FFD) could be equipped with a more accurate crystal thereby relaxing the requirement on the reduced-function device (RFD). This can make sense in systems where the reduced-function devices ship in higher volumes than the full-function devices. For non-IEEE 802.15.4 systems, the robust demodulator in CC2480 allows up to 140 ppm 10.11.4 Communication robustness CC2480 provides very good adjacent, alternate and co channel rejection, image frequency suppression and blocking properties. The CC2480 performance is significantly better than the requirements imposed by [1]. These are 10.11.5 Communication security The hardware encryption and authentication CC2480 enable secure operations in communication, which is required for many applications. Security operations require a lot 10.11.6 of data processing, which is costly in an 8-bit microcontroller system. The hardware support within CC2480 enables a high level of security with minimum CPU processing requirements. Low cost systems As the CC2480 provides 250 kbps multichannel performance without any external filters, a very low cost system can be made (e.g. two layer PCB with single-sided component mounting). 10.11.7 highly important parameters for reliable operation in the 2.4 GHz band, since an increasing number of devices/systems are using this license free frequency band. A differential antenna will eliminate the need for a balun, and the DC biasing can be achieved in the antenna topology. Battery operated systems In low power applications, the CC2480 should be placed in the low-power modes PM2 or PM3 when not active. Ultra low power consumption may be achieved since the voltage regulators are turned off. CC2480 Data Sheet SWRS074 Page 34 of 43 CC2480 10.12 PCB Layout Recommendation In the Texas Instruments reference design, the top layer is used for signal routing, and the open areas are filled with metallization connected to ground using several vias. The area under the chip is used for grounding and must be well connected to the ground plane with several vias. The ground pins should be connected to ground as close as possible to the package pin using individual vias. The de-coupling capacitors should also be placed as close as possible to the supply pins and connected to the ground plane by separate vias. Supply power filtering is very important. The external components should be as small as possible (0402 is recommended) and surface mount devices must be used. If using any external high-speed digital devices, caution should be used when placing these in order to avoid interference with the RF circuitry. It is strongly advised that this reference layout is followed very closely in order to obtain the best performance. The schematic, BOM and layout Gerber files for the reference designs are all available from the TI website. 10.13 Antenna Considerations CC2480 can be used together with various types of antennas. A differential antenna like a dipole would be the easiest to interface not needing a balun (balanced to un-balanced transformation network). The length of the λ/2-dipole antenna is given by: L = 14250 / f where f is in MHz, giving the length in cm. An antenna for 2450 MHz should be 5.8 cm. Each arm is therefore 2.9 cm. Other commonly used antennas for shortrange communication are monopole, helical and loop antennas. The single-ended monopole and helical would require a balun network between the differential output and the antenna. Monopole antennas are resonant antennas with a length corresponding to one quarter of the electrical wavelength (λ/4). They are very easy to design and can be implemented simply as a “piece of wire” or even integrated into the PCB. the antenna. Many vendors offer antennas intended for PCB mounting. such Helical antennas can be thought of as a combination of a monopole and a loop antenna. They are a good compromise in size critical applications. Helical antennas tend to be more difficult to optimize than the simple monopole. Loop antennas are easy to integrate into the PCB, but are less effective due to difficult impedance matching because of their very low radiation resistance. For low power applications the differential antenna is recommended giving the best range and because of its simplicity. The antenna should be connected as close as possible to the IC. If the antenna is located away from the RF pins the antenna should be matched to the feeding transmission line (50Ω). The length of the λ/4-monopole antenna is given by: L = 7125 / f where f is in MHz, giving the length in cm. An antenna for 2450 MHz should be 2.9 cm. Non-resonant monopole antennas shorter than λ/4 can also be used, but at the expense of range. In size and cost critical applications such an antenna may very well be integrated into the PCB. Enclosing the antenna in high dielectric constant material reduces the overall size of CC2480 Data Sheet SWRS074 Page 35 of 43 CC2480 11 Voltage Regulators The CC2480 includes two low drop-out voltage regulators. These are used to provide a 1.8 V power supply to the CC2480 analog and digital power supplies. Note: It is recommended that the voltage regulators are not used to provide power to external circuits. This is because of limited power sourcing capability and due to noise considerations. External circuitry can be powered if they can be used when internal power consumption is low and can be set I PD mode when internal power consumption I high. The analog voltage regulator input pin AVDD_RREG is to be connected to the unregulated 2.0 to 3.6 V power supply. The regulated 1.8 V voltage output to the analog parts, is available on the RREG_OUT pin. The digital regulator input pin AVDD_DREG is also to be connected to the unregulated 2.0 to 3.6 V power supply. The output of the digital regulator is connected internally within the CC2480 to the digital power supply. The voltage regulators require external components as described in section 8 on page 20. 11.1 Voltage Regulators Power-on When the analog voltage regulator is poweredon before use of the radio, there will be a delay before the regulator is enabled. The digital voltage regulator is disabled when the CC2480 is placed in low power modes to reduce power consumption. CC2480 Data Sheet SWRS074 Page 36 of 43 CC2480 12 Package Description (QLP 48) All dimensions are in millimeters, angles in degrees. NOTE: The CC2480 is available in RoHS leadfree package only. Compliant with JEDEC MS-020. Table 21: Package dimensions Quad Leadless Package (QLP) QLP 48 Min Max D D1 E E1 6.9 6.65 6.9 6.65 7.0 6.75 7.0 6.75 7.1 6.85 7.1 6.85 e b L D2 E2 0.18 0.3 5.05 5.05 0.4 5.10 5.10 0.5 5.15 5.15 0.5 0.30 The overall package height is 0.85 +/- 0.05 All dimensions in mm Figure 16: Package dimensions drawing CC2480 Data Sheet SWRS074 Page 37 of 43 CC2480 12.1 Recommended PCB layout for package (QLP 48) Figure 17: Recommended PCB layout for QLP 48 package Note: The figure is an illustration only and not to scale. There are nine 14 mil diameter via holes distributed symmetrically in the ground pad under the package. See also the CC2480 EM reference design 12.2 Package thermal properties Table 22: Thermal properties of QLP 48 package Thermal resistance Air velocity [m/s] 0 Rth,j-a [K/W] 25.6 12.3 Soldering information The recommendations for lead-free solder reflow in IPC/JEDEC J-STD-020C should be followed. 12.4 Tray specification Table 23: Tray specification Tray Specification Package Tray Width Tray Height Tray Length Units per Tray QLP 48 135.9mm ± 0.25mm 7.62mm ± 0.13mm 322.6mm ± 0.25mm 260 12.5 Carrier tape and reel specification Carrier tape and reel is in accordance with EIA Specification 481. CC2480 Data Sheet SWRS074 Page 38 of 43 CC2480 Table 24: Carrier tape and reel specification Tape and Reel Specification Package Tape Width Component Pitch Hole Pitch Reel Diameter Units per Reel QLP 48 16mm 12mm 4mm 13 inches 2500 CC2480 Data Sheet SWRS074 Page 39 of 43 CC2480 13 Ordering Information Table 25: Ordering Information Ordering part number Description MOQ CC2480A1RTC CC2480, QLP48 package, RoHS compliant Pb-free assembly, trays with 260 pcs per tray, ZigBee 2006 Network Processor. 260 CC2480A1RTCR CC2480, QLP48 package, RoHS compliant Pb-free assembly, T&R with 2500 pcs per reel, ZigBee 2006 Network Processor. 2,500 eZ430-RF2480 CC2480 Demonstration Board based on the eZ430-RF platform 1 MOQ = Minimum Order Quantity T&R = tape and reel CC2480 Data Sheet SWRS074 Page 40 of 43 CC2480 14 General Information 14.1 Document History Table 26: Document History Revision Date Description/Changes 1.0 2008-04-02 First data sheet for released product. 15 Address Information Texas Instruments Norway AS Gaustadalléen 21 N-0349 Oslo NORWAY Tel: +47 22 95 85 44 Fax: +47 22 95 85 46 Web site: http://www.ti.com/lpw 16 TI Worldwide Technical Support Internet TI Semiconductor Product Information Center Home Page: TI Semiconductor KnowledgeBase Home Page: support.ti.com support.ti.com/sc/knowledgebase Product Information Centers Americas Phone: Fax: Internet/Email: +1(972) 644-5580 +1(972) 927-6377 support.ti.com/sc/pic/americas.htm Europe, Middle East and Africa Phone: Belgium (English) Finland (English) France Germany Israel (English) Italy Netherlands (English) Russia Spain Sweden (English) United Kingdom Fax: Internet: +32 (0) 27 45 54 32 +358 (0) 9 25173948 +33 (0) 1 30 70 11 64 +49 (0) 8161 80 33 11 180 949 0107 800 79 11 37 +31 (0) 546 87 95 45 +7 (0) 95 363 4824 +34 902 35 40 28 +46 (0) 8587 555 22 +44 (0) 1604 66 33 99 +49 (0) 8161 80 2045 support.ti.com/sc/pic/euro.htm CC2480 Data Sheet SWRS074 Page 41 of 43 CC2480 Japan Fax Internet/Email International Domestic International Domestic +81-3-3344-5317 0120-81-0036 support.ti.com/sc/pic/japan.htm www.tij.co.jp/pic International Domestic Australia China Hong Kon India Indonesia Korea Malaysia New Zealand Philippines Singapore Taiwan Thailand +886-2-23786800 Toll-Free Number 1-800-999-084 800-820-8682 800-96-5941 +91-80-51381665 (Toll) 001-803-8861-1006 080-551-2804 1-800-80-3973 0800-446-934 1-800-765-7404 800-886-1028 0800-006800 001-800-886-0010 +886-2-2378-6808 [email protected] or [email protected] support.ti.com/sc/pic/asia.htm Asia Phone Fax Email Internet CC2480 Data Sheet SWRS074 Page 42 of 43 IMPORTANT NOTICE Texas Instruments Incorporated and its subsidiaries (TI) reserve the right to make corrections, modifications, enhancements, improvements, and other changes to its products and services at any time and to discontinue any product or service without notice. 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