Orion Instruments Enhanced Jupiter Sales Literature ORI-148

Magnetostrictive Transmitters
DESCRIPTION
The Enhanced Jupiter Magnetostrictive level transmitter
provides a 4–20 mA output proportional to the level
being measured or FOUNDATION fieldbus™ output. Jupiter
is available as an externally mounted model for use
with Orion Atlas™, Gemini™, and Aurora® magnetic level
indicators or as a direct insertion version for use in a
wide variety of process vessels or external chambers.
A dual compartment design housing allows for separation of wiring and electronics and helps facilitate simple,
easy installation and set-up for top, bottom, and direct
insertion mount versions.
SIL 2
Jupiter supports the FDT/DTM standard and a
PACTware PC software package allows for additional
configuration and trending flexibility.
F E AT U R E S
• Precision level measurement ±0.015" (.381 mm)
• Two-wire, loop-powered intrinsically safe and
explosion proof level transmitter
• 4–20 mA output with HART®
• Optional FOUNDATION fieldbus™ output
• LCD with 3-key push-button standard
• High repeatability ±0.005" (0.127 mm)
• Multi-variable transmitter able to measure level,
interface level and level & interface level
• Maximum Process temperatures
Direct Insertion Model: +500° F (+260° C)
External Mount: +850° F (+455° C)
• -40° to +160° F (-40° to +70° C) ambient operation
• Lengths to 400 inches (999 centimeters)
• Third Party Safety Integrity Level (SIL) data (FMEDA
analysis) for Safety Instrument Systems engineering
is available. HART® version is suitable for SIL 2
loops: Safe Failure Fraction (SFF) = 90.7%
A P P L I C AT I O N S
• Separators
• Propane Vessels
• Surge Tanks
• Process Vessels
• Gas Chillers
• Storage Vessels
• Alkylation Units
• Vacuum Tower Bottoms
• Interface
• Batch Tanks
TECHNOLOGY
The Enhanced Jupiter transmitter utilizes the engineering
principle of magnetostriction and the effect of a magnetic
field on the magnetostrictive wire as the basis for operation of the instrument. The primary components are the
probe assembly containing the wire and the electronics
assembly.
A low energy pulse which is generated by the electronics
travels the length of the magnetostrictive wire. A return
signal is generated from the precise location where the
magnetic field of the MLI float intersects the wire. A timer
precisely measures the elapsed time between the generation of the pulse and the return of the mechanical or
acoustic signal. This is detected by the acoustic sensor
located below the cast aluminum electronics housing. The
software is set up to interpret the time-of-flight data and to
display and transmit the process variable data resulting
from the measurement.
SAFETY
INTEGRITY
LEVELS
SIL is a device’s Safety Integrity Level per IEC 61511.
Because combined sensors can increase the SIL, it is often
stated as “1 as 1oo1 / 2 as 1oo2,” meaning: SIL 1 if the
device is one-out-of-one used; SIL 2 if it is one-out-of-two
devices used. A device suitable for SIL 2 as 1oo1 means a
single device satisfies the SIL 2 requirement.
Orion’s Enhanced Jupiter is the only magnetostrictive
transmitter to achieve the SIL 2 as 1oo1 designation.
1 & 2
Jupiter
SIL
2
Model
26X
1 as 1oo1
2 as 1oo1
B
B
83.7%
90.7%
9.60E-04
5.45E-04
Instrument Type
SFF
PFDavg
Refer to Magnetrol Bulletin 41-299 for more detailed
information.
SIL Brochure
Models
20X/22X/24X
FITS
Annual
FITS
Annual
Fail Dangerous
Undetected
218
1.91E-03
123
1.08E-03
Fail Dangerous
Detected
698
6.11E-03
793
6.95E-03
Safe
421
3.69E-03
413
3.62E-03
INTERFACE
MEASUREMENT
AND
EMULSION
L AY E R S
The Enhanced Jupiter relies on a float that is specifically
designed for the specific gravities of the two interfacing
liquids. The float is weighted so that, in ideal conditions,
the magnets will position themselves precisely at the
location of the interface—even if a thick layer of foam is
present above the upper liquid.
The presence of an emulsion layer, or “rag” layer, occurs
when the two liquids have not completely separated from
each other. This layer consists of a mixture of the two
liquids, which can range in thickness from a few
millimeters to several feet. The float will maintain its
position within the emulsion layer without regard for
how thick it is. This is an example of where
magnetostrictive technology will provide superior
performance over alternative devices.
With the Enhanced Jupiter, sophisticated interface level
measurement is simple. New features allow two levels
(total and interface) to be detected simultaneously and
displayed on the transmitter’s LCD. Via the keypad, HART
or FOUNDATION Fieldbus, the user can select which level
the output will track. You also have the option of
utilizing a HART interface module to convert the second
process variable to a separate 4-20 mA signal.
PA C T WA R E
PC
SOFTWARE
PROGRAM
PACTware PC software and the new Field Device Tool
(FDT) standard take magnetostrictive level measurement
to a new degree of setup efficiency and user-friendliness.
The powerful Enhanced Jupiter magnetostrictive transmitter
with its linear program has always been easy to use.
PACTware builds on that ease of use by adding a graphical
software interface. Simply connect your PC through a serial
interface to the HART loop and all functionality can be
accessed quickly, conveniently, and safely.
Refer to PACTware bulletins 59-101 and 59-601 for more
information.
3
A P P L I C AT I O N S
The Enhanced Jupiter transmitter is designed for mounting
directly to new or existing Orion Atlas, Aurora, Gemini,
and many competitor’s magnetic level indicators or can be
inserted directly into the process vessel.
E X T E R N A L L Y
T O
A T L A S
M O U N T E D
D I R E C T
I N S E R T I O N
C H A M B E R
MAD E IN USA
For applications with process
temperatures up to +850° F (+455° C)
316/316L stainless steel, Hastelloy C 276,
and Monel probes available
For applications with process
temperatures up to +500° F (+260° C)
E X T E R N A L L Y
I N T E R F A C E
M O U N T E D
L E V E L
Jupiter displays overall level and interface
level when equipped with two floats
Two-float option is also available
with direct insertion model
4
AGENCY
A P P R O VA L S
AGENCY
MODEL
PROTECTION METHOD
AREA CLASSIFICATION
FM & CSA
2X1-XXXXXXX-XXX
2X2-XXXXXXX-XXX
2X3-XXXXXXX-XXX
2X4-XXXXXXX-XXX
Intrinsically Safe
Class I, Div. 1:
Groups A, B, C, & D
Class II, Div. 1:
Groups E, F, & G
Class III, IP66 TYPE 4X, T4 @80ºC
Entity
ATEX
2XX-XXXXXXX-XXX
Explosion Proof 2XX-XXXXXXX-XXX
Non-Incendive
2XA-XXXXXXX-XXX
2XB-XXXXXXX-XXX
2XC-XXXXXXX-XXX
2XD-XXXXXXX-XXX
Flame Proof
2XE-XXXXXXX-XXX
2XF-XXXXXXX-XXX
2XG-XXXXXXX-XXX
2XH-XXXXXXX-XXX
Intrinsically Safe Class I, Div. 1
Groups B, C, & D
Class II, Div. 1
Groups E, F, & G
Class III, IP66 Type 4X T5 @80ºC
Class I, Div. 2
Groups A, B, C, & D
Class II, Div. 2
Groups E, F, & G Class III, IP66 Type 4X T5
II 1/2 G EExd IIC T6 @70ºC
II 1 G EEx ia IIC T4 @70ºC
FISCO
M20 conduit connections not CSA approved explosion proof
FM approval Class II, Div. 2 Groups F & G only
Materials marked as category I equipment and used in hazardous areas requiring this category, shall be installed in such a way that, even in
the event of rare incidents, the aluminum enclosure cannot be an ignition source due to impact or friction.
S P E C I F I C AT I O N S
PERFORMANCE
Accuracy
Repeatability
Linearity
Maximum level rate of change
Response time
Warm-up
Upper dead zone
Lower dead zone
Ambient temperature range
Process temperature
Transmitter:
LCD:
External Mount:
Direct Insertion:
Humidity
Electromagnetic compliance
Environmental protection compliance
Drop protection compliance
Surge Protection Compliance
Maximum Pressure (Direct Insertion)
±0.015"
±0.005% of full span or 0.005" (0.127 mm) (whichever is greater)
0.020% of full span or 0.031" (0.794 mm) (whichever is greater)
6 inches per second (models with HART)
0.1 second
<5 second
None
<2" (5 cm), SIL 2: <5" (13 cm)
-40° to +175° F (-40° to +80° C)
-10° to +160° F (-20° to +70° C)
-40° to +248° F (-40° to +120° C)
-320° to +850° F (-195° to +455° C) (with factory insulated MLI)
-40° to +200° F (-40° to +95° C)
-40° to +500° F (-40° to +260° C) (high temperature probe)
0 to 99% non-condensing
EN 61326
EN 60654-1
EN 50178
EN 61326 (1000 V)
1700 psig @ +100° F (117 bar @ +38° C)
(limited to the pressure rating of the selected flange or float)
5
S P E C I F I C AT I O N S
FUNCTIONAL
Measured variables
Continuous liquid level
Input power (at terminals)
12-28 VDC
Signal output 4–20 mA
4–20 mA with HART 5.0
NAMUR NE 43 compliant with 3.8 to 21.5 mA useable range
Loop resistance
620 maximum ohms @ 24 VDC—refer to chart below
Power consumption
0.7 watt, refer to chart below
Damping
0 to 25 seconds
Error signal
3.6 or 22 mA, field selectable
User interface
3-button keypad, HART communicator, AMS software, PACTware
or FOUNDATION Fieldbus
2-line × 8-character LCD in inches or cm, mA, and % of level
Display
Resolution
Analog:
Digital:
0.01 mA
0.01 units
Span
6 to 400 inches (999 cm)
SIL 2
Safe Failure Fraction (SFF) 90.7%
(consult factory for SIL safety manual)
See Bulletin 46-649 for
Foundation Fieldbus output
1200
20.5 mA
1000
Ω
800
620
600
400
200
24 VDC
0
11
0
10
20
30
40 VDC
Power Consumption
S P E C I F I C AT I O N S
PHYSICAL
6
Enclosure type
Dual compartment
Enclosure material
Sand cast aluminum grade 356 HT or 316 stainless steel
Enclosure finish
Baked on polymer powder coat
Enclosure rating
NEMA 4X7/9, IP 66
Sensor material
316 stainless steel
Sensor length
6 to 400 inches (15 to 999 centimeters)
S P E C I F I C AT I O N S
PHYSICAL
Typical Dimensions
Inches (mm)
8.00
(203)
11.5
(292)
11
(279)
12.5
(318)
8
(203)
11.5
(292)
Flanged or
NPT Connection
Direct Insertion
MAD E IN USA
MAD E IN USA
MAD E IN USA
Top Mount
Top Mount Offset
Top Mount Offset
High Temperature Bend
11.5
(292)
11
(279)
12.5
(318)
8
(203)
MAD E IN USA
Bottom Mount Offset
MAD E IN USA
Bottom Mount Offset
High Temperature Bend
MAD E IN USA
Gemini – Bottom Mount Offset
and Secondary Transmitter
7
MODEL
NUMBER
ENHANCED JUPITER MAGNETOSTRICTIVE TRANSMITTER
TRANSMITTER TYPE
2
Enhanced Jupiter Magnetostrictive
OUTPUT
4
5
6
7
8
LCD display, 4–20 mA & HART, SIL 1
LCD display & FOUNDATION Fieldbus™
LCD display, 4–20 mA & HART, SIL 2 Interface transmitter, 4–20 mA & HART, with LCD display, 2 floats
Interface transmitter, FOUNDATION Fieldbus, with LCD display, 2 floats
HOUSING MATERIAL, MOUNTING AND CONDUIT ENTRY
1
2
3
4
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
Cast Aluminum, Integral Mount with 3⁄4" NPT Conduit Entry
Cast Aluminum, Integral Mount with M20 Conduit Entry
316 SS, Integral Mount with 3⁄4" NPT Conduit Entry
316 SS, Integral Mount with M20 Conduit Entry
Cast aluminum, Integral Mount with 3⁄4" NPT conduit entry
Cast aluminum, Integral Mount with M20 conduit entry
316 SS, Integral Mount with 3⁄4" NPT conduit entry
316 SS, Integral Mount with M20 conduit entry
Cast aluminum, Integral Mount with 3⁄4" NPT conduit entry
Cast aluminum, Integral Mount with M20 conduit entry
316 SS, Integral Mount with 3⁄4" NPT conduit entry
316 SS, Integral Mount with M20 conduit entry
FM/CSA, EP, NI & IS
FM, EP, NI & IS
FM/CSA, EP, NI & IS
FM, EP, NI & IS
ATEX, EEx d
ATEX, EEx d
ATEX, EEx d
ATEX, EEx d
ATEX, EEx ia
ATEX, EEx ia
ATEX, EEx ia
ATEX, EEx ia
CONFIGURATION (see drawings on page 7)
D
E
F
G
H
J
Direct Insertion, Construction codes 1 through 7
Top Mount, Construction code 1
Top Mount Offset, Construction code 1
Top Mount Offset, high-temperature bend, Construction code 7
Bottom Mount Offset, Construction code 1
Bottom Mount Offset, high-temperature bend, Construction code 7
MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION
1
7
2
3
5
6
316/316L SS (standard), +250° F (+120° C) Maximum (Direct Insertion +200° F (+95°))
316/316L SS (high temperature) +500° F (+260° C) Maximum Hastelloy C, +200° F (+95° C) Maximum Monel, +200° F (+95° C) Maximum Electropolished 316/316L SS, +200° F (+95° C) Maximum Sanitary 316/316L SS, +200° F (+95° C) Maximum MOUNTING CONNECTION
See page 9
FLOAT
See page 10
PROBE UNITS
E
M
Inches
Centimeters
PROBE LENGTH
See page 10
The bottom 3 inches of SIL 2
direct insertion probes are
inactive. The inactive area is
used to detect float failure.
Consult factory for process
temperatures of 500°–850° F
(260°–455° C)
Direct insertion model only.
2
8
Consult factory for process
temperatures above +200° F
(+95° C)
MODEL
NUMBER
ENHANCED JUPITER MAGNETOSTRICTIVE TRANSMITTER
MOUNTING CONNECTION
00
11
22
23
24
25
27
28
2M
2N
33
34
35
37
38
3K
3M
3N
3P
41
43
44
45
47
48
4K
4M
4N
4P
53
54
55
56
57
58
5K
5L
5M
5N
5P
63
64
65
66
67
None, defines external mount
3
⁄4" NPT thread
1" BSP thread
1" 150#
RF ANSI Flange
1" 300#
RF ANSI Flange
1" 600#
RF ANSI Flange
1" 900/1500#
RF ANSI Flange
1" 2500#
RF ANSI Flange
1" 900/1500#
RTJ ANSI Flange
1" 2500#
RTJ ANSI Flange
11⁄2" 150#
RF ANSI Flange
11⁄2" 300#
RF ANSI Flange
11⁄2" 600#
RF ANSI Flange
11⁄2" 900/1500#
RF ANSI Flange
1
1 ⁄2" 2500#
RF ANSI Flange
11⁄2" 600#
RTJ ANSI Flange
11⁄2" 900/1500#
RTJ ANSI Flange
11⁄2" 2500#
RTJ ANSI Flange
1
1", 1 ⁄2" 3A
Triclamp (Material Code 6 only)
2" NPT thread
2" 150#
RF ANSI Flange
2" 300#
RF ANSI Flange
2" 600#
RF ANSI Flange
2" 900/1500#
RF ANSI Flange
2" 2500#
RF ANSI Flange
2" 600#
RTJ ANSI Flange
2" 900/1500#
RTJ ANSI Flange
2" 2500#
RTJ ANSI Flange
2" 3A
Triclamp (Material Code 6 only)
3'' 150#
RF ANSI Flange
3" 300#
RF ANSI Flange
3'' 600#
RF ANSI Flange
3" 900#
RF ANSI Flange
3" 1500#
RF ANSI Flange
3" 2500#
RF ANSI Flange
3" 600#
RTJ ANSI Flange
3" 900#
RTJ ANSI Flange
3" 1500#
RTJ ANSI Flange
3" 2500#
RTJ ANSI Flange
3" 3A
Triclamp (Material Code 6 only)
4" 150#
RF ANSI Flange
4" 300#
RF ANSI Flange
4" 600#
RF ANSI Flange
4" 900#
RF ANSI Flange
4" 1500#
RF ANSI Flange
68
6K
6L
6M
6N
6P
BA
BB
BC
BF
BG
BH
BJ
CA
CB
CC
CF
CG
CH
CJ
DA
DB
DD
DE
DF
DG
DH
DJ
EA
EB
ED
EE
EF
EG
EH
EJ
FA
FB
FD
FE
FF
FG
FH
FJ
4'' 2500#
4" 600#
4" 900#
4" 1500#
4" 2500#
4" 3A
DN25 PN16
DN25 PN25/40
DN25 PN64/100
DN25 PN160
DN25 PN250
DN25 PN320
DN25 PN400
DN40 PN16
DN40 PN25/40
DN40 PN64/100
DN40 PN160
DN40 PN250
DN40 PN320
DN40 PN400
DN50 PN16
DN50 PN25/40
DN50 PN64
DN50 PN100
DN50 PN160
DN50 PN250
DN50 PN320
DN50 PN400
DN80 PN16
DN80 PN25/40
DN80 PN64
DN80 PN100
DN80 PN160
DN80 PN250
DN80 PN320
DN80 PN400
DN100 PN16
DN100 PN25/40
DN100 PN64
DN100 PN100
DN100 PN160
DN100 PN250
DN100 PN320
DN100 PN400
RF ANSI Flange
RTJ ANSI Flange
RTJ ANSI Flange
RTJ ANSI Flange
RTJ ANSI Flange
Triclamp (Material Code 6 only)
DIN 2527 Form B Flange
DIN 2527 Form B Flange
DIN 2527 Form E Flange
DIN 2527 Form E Flange
DIN 2527 Form E Flange
DIN 2527 Form E Flange
DIN 2527 Form E Flange
DIN 2527 Form B Flange
DIN 2527 Form B Flange
DIN 2527 Form E Flange
DIN 2527 Form E Flange
DIN 2527 Form E Flange
DIN 2527 Form E Flange
DIN 2527 Form E Flange
DIN 2527 Form B Flange
DIN 2527 Form B Flange
DIN 2527 Form E Flange
DIN 2527 Form E Flange
DIN 2527 Form E Flange
DIN 2527 Form E Flange
DIN 2527 Form E Flange
DIN 2527 Form E Flange
DIN 2527 Form B Flange
DIN 2527 Form B Flange
DIN 2527 Form E Flange
DIN 2527 Form E Flange
DIN 2527 Form E Flange
DIN 2527 Form E Flange
DIN 2527 Form E Flange
DIN 2527 Form E Flange
DIN 2527 Form B Flange
DIN 2527 Form B Flange
DIN 2527 Form E Flange
DIN 2527 Form E Flange
DIN 2527 Form E Flange
DIN 2527 Form E Flange
DIN 2527 Form E Flange
DIN 2527 Form E Flange
2
9
MODEL
NUMBER
ENHANCED JUPITER MAGNETOSTRICTIVE TRANSMITTER
FLOAT
The floats listed below are suitable for most applications. Consult factory for custom floats. For models with 2 floats,
choose top float below, then consult factory for second float selection. For externally mounted models use float code “00”.
DIRECT INSERTION TOTAL LEVEL FLOAT SELECTION
Minimum Liquid
Specific Gravity
0.84
0.70
0.64
316/316L SS
diameter × length
Titanium
diameter × length
Hastelloy C
diameter × length
316/316L SS Sanitary
diameter × length
AA
2" × 2.75" float
(50 × 70 mm)
AB
2.30" × 3.00" float
(58.5 × 76 mm)
AC
2.55" × 3.00" float
(65 × 76 mm)
BA
2.00" × 2.75" float
(50 × 70 mm)
BA
2.00" × 2.75" float
(50 × 70 mm)
BB
2.30" × 3.00" float
(58.5 × 76 mm)
BB
2.30" × 3.00" float
(58.5 × 76 mm)
CA
1.85" × 3.00" float
(47 × 76 mm)
CB
2.30" × 3.00" float
(58.5 × 76 mm)
DA
2.00" × 2.75" float
(50 × 70 mm)
DB
2.30" × 3.00" float
(58.5 × 76 mm)
Custom float
ordered separately
Custom float
ordered separately
Custom float
ordered separately
Custom float
ordered separately
Custom float
ordered separately
0.52
DIRECT INSERTION INTERFACE LEVEL FLOAT SELECTION
Minimum Liquid
Specific Gravities
A/B
.89/1.00 1.00/1.12 316 SS
(diameter × length)
Titanium
(diameter × length)
Hastelloy C
(diameter × length)
316L SS
(diameter × length)
MA
2.00" × 2.75" float
(50 × 70 mm)
MB
2.00" × 2.75" float
(50 × 70 mm)
NA
2.00" × 2.75" float
(50 × 70 mm)
NB
2.30" × 3.00" float
(58.5 × 76 mm)
PA
1.85" × 3.00" float
(47 × 76 mm)
PB
1.85" × 3.00" float
(47 × 76 mm)
QA
2.00" × 2.75" float
(50 × 70 mm)
QB
2.00" × 2.75" float
(50 × 70 mm)
OTHER FLOAT SELECTION
PROBE LENGTH No float when used with MLI
Custom float—consult factory
00
Specify measuring range in:
Inches when tenth digit is Code “E”, lengths from 6 to 400 inches
Inch Code Example: 24 inches = Code 024
Pressure / Temperature
400
316/316L SS
350
Hastelloy C 276
PSIG
300
Float is weighted to sink through
250
specific gravity A and float on
specific gravity B
200
The bottom 3 inches of SIL 2 direct
150
insertion probes are inactive. The inactive
area is used to detect float failure.
50
0
0
100
200
300
Temperature °F
10
Centimeter Code Example: 60 cm = Code 060
Titanium CP2
100
2
Specify measuring range in:
Centimeters when tenth digit is Code “M”, lengths from 15 to 999 cm
400
500
DIRECT
INSERTION
ENHANCED
JUPITER
TRANSMITTER
A P P L I C AT I O N D ATA S H E E T
Customer / Orion Representative
Quote Reference #
Contact Phone #
E-mail Address
13"
(33 cm)
Jupiter Model Number
2
–
–
Media Specific Gravity:
TOTAL & INTERFACE LEVEL (IF REQUIRED)
Maximum Operating Pressure
Maximum Operating Temperature
Primary Float
For Total or Interface Level
(specified in model code)
Low Level Set-Point:
(4 mA or 0% span)
FROM THE TIP OF THE SENSOR TUBE
High Level Set-Point:
(20 mA or 100% span)
ACTIVE
SPAN
FROM THE TIP OF THE SENSOR TUBE
Turbulent or agitated liquid surface
Yes No
Flowing or vortexing conditions
Yes No
Vibration present
Yes No
ORDER
LENGTH**
(see note below)
Secondary Interface Float
For Dual-Level Models
(consult factory)
IMPORTANT INFORMATION REGARDING
SIL 2 COMPLIANT MODELS
IF SIL 2 CONSTRUCTION IS REQUIRED, A 3" (7.6 cm) INACTIVE
SECTION MUST BE ADDED AT THE END OF THE PROBE IN
ORDER FOR THE FLOAT TO TRAVEL OUT OF THE ACTIVE SPAN
IN THE EVENT OF A FAILURE.
2.75" (7.0 cm) DEAD BAND
THE 3" (7.6 cm) INACTIVE DIMENSION IS CONTINGENT ON THE
USE OF A STANDARD FLOAT. IF A CUSTOM FLOAT DESIGN IS
REQUIRED THIS EXTENSION MAY INCREASE.
3" (7.6 cm) INACTIVE ZONE
(FOR SIL 2 MODELS ONLY)
IMPORTANT INFORMATION REGARDING
FLOAT DESIGN
STANDARD FLOATS INCLUDE A 1.5x SAFETY FACTOR
INCORPORATED IN THE PRESSURE RATING.
** IF SIL 2 COMPLIANCE IS NOT REQUESTED, DISREGARD THE 3" (7.6 cm)
INACTIVE ZONE WHEN SPECIFIYING THE ORDER LENGTH.
11
6646 Complex Drive, Baton Rouge, LA 70809
Telephone: 225.906.2343
Toll Free: 866.55.Orion (866.556.7466)
Fax: 225.906.2344
E-mail: [email protected]
Copyright © 2007, Orion Instruments, LLP. All rights reserved. Printed in the U.S.A.
Specifications subject to change without notice
Orion & Orion logotype and Jupiter are registered trademarks of Magnetrol International
Bulletin: ORI-148.4
Effective: November 2007
Supersedes: November 2006