APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000001WP_000000 APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000001WP_0000001 ACRICHE LIGHTING DESIGN GUIDE - PAR – Solution Part APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000001WP_000000 APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000001WP_0000001 Contents Contents Table of Contents 1. Summary of PAR - Conventional Light Source 2. LED Requirements for Replacing Conventional PAR 3. Target Setting 4. SSC PKG Selection Method 5. Consideration for Optical, Thermal, Electrical Selections 6. Supply Chain 7. Standard APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000001WP_000000 APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000001WP_0000001 I.I. Summary Summary of of PAR PAR –– Conventional Conventional Light Light Source Source PAR (Parabolic Aluminized Reflector) Lamp A PAR lamp is a lamp in which the utilization rate of luminous flux is greatly increased by concentrating light using a reflection film that has an inside coated with a reflection film (usually aluminum). A lens is additionally attached on the front to further increase concentration efficiency. At this time the aluminum reflection film allows infrared rays (heat) to pass and refracts and concentrates visible light to disperse the heat backward. Since 1/8 inch is the primary unit for a PAR lamp, the diameter of PAR38 is 38 * 2.54(inch) / 8 = approx. 120mm. APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000001WP_000000 APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000001WP_0000001 2. 2. LED LED Requirements Requirements for for Replacing Replacing Conventional Conventional PAR PAR Company Type W cd Osram PAR20 (Aluminum) 50 3000cd/1250lm 50 1000cd/1250lm Efficacy (lm/W) CCT Voltage (V) Beam Angle CRI Lifetime(h) Base 10 30 25 PAR20 (Dichroic) 50 3200cd/1250lm 50 1100cd/1250lm 75 6900cd/1450lm 10 75 2200cd/1450lm 30 PAR30 (Dichroic reflector) 75 7500cd/1450lm 10 3000 75 2400cd/1450lm 30 2000 PAR30 100 220 30 2000 230 10 240 10 230 30 240 30 PAR30 (Aluminum reflector) GE 10 2900 3000 3000cd/930lm 3000cd/930lm 50 1000cd/930lm 18.6 2750 1000cd/930lm PAR30(Spot) 6900cd/1350lm 75 PAR30(Flood) E26 100 100 E27 18 30 2900 10000cd/2200lm 100 230/240 10 3000 30 3000 22 3500cd/2200lm E27 2000 10 2200cd/1350lm PAR30(Spot) PAR30(Flood) 2000 30 19.3 PAR20(Spot) PAR20(Flood) 230/240 * Lm is obtained on the basis of halogen lamp light source ▶ Dichroic reflector Visible light is reflected forward, but 80% of infrared rays, which are unnecessary heat rays, are emitted backward so that front emission of infrared rays is reduced to 1/5. A dichroic reflector has a front thin film which is deposited alternately with zinc sulfide (ZnS) or titanium oxide (TiO2) of a high refraction index and magnesium fluoride (MgF2) of a low refraction index. The reflection characteristic is adjusted according to wavelength by considering the thickness of film and the number of layers. APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000001WP_000000 APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000001WP_0000001 In a vertical symmetric light distribution curve, the beam angle is an angle made of points at which the light intensity shows ½ of the maximum value. The illuminance expressed in Lux is the maximum value and it drops to half on the edge. - Source: OSRAM Korea APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000001WP_000000 APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000001WP_0000001 3. The Ways How Lighting Designers Select PAR Lamps 3.1 Determine the beam angle and the center beam candlepower (CBCP) for obtaining the necessary illuminance and lighting effect before choosing PAR. 3.2 Select CCT. (Even in the products of the same company, in reality the CCT of PAR can have color differences.) 3.3 Colors of various light types are required according to application. It is necessary to choose according to the requirements before installing. 4. PAR Requirements with LED Applied 4.1 Determine the size of PAR (e.g. PAR16, PAR20, PAR30, PAR38…). 4.2 The beam angle and the central beam candlepower should be the same with those of PAR. (Determine the beam angle between 10-300 degrees. Spot 10-20 degrees, Narrow Flood 20-30 degrees, Flood >30 degrees.) 4.2 Should have color temperature of 2800K-3200K and temperature of 4200K is also necessary. 4.3 Color rendering index (CRI) should be 70 or more in Korea and 75 or more in America (based on KS, Energy Star). 4.4 Determine luminous flux per power consumption(W) referring to the following table. Actual Measurement (1H after lighting) By Specification Effica cy (lm/W ) 25 No Type Manufa cturer Power consu mptio n (W) 1 PAR20 Osram 50 2900 1250 2 Osram 75 2900 1450 3 Philips 75 3000 GE 75 3000 135 18 5 GE 100 2900 2200 22 6 Philips 100 3000 GE 120 4 7 PAR30 PAR38 CCT (K) lm CCT (K) lm Efficacy (lm/W) 2603 276 5.52 30 2639 570 7.6 30 2639 570 7.6 30 2675 589 7.8 2664 783 7.8 2740 857 8.5 2541 564 4.7 Beam angle 30 APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000001WP_000000 APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000001WP_0000001 3. 3. Target Target Setting Setting 1. Setting the Target for Replacing Conventional PAR Conventional lamp light source Type Lifetime 50% [hr] Color Tempe rature [K] 2000Hr ~ 3000Hr 2750 ~ 3050 W lm lm/W W 50 1250 25 18 75 1450 19.3 100 2200 22 PAR20 PAR30 PAR38 Importance LED applied light source 120 24 Characteristic Luminous Flux PAR 20 Electrical Power Consumption Watts (W) Beam Angle Degree Lifetime Hours Operating Temperatures ℃ Operating Humidity % RH Color Temperature K CRI Manufacturability Ease of Installation Form Factor PAR 30 PAR 38 A3 AN4 18W A3 20W AN4 20W A3 24W AN4 24W 580 1080 725 1200 870 1440 16W 18W Lumens (lm) Critical Potentially Important 20 30 20W 24W 30 30 Residential indoor : 25,000h Residential outdoor: 35,000h All commercial : 35,000h 2800-3200K 70(Korea), 75(U.S.) APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000001WP_000000 APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000001WP_0000001 2. How to Determine the Number of LEDs - First select the lumen of the target product. - How to calculate lumen needed for LEDs to be implemented actually. Actually needed Lumens = Target Lumens/(Optical Efficiency * Thermal Efficiency) - Determine the number of LEDs. Number of LEDs = Actually needed Lumens / Lumens of LED ex) 1. Select PAR30 75W, and the Target Lumen is 1450 lm. 2. Actually needed Lumens = Target Lumens/(Optical Efficiency * Thermal Efficiency) = 1450 lm / (91% *85%) = 1874.5 lm 3. Number of LEDs = Actually needed Lumens / Lumens of LED = 1874.5 lm / 60lm = 31 LEDs (AN4240 = 60 lm) 3 Determine the Outdoor Temperature of the Heat Sink - Determine it based on the specification of KS high-efficiency equipment and materials. : LED lamp cap(base – 90 degrees, LED lamp body – 70 degrees, LED lamp luminous plane – should not exceed 60 degrees. (Ta = 25 degrees) * Reference Data - Efficiency of light, heat and electrical system System Efficiency Type Optical 91% Light Thermal 85% Light Electrical 87% Power APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000001WP_000000 APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000001WP_0000001 4. 4. SSC SSC PKG PKG Selection Selection Method Method 1. Comparison Between PAR 30 Lamp PKGs DC LED PKG Name AC LED P4 (N42180) Z1(NZ10150) Top(C9WT728) A사(A PKG) A3(AN3220) A4(AN4220) PKG Power Consumption (W) 1.12 W (3.2V, 350mA) 1.68 W (4.2V, 400mA) 0.192 W (3.2V, 60mA) 1.12 W (3.2V, 350mA) 4W 1W PKG Luminous Flux (lm) 75 80 14.5 73.5 145 60 PKG Quantity 18 12 90* 18 5 20 Module Luminous Flux (lm) 1350 960 1305 1330 725 1200 Module Power Consumption (W) 20 W 20 W 20 W 20 W 20 W 20 W Optical Loss Applied (lm) 1228.5 873.6 1305 1210.48 659.75 1092 Thermal Loss Applied (lm) 1044.22 742.56 1009.41 1028.90 560.7 928.2 Electrical Loss Applied (lm) 908.47 646.02 878.19 895.15 CCT K 3000 K 3000 K 3000 K 3000 K 3000 K 3000 K CRI - 80 80 95 80 80 85 LED PKG PAR 30 Module Applied PAR 30 Estimated Quantity of Light * The quantity of TOP PKG the maximum installable quantity if PCB Size 90mm is applied * System efficiency of lighting fixtures System Efficiency Type Optical 91% Light Thermal 85% Light Electrical 87% Power APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000001WP_000000 APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000001WP_0000001 2. Comparison Between Par 38 Lamp PKGs PKG Name DC LED AC LED P4 (N42180) Z1(NZ10150) Top(C9WT728) A사(A PKG) A3(AN3220) A4(AN4220) PKG Power Consumption (W) 1.12 W (3.2V, 350mA) 1.68 W (4.2V, 400mA) 0.192 W (3.2V, 60mA) 1.12 W (3.2V, 350mA) 4W 1W PKG Luminous Flux(lm) 75 80 14.5 73.5 145 60 PKG Quantity 22 15 122* 22 6 24 1650 1200 1769 1617 870 1440 24 W 24 W 24 W 24 W 24 W 24 W 1501.5 1092 1609.79 1471.47 791.7 1310.4 Thermal Loss Applied (lm) 1276.27 928.2 1368.32 1250.74 688.77 1140.04 Electrical Loss Applied (lm) 1110.35 807.53 1190.43 1088.15 CCT K 3000 K 3000 K 3000 K 3000 K 3000 K 3000 K CRI - 80 80 95 80 80 85 LED PKG PAR 38 Module Applied PAR 38 Estimated Quantity of Light Module Luminous Flux (lm) Module Power Consumption W) Optical Loss Applied (lm) * The quantity of TOP PKG is the maximum installable quantity if PCB Size 110mm is applied. * System efficiency of System Efficiency Type lighting fixtures Optical 91% Light Thermal 85% Light Electrical 87% Power APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000001WP_000000 APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000001WP_0000001 5. 5. Considerations Considerations for for Choosing Choosing Thermal, Thermal, Optical, Optical, Electrical Electrical Selections Selections 1. Light Loss in LED 1.1 Thermal Loss In LEDs, the quantity of light decreases according to junction temperature. In general, the quantity of light written on specifications is that at Tj=25, and the LED light quantity decrease rate according to Tj is also marked on specifications. (See Fig. 1). Therefore, the quantity of light should be calculated by considering the Tj of an LED that was actually installed in a module when manufacturing an LED lighting fixture. Ex) If Tj is measured 90 ℃ after four P4 Cool White LEDs are installed, the actual quantity of light is 100 lm*4ea*0.82 (Luminous efficiency at Tj=90℃) = 328 lm. Tj=90℃, 82% 1.2 Optical Loss Most lighting equipments using LEDs use secondary optics to change the light distribution pattern. In general, the efficiency of secondary optics is 85~90%. And light is also lost by the fixture of lighting equipment such as a reflector. However, because LED lighting has a luminescence pattern which is narrower than conventional lighting such as common CFL so that the portion matching the fixture is relatively small, loss due to fixtures is less than conventional light sources. Fig.1. Junction Temperature vs Relative Light Output 1.3 Electrical Loss Most driver efficiencies used in LED lighting equipment do not reach 100%. Because such driver efficiency affects the decrease of efficacy of the overall lighting equipment, this should be considered in designing an LED lighting system. The driver efficiency is usually 80~90%, and if it is to be more than 90% the cost increases. And the efficiency of a converter differs according to output load. For lowcost driver design, an output load should be at least 50% or higher. (See Fig. 2). Fig.2. Efficiency vs Output Load APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000001WP_000000 APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000001WP_0000001 2. Designing the Heat Sink - Lowering Tj through heat sink can minimize the decrease of lifetime and luminous flux. - Considerations in designing the heat sink : Quality of the material of heat sink Angle, fin thickness, and gap of heat sink Relative Light Output [%] Example of light output according to Tj 100 Lifetime 80 Luminous flux Allowable current 60 ∝ 1 Tj 40 20 0 20 Pure White 40 60 80 100 120 o Junction Temperature, TJ [ C] 140 It is important to lower Tj through heat sink APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000001WP_000000 APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000001WP_0000001 2.3 Simulation According to Fin Thickness (2mm) and Gap (8mm) of heat sink - Simulation conditions: PAR38 Ø 120 standard design Heat source is A3 (3.4W) 5pcs 20W level Ambient temp is 25℃ - PAR 38 Design : Outer size (Ø120 * H 49.5mm) Fin thickness 2mm, Fin pitch 8mm PAR 38 Sink PAR 38 Sink / PCB with LED / Cover APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000001WP_000000 APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000001WP_0000001 * Simulation Results PAR 38 Tj c Temperature[℃] Remarks Tj center : 87.9 Tj edge : 86 Tsink : 70 ~ 80 1. Ambient temperature: 25℃ Note: Natural convection analysis No connecting apparatus Cover used: P.C APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000001WP_000000 APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000001WP_0000001 References: Heat sink area, heat characteristic by heat conductivity and fin height 220 H=05 mm H=10 mm H=15 mm H=18 mm H=20 mm H=30 mm o Junction Temperature [ C] 200 180 160 Heat conductivity: 0.76 Heat distribution: 5mm fin Heat conductivity: 0.76 Heat distribution: 30mm fin Heat conductivity: 385 Heat distribution: 5mm fin Heat conductivity: 385 Heat distribution: 30mm fin 140 120 100 80 By fin height 60 0.1 1 10 100 1000 Thermal Conductivity [W/mK] 220 2 900 mm 2 1600 mm 2 2500 mm 2 3600 mm 2 4900 mm o Junction Temperature [ C] 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 0.1 By heat sink floor area 1 10 100 Thermal Conductivity [W/mK] 1000 APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000001WP_000000 APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000001WP_0000001 3. Secondary Optic Design - Adjust the beam angle and secure quantity of light through secondary optics. - Secondary optic considerations : Shape, beam angle and light loss in joining with LED 3.1 Secondary Optic Type and Characteristics Reflector type Collimator type Fresnel Lens type 3.2 Simulation Results from Comparison Between Lens Types (Based on A3 PKG 120 degrees) 10 Degree Target Efficiency 30 Degree Target Efficiency Cost Remarks Reflector type 81.5% 81.61% 60%(R/F) + 30%(Cover) Transparent cover extra need Additional light loss by cover Collimator type 84.7% 83.52% 100% Fresnel Lens type 74.65% 74.6% Lens type Beam angle Possible to realize thin lens APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000001WP_000000 APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000001WP_0000001 3.2.3 Simulation According to Height of Secondary Optic A3 PKG Fresnel Type 1) Module type 18.0 mm 9.7 mm Optical Efficiency: 74.65% 2) Beam angle Optical Efficiency: 74.60% 14deg 30deg 0 0 1 .0 330 1 .0 30 0 .6 300 0 .6 60 0 .4 0 .4 0 .2 0 .2 270 90 0 .0 0 .2 0 .2 0 .4 0 .4 0 .6 240 120 0 .6 300 60 270 90 240 120 0 .8 0 .8 1 .0 30 0 .8 0 .8 0 .0 330 210 150 180 1 .0 210 150 180 APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000001WP_000000 APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000001WP_0000001 3.2.4 Simulation of Secondary Optic A4 PKG Collimator Type ■ Simulation Data ■ Receiver Position A4_Warm White_LED Only 1.2 1 0.8 % 0.6 0.4 0.2 1) LED Only Æ 44.14 lm Æ 131 deg. 0 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Degree On-Axis Point A4_Warm White_38D Lens Intensity(50%) Point 1.2 1 0.8 ■ Source ~ Screen Distance : 1,000mm % 0.6 0.4 ■ Receiver Size : 1,000mm X 1,000mm 0.2 2) LED + Lens Æ 37.38 lm Æ 38 deg. 0 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 Degree 10 20 30 40 50 APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000001WP_000000 APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000001WP_0000001 ■ Measurement Data (Initial Luminous Flux, Beam Angle) (Source ~ Screen Distance : 1,000 mm) 1) Simulation LED Only 2) Measurement Data LED + Lens LED Only Simulation Data LED Only LED + Lens Luminous Flux 44.14 lm 37.38 lm Beam Angle 131 deg. 38 deg. Æ Simulation Efficiency (Lens / LED) : 85% LED + Lens Measurement Data LED Only LED + Lens Luminous Flux 48.66 lm 44.49 lm Beam Angle 129 deg. 40 deg. Æ Measurement Efficiency (Lens / LED) : 91.4% APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000001WP_000000 APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000001WP_0000001 3.2.5 Introduction of Secondary Optic A4 PKG Collimator Type Company Dongwha ind-1 Dongwha ind-2 Dongwha ind-3 ESW (STREET LIGHT) SEKONIX Size 22Φ * 12mm 22Φ * 12mm 22Φ * 12mm 30 * 12 * 9mm 28.13Φ * 12mm Beam Angle 10 40 30 X:128, Y:21 38 Measurement Value 41.75 37.34 40.9 39.0 44.11 Lens Efficiency 85.9% 76.8 84.3 81.3% 92.3% Photo Luminous Photo Element State Measurement Value: 48.6 APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000001WP_000000 APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000001WP_0000001 4. Electrical Considerations 4.1 Troubleshooting Trouble Electrical Trouble Troubleshooting Overvoltage Use Zener Diode, TVS, MOV Not lighted/decreasing brightness Overcurrent Use PTC, NTC Dielectric breakdown Secure Pcb Pattern distance, insulation coating, instrumental method Acriche afterglow Acriche afterglow Connect S/W for contacts, use resistance 4.2 Overvoltage Protection 4.2.1 Causes of Overvoltage : ESD(Electrostatic discharge), lighting surge, transient voltage, switching of load in power circuits, etc... Item Zener diode TVS MOV Direction Uni-directional Bi-directional Bi-directional Supply voltage DC DC/AC DC/AC Response time Tens of ps Tens of ps 10-20 ns Fig 1 Fig 2 Fig 3 Symbol I-V characteristic Application . TVS : Transient Voltage Suppressor . MOV : Metal Oxide Varistor(Variable Resistor) APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000001WP_000000 APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000001WP_0000001 4. Electrical Considerations 4.1 Troubleshooting Trouble Electrical Problems Troubleshooting Overvoltage Use Zener Diode, TVS, MOV Not lighted/decreasing brightness Overcurrent Use PTC, NTC Dielectric breakdown Secure Pcb Pattern distance, insulation coating, instrumental method Acriche afterglow Acriche afterglow Connect S/W for contacts, use resistance 4.2 Overvoltage Protection 4.2.1 Causes of Overvoltage : ESD (Electrostatic discharge), lighting surge, transient voltage, switching of load in power circuits, etc... Item Zener diode TVS MOV Direction Uni-directional Bi-directional Bi-directional Supply voltage DC DC/AC DC/AC Response time Tens of ps Tens of ps 10-20 ns Fig 1 Fig 2 Fig 3 Symbol I-V characteristic Application . TVS : Transient Voltage Suppressor . MOV : Metal Oxide Varistor(Variable Resistor) APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000001WP_000000 APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000001WP_0000001 4.2.1.1 Zener diode protection (a) Zener diode I-V Characteristic (b) LED protection operation Fig 1. Example of zener protection -Operating Principle ▪ If overvoltage is applied from power supply, overcurrent is bypassed through a zener diode due to zener yield action and regulated voltage of Vz is applied to an LED to protect the LED. ▪ Since zener diode protection is the simplest and most basic way for protecting an LED from overvoltage, it cannot protect an LED perfectly from all outside overvoltage. ->There is a need to construct additional protection circuit. -Considerations when selecting zener diode ▪ Use an element that has a Vz higher than the VF of the LED ▪ Select an element that has adequate rated voltage considering VF, IF and service voltage of the LED ▪ Select an element that has a low zener resistance for quick bypass action ▪ Select an element that has high a current density as possible if drive current of the LED is great ▪ Low leakage current APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000001WP_000000 APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000001WP_0000001 4.2.1.2 TVS protection (a) TVS I-V characteristic (b) TVS clamping (c) TVS protection circuit Fig 2. Example of TVS protection -Operating Principle ▪ A structure with a zener diode combined both ways, it is a protection element using avalanche breakdown ▪ A bi-directional element may be used at an AC connection terminal and a DC uni-directional element may be used at a DC connection terminal -Considerations for TVS selection ▪ Use an element that has a VBR value higher than the VF of the LED ▪ Select an element that has an adequate rated power considering VF, IF and service voltage of the LED ▪ Select an element that has a clamping voltage value (Vc) less than the breakdown voltage of the LED (If an element has a Vc of more than the LED breakdown voltage it cannot protect the LED from outside overvoltage) APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000001WP_000000 APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000001WP_0000001 4.2.1.3 MOV protection (a) MOV I-V characteristic (b) MOV equivalent model (c) MOV protection circuit Fig 3. Example of MOV protection -Operating principle ▪ Carry out overvoltage function identical to TVS ▪ During normal operation, it has an insulation resistance value of more than hundreds of MΩ as a capacitor, but if instantaneous overvoltage is applied, it becomes a conductor of less than tens of MΩ and bypasses overcurrent. -Considerations for MOV selection ▪ Use an element which has a VB value higher than the VF of the LED ▪ Select an element that has an adequate rated power considering VF, IF and service voltage of the LED ▪ Recommended to use to prevent inflow of current that exceeds the rated capacity of an MOV APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000001WP_000000 APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000001WP_0000001 4.2.2 Overcurrent Protection 4.2.2.1 PTC (Positive Temperature Coefficient) resistor protection -Operating principle ▪ An element that has a characteristic that when the temperature of the element rises the resistance value increases greatly. ▪ If a greater than rated current flows in a PTC, the resistance value increases greatly due to a self-heating action to carry out the function of suppressing overcurrent. ▪ Series connection to an LED suppresses overcurrent flowing in the LED (a) PTC connection (b) Resistance-temperature characteristic) (c) Current attenuation characteristic Fig 4. Example of PTC protection - Considerations for PTC selection ▪ Select a PTC considering maximum voltage, maximum current, and maximum Ta of the LED ▪ Select an element that has quick current suppression response time of the PTC APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000001WP_000000 APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000001WP_0000001 4.2.2.2 NTC (Negative Temperature Coefficient) resistor protection In-rush current level -Operating principle ▪ Use to protect an LED from in-rush current ▪ In-rush current can be generated during boost action of the power supply and initial power-up action, and the LED can be broken without proper protection measure. ▪ Suppress in-rush current by series connection to the LED (a) PTC connection (b) In-rush current suppression characteristic Fig 5. Example of NTC protection -Considerations for NTC selection ▪ NTC is largely of two types of high resistance and low resistance, of which low resistance NTC is mainly used for in-rush current protection ▪ Maximum allowable current/power of NTC APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000001WP_000000 APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000001WP_0000001 4.3 How to Reinforce Dielectric Strength 4.3.1 Cause of dielectric strength decrease When the Cu pattern of a PCB is close to the PCB edge or PCB hole, the distance to metal heat sink or metal part of the PCB becomes closer to cause electric discharge, so electric current could flow between the heat sink and terminal if a high voltage is applied. ① Discharge at PCB Edge ② Discharge at PCB hole ③ Discharge at PCB edge ( PCB Pattern ↔ PCB Metal) (PCB Pattern ↔ Metal Heat sink) ( PCB Pattern ↔ PCB Metal) Cu Pattern PCB Metal Wire connection PCB hole Heat sink PCB insulation layer Fig. 1. Analysis of dielectric strength decrease factors 4.3.2 How to improve dielectric strength ① Keep a constant distance from a PCB edge or hole when designing the pattern of the PCB To improve dielectric strength, keep the Cu pattern of a PCB a constant distance from the PCB edge or PCB hole. A distance of at least 5mm should be maintained to obtain a result of 4kV or more, and this may be changed according to customer design specification. ② Coat a PCB with insulating material Electricity is discharged usually at the PCB edge or hole which is close to the Cu pattern, so by coating this portion with insulating material, dielectric strength can be improved. It is preferable to Fig.2. Illustration of coating method (Coat the discharge portion with insulating material) choose a material with excellent thermal endurance and chemical resistance and a material that does not generate by-products such as gas that affects an LED sealing material. (See Fig. 2). ③ Insulate heat sink by installing a PCB in a case made of insulating material Make the case with an insulating material and install a PCB in it to completely insulate the heat sink. If a material that does not discharge heat well is used, it should be designed in such a way that heat discharge can be maintained smoothly by minimizing the thickness considering Tj of the LED PKG. (See Fig. 3). Fig.3. Illustration of PCB Case Concept APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000001WP_000000 APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000001WP_0000001 4.4 How to Improve on Acriche(A3) Afterglow 4.4.1 Phenomenon :Acriche lamps do not completely turned off but emit weak light when the lighting integration switch is turned off after the Acriche-applied lighting module (bulb, MR, PAR, etc.) has been installed in a building. 4.4.2 Cause :This happens when the switch is connected to the N phase in a 380Vac 3-phase 4- line wiring in a building and the case (heat sink) of the lighting module is connected to F.G. (flame ground). → In most buildings, in the case of a lighting module being connected to F.G. in the building. F. G. is connected to the N phase in most cases. → In such a case, even if the switch is off, phase voltage strays in Acriche lamps by F.G. connected to the case of the lighting module, so afterglow occurs. (Voltage straying in Acriche lamps ~ 130Vac) Acriche Acriche applied applied voltage voltage test test diagram diagram General power power supplying supplying method method (380V (380V 3-phase 3-phase 4-line) 4-line) General Afterglow S/W . Phase voltage in 3-phase 4-line Y wiring – 380Vac . Voltage between phase(R, S, T) and N – 220Vac APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000001WP_000000 APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000001WP_0000001 4.4.3 Improvement Scheme 4.4.3.1 Connect S/W to L(R) phase or connect L-N two-contact S/Ws S/W S/W - Connect a S/W to the L phase so that remaining voltage does not apply to the Acriche when the S/W is turned off. - Use L-N two-contact S/Ws if it is difficult to connect a S/W to the L(R) phase 4.4.3.2 Distribute voltage remaining in Acriche using resistance A) B) Increase an MCPCB insulation resistance to divide the voltage applied to the Acriche with the MCPCB insulation resistance to remove the remaining light (when the S/W is turned off) Connect Rp in parallel to both ends of Acriche to divide the remaining voltage to remove afterglow (when the S/W is turned off) : More than several MΩ APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000001WP_000000 APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000001WP_0000001 6. 6. SUPPLY SUPPLY CHAIN CHAIN 1. Seoul Semiconductor Supply Chain Ledlink(Taiwan) IMS(USA) Carclo(EU) Gaggione(EU) Khatod(EU) LEDIL(EU) Polymer Optics(EU) Microblock(Taiwan) LENS DRIVER IC Kaieryue Electronics Technology(China) Shenzhen Likeda(China) Microchip(USA) National Semiconductor(USA) Wai Tat Electronics(China) Donghaw IND(Korea) SSC Green Optics(Korea) Pttc(Taiwan) Fela(EU) Sekonix(Korea) PCB CCI(Taiwan) Xingtongbu Technology(China) DDP(USA) Inno Flex(Korea) Fujipoly(USA) Ceramtec(EU) Fischer Elektronic(EU) Jindingli(China) Yongshenkeji(China) GK Technik(EU) HEATSINK APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000001WP_000000 APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000001WP_0000001 2. Supply Chain WEB Site SOLUTION COMPANY WEB SITE Microblock(Taiwan) www.mblock.com.tw Microchip(USA) www.microchip.com National Semiconductor(USA) www.national.com Wai Tat Electronics(China) www.wtel.com.cn Pttc(Taiwan) www.pttc.com.tw Fela(EU) www.fela.de GK Technik(EU) www.elektronik-von-gk.de Xingtongbu Technology(China) www.toppcb.cn Inno Flex(Korea) www.inno-flex.co.kr Ledlink(Taiwan) www.ledlink-optics.com IMS(USA) www.imslighting.com Carclo(EU) www.carclo-optics.com Gaggione(EU) www.lednlight.com Khatod(EU) www.khatod.com LEDIL(EU) www.ledil.fi Polymer Optics(EU) www.polymer-optics.co.uk Kaieryue Electronics Technology(China) www.kaieryue.cn.alibaba.com Shenzhen Likeda(China) www.ledlens.cn Donghaw IND(Korea) www.dwled.com Green Optics(Korea) www.greenopt.com Sekonix(Korea) www.sekonix.com CCI(Taiwan) www.ccic.com.tw DDP(USA) www.datadisplay.com Fujipoly(USA) www.fujipoly.com Ceramtec(EU) www.ceramtec.de Fischer Elektronic(EU) www.fischerelektronik.de Jindingli(China) www.kitili.com Yongshenkeji(China) www.szyongsen.cn DRIVER IC PCB LENS HEATSINK APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000001WP_000000 APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000001WP_0000001 7. 7. Standard Standard 1. KS Specification ▶ General Specifications– For AC LED, apply those for KSC7651(with Ballast stabilizer inside) KS C 7651 (with Ballast stabilizer inside) KS C 7652 (with stabilizer outside) KS C 7653 (Flush-type light fixture) Applicability Rated 220V 60Hz, Rated power 60W Rated 50V or less (12V, 24V, 48V) Rated 220V 60Hz Initial Luminous Flux (Measure after aging100 hours) 95% or more of rated luminous flux 95% or more of rated luminous flux 95% or more of rated luminous flux Luminous Maintenance Rate (Measure after 2000h Aging) 90% or more of initial measured value of luminous flux 90% or more of initial measured value of luminous flux 90% or more of initial measured value of luminous flux Insulation Resistance If 4000Vrms is applied for 1 minute If 500Vrms is applied for 1 minute Dielectric Strength 4MΩ or more 2MΩ or more Power Factor 0.9 or more (more than 5W) 0.85 or more (5W or less) 0.9 or more (5W or less) 0.85 or more (5W or less) 0.9 or more (more than 5W) 0.85 or more (5W or less) Cap Temperature ∆ts =120℃ or less (Temperature difference between lamp preparation stage and after stabilization) ∆ts =120℃ or less (Temperature difference between lamp preparation stage and after stabilization) Suitable to KS C IEC 60598-2-2 2.8 Color Rendering Index 70 or higher 70 or higher 70 or higher THD (Total Harmonic Wave Distribution) According to KS C IEC61000-3-2 [*] According to KS C IEC61000-3-2 [*] According to KS C IEC61000-3-2 [*] Suitable to KS C IEC 60598-2-2 2.14 APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000001WP_000000 APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000001WP_0000001 ▶ KS Specification Light Efficiency Standard KS C 7651 (with Ballast stabilizer inside) KS C 7652 (with stabilizer outside) KS C 7653 (Flush-type light fixture) Initial Luminous Flux (Measure after aging 100 hours) 95% or more of rated luminous flux 95% or more of rated luminous flux 95% or more of rated luminous flux Luminous Flux Maintenance Rate (Measure after 2000h aging) 90% or more of initial measured value of luminous flux 90% or more of initial measured value of luminous flux 90% or more of initial measured value of luminous flux Luminous Efficacy lm/W Classification Color Temperature Luminous Efficacy lm/W F 6500 6530±510 50 F 5700 5665±335 F 5000 Luminous Efficacy (lm/W ) (Should satisfy even after Initial luminous flux & 2000h aging) 10W or less 10W~ 30W 30W~ 60W 60W~ 100W 100W or more 55 50 55 60 65 70 50 55 50 55 60 65 70 5028±283 50 55 50 55 60 65 70 F 4500 4503±243 45 50 45 50 55 60 65 F 4000 3985±275 45 50 45 50 55 60 65 F 3500 3465±245 45 50 45 50 55 60 65 F 3000 3045±175 40 45 40 45 50 55 60 F 2700 2725±145 40 45 40 45 50 55 60 ▶ Based on light efficiency of high-efficiency equipments Items 5W or less More than 5W and 10W or less More than 10W and 15W or less More than15W Super Luminous Flux Should be light efficiency(lm/W) × Indicated input power (W) or more Luminous Flux Maintenance Rate 90% or more of initial luminous flux Luminous Efficacy 50 lm/W 55 lm/W 58 lm/W Power Factor 0.9 or more Total Harmonic Wave Distribution 40% or less Color Rendering Index 75 or more 60 lm/W APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000001WP_000000 APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000001WP_0000001 2. Energy Star ▶ General Specification Conditions Standards Minimum Light Output It should be at least 125 lm per lineal foot and is computed with an equation as follows. (1ft=12inch) Color Spatial Uniformity In omnidirectional pattern on average CIE coordinates within 0.004 (based on CIE1976 u`v` coordinates) Color Maintenance Within coordinate change 0.007 in lifetime (based on CIE1976 u`v` coordinates) Power Factor Residential≥0.7 Commercial≥0.9 Output Operating Frequency ≥120Hz Color Rendering Index (CRI) Min75 (Indoor luminaires) Lumen Depreciation of LED Light Sources(L70) Residential Indoor : 25,000h Residential Outdoor: 35,000h All Commercial : 35,000h ▶ CIE 4500K & 5700K are added so as to make it possible to use the empty portion in CCT based on the conventional fluorescent lamp. Framed in quadrangles to overlap with 7-step MacAdam ellipses of CFL. Condition CCT (Correlated Color Temperature) Standard Nominal CCT (Fluorescent lamp) CCT(K) 2700K 2725 ± 145 3000K 3045 ± 175 3500K 3465 ± 245 4000K 3985 ± 275 4500K 4503 ± 243 5000K 5028 ± 283 5700K 5665 ± 355 6500K 6530 ± 510