Step-Down DC/DC Controller 1 Overview 1.1 Features • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1) TLE 6389 Input voltage range from < 5V up to 60V Output voltage: 5V fixed or adjustable (7V to 15V) Output voltage accuracy: 3% Output current up to 2.3A 100% maximum duty cycle Less than 120µA quiescent current at low loads1) 2µA max. shutdown current at device off (TLE 6389-2 GV) Fixed 360kHz switching frequency Frequency synchronization input for external clocks Current Mode control scheme Integrated output under voltage Reset circuit On chip low battery detector (on chip comparator) Automotive temperature range -40°C to 150 °C Green Product (RoHS compliant) AEC qualified P DSO 14 3 8 9 11 1 dependend on external components RSENSE= VIN M1 47mΩ V OUT L1 = 47 µH IOUT C IN1 = 100 µF C BDS= COUT = 100 µF D1 220 nF 13 RSI1= 400kΩ RSI2= 100kΩ CIN2 = 220nF 11 BDS 14 CS 12 GDRV VS 7 SI SI_GND 6 TLE6389-3 GV50 SI_ENABLE 1 SYNC 5 2 3 FB VOUT 9 SO 8 COMP GND 4 RO 10 2.2nF 680Ω M1: Infineon BSO613SPV Infineon BSP613P D1: Motorola MBRD360 L1: EPCOS B82479-A1473-M Coilcraft DO3340P-473 CIN1 : Electrolythic CIN2 : Ceramic COUT: Low ESR Tantalum ON OFF Type Package Description TLE 6389-2 GV PG-DSO-14-1 adjustable TLE 6389-2 GV50 PG-DSO-14-1 5V, RO-Hysteresis << TLE 6389-3 GV50 PG-DSO-14-1 5V, RO-Hysteresis 1V Datasheet Rev. 2.1 1 2007-08-13 TLE 6389 1.2 Short functional description The TLE 6389 step-down DC-DC switching controllers provide high efficiency over loads ranging from 1mA up to 2.5A. A unique PWM/PFM control scheme operates with up to a 100% duty cycle, resulting in very low dropout voltage. This control scheme eliminates minimum load requirements and reduces the supply current under light loads to 120µA, depending on dimensioning of external components. In addition the adjustable version TLE6389-2 GV can be shut down via the Enable input reducing the input current to <2µA. The TLE 6389 step-down controllers drive an external P-channel MOSFET, allowing design flexibility for applications up to 12.5W of output power. A high switching frequency and operation in continuous-conduction mode allow the use of tiny surfacemount inductors. Output capacitor requirements are also reduced, minimizing PC board area and system costs. The output voltage is preset at 5V (TLE6389-2 GV50 and TLE6389-3 GV50) and adjustable for the TLE6389-2 GV. The version TLE6389-2 GV50 features a reset function with a threshold between 4.5V and 4.8V, including a small hysteresis of typ. 50mV. In the version TLE6389-3 GV50 the device incorporates a reset with a typ. 1V hysteresis. Input voltages of all TLE 6389 can be up to 60V. 1.3 Pin Configuration (top view) Datasheet Rev. 2.1 ENABLE / SI_ENABLE 1 14 CS FB 2 13 VS VOUT 3 12 GDRV GND 4 SYNC 5 10 RO SI_GND 6 9 SO SI 7 8 COMP P-D-SO-14 2 11 BDS 2007-08-13 TLE 6389 1.4 Basic block diagram VS VOUT BDS ENA BLE Battery Sense and Undervoltage Reset Internal Power Supply and Biasing FB SIGND SI RO SO PWM / PFM Regulator Driver G DRV CS COMP Clock generator Voltage Reference Block SYNC TLE 6389GV GND Datasheet Rev. 2.1 3 2007-08-13 TLE 6389 1.5 Pin Definitions and Functions Pin No Symbol Function 1 ENABLE Active-High enable input (only at adjustable version, TLE6389-2 GV) for the device. The device is shut down when ENABLE is driven low. In this shut downmode the reference, the output and the external MOSFET are turned off. Connect to logic high for normal operation. 1 SI_ENA BLE Active-High enable input (only at 5V version, TLE6389-2 GV50 and TLE6389-3 GV50) for SI_GND input. SI_GND is switched to high impedance when SI_ENABLE is low. High level at SI_ENABLE connects SI_GND to GND with low impedance. SO is undefined when SI_ENABLE is low. 2 FB Feedback input. 1. For adjustable version (-2GV) connect this pin to an external voltage divider from the output to GND (see the determining the output voltage, application section). 2. At the 5V fixed output voltage version (-3GV50 and -2GV50) the FB is connected internally to an on-chip voltage divider. It does not have to be connected externally to the output. 3 VOUT Buck output voltage input. Input for the internal supply. Connect always to the output of the buck converter (output capacitor). 4 GND Ground connection. Analog signal ground. 5 SYNC Input for external frequency synchronization. An external clock signal connected to this pin allows switching frequency synchronization of the device. The internal oscillator is clocked then by the frequency applied at the SYNC input. 6 SI_GND SI-Ground input. Ground connection for SI comparator resistor divider. Depending on SI_ENABLE this input is switched to high impedance or low ohmic to GND. 7 SI Sense comparator input. Input of the low-battery comparator. This input is compared to an internal 1.25V reference where SO gives the result of the comparison. Can be used for any comparison, not necessarily as battery sense. 8 COMP Compensation input. Connect via RC-compensation network to GND. 9 SO Sense comparator output. Open drain output from SI comparator at the adjustable version (TLE63892 GV), Pull down structure with an internal 20kΩ pull up resistor to VOUT at the 5V version (TLE6389-2 GV50 and TLE6389-3 GV50). Datasheet Rev. 2.1 4 2007-08-13 TLE 6389 Pin No Symbol Function 10 RO Reset output. Open drain output from undervoltage reset comparator at the adjustable version (TLE6389-2 GV), Pull down structure with an internal 20kΩ pull up resistor to VOUT at the 5V version (TLE6389-2 GV50 and TLE6389-3 GV50). 11 BDS Buck driver supply input. Connect a ceramic capacitor between BDS and VS to generate clamped gate-source voltage to supply the driver of the PMOS power stage. 12 GDRV Gate drive output. Connect to the gate of the external P-Channel MOSFET. The voltage at GDRV swings between the levels of VS and BDS. 13 VS Device supply input. Connect a 220nF ceramic cap close to the pin in addition to the low ESR tantalum input capacitance. 14 CS Current-sense input. Connect current-sense resistor between VS and CS. The voltage drop over the sense-resistor determines the peak current flowing in the buck circuit. The external MOSFET is turned off when the peak current is exceeded. Datasheet Rev. 2.1 5 2007-08-13 TLE 6389 2 Item Absolute Maximum Ratings Parameter Symbol Limit Values Unit min. max. Remarks Device supply input VS 2.1 Voltage VVS -0.3 61 V 2.2 Current IVS – – – – Current sense input CS 2.3 Voltage VCS -0.3 61 V 2.4 Current ICS – – – |VVS - VCS| < 0.3V Gate drive output GDRV 2.5 Voltage VGDRV – 0.3 61 V -0.3V < |VVS VGDRV| < 6.8V; -0.3V < |VBDS VGDRV| < 6.8V 2.6 Current IGDRV – – – limited internally -0.3V < |VVS VBDS| < 6.8V Buck driver supply input BDS 2.7 Voltage VBDS – 0.3 61 V 2.8 Current IBDS – – – Feedback input FB 2.9 Voltage VFB – 0.3 6.8 V 2.10 Current IFB – – – 61 V – – Enable input SI_ENABLE 2.11 Voltage VSI_ENAB – 0.3 LE 2.12 Current ISI_ENABL – TLE6389-2 GV50, TLE6389-3 GV50 E SI-Ground input SI_GND 2.13 Voltage VSI_GND – 0.3 61 V 2.14 Current ISI_GND – – – Enable input ENABLE 2.15 Voltage VENABLE – 0.3 61 V 2.16 Current IENABLE – – – Datasheet Rev. 2.1 6 TLE6389-2 GV 2007-08-13 TLE 6389 2 Item Absolute Maximum Ratings (cont’d) Parameter Symbol Limit Values Unit min. max. Remarks Sense comparator input SI 2.17 Voltage VSI – 0.3 61 V 2.18 Current ISI – – – Sense comparator output SO 2.19 Voltage VSO – 0.3 6.8 V 2.20 Current ISO – – – limited internally Buck output voltage input VOUT 2.21 Voltage VVOUT – 0.3 15 V TLE6389-2 GV 2.22 Voltage VVOUT – 0.3 6.8 V TLE6389-2 GV50, TLE6389-3 GV50 2.23 Current IVOUT – – mA Compensation input COMP 2.24 Voltage VCOMP – 0.3 6.8 V 2.25 Current ICOMP – – mA Reset output RO 2.26 Voltage VRO – 0.3 6.8 V 2.27 Current IRO – – mA limited internally Frequency synchronization input SYNC 2.28 Voltage VSYNC – 0.3 6.8 V 2.29 Current ISYNC – – mA VESD –1.5 1.5 kV HBM1), pin VOUT 2.31 VESD -2 2 kV HBM1), all pins except VOUT 2.32 VESDCDM –500 500 V CDM2) ESD-Protection 2.30 Electrostatic discharge voltage Datasheet Rev. 2.1 7 2007-08-13 TLE 6389 2 Absolute Maximum Ratings (cont’d) Item Parameter Symbol Limit Values Unit min. max. Remarks Temperatures 2.33 Junction temperature Tj -40 150 °C – 2.34 Storage temperature Tstg -50 150 °C – 1) ESD susceptibility HBM according to EIA/JESD 22-A 114B. 2) ESD susceptibility CDM according to JESD 22-C101. Note: Stresses above the ones listed here may cause permanent damage to the device. Exposure to absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability. Note: Integrated protection functions are designed to prevent IC destruction under fault conditions described in the data sheet. Fault conditions are considered as “outside” normal operating range. Protection functions are not designed for continuous repetitive operation. Datasheet Rev. 2.1 8 2007-08-13 TLE 6389 3 Operating Range Item Parameter Symbol Limit Values min. max. Unit Remarks 3.1 Supply voltage range VVS 5 60 V 3.2 Output voltage adjust range TLE 6389-2 GV VOUT 7 15 V TLE 6389-2 GV 3.3 Sense Resistor RSENSE 10 47 mΩ Calculation see section 7 3.4 PMOS, on+off delay ton+off - tmin300 1) ns tmin= VVOUT/ (VVS*fSW) delay 3.5 Buck driver supply capacitor CBDS 220 - nF 3.6 Buck inductance L1 47 - µH 3.7 Buck inductance L1 22 100 µH 3.8 Buck output capacitor COUT 100 - µF 3.9 Junction temperature Tj – 40 150 °C recommended value Thermal Resistance 3.10 Junction ambient Rthj-a 140 K/W Footprint only 3.11 Junction pin Rthj-p 50 K/W – 1) A too high PMOS on+off delay might cause an instable output voltage Note: Within the functional range the IC operates as described in the circuit description. The electrical characteristics are specified within the conditions given in the related electrical characteristics table. Datasheet Rev. 2.1 9 2007-08-13 TLE 6389 4 Electrical Characteristics 5V < VVS < 48V; -40°C < Tj < 150 °C; All voltages with respect to ground; positive current defined flowing into the pin; unless otherwise specified Item Parameter Symbol Limit Values min. typ. Unit Test Condition max. Current Consumption1) TLE6389-2 GV50 and TLE6389-3 GV50 4.1 Current IVS consumption of VS 4.2 4.3 4.4 Current consumption of SI_ENABLE Current consumption of VOUT ISI_ENABL Current consumption of SI Datasheet Rev. 2.1 150 µA VVS = 48V; PFM mode; 70 85 µA VVS = 13.5V; PFM mode; Tj = 25 °C 9 30 µA VVS = 48V; VSI_ENABLE = 48V; PFM mode; 95 130 µA VSI_ENABLE = L; VVOUT = 5.5V; VVS=13.5V; PFM mode; Tj = 25°C 140 220 µA VSI_ENABLE = H; VVOUT = 5.5V; VVS = 13.5V; VSI > VSI, high; PFM mode; 0.2 0.5 µA VVS = 13.5V; VSI_ENABLE = H; VSI = 10V ; PFM mode; E IVOUT 4.5 4.6 80 ISI 10 2007-08-13 TLE 6389 4 Electrical Characteristics (cont’d) 5V < VVS < 48V; -40°C < Tj < 150 °C; All voltages with respect to ground; positive current defined flowing into the pin; unless otherwise specified Item Parameter Symbol Limit Values min. typ. Unit Test Condition max. Current Consumption1) TLE6389-2 GV (variable) 4.7 Current IVS consumption of VS 80 150 µA VVS = 48V; VENABLE = H; PFM mode; VOUT > 7V 4.8 Current consumption of VS 70 85 µA VVS = 13.5V; VENABLE = H; PFM mode; Tj = 25 °C; VOUT > 7V 4.9 Current consumption of VS 2 µA VENABLE=0V; Tj < 105°C 4.10 Current consumption of ENABLE IEN 9 30 µA VVS = 48V; VENABLE = H; PFM mode; 4.11 Current consumption of VOUT IVOUT 140 220 µA VOUT = 8V; VVS = 13.5V; VENABLE = H; VSI > VSI, high; PFM mode; 4.12 Current consumption of SI ISI 0.2 0.5 µA VVS = 13.5V; VENABLE = H; VSI = 10V ; PFM mode; Tj = 25°C 4.13 Current IFB consumption of FB 0.2 0.5 µA VVS = 13.5V; VFB = 1.25V; VENABLE = H; PFM mode; Tj = 25°C Datasheet Rev. 2.1 11 2007-08-13 TLE 6389 4 Electrical Characteristics (cont’d) 5V < VVS < 48V; -40°C < Tj < 150 °C; All voltages with respect to ground; positive current defined flowing into the pin; unless otherwise specified Item Parameter Symbol Limit Values min. typ. Unit Test Condition max. Buck Controller 4.14 Output voltage VVOUT 4.85 5.00 5.15 V TLE6389-2 GV50, TLE6389-3 GV50; VVS=13.5V& 48V; PWM mode IOUT = 0.5 to 2A; RSENSE = 22mΩ; RM1 = 0.25Ω; RL1 = 0.1Ω; 4.15 4.75 5.00 5.25 V TLE6389-2 GV50, TLE6389-3 GV50; VVS = 24V;PFM; IOUT = 15mA; RSENSE = 22mΩ; RM1 = 0.25Ω; RL1 = 0.1Ω; 4.16 3.8 V TLE6389-3 GV50; VVS decreasing from 5.8V to 4.2V; ILOAD = 0mA to 500mA; RSENSE = 22mΩ; RM1 = 0.4Ω; RL1 = 0.1Ω; 4.17 FB threshold voltage VFB, th 1.225 1.25 1.275 V TLE6389-2 GV 4.18 Output voltage VVOUT 9.7 TLE6389-2 GV; Calibrated divider, see section 7.3; VVS = 13.5V & 48V; IOUT = 0.5 to 2A; PWM Mode; RSENSE = 22mΩ; RM1 = 0.25Ω; RL1 = 0.1Ω; Datasheet Rev. 2.1 12 10.0 10.3 V 2007-08-13 TLE 6389 4 Electrical Characteristics (cont’d) 5V < VVS < 48V; -40°C < Tj < 150 °C; All voltages with respect to ground; positive current defined flowing into the pin; unless otherwise specified Item Parameter Symbol Limit Values min. typ. Unit Test Condition V TLE6389-2 GV; Calibrated divider, see section 7.3; VVS = 24V; IOUT = 15mA; PFM Mode; RSENSE = 22mΩ; RM1 = 0.25Ω; RL1 = 0.1Ω; 7 V TLE6389-2 GV, supplied by VS only, complete current to supply the IC drawn from VS, no reset function 2) V TLE6389-2 GV, current to supply the IC drawn from VS and VOUT, as specified, 2) max. 4.19 Output voltage VVOUT 9.5 4.20 Buck output voltage adjust range VVOUT VFB, 4.21 Buck output voltage adjust range VVOUT 7 15 4.22 Buck output voltage accuracy VVOUT 0.97* VOUT 1.03* VOUT _nom _nom 0.95* VOUT 1.05* VOUT _nom _nom 4.23 Buck output voltage accuracy Datasheet Rev. 2.1 10.0 10.5 th VVOUT 13 TLE6389-2 GV, PWM mode 2) TLE6389-2 GV, PFM mode 2) 2007-08-13 TLE 6389 4 Electrical Characteristics (cont’d) 5V < VVS < 48V; -40°C < Tj < 150 °C; All voltages with respect to ground; positive current defined flowing into the pin; unless otherwise specified Item Parameter Symbol Limit Values min. typ. Unit Test Condition max. 4.24 Line regulation | ∆VVOUT | 35 mV TLE6389-2 GV50, TLE6389-3 GV50, VVS = 9V to 16V; IOUT = 1A; RSENSE = 22mΩ; PWM mode 4.25 Line regulation | ∆VVOUT | 50 mV TLE6389-2 GV50, TLE6389-3 GV50, VVS = 16V to 32V; IOUT = 1A; RSENSE = 22mΩ; PWM mode 4.26 Line regulation ∆VVOUT / VVOUT 2.5 % TLE6389-2 GV, VVS = 12V to 36V; VVOUT=10V IOUT = 1A; RSENSE = 22mΩ; PWM mode Datasheet Rev. 2.1 14 2007-08-13 TLE 6389 4 Electrical Characteristics (cont’d) 5V < VVS < 48V; -40°C < Tj < 150 °C; All voltages with respect to ground; positive current defined flowing into the pin; unless otherwise specified Item Parameter Symbol Limit Values Unit Test Condition 40 mV/ A TLE6389-2 GV50, TLE6389-3 GV50, IOUT = 0.5A to 2A; VVS = 5.8V & 48V; RSENSE = 22mΩ 8* VOUT _nom/ V mV/ A TLE6389-2 GV, IOUT = 0.5 to 2A; VVS= 13.5V & 48V; RSENSE = 22mΩ min. typ. 4.27 Load regulation ∆VVOUT / ∆ILOAD 4.28 max. 4.29 Gate driver, PMOS off VVS – VGDRV 0 0.2 V VENABLE/SI_ENABLE =5V CBDS = 220 nF CGDRV = 4.7nF 4.30 Gate driver, PMOS on VVS – VGDRV 6 8.2 V VENABLE/SI_ENABLE =5V CBDS = 220 nF CGDRV = 4.7nF3) 4.31 Gate driver, UV lockout VVS – VBDS 2.75 4 V Decreasing (VVSVBDS) until GDRV is permanently at VS level 4.32 Gate driver, peak charging current IGDRV 1 A PMOS dependent; 4.33 Gate driver, peak discharging current IGDRV 1 4.34 Gate driver, gate voltage, rise time tr 45 Datasheet Rev. 2.1 2) A PMOS dependent; 2) 15 60 ns VENABLE/SI_ENABLE =5V CBDS = 220 nF CGDRV = 4.7nF 2007-08-13 TLE 6389 4 Electrical Characteristics (cont’d) 5V < VVS < 48V; -40°C < Tj < 150 °C; All voltages with respect to ground; positive current defined flowing into the pin; unless otherwise specified Item Parameter Symbol Limit Values min. typ. 4.35 Gate driver, gate voltage, fall time tf 4.36 Peak current limit threshold voltage VLIM = VVS – VCS 4.37 Oscillator frequency 4.38 Unit Test Condition VENABLE/SI_ENABLE =5V CBDS = 220 nF CGDRV = 4.7nF max. 50 65 ns 50 70 90 mV fOSC 290 360 420 kHz PWM mode only Maximum duty cycle dMAX 100 % PWM mode only 4.39 Minimum on time tMIN 400 ns PWM mode only 4.40 SYNC capture range ∆fsync 530 kHz PWM mode only 4.41 SYNC trigger level VSYNC,h high V 2) 4.42 SYNC trigger level low 0.8 V 2) VVOUT, RT 3.5 3.65 3.8 V TLE6389-3 GV50; VVOUT decreasing 4.5 4.65 4.8 V TLE6389-3 GV50; VVOUT increasing mV TLE6389-2 GV50; VOUT(VS=6V, ILOAD=1A) -VVOUT,RT 220 250 4.0 Reset Generator 4.43 Reset threshold 4.44 4.45 Reset headroom VRT,HEAD 80 4.46 Reset threshold VVOUT, RT 4.5 4.65 4.8 V TLE6389-2 GV50; VVOUT increasing/ decreasing 4.47 Reset threshold hysteresis ∆VVOUT, 50 mV TLE6389-2 GV50 Datasheet Rev. 2.1 2) RT 16 2007-08-13 TLE 6389 4 Electrical Characteristics (cont’d) 5V < VVS < 48V; -40°C < Tj < 150 °C; All voltages with respect to ground; positive current defined flowing into the pin; unless otherwise specified Item Parameter Symbol Limit Values Unit Test Condition 1.12 V TLE6389-2 GV; VVOUT decreasing 1.17 V TLE6389-2 GV; VVOUT increasing kΩ TLE6389-2 GV50, TLE6389-3 GV50; Internally connected to VOUT V TLE6389-2 GV50, TLE6389-3 GV50; IRO=0mA min. typ. 4.48 Reset threshold VFB, RT 4.49 max. 4.50 Reset output pull up resistor RRO 10 4.51 Reset output High voltage VRO, H 0.8* VVOUT 4.52 Reset output Low voltage VRO,L 0.2 0.4 V IRO, L=1mA; 2.5V < VVOUT < VRT 4.53 Reset output Low voltage VRO,L 0.2 0.4 V IRO, L=0.2mA; 1V < VVOUT < 2.5V 4.54 Reset delay time trd 17 21 25 ms TLE6389-2 GV TLE6389-3 GV50 4.55 Reset delay time trd 70 82 100 ms TLE6389-2 GV50 4.56 Reset reaction time trr 10 µs 2) 20 40 Overvoltage Lockout 4.57 Overvoltage threshold VVOUT, OV VOUT _nom/ V +0.1 V TLE6389-2 GV50, TLE6389-3 GV50; VVOUT increasing 4.58 Overvoltage threshold VFB, OV VFB,t V TLE6389-2 GV; VVOUT increasing h_nom /V +0.0 2 Datasheet Rev. 2.1 17 2007-08-13 TLE 6389 4 Electrical Characteristics (cont’d) 5V < VVS < 48V; -40°C < Tj < 150 °C; All voltages with respect to ground; positive current defined flowing into the pin; unless otherwise specified Item Parameter Symbol Limit Values min. typ. Unit Test Condition max. ENABLE Input 4.59 4.60 Enable ONthreshold Enable OFFthreshold VENABLE, 4.5 V ON 0.8 VENABLE, V OFF SI_ENABLE Input 4.61 4.62 Enable ONthreshold Enable OFFthreshold VENABLE, 4.5 V ON VENABLE, 0.8 V OFF SI_GND Input 4.63 Switch ON resistance RSW 50 100 230 Ω VSI_ENABLE = 5V; ISI_GND = 3mA; 1.22 1.25 1.28 V VVS decreasing 1.33 V VVS increasing Battery Voltage Sense 4.64 Sense threshold VSI, low 4.65 Sense threshold VSI, high 4.66 Sense threshold hysteresis VSI, hys 50 80 120 mV 4.67 Sense output pull up resistor RSO 10 20 40 kΩ TLE6389-2 GV50, TLE6389-3 GV50; Internally connected to VVOUT 4.68 Sense out output High voltage VSO,H 0.8* VVOUT V ISO,H =0mA 4.69 Sense out output Low voltage VSO,L V ISO,L = 1mA; 2.5V < VVOUT; VSI < 1.13 V 4.70 Datasheet Rev. 2.1 18 0.2 0.4 0.4 VVOUT V /V ISOL=0.2mA; 1V < VVOUT < 2.5V; VSI < 1.13 V 2007-08-13 TLE 6389 4 Electrical Characteristics (cont’d) 5V < VVS < 48V; -40°C < Tj < 150 °C; All voltages with respect to ground; positive current defined flowing into the pin; unless otherwise specified Item Parameter Symbol Limit Values min. typ. max. 150 200 Unit Test Condition °C 2) K 2) Thermal Shutdown 4.71 Thermal shutdown TjSD junction temperature 4.72 Temperature hysteresis ∆T 175 30 1) The device current measurements for IVS and IFB exclude MOSFET driver currents. 2) Not subject to production test - specified by design 3) For 4V < VVS < 6V: VGDRV ≈ 0V. Datasheet Rev. 2.1 19 2007-08-13 TLE 6389 5 Typical Performance Characteristics Current consumption IVS vs. temperature Tj at enabled device and VVS=13.5V IVS µA Current consumption IVOUT vs. temperature Tj at enabled device and VVOUT=5.5V 90 IVOUT µA 80 180 170 70 160 60 150 50 140 40 130 30 120 20 -50 -20 10 40 70 100 130 Tj 110 -50 160 -20 10 40 70 100 130 °C µA Current consumption IVOUT vs. temperature Tj at enabled device and VVOUT=10V(-2GV) 110 IVOUT µA 100 160 150 90 140 80 130 70 120 60 110 50 100 40 -50 -20 10 40 70 100 130 Tj 90 -50 160 °C Datasheet Rev. 2.1 160 °C Current consumption IVS vs. temperature Tj at enabled device and VVS=48V IVS Tj -20 10 40 70 100 130 Tj 160 °C 20 2007-08-13 TLE 6389 Internal oscillator frequency fOSC vs. temperature Tj fOSC kHz Peak current limit threshold voltage VLIM vs. temperature Tj 380 VLIM mV 370 110 100 360 90 350 80 340 70 330 60 320 50 310 -50 -20 10 40 70 100 130 Tj 40 -50 160 -20 10 40 70 100 130 °C ns Gate driver supply VVS - VBDS vs. temperature Tj 350 8.6 VVS-VBDS V 325 8.4 300 8.2 275 8.0 250 7.8 225 7.6 200 7.4 175 -50 160 °C Minimum on time tMIN (blanking) vs. temperature Tj tMIN Tj -20 10 40 70 100 130 Tj 7.2 -50 160 °C Datasheet Rev. 2.1 -20 10 40 70 100 130 Tj 160 °C 21 2007-08-13 TLE 6389 Output voltage VVOUT vs. temperature Tj in PFM mode (VVS=24V,ILoad=15mA,-3GV50) Lower Reset threshold VFB,RT vs. temperature Tj (-2GV) 5.15 VVOUT V VFB,RT V 5.10 1.14 1.13 5.05 1.12 5.00 1.11 4.95 1.10 4.90 1.09 4.85 1.08 4.80 -50 -20 10 40 70 100 130 Tj 1.07 -50 160 -20 10 40 70 100 130 °C 160 °C Lower Reset threshold VVOUT, RT vs. temperature Tj (-3GV50) Internal pull up resistors RRO and RSO vs. temperature Tj (-3GV50) 3.72 VVOUT,RT V Tj RRO kΩ 3.70 RSO 45 40 kΩ 3.68 35 3.66 30 3.64 25 3.62 20 3.60 15 3.58 -50 -20 10 40 70 100 130 Tj 10 -50 160 °C Datasheet Rev. 2.1 -20 10 40 70 100 130 Tj 160 °C 22 2007-08-13 TLE 6389 Lower Sense threshold VSI, low vs. temperature Tj VSI,low V Output Voltage vs. Load Current, TLE6389-2 GV50 1.28 VOUT V 7 1.27 6 1.26 5 1.25 4 1.24 3 1.23 2 1.22 1 1.21 -50 0 -20 10 40 70 100 130 Tj 160 TLE 6389-2 GV50 RSENSE = 50mΩ VVS = 13.5V App. Circuit Fig. 3 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1.0 1.25 1.5 1.75 ILOAD A °C Output Current vs. Load Current, TLE6389-3 GV50 On resistance of SI_GND switch RSW vs. temperature Tj RSW Ω 280 VOUT V 240 7 6 200 5 160 4 120 3 80 2 40 1 0 -50 -20 10 40 70 100 130 Tj 0 160 °C Datasheet Rev. 2.1 TLE 6389-3 GV50 RSENSE = 50mΩ VVS = 13.5V App. Circuit Fig. 3 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1.0 1.25 1.5 1.75 ILOAD A 23 2007-08-13 TLE 6389 Output Voltage vs Load Current VOUT 1.4 TLE 6389-2 GV RSENSE = 50mΩ VVS = 13.5V App. Circuit Fig. 3 VOUT,nom 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1.0 1.25 1.5 1.75 ILOAD A Datasheet Rev. 2.1 24 2007-08-13 TLE 6389 6 Detailed circuit description In the following, some internal blocks of the TLE6389 are described in more detail. For the right choice of the external components please refer to the section application information. 6.1 PFM/PWM Step-down regulator To meet the strict requirements in terms of current consumption demanded by all Bodyand 42V PowerNet applications a special PFM (Pulse Frequency Modulation) - PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) control scheme for highest efficiency is implemented in the TLE 6389 regulators. Under light load conditions the output voltage is able to increase slightly and at a certain threshold the controller jumps into PFM mode. In this PFM operation the PMOS is triggered with a certain on time (depending on input voltage, output voltage, inductance- and sense resistor value) whenever the buck output voltage decreases to the so called WAKE-threshold. The switching frequency of the step down regulator is determined in the PFM mode by the load current. It increases with increasing load current and turns finally to the fixed PWM frequency at a certain load current depending on the input voltage, current sense resistor and inductance. The diagram below shows the buck regulation circuit of the TLE 6389 . VS CS + - VFB, OV + Currentsense Amplifier VREF - VREF VDIODE + OverVoltage Lockout - OverTemp. Shutdown VS Blanking VREF + VFB >1 + Error Amplifier S PWM Comparator VREF + Slopecompensation R GDRV Q & Levelshift WakeComparator BDS PFM - VFB, WK MUX PWM SYNC MODE Oscillator Figure 1 Buck control scheme The TLE 6389 uses a slope-compensated peak current mode PWM control scheme in which the feedback or output voltage of the step down circuit and the peak current of the current through the PMOS are compared to form the OFF signal for the external PMOS. Datasheet Rev. 2.1 25 2007-08-13 TLE 6389 The ON-trigger is set periodically by the internal oscillator when acting in PWM mode and is given by the output of the WAKE-comparator when operating in PFM mode. The Multiplexer (MUX) is switched by the output of the MODE-detector which distinguishes between PFM and PWM by tracking the output voltage (goto PFM) and by tracking the gate trigger frequency (goto PWM). In PFM mode the peak current limit is reduced to prevent overshoots at the output of the buck regulator. In order to avoid a gate turn off signal due to the current peak caused by the parasitic capacitance of the catch diode the blanking filter is necessary. The blanking time is set internally to 200ns and determines (together with the PMOS turn on and turn off delay) the minimum duty cycle of the device. In addition to the PFM/PWM regulation scheme an overvoltage lockout and thermal protection are implemented to guarantee safe operation of the device and of the supplied application circuit. 6.2 Battery voltage sense To detect undervoltage conditions at the battery a sense comparator block is available within the TLE 6389. The voltage at the SI input is compared to an internal reference of typ. 1.25V. The output of the comparator drives a NMOS structure giving a low signal at SO as soon as the voltage at SI decreases below this threshold. In the 5V fixed version an internal pull up resistor is connected from the drain of the NMOS to the output of the buck converter, in the variable version SO is open drain. The sense in voltage divider can be switched to high impedance by a low signal at the SI_ENABLE to avoid high current consumption to GND (TLE6389-2 GV50 and TLE6389-3 GV50 only). Of course the sense comparator can be used for any input voltage and does not have to be used for the battery voltage sense only. 6.3 Undervoltage Reset The output voltage is monitored continuously by the internal undervoltage reset comparator. As soon as the output voltage decreases below the thresholds given in the characteristics the NPN structure pulls RO low (latched). In the 5V fixed version an internal pull up resistor is connected from the collector of the NPN to the output of the buck converter, in the variable version RO is open collector. At power up RO is kept low until the output voltage has reached its reset threshold and stayed above this threshold for the power on reset delay time. Datasheet Rev. 2.1 26 2007-08-13 TLE 6389 7 Application information Note: The following information is given as a hint for the implementation of the device only and shall not be regarded as a description or warranty of a certain functionality, condition or quality of the device. 7.1 General The TLE 6389 step-down DC-DC controllers are designed primarily for use in Automotive applications where high input voltage range requirements have to be met. Using an external P-MOSFET and current-sense resistor allows design flexibility and the improved efficiencies associated with high-performance P-channel MOSFETs. The unique, peak current-limited, PWM/PFM control scheme gives these devices excellent efficiency over wide load ranges, while drawing around 100µA current from the battery under no load condition. This wide dynamic range optimizes the TLE 6389 for automotive applications, where load currents can vary considerably as individual circuit blocks are turned on and off to conserve energy. Operation to a 100% duty cycle allows the lowest possible dropout voltage, maintaining operation during cold cranking. High switching frequencies and a simple circuit topology minimize PC board area and component costs. 7.2 Typical application circuits Note: These are very simplified examples of an application circuit. The function must be verified in the real application . RSENSE= VIN M1 47mΩ V OUT L1 = 47 µH IOUT C IN1 = 100 µF C BDS= COUT = 100 µF D1 220 nF 13 RSI1= 400kΩ CIN2 = 220nF RSI2= 100kΩ 11 BDS VS 7 SI SI_GND 6 14 CS 12 GDRV 2 TLE6389-2 GV50 TLE6389-3 GV50 SI_ENABLE 1 SYNC 5 GND 4 3 FB VOUT 9 SO 8 COMP RO 10 2.2nF 680Ω M1: Infineon BSO613SPV Infineon BSP613P D1: Motorola MBRD360 L1: EPCOS B82479-A1473-M Coilcraft DO3340P-473 CIN1: Electrolythic CIN2: Ceramic COUT: Low ESR Tantalum ON OFF Figure 2 Application circuit TLE6389-2 GV50 and TLE6389-3 GV50 Datasheet Rev. 2.1 27 2007-08-13 TLE 6389 RSENSE= VIN M1 47mΩ to e.g. 5V rail C IN1 = 100 µF C BDS= RSO= RRO= 20kΩ D1 220 nF 11 13 RSI1= 400kΩ RSI2= 100kΩ V OUT L1 = 47 µH BDS 14 CS 12 3 GDRV VOUT SO VS CIN2 = 220nF TLE6389-2 GV 7 FB COMP SI SI_GND ENABLE 6 1 SYNC GND RO 5 4 10 9 COUT = 100 µF RFB1= 330kΩ to µC 2 2.2nF 8 RFB2= 47kΩ 680Ω M1: Infineon BSO613SPV Infineon BSP613P D1: Motorola MBRD360 L1: EPCOS B82479-A1473-M Coilcraft DO3340P-473 CIN1: Electrolythic CIN2: Ceramic COUT: Low ESR Tantalum to µC ON OFF Figure 3 Application circuit TLE6389-2 GV 7.3 Output voltage at adjustable version - feedback divider The output voltage is sensed either by an internal voltage divider connected to the VOUT pin (TLE6389-2 GV50 and TLE6389-3 GV50, fixed 5V versions) or an external divider from the Buck output voltage to the FB pin (TLE6389-2 GV, adjustable version). Pin VOUT has to be connected always to the Buck converter output regardless of the selected output voltage for the -2GV version. To determine the resistors of the feedback divider for the desired output voltage VOUT at the TLE6389-2 GV select RFB2 between 5kΩ and 500kΩ and obtain RFB1 with the following formula: V OUT R FB1 = R FB2 ⋅ ---------------– 1 V FB, th VFB is the threshold of the error amplifier with its value of typical 1.25V which shows that the output voltage can be adjusted in a range from 1.25V to 15V. However the integrated Reset function will only be operational if the output voltage level is adjusted to >7V. Also the current consumption will be increased in PFM mode in the range between 1.25V and 7V. Datasheet Rev. 2.1 28 2007-08-13 TLE 6389 7.4 SI_Enable Connecting SI_ENABLE to 5V causes SI_GND to have low impedance. Thus the SI comparator is in operation and can be used to monitor the battery voltage. SO output signal is valid. Connecting SI_ENABLE to GND causes SI_GND to have high impedance. Thus the SI comparator is not able to monitor the battery voltage. SO output signal is invalid. 7.5 Battery sense comparator - voltage divider The formula to calculate the resistor divider for the sense comparator is basically the same as for the feedback divider in section before. With the selected resistor RSI2, the desired threshold of the input voltage VIN, UV and the lower sense threshold VSI, low the resistor RSI1 is given to: V IN, UV R SI1 = R SI2 ⋅ ------------------–1 V SI, low For high accuracy and low ohmic resistor divider values the On-resistance of the SI_GND NMOS (typ. 100Ω) has to be added to RSI2. 7.6 Undervoltage reset - delay time The diagram below shows the typical behavior of the reset output in dependency on the input voltage VIN, the output voltage VVOUT or VFB. Datasheet Rev. 2.1 29 2007-08-13 TLE 6389 VIN t < trr VVOUT VFB VVOUT, RT VFB,RT t trr VRO trd trd trd trd t thermal shutdown under voltage Figure 4 Reset timing 7.7 100% duty-cycle operation and dropout over load The TLE 6389 operates with a duty cycle up to 100%. This feature allows to operate with the lowest possible drop voltage at low battery voltage as it occurs at cold cranking. The MOSFET is turned on continuously when the supply voltage approaches the output voltage level, conventional switching regulators with less than 100% duty cycle would fail in that case. The drop- or dropout voltage is defined as the difference between the input and output voltage levels when the input is low enough to drop the output out of regulation. Dropout depends on the MOSFET drain-to-source on-resistance, the current-sense resistor and the inductor series resistance. It is proportional to the load current: V drop = I LOAD ⋅ ( R DS ( ON )PMOS + R SENSE + R INDUCTANCE ) Datasheet Rev. 2.1 30 2007-08-13 TLE 6389 7.8 SYNC Input and Frequency Control The TLE 6389’s internal oscillator is set for a fixed PWM switching frequency of 360kHz or can be synchronized to an external clock at the SYNC pin. When the internal clock is used SYNC has to be connected to GND. SYNC is a negative-edge triggered input that allows synchronization to an external frequency ranging between 270kHz and 530kHz. When SYNC is clocked by an external signal, the converter operates in PWM mode until the load current drops below the PWM to PFM threshold. Thereafter the converter continues operation in PFM mode. 7.9 Shutdown Mode Connecting ENABLE to GND places the TLE6389-2 GV in shutdown mode. In shutdown, the reference, control circuitry, external switching MOSFET, and the oscillator are turned off and the output falls to 0V. Connect ENABLE to voltages higher than 4.5V for normal operation. As this input operates analog the voltage applied at this pin should have a slope of 0.5V/3µs to avoid undefined states within the device. 7.10 Buck converter circuit A typical choice of external components for the buck converter circuit is given in figure 2 and 3. For basic operation of the buck converter the input capacitors CIN1, CIN2, the driver supply capacitor CBDS, the sense resistor RSENSE, the PMOS device, the catch diode D1, the inductance L1 and the output capacitor COUT are necessary. In addition for low electromagnetic emission a Pi-filter at the input and/or a small resistor in the path between GDRV and the gate of the PMOS may be necessary. 7.10.1 Buck inductance (L1) selection in terms of ripple current: The internal PWM/PFM control loop includes a slope compensation for stable operation in PWM mode. This slope compensation is optimized for inductance values of 47µH and Sense resistor values of 47mΩ for the 5V output voltage versions. When choosing an inductance different from 47µH the Sense resistor has to be changed also: R SENSE 3Ω = (0,5...1,0 ) ×10 ---------------------H L1 Increasing this ratio above 1000 Ω/H may result in sub harmonic oscillations as wellknown for peak current mode regulators without integrated slope compensation. Datasheet Rev. 2.1 31 2007-08-13 TLE 6389 To achieve the same effect of slope compensation in the adjustable voltage version also the inductance in µH is given by –4 H H 2,0 × 10 – 4 ⋅ -------- ⋅ V OUT ⋅ R SENSE < L1 < 4,0 × 10 ⋅ --------- ⋅ V ⋅ R SENSE VΩ VΩ OUT The inductance value determines together with the input voltage, the output voltage and the switching frequency the current ripple which occurs during normal operation of the step down converter. This current ripple is important for the all over ripple at the output of the switching converter. ( V IN – V OUT ) ⋅ V OUT ∆I = -----------------------------------------------------f SW ⋅ V IN ⋅ L1 In this equation fsw is the actual switching frequency of the device, given either by the internal oscillator or by an external source connected to the SYNC pin. When picking finally the inductance of a certain supplier (Epcos, Coilcraft etc.) the saturation current has to be considered. The saturation current value of the desired inductance has to be higher than the maximum peak current which can appear in the actual application. 7.10.2 Determining the current limit The peak current which the buck converter is able to provide is determined by the peak current limit threshold voltage VLIM and the sense resistor RSENSE. With a maximum peak current given by the application (IPEAK, PWM=ILOAD+0.5∆I) the sense resistor is calculated to V LIM R SENSE = -----------------------------------2 ⋅ I PEAK, PWM The equation above takes account for the foldback characteristic of the current limit as shown in the Fig. ’Output Voltage vs. Load Current’ on page 24/25 by introducing a factor of 2. It must be assured by correct dimensioning of RSENSE that the load current doesn’t reach the foldback part of the characteristic curve. Datasheet Rev. 2.1 32 2007-08-13 TLE 6389 7.10.3 PFM and PWM thresholds The crossover thresholds PFM to PWM and vice versa strongly depend on the input voltage VIN, the Buck converter inductance L1, the sense resistor value RSENSE and the turn on and turn off delays of the external PMOS. For more details on the PFM to PWM and PWM to PFM thresholds please refer to the application note “TLE6389 - Determining PFM/PWM current thresholds”. 7.10.4 Buck output capacitor (COUT) selection: The choice of the output capacitor effects straight to the minimum achievable ripple which is seen at the output of the buck converter. In continuous conduction mode the ripple of the output voltage can be estimated by the following equation: 1 V Ripple = ∆I ⋅ R ESRCOUT + ----------------------------------- 8⋅f ⋅C SW OUT From the formula it is recognized that the ESR has a big influence in the total ripple at the output, so low ESR tantalum capacitors are recommended for the application. One other important thing to note are the requirements for the resonant frequency of the output LC-combination. The choice of the components L and C have to meet also the specified range given in section 3 otherwise instabilities of the regulation loop might occur. 7.10.5 Input capacitor (CIN1) selection: At high load currents, where the current through the inductance flows continuously, the input capacitor is exposed to a square wave current with its duty cycle VOUT/VI. To prevent a high ripple to the battery line a capacitor with low ESR should be used. The maximum RMS current which the capacitor has to withstand is calculated to: 2 V OUT 1 ∆I I RMS = I LOAD ⋅ -------------⋅ 1 + --- ⋅ ----------------------- 3 2 ⋅ I LOAD V IN For low ESR an e.g. Al-electrolytic capacitance in parallel to an ceramic capacitance could be used. Datasheet Rev. 2.1 33 2007-08-13 TLE 6389 7.10.6 Freewheeling diode / catch diode (D1) For lowest power loss in the freewheeling path Schottky diodes are recommended. With those types the reverse recovery charge is negligible and a fast hand over from freewheeling to forward conduction mode is possible. Depending on the application (12V battery systems) 40V types could be also used instead of the 60V diodes. Also for high temperature operation select a Schottky-diode with low reverse leakage. A fast recovery diode with recovery times in the range of 30ns can be also used if smaller junction capacitance values (smaller spikes) are desired. 7.10.7 Buck driver supply capacitor (CBDS) The voltage at the ceramic capacitor is clamped internally to 7V, a ceramic type with a minimum of 220nF and voltage class 16V would be sufficient. 7.10.8 Input pi-filter components for reduced EME At the input of Buck converters a square wave current is observed causing electromagnetical interference on the battery line. The emission to the battery line consists on one hand of components of the switching frequency (fundamental wave) and its harmonics and on the other hand of the high frequency components derived from the current slope. For proper attenuation of those interferers a π-type input filter structure is recommended which is built up with inductive and capacitive components in addition to the Input caps CIN1 and CIN2. The inductance can be chosen up to the value of the Buck converter inductance, higher values might not be necessary, the additional capacitance should be a ceramic type in the range up to 100nF. Inexpensive input filters show due to their parasitrics a notch filter characteristic, which means basically that the low pass filter acts from a certain frequency as a high pass filter and means further that the high frequency components are not attenuated properly. To slower down the slopes at the gate of the PMOS switch and get down the emission in the high frequency range a small gate resistor can be put between GDRV and the PMOS gate. 7.10.9 Frequency compensation The external frequency compensation pin should be connected via a 2.2nF (>10V) ceramic capacitor and a 680 Ω (1/8W) resistor to GND. This node should be kept free from switching noise. Datasheet Rev. 2.1 34 2007-08-13 TLE 6389 7.11 Components recommendation - overview Device Type Supplier Remark CIN1 Electrolytic /Foil type various 100µF, 60V CIN2 Ceramic various 220nF, 60V L1 B82464-A4473 EPCOS 47µH, 1.6A, 145mΩ B82479-A1473-M EPCOS 47µH, 3.5A, 47mΩ DO3340P-473 Coilcraft 47µH, 3.8A, 110mΩ DO5022P-683 Coilcraft 68µH, 3.5A, 130mΩ DS5022P-473 Coilcraft 47µH, 4.0A, 97mΩ BSO 613SPV Infineon 60V, 3.44A, 130mΩ, NL BSP 613P Infineon 60V, 2.9A, 130mΩ, NL SPD09P06PL Infineon 60V, 9A, 250mΩ, LL CBDS Ceramic various 220nF, 16V D1 MBRD360 Motorola Schottky, 60V, 3A MBRD340 Motorola Schottky, 40V, 3A SS34 various Schottky, 40V, 3A COUT B45197-A2107 EPCOS Low ESR Tantalum, 100µF, 10V CCOMP Ceramic various see 7.10.9. M1 7.12 Layout recommendation The most sensitive points for Buck converters - when considering the layout - are the nodes at the input, output and the gate of the PMOS transistor and the feedback path. For proper operation and to avoid stray inductance paths the external catch diode, the Buck inductance and the input capacitor CIN1 have to be connected as close as possible to the PMOS device. Also the GDRV path from the controller to the MosFet has to be as short as possible. Best suitable for the connection of the cathode of the catch diode and one terminal of the inductance would be a small plain located next to the drain of the PMOS. The GND connection of the catch diode must be also as short as possible. In general the GND level should be implemented as surface area over the whole PCB as second layer, if necessary as third layer. The feedback path has to be well grounded also, a ceramic capacitance might help in addition to the output cap to avoid spikes. To obtain the optimum filter capability of the input pi-filter it has to be located also as close as possible to the input. To filter the supply input of the device (VS) the ceramic cap should be connected directly to the pin. As a guideline an EMC optimized application board / layout is available. Datasheet Rev. 2.1 35 2007-08-13 TLE 6389 8 Package Outlines 1.75 MAX. C 1) 4 -0.2 B 1.27 0.64 ±0.25 0.1 2) 0.41+0.10 -0.06 6±0.2 0.2 M A B 14x 14 0.2 M C 8 1 7 1) 8.75 -0.2 8˚MAX. 0.19 +0.06 0.175 ±0.07 (1.47) 0.35 x 45˚ A Index Marking 1) Does not include plastic or metal protrusion of 0.15 max. per side 2) Lead width can be 0.61 max. in dambar area GPS01230 Dimensions in mm Figure 5 Outline PG-DSO-14-1 (Plastic Green Dual Small Outline) Green Product (RoHS compliant) To meet the world-wide customer requirements for environmentally friendly products and to be compliant with government regulations the device is available as a green product. Green products are RoHS-Compliant (i.e Pb-free finish on leads and suitable for Pb-free soldering according to IPC/JEDEC J-STD-020). Datasheet Rev. 2.1 36 2007-08-13 TLE 6389 9 Revision History Version Date Rev. 2.0 2006-08-24 Final Datasheet TLE 6389-2/-3 Rev. 2.1 2007-08-13 Initial version of RoHS-compliant derivate of TLE 6389-2/-3 – page 1: AEC certified statement added – page 1 and page 36: RoHS compliance statement and green product feature added – page 1 and page 36: Package changed to RoHS compliant version – Legal Disclaimer updated Datasheet Rev. 2.1 Changes 37 2007-08-13 Edition 2007-08-13 Published by Infineon Technologies AG 81726 Munich, Germany © 2007 Infineon Technologies AG All Rights Reserved. Legal Disclaimer The information given in this document shall in no event be regarded as a guarantee of conditions or characteristics. With respect to any examples or hints given herein, any typical values stated herein and/or any information regarding the application of the device, Infineon Technologies hereby disclaims any and all warranties and liabilities of any kind, including without limitation, warranties of non-infringement of intellectual property rights of any third party. Information For further information on technology, delivery terms and conditions and prices, please contact the nearest Infineon Technologies Office (www.infineon.com). Warnings Due to technical requirements, components may contain dangerous substances. For information on the types in question, please contact the nearest Infineon Technologies Office. Infineon Technologies components may be used in life-support devices or systems only with the express written approval of Infineon Technologies, if a failure of such components can reasonably be expected to cause the failure of that life-support device or system or to affect the safety or effectiveness of that device or system. Life support devices or systems are intended to be implanted in the human body or to support and/or maintain and sustain and/or protect human life. If they fail, it is reasonable to assume that the health of the user or other persons may be endangered.